(PROTEIN) WATER MOLECULE AMINO GROUP
(PROTEIN) WATER MOLECULE AMINO GROUP
(PROTEIN) WATER MOLECULE AMINO GROUP
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Cytochrome C, 98, 100f<br />
Cytochrome P-450, 185<br />
D<br />
Dark current, 172, 173f-174f<br />
Deamidation, of crystallins, 25, 27-28<br />
Decorin, 127<br />
Defensins, 266<br />
Deoxyadenosylcobalamin, 73t<br />
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 191-194,<br />
192f-195f<br />
alkylating agent effects on, 212,<br />
212f<br />
double-stranded, 192-193, 195f<br />
glucose-associated damage to, 115<br />
helical, 192, 195f<br />
hormone binding to, 161f, 179-182,<br />
180f<br />
mutations to, 210-213, 210f-215f<br />
noncoding, 201<br />
repair of, 210-211, 210f<br />
replication of, 192, 194-197, 194f,<br />
197f, 198f<br />
UV radiation damage to, 211-212,<br />
211f<br />
Dermatan sulfate, 125f, 127<br />
Descemet’s membrane, collagen of, 49,<br />
49f<br />
Diabetes mellitus, 108-122<br />
β-cell destruction in, 113, 114f<br />
cellular metabolic abnormalities in,<br />
114-115, 115f<br />
corneal neuropathy in, 122<br />
corneal pathology in, 120-122, 122f<br />
glucose transport and, 109-110, 110f-<br />
113f<br />
ketone body formation in, 114-115,<br />
115f<br />
lens pathology in, 117-118, 117t, 118f<br />
Maillard reaction in, 115<br />
protein glycation in, 115, 116f<br />
retinal pathology in, 118-120, 118f,<br />
119f, 121f<br />
type 1 (insulin dependent), 110, 113-<br />
115, 114f, 115f<br />
type 2 (noninsulin dependent), 115-<br />
117<br />
1,2-Diacylglycerol, 170-171, 170f<br />
Diacylglycerol, in diabetic retinopathy,<br />
119<br />
Diazonium complex, 253<br />
Diffusion, 145<br />
Disaccharides, 87-89, 88f<br />
Dissociation constant (K a), 4-5<br />
Disulfide bonds, 21<br />
in crystallins, 27-28, 30, 31f<br />
DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid<br />
(DNA).<br />
DNA polymerase, 192, 194f<br />
Domain, 19, 19f<br />
Dopamine, 235t, 245-246<br />
E<br />
Eicosanoids, 139, 140f, 165, 167t,<br />
182-185, 183f, 184f<br />
Elastase, 16f<br />
Electrolytes, weak, 3-7, 6f<br />
Electron transfer, in mitochondria,<br />
98-101, 99f, 100f<br />
Embden-Meyerhof pathway, 92-95, 93f,<br />
94f<br />
Endocrine system, 161-162, 162f. See<br />
also Hormones.<br />
Endothelin-1, in diabetic retinopathy,<br />
119-120<br />
Energy metabolism, 89-106. See also<br />
Carbohydrates, metabolism of.<br />
Enzymes, 55-82, 56f. See also specific<br />
enzymes.<br />
active site of, 56, 57f<br />
allosteric, 60-61, 60f-62f<br />
inhibition of, 62, 64f<br />
classification of, 56<br />
inhibition of, 62-64, 63f, 64f<br />
Michaelis-Menten, 56-59, 59f<br />
inhibition of, 62, 63f<br />
rate limiting, 56<br />
Epidermal growth factor, 185<br />
Epinephrine, 167, 169f<br />
Epitope, 252-253<br />
Esters, 139, 140f<br />
Estradiol, 165t, 166f<br />
Ethanolamine, 136, 137f<br />
Exophthalmos, 178<br />
F<br />
Fas receptor, in apoptosis, 273-274,<br />
273f<br />
Fatty acids, 133-134, 134f, 135f, 135t<br />
ester bonds with, 139, 140f<br />
ketone body formation from, 115,<br />
115f<br />
melting point of, 134, 135f<br />
of phospholipids, 136-138, 137f, 138t<br />
of precorneal tear film, 148, 148f,<br />
149t<br />
of retina, 149-150, 149t<br />
of triacylglycerols, 134-135, 136f<br />
Fibronectin, molecular weight of, 23t<br />
Flavin adenine dinucleotide, 73t<br />
Fluids, 1-13. See also Blood; Water.<br />
aqueous, 9, 9f, 10t, 69, 70f<br />
of precorneal tear film, 11, 12t, 147<br />
vitreous, 10-11, 11t, 47, 48f. See also<br />
Vitreous.<br />
Fructose, 87, 87f<br />
Fuch’s dystrophy, apoptosis in, 274<br />
G<br />
G protein coupled receptors, 165-169,<br />
168f<br />
Galactose, 87, 87f<br />
Galactosemia, 122-123, 123f<br />
Index • 315<br />
Galactose-phosphate uridyl transferase<br />
deficiency, 122-123, 123f<br />
Gangliosidases, 142f, 153-154<br />
Gelatinases, 77-81<br />
in myopia, 79, 80f<br />
Gene therapy, 223-224, 224f<br />
Genetic code, 200-201, 201t<br />
Glucagon, 163t<br />
Gluconeogenesis, 105-106, 105f<br />
Glucose, 85f, 87, 87f<br />
blood, 87, 87f<br />
cell transport of, 109-110, 110f-113f<br />
DNA damage and, in diabetes<br />
mellitus, 115<br />
in aqueous, 10t<br />
in blood, 8t, 10t, 11t, 12t<br />
in tears, 12t<br />
in vitreous, 11t<br />
Glucose 1-phosphate, 102, 122-123,<br />
123f, 169f<br />
Glucose transport proteins, 109-110,<br />
110f, 113f, 116-117<br />
Glucuronic acid, 125, 125f<br />
Glutamate (glutamic acid), 17t, 235f,<br />
235t, 242-245, 244f<br />
Glutamine, 17t<br />
Glycans, 89, 90f<br />
Glycation, 115, 116f<br />
in ocular diabetes, 119, 120, 121f,<br />
122<br />
of crystallins, 25, 27<br />
Glycerol phosphate shuttle, 101, 101f<br />
Glycine, 16f, 17t, 235t<br />
Glycocalyx, 144-145<br />
Glycogen, 89, 89f<br />
formation of, 102-103, 102f<br />
Glycogen phosphorylase, 102-103,<br />
104t<br />
Glycogen synthase, 102-103, 104t<br />
Glycolipid, 140-142, 140f, 141f-143f,<br />
144<br />
Glycolipid storage diseases, 153-154<br />
Glycolysis, 92-95, 93f, 94f<br />
aerobic, 93f, 97-102, 97f, 98f, 106t<br />
anaerobic, 93f, 95-97, 96f, 106t<br />
Glycoproteins, 40-41, 41f, 123-124, 124f<br />
Glycosaminoglycans, 11t, 124-128,<br />
125f-127f<br />
cellular accumulation of, 127-128<br />
corneal, 125f, 127, 127f<br />
vitreous, 124-125, 125f, 126-127,<br />
126f, 275-277, 277f<br />
Glycosylation, of crystallins, 25, 27<br />
Gram-positive bacteria, lysozyme<br />
destruction of, 64-68, 65f-68f<br />
Graves disease, 176-179, 178f, 179f<br />
Growth hormone, 163t, 164f<br />
Guanosine monophosphate, cyclic<br />
(cGMP), 166-169, 166f, 167t, 168f<br />
in light transduction, 171-172,<br />
172f-177f
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