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Pacific Islands Region Overview 9 Ecosystems of the Pacific Islands region Box 1-2 Alpine and Subalpine Distribution: Central North Pacific Restricted to three volcanic mountains in the Hawaiian archipelago—Mauna Kea (13,796 ft.) and Mauna Loa (13,680 ft.) on the island of Hawai‘i, and Haleakalā (10,023 ft.) on the island of Maui. Characterized by seasonal snow but otherwise arid conditions, low temperatures, sparse vegetation, and specialist endemic fauna. The subalpine zone often is demarcated by the upper treeline of montane forests. Box 1-2 Photo 2 The endemic ‘i‘wi or Hawaiian Honeycreeper (Vestiaria coccinea) perched on an endemic lobelia (Lobelia grayana) at the Waikamoi Preserve, Island of Maui. (Courtesy of Daniel W. Clark.) Lowland Forests, Shrublands, and Grasslands (wet, mesic, and dry) Box 1-2 Photo 1 The threatened, endemic ‘ahinahina or Haleakala silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum) in full bloom on Maui, Hawaiian Islands. (Courtesy of NPS.) Distribution: Regional Lowland forests, shrublands, and grasslands are found on high and low islands throughout the region and experience a large range in rainfall, most often associated with location on windward (wet) and leeward (dry) sides of islands. Montane Forest (wet, mesic, and dry) Distribution: Regional Montane forests are found on high islands in the Hawaiian, Samoan, and Mariana archipelagos and are distinguished by rainfall and soil type. Rainfall ranges from 400+ inches annually in wet forests and high-elevation bogs (Maui and Kaua‘i Islands, Hawaiian archipelago) to less than 50 inches annually in dry forests, often located on the leeward side of islands. Montane forests support tens of thousands of native species, many unique to a particular island or area within an island. Box 1-2 Photo 3 The fruit bat, or flying fox, inhabits lowland, coastal, and mangrove forests in the Central South and Central Western Pacific. Pictured is the Samoan species (Pteropus samoensis). (Courtesy of NPS.)
10 <strong>Climate</strong> Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts Box 1-2 (Continued) Lava Pioneer (all elevations) Distribution: Hawaiian Islands Lava pioneer, unique to the island of Hawai‘i, is characterized by lava flows where soil has yet to form. It is quickly colonized by “pioneer” plants and animals. support a variety of freshwater, brackish, and saltwater plant and animal communities, provide crucial habitat for resident and migratory waterbirds, and support traditional agriculture. Coastal Strand Distribution: Regional The coastal strand, or dunes, marks the boundary between terrestrial and marine realms and is found on all islands and atolls in the region. Few intact coastal strand areas remain on inhabited islands due to human development pressure. Box 1-2 Photo 4 The endemic ‘ohi‘a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) is found in montane, lowland, and lava pioneer ecosystems throughout the Hawaiian Islands. (Courtesy of D. Spooner.) Streams (all elevations) Distribution: Regional, high islands Streams provide freshwater habitats on all high islands in the region and support a number of native and endemic fish, shrimp, invertebrates, and aquatic plants. Coastal Plain Distribution: Regional Coastal plains are found on most low islands, some elevated coral atolls, and most high islands. They often harbor both wet and dry forests and/ or wetlands, and the transition from coastal plain to strand (beach) or mangrove is at times indistinguishable. Coastal plains are important areas for traditional agriculture. Coastal Wetlands Distribution: Regional Coastal wetlands on high and low islands Box 1-2 Photo 5 A Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) and red-footed boobies (Sula sula) resting in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. (Courtesy of USFWS.) Coastal Mangroves Distribution: West and South Pacific Mangroves are native to the Western Pacific and play an important role in maintaining coastal ecosystems in Micronesia. American Sāmoa marks the easternmost range of mangroves indigenous to the Pacific. Seagrass Distribution: Regional Seagrass meadows are important components of estuaries, bays and lagoons, fringing reef, barrier
Page 1: National Climate Assessment Regiona
Page 5 and 6: © 2012 The Pacific Islands Regiona
Page 8 and 9: About This Report Climate Change an
Page 10 and 11: Executive Summary The Pacific Islan
Page 12 and 13: Executive Summary xi • Rising oce
Page 14: Hawai‘i Governor's Letter xiii
Page 17 and 18: PIRCA Core Team * Stephen Anthony U
Page 20 and 21: Contents About This Series About Th
Page 22 and 23: List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes
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Page 26 and 27: List of Abbreviations xxv Instituti
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Freshwater and Drought on Pacific I
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Chapter 3 Sea Level and Coastal Inu
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Sea Level and Coastal Inundation on
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Chapter 4 Marine, Freshwater, and T
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Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial
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Conclusions 119 Chapter 5 Conclusio
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Conclusions 121 actionable informat
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Appendix A Glossaries Related to We
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Appendix B 125 Figure B-1 The gener
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Appendix B 127 trend toward more
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Appendix B 129 the result of changi
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Appendix B 131 Figure B-7 CMIP5 cli
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Appendix B 133 with a 3 km horizont
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Appendix C 135 Deanna Spooner Coord
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Appendix E PIRCA Water and Drought
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appendix E 139 Kevin Kodama Senior
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appendix F 141 Facilitators: Arlene
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appendix F 143 Penny Larin Program
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Appendix G PIRCA Ecosystems Technic
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Appendix G 147 Richard McKenzie Res
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Appendix H 149 Workshop Evaluations
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References 151 Australian Bureau of
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References 153 McPhaden, M. J. (199
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References 155 Dickinson, W. R. (20
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References 157 Freed, L. A., Cann,
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References 159 Hunter, J. (2012). A
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References 161 Lander, M. A. (1994)
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References 163 Mendelsohn, R., Eman
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References 165 Petersen, G. (2009).
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References 167 Storlazzi, C. D., Lo
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References 169 Waycott, M., McKenzi
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Climate Change and Pacific Islands:
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