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Climate Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts Report for the 2012 Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment (PIRCA) Washington | Covelo | London
© 2012 The Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment (PIRCA) All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Reproduction of this report by electronic means for personal and noncommercial purposes is permitted as long as proper acknowledgment is included. Users are restricted from photocopying or mechanical reproduction as well as creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics. Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Note: This technical input document in its current form does not represent a Federal document of any kind and should not be interpreted as the position or policy of any Federal, State, Local, or Tribal Government or Non-Governmental entity Citation: Keener, V. W., Marra, J. J., Finucane, M. L., Spooner, D., & Smith, M. H. (Eds.). (2012). Climate Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts. Report for The 2012 Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press. To cite specific information, please use the citation at the beginning of each chapter. Keywords: Climate change, climate variability, Pacific islands, freshwater resources, hydrology, drought, flooding, coastal inundation, sea-level rise, adaptation, island ecosystems, climate modeling, ENSO, data and monitoring, fisheries, climate risks, downscaling, extreme events, climate change indicators, atolls, coral reefs, decision making, natural resource management
Page 1: National Climate Assessment Regiona
Page 8 and 9: About This Report Climate Change an
Page 10 and 11: Executive Summary The Pacific Islan
Page 12 and 13: Executive Summary xi • Rising oce
Page 14: Hawai‘i Governor's Letter xiii
Page 17 and 18: PIRCA Core Team * Stephen Anthony U
Page 20 and 21: Contents About This Series About Th
Page 22 and 23: List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes
Page 24 and 25: List of Figures and Tables xxiii B-
Page 26 and 27: List of Abbreviations xxv Instituti
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 1 Pacific Islands Region Ov
Page 30 and 31: Pacific Islands Region Overview 3 F
Page 32 and 33: Pacific Islands Region Overview 5 o
Page 34 and 35: Pacific Islands Region Overview 7 S
Page 36 and 37: Pacific Islands Region Overview 9 E
Page 38 and 39: Pacific Islands Region Overview 11
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Pacific Islands Region Overview 25
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Chapter 2 Freshwater and Drought on
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Freshwater and Drought on Pacific I
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Chapter 3 Sea Level and Coastal Inu
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Sea Level and Coastal Inundation on
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Chapter 4 Marine, Freshwater, and T
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Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial
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Conclusions 119 Chapter 5 Conclusio
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Conclusions 121 actionable informat
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Appendix A Glossaries Related to We
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Appendix B 125 Figure B-1 The gener
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Appendix B 127 trend toward more
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Appendix B 129 the result of changi
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Appendix B 131 Figure B-7 CMIP5 cli
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Appendix B 133 with a 3 km horizont
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Appendix C 135 Deanna Spooner Coord
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Appendix E PIRCA Water and Drought
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appendix E 139 Kevin Kodama Senior
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appendix F 141 Facilitators: Arlene
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appendix F 143 Penny Larin Program
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Appendix G PIRCA Ecosystems Technic
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Appendix G 147 Richard McKenzie Res
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Appendix H 149 Workshop Evaluations
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References 151 Australian Bureau of
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References 153 McPhaden, M. J. (199
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References 155 Dickinson, W. R. (20
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References 157 Freed, L. A., Cann,
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References 159 Hunter, J. (2012). A
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References 161 Lander, M. A. (1994)
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References 163 Mendelsohn, R., Eman
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References 165 Petersen, G. (2009).
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References 167 Storlazzi, C. D., Lo
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References 169 Waycott, M., McKenzi
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