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Lectures on Elementary Probability

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C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />

1 Combinatorics 5<br />

1.1 Factorials and binomial coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

1.2 Sampling with replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

1.3 Sampling without replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />

2 <strong>Probability</strong> Axioms 9<br />

2.1 Logic and sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />

2.2 <strong>Probability</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />

2.3 Countable additivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10<br />

2.4 Discrete uniform probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10<br />

2.5 Binomial probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

2.6 Hypergeometric probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />

2.7 Divisi<strong>on</strong>s into subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />

3 Discrete Random Variables 17<br />

3.1 Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />

3.2 Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br />

3.3 Joint probability mass functi<strong>on</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />

3.4 Uncorrelated random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20<br />

3.5 Independent random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />

4 The Bernoulli Process 23<br />

4.1 Bernoulli random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />

4.2 Successes and failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />

4.3 Binomial random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24<br />

4.4 The Poiss<strong>on</strong> approximati<strong>on</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />

4.5 Geometric random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />

4.6 Negative binomial random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

4.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />

5 C<strong>on</strong>tinuous Random Variables 31<br />

5.1 Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />

5.2 Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />

5.3 Joint densities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />

3

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