Chapter 23 Notes College Physics by Giambattista et al. Geometric ...
Chapter 23 Notes College Physics by Giambattista et al. Geometric ...
Chapter 23 Notes College Physics by Giambattista et al. Geometric ...
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<strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>23</strong> <strong>Notes</strong><br />
<strong>College</strong> <strong>Physics</strong> <strong>by</strong> <strong>Giambattista</strong> <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>.<br />
Geom<strong>et</strong>ric Optics – the study of how light rays bounce off and pen<strong>et</strong>rate different<br />
materi<strong>al</strong>s<br />
wavelength λ<br />
wave fronts<br />
f v<br />
rays<br />
Medium – materi<strong>al</strong> through which light travels<br />
incident ray<br />
medium 1<br />
medium 2<br />
θ i θ r<br />
reflected ray<br />
Law of Reflection:<br />
θ i = θ r<br />
Whenever light travels into a new medium, its speed and wavelength changes, but its<br />
frequency remains the same.<br />
Index of Refraction n<br />
measure of optic<strong>al</strong> density<br />
Table <strong>23</strong>.1, p.844<br />
c<br />
n <br />
v<br />
n = 1 for vacuum<br />
c<br />
v <br />
n<br />
<br />
vac<br />
n<br />
f = f vac<br />
Refraction – light ray changes its direction upon entering a different medium<br />
n i<br />
θ i θ i<br />
n t<br />
θ t transmitted (“fractured”) ray<br />
John B. Ross, Ph.D.<br />
IUPUI <strong>Physics</strong> Dept.
<strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>23</strong> <strong>Notes</strong><br />
<strong>College</strong> <strong>Physics</strong> <strong>by</strong> <strong>Giambattista</strong> <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>.<br />
Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law):<br />
n sin<br />
n<br />
i<br />
i<br />
t<br />
sin<br />
t<br />
Optic<strong>al</strong> Illusions<br />
due to reflection and refraction<br />
created <strong>by</strong> the brain, “virtu<strong>al</strong> images”<br />
examples: transparencies, mirages<br />
Dispersion<br />
index of refraction depends on frequency (color)<br />
origin of rainbows<br />
demo: beaker on overhead<br />
Tot<strong>al</strong> Intern<strong>al</strong> Reflection<br />
trapping light inside a medium<br />
Applications: fiber optic cables<br />
critic<strong>al</strong> angle<br />
nt<br />
n i θ c θ c <br />
c<br />
sin 1<br />
ni<br />
n t < n i 90° No transmitted ray if θ i > θ c<br />
Polarization <strong>by</strong> Reflection – Brewster’s angle<br />
<br />
unpolarized θ B θ B linearly polarized<br />
perpendicular to reflected ray<br />
<br />
θ t<br />
parti<strong>al</strong>ly polarized<br />
θ t = 90° – θ B<br />
n i sin θ B = n t sin (90° – θ B )<br />
**discuss glare off of water<br />
tan 1<br />
B<br />
n<br />
n<br />
t<br />
i<br />
John B. Ross, Ph.D.<br />
IUPUI <strong>Physics</strong> Dept.
<strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>23</strong> <strong>Notes</strong><br />
<strong>College</strong> <strong>Physics</strong> <strong>by</strong> <strong>Giambattista</strong> <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>.<br />
Optic<strong>al</strong> Imaging Systems [<strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>23</strong>, Part 2]<br />
Characteristics of Images:<br />
1) Re<strong>al</strong> vs. Virtu<strong>al</strong><br />
2) Same-Size/Enlarged/Reduced<br />
3) Upright/Inverted<br />
Plane (Flat) Mirror:<br />
ray diagram<br />
virtu<strong>al</strong>, same-size, upright<br />
Thin Lenses:<br />
I. Convex (Converging) Lens – do ray diagrams to make re<strong>al</strong> and virtu<strong>al</strong> images<br />
| |<br />
p > 2f re<strong>al</strong> inverted reduced<br />
p = 2f re<strong>al</strong> inverted same-size<br />
2f < p < f re<strong>al</strong> inverted enlarged “projector”<br />
p = f no image<br />
0 < p < f virtu<strong>al</strong> upright enlarged “magnifying glass”<br />
II. Concave (Diverging) Lens – <strong>al</strong>l images are virtu<strong>al</strong>, upright, reduced<br />
Thin-Lens Equation<br />
Magnification Equations<br />
1 1 1<br />
<br />
p q f<br />
h<br />
M <br />
h<br />
q<br />
M <br />
p<br />
f (+) convex, (–) concave<br />
p (+) left of lens<br />
q (+) right of lens<br />
h (+) upright, (–) inverted<br />
John B. Ross, Ph.D.<br />
IUPUI <strong>Physics</strong> Dept.
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