The State of Arsenic in Nepal - 2003 - Harvard University ...

National Arsenic Steering Committee (Nepal)
Environment and Public Health Organization (Nepal)
The State of Arsenic in Nepal - 2003
B. R. Shrestha (PhD), J. W. Whitney (PhD) and K. B. Shrestha (PhD) (Editors)
January 2004

This document is the output of the project funded by United States Geological Survey (USGS)
through a US Government Public Diplomacy Grant from the US Embassy in Kathmandu.
Reproduction of materials contained in this report is granted to the inclusion of the following acknowledgement:-
“This report was produced by the National Arsenic Steering Committee (Nepal) and Environment and Public
Health Organization (Nepal) undertaking a project funded by USGS through a US Government Public Diplomacy
Grant from the US Embassy in Kathmandu. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed
herein are those of the Author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the USGS or US Embassy”. In cases where
only a map, diagram, data from the report or CD are used, the above acknowledgement may be substituted by a full
citation to the report.
Cover Illustration
A woman pumping water from a tube well in Pipra (Purba) village of Saptari District.
Bibliographic Reference
Shrestha, B. R., Whitney, J. W., and Shrestha, K. B. (Editors), The State of Arsenic in Nepal-2003,
National Arsenic Steering Committee, Environment and Public Health Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal, 126
pages and CD-ROM.
This publication is comprised of a final report and a CD-ROM
ISBN: 99933-895-4-4
© NASC, ENPHO copyright 2004
ii

Project Team
Project Co-ordinator
Roshan R. Shrestha (PhD), Executive Chairman - ENPHO
Team Leader / System Specialist
Bhushan R. Shrestha, PhD
Geostatistician
Kabita B. Shrestha, PhD
Editors
Bhushan R. Shrestha; John W. Whitney, PhD, (USGS) and Kabita B. Shrestha
Maps & spatial data preparation
Keshab Paudel and Archana Pradhan
Data acquisition and data management
Prajwal Shrestha
Programmer
Rabin Shrestha
Office Assistant
Binod Dhungana
iii

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Mr. Hari Ram Koirala, Chairman, NASC and Mr. Shree Ram Shrestha, Member Secretary, NASC for their
continuous support during entire project period. We would also like to express our thanks to all members of NASC for their
continuous support by providing useful data and information and valuable suggestions to make this project successful.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all Task Force members created by NASC to support this project, Mr. Avadh
Kishore Mishra (DWSS), Mr. Madhav Pahari (UNICEF), Ms. Kalawati Pokhrel (RWSSSP), Dr. Ram Bahadur Shah (TU), Mr.
Mohan Singh Khadka (DoI), NRCS and NEWAH/ISET for their continuous support, valuable suggestions and remarks during
whole project period.
We would like to express our thanks to Mr. Hans D. Spruijt, UNICEF for his continuous support on groundwater arsenic studies
in Nepal. We would like to thank Mr. Constance Colding Jones and Mr. Ramesh Acharya from the American Center for facilitating
the public diplomacy grant to conduct this study. We would also like to thank Mr. Michael De Tar, Ms. Katharine Koch and Mr.
Jay Pal Shrestha from the US Embassy for continuing support of arsenic studies in Nepal.
Our special thanks to Mr. Madhav Pahari, Dr. Ram Bahadur Shah, Mr. K.P. Kaphle (DoMG), Mr. Amar Neku (Water Aid), J. Yount
(USGS) and Mr. Nabin Pradhan (Plan Nepal) for their valuable time for reviewing the draft report and providing valuable comments
and suggestions.
We would like to thank Mr. Jaya Shrestha for data entry, Mr. Sushan Prajapati for page layout and graphics, and all field workers
for GPS data collection. Finally, we would like to thank Ms. Arinita Maskey for helping us in data acquisition, Ms. Sunita
Pradhananga for administrative work, and all other ENPHO staffs for supporting this project in different ways.
iv

Contents
Acknowledgement
Contents
List of Maps
Abbreviations
Executive Summary
Page
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
1. Introduction 1
(Bhushan R. Shrestha)
2. Sources and occurrences of the arsenic in the environment 1
(John W. Whitney)
3. Arsenic in groundwater in East and South Asia 3
(Nirmal Tandukar, DWSS)
4. Geology, hydrogeology and sedimentology 4
(Suresh D. Shrestha, PhD, TU and Van S. Williams, PhD, USGS)
4.1. Location and extent of area
4.2. Topography and drainage
4.3. Hydrogeology
4.4. Stratigraphy and geomorphology
5. Issues related to groundwater arsenic in Nepal 6
(Roshan R. Shrestha and Anil Pokharel, NEWAH )
5.1. History
5.2. Health effects
5.3. Arsenic mitigation measures undertaken
5.4. Media and arsenic contamination
6. Data and map preparation 11
(Bhushan R. Shrestha and Van S. Williams)
6.1. Integrated database of arsenic tested tube wells
6.2. Preparation of digital spatial data sets
6.3. Map preparation
6.4. Accuracy of spatial data
7. Analysis of arsenic concentration in tube wells in the Terai 17
(Kabita B. Shrestha and Bhushan R. Shrestha)
7.1. Basic statistical analysis of arsenic concentration
7.2. Relation of arsenic concentration with depth of tube well
7.3. Relation of arsenic concentration with age of tube well
7.4. Arsenic exposed population and households
7.5. Spatial analysis of arsenic concentration
7.5.1. Classification of arsenic concentration at VDC level
7.5.2. VDCs vulnerable to arsenic
7.5.3. Mapping of arsenic concentration
7.5.4. VDCs arsenic hotspots
8. Distribution of arsenic in the Terai 93
(Kabita B. Shrestha)
9. Recommendation 99
(Bhushan R. Shrestha, John W. Whitney and Kabita B. Shrestha)
Annex
References
v

List of maps
1. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Banke District
2. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Bara District
3. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Bardiya District
4. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Chitwan District
5. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Dang District
6. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Dhanusha District
7. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Jhapa District
8. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Kailali District
9. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Kanchanpur District
10. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Kapilbastu District
11. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Mahottari District
12. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Morang District
13. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Nawalparasi District
14. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Parsa District
15. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Rautahat District
16. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Rupandehi District
17. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Saptari District
18. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Sarlahi District
19. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Siraha District
20. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Sunsari District
21. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Banke District
22. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Bara District
23. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Bardiya District
24. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Chitwan District
25. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Dang District
26. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Dhanusha District
27. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Jhapa District
28. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Kailali District
29. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Kanchanpur District
30. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Kapilbastu District
31. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Mahottari District
32. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Morang District
33. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Nawalparasi
District
34. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Parsa District
35. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Rautahat District
36. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Rupandehi District
37. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Saptari District
38. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Sarlahi District
39. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Siraha District
40. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Sunsari District
41. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Banke District
42. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Bara District
43. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Bardiya District
44. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Jhapa District
45. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Kailali District
46. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Kanchanpur District
47. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Kapilbastu District
48. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Morang District
49. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Nawalparasi District
50. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Parsa District
51. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Rautahat District
52. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Rupandehi District
53. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Saptari District
54. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Siraha District
55. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Ramgram Municipality
56. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Manari VDC
57. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Swathi VDC
58. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Tilakpur VDC
59. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Sunwal VDC
60. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Mahendrakot VDC
61. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Jahada VDC
62. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Rampur Khap VDC
63. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Devdaha VDC
64. Arsenic Concentration Mapping – Sangrampur VDC
65. Classification of Arsenic Concentration – Terai
66. Distribution of Population and Household – Terai
67. Proportion of Households using Arsenic tested TW to Total
HH - Terai
68. Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic – Terai
vi

Abbreviations
AAN
AAS
AIRP
As
As 2
S 3
AsS
BGS
CD
CD-ROM
DoI
DoMG
DPHE
DWSO
DWSS
ENPHO
ESRI
FeAs 2
FeAsS
FeCl 3
GIS
gm
GPS
HH
HMG
IEC
JRCS
kg
km
L/s
LGP
M
MCM
MFT
mg
mg/l
MIT
MoE
MPPW
MUTM
NA
N.P.
NaOCl
NASC
NEWAH
NGOs
NRCS
PDDP
ppb
RONAST
RWSSFDB
Asia Arsenic Network
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Arsenic Iron Removal Plant
Arsenic
Orpiment
Realgar
British Geological Survey
Compact Disc
Compact Disc- Read Only Memory
Department of Irrigation
Department of Mines and Geology
Department of Public Health Engineering,
Government of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh
District Water Supply Office
Department of Water Supply and
Sewerage
Environment and Public Health
Organization
Environment Science Research Institute
Lollingite
Arsenopyrite
Ferric Chloride
Geographic Information System
Gram
Global Positioning System
Household
His Majesty’s Government
Information, education and
communication
Japanese Red Cross Society
Kilogram
Kilometer
Liter per second
Local Governance Program
Meter
Million cubic meter
Main Frontal Thrust
Milligram
Milligram per litre
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works
Modified Universal Transverse Mercator
Not available
Municipality (Nagar Palika)
Sodium Hypo Chloride
National Arsenic Steering Committee
Nepal Water for Health
Non Governmental Organizations
Nepal Red Cross Society
Participatory District Development
Program
Parts per billion
Royal Nepal Academy of Science and
Technology
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Fund
Development Board
vii
RWSSSP Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Support Program
Std.
Standard
TU
Tribhuwan University
TW
Tube Well
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
USGS United States Geological Survey
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
VDC
Village Development Committee
WGS84 World Geodetic System of 1984
WHO World Health Organization
µg/l
Microgram per liter

Executive Summary
The discovery of dangerous levels of arsenic in large
numbers of ground water tube wells in West Bengal, India
during the early 1990’s, followed closely by even higher
levels of arsenic in even greater numbers of wells in
Bangladesh in the mid to late1990’s, has raised the specter
of a potential environmental disaster in South Asia. The
World Health Organization estimates that 40-60 million people
are at risk from drinking arsenic-contaminated water in
Bangladesh and West Bengal, and that this health risk also
may extend into southern Nepal.
The first Nepalese studies on arsenic in groundwater were
carried out in 1999 by the Department of Water Supply and
Sewerage, and the World Health Organization, and in 2000
by the Nepal Red Cross Society and the Japanese Red Cross
Society. Both studies provided evidence of arsenic
contamination in Terai region of southern Nepal.
Furthermore, an initial health survey in 2001-2002 found
evidence of arsenic-related dermatosis and elevated amounts
of arsenic in human hair and nail samples in four districts
where tube well drinking water contained arsenic above 50
ppb (parts per billion). This initial evidence of arsenic
contamination and associated health effects led to the
creation of the National Arsenic Steering Committee (NASC)
to help coordinate efforts by government and nongovernment
agencies to address the potential problems of
arsenic contamination in the rapidly growing region of
southern Nepal.
Approximately 500,000 shallow tube wells provide water to
about 11 million people, nearly half of the national
population, in the agriculturally important Terai region.
Ninety percent of the people in the Terai use groundwater
as their primary source for drinking water. Providing clean
drinking water and developing groundwater resources for
agriculture are significant challenges for government and
non-government organizations, and the issue of arsenic
contamination must now be evaluated by all agencies and
organizations that provide drinking water. Nearly all water
organizations have been testing wells in their project areas
viii
since 2000 by various methods. Nearly 6% of these tube
wells in the Terai have been recently tested for arsenic. This
report integrates all qualified arsenic test results from these
organizations, collected through the summer of 2003, into a
national arsenic database, which is provided on the CD-
ROM that accompanies this report.
The national database in 2003 consists of 18,635 arsenictested
tube wells. Arsenic distribution and summary
statistics for each district and VDC (village development
committee) are shown on maps and tables, and are included
on the accompanying CD-ROM. The majority of tube wells,
76.3%, are below the WHO Guideline of 10 ppb.
Approximately 7.4% of all tube wells tested higher than the
Nepal Interim Standard of 50 ppb of arsenic concentration
and 16.3% of tube wells contained 11-50 ppb of arsenic
concentration. Thus, 23.7% of tube wells in the Terai are
above WHO Guideline. The percentage of wells contaminated
above 50 ppb varies at district level from 0% in Dang,
Chitwan, and Sunsari to 25.7% in Nawalparasi. Over half of
the arsenic-tested tube wells in Rautahat and nearly half of
those tested in Nawalparasi contain more than 10 ppb of
arsenic. The highest concentrations of arsenic (up to 2,620
ppb) were measured in Devedaha VDC of Rupandehi district,
near the border with Nawalparasi.
Most of the tube wells with high arsenic values are less than
50 m deep, and the majority of tube wells deeper than 50 m
have arsenic values below 50 ppb. The highest percentage
of contaminated wells is found from 11 to 30 m deep. In that
depth range 11% of arsenic-tested tube wells were above
Nepal Interim Standard; 32% of tube wells were above WHO
Guideline; and 68% of the wells tested were below the WHO
Guideline. A very low correlation was found between the
level of arsenic of a well and the age of the well.
Classes of arsenic vulnerability are defined and presented
on maps at the district level based on the percentage of
arsenic tested tube wells exceeding the WHO Guideline. Four
classes of vulnerability are defined. Low vulnerability to
arsenic: VDCs where the percentage of tube wells above
WHO guideline is zero (0). In these VDCs, all arsenic tested

tube wells contain 0-10 ppb of arsenic. Moderate vulnerability
to arsenic: VDCs where 1-25% of tested tube wells exceed
the WHO Guideline for arsenic. Moderately high
vulnerability to arsenic: VDCs where 26-50% of tested tube
wells exceed the WHO Guideline. High vulnerability to
arsenic: VDCs where over 50% of arsenic-tested tube wells
exceed the WHO Guideline.
Among the 1,050 arsenic-tested VDCs, only 20 VDCs had
more than 100 tube wells that were tested for arsenic by
2003. Moreover, there were only five VDCs, in Nawalparasi
district, that contained more than 200 arsenic-tested tube
wells. Although 60% of VDCs have low vulnerability, nearly
74% of those VDCs have a high uncertainty for that assigned
vulnerability level, because of a very low number of wells
that were tested in those VDCs. In order to account for
VDCs with low levels of arsenic testing, a level of uncertainty
was characterized to help describe the confidence that
accompanies the level of vulnerability assigned to each VDC.
The uncertainty is based on the proportion of household in
a VDC that is using a tested tube well.
Among the 20 Terai districts only one district, Rautahat, is
characterized with high vulnerability to arsenic. The
uncertainty level is also low for this district. This indicates
that more than 50% of arsenic tested tube wells were above
the WHO Guideline, and that the percentage of households
using arsenic tested tube wells is 26-50%. Two districts,
Nawalparasi and Kailali, have been classified as having
moderately high vulnerability to arsenic; however, their
uncertainty levels are different. Nawalparasi has medium
uncertainty, and Kailali has high uncertainty. Therefore,
although both districts have moderately high vulnerability
to arsenic, Nawalparasi district has more arsenic-exposed
households than Kailali.
The majority of districts in the Terai have been classified as
moderate vulnerability to arsenic. However, the level of
uncertainty is different in these districts. Among 16 districts
classified with moderate vulnerability to arsenic, 9 districts
have high uncertainty, 4 districts have medium uncertainty
and 3 districts have low uncertainty. There is only one
ix
district, Chitwan, with low vulnerability to arsenic. However,
this classification has high uncertainty, because only 1% of
total households of the district were using arsenic-tested
tube wells.
In terms of population exposed to potential arsenic-related
health risks, the 2003 arsenic database indicates that 69,126
people (5.4%) were drinking water above the Nepal Interim
standard at the time of testing; 44% of those people live in
Nawalparasi district, 21% in Rautahat, and the rest, or 34%,
are distributed among the other districts. The population in
the Terai estimated to be drinking water that exceeds the
WHO Guideline is 272,626 (21.3%). These statistics will likely
change in the future, because arsenic testing has not yet
taken place in 345 VDCs - 25% of the total VDCs - in the
Terai.
Recommendations to improve the national arsenic database
The sources of arsenic in the ground water are believed to
be of geologic origin. However, the processes that
concentrate arsenic to environmentally dangerous levels in
the shallow aquifers are poorly understood. It is not yet
clear whether or not contamination is entirely natural or is
accelerated by human activities. Because the mechanisms
of arsenic contamination are not yet defined, it is important
to continue arsenic testing of wells in the Terai and, because
arsenic levels may increase over time, wells with arsenic
levels that exceed the WHO Guideline should be monitored
at some regular interval. Areas of anomalously high arsenic
concentrations found in the database should be tested
further to define the areal extent of the “arsenic hotspot”,
and mitigation efforts should be introduced to these areas
of concern. Health organizations should initially focus on
these arsenic hotspots to identify individuals in need of
medical attention.
Standard procedures need to be created for continued field
kit testing, laboratory analyses, and data maintenance. Most
important is the inclusion of GPS well location data with
arsenic tests. As more new field test kits become available,
they should be tested and verified with laboratory results.

A national center should be established to maintain the
database of arsenic-tested tube wells. VDC and district maps
of arsenic distribution should be updated on a regular basis.
This center, under the guidance of NASC, should also
evaluate and recommend appropriate arsenic mitigation
strategies and methods. More health surveys are needed in
the Terai to identify patients that need treatment, and to
provide data that will help to clarify the health effects of
drinking water that contains different concentrations of
arsenic. Basic health related data should be included in the
national arsenic database. The database should be used to
guide arsenic mitigation and testing strategies, as well as
further water resources development, in the 20 districts of
the Terai. The testing of VDCs with high data uncertainties,
or very few tested wells, should be given priority. The NASC
and appropriate water agencies and NGOs should
communicate to the public on a regular basis with accurate
and useful information about arsenic issues at local, district,
and national levels.
x

1. Introduction
Providing safe drinking water is one of the most critical issues
for all Nepali government and non-government organizations
concerned with water supply and sanitation. High
concentrations of arsenic have been found in the wells that
supply drinking water in several districts of the Terai region
of Nepal by the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
(DWSS) and by several non-government organizations.
Providing clean drinking water and developing groundwater
for agriculture are significant challenges for government and
non-government organizations. Therefore, it is important to
compile all available existing data on the current state of
arsenic in groundwater in Nepal. The state of arsenic
presented in this report is provided to assist in efficient
planning, policymaking, and project implementation of water
development and arsenic mitigation programs.
The National Arsenic Steering Committee (NASC) and United
States Geological Survey (USGS) agreed to cooperate to
develop an integrated national database of arsenic-tested
tube wells. The Nepali government agencies and NGOs that
participate in the NASC agreed to share all arsenic data that
have collected to construct a national database. The nongovernment
organization “Environment and Public Health
Organization” was selected to compile and edit the arsenic
database and to produce a report on “The State of Arsenic in
Nepal - 2003”. The project was funded by the USGS through
a US government Public Diplomacy Grant from the US
Embassy in Kathmandu.
The main objectives of this project are to 1) compile all available
analyses of water tested for arsenic in the Terai region, 2) edit the
data entries, 3) check location information for each entry, 4) add
GPS location information where feasible, 5) display arsenic data on
maps, 6) interpret and display some statistical parameters of the
arsenic data, and 7) produce a report on the state of arsenic in
Nepal - 2003 that includes a CD-ROM of an integrated national
database of arsenic tested tube wells. Statistical analyses are
presented in user-friendly forms such as tables, charts, graphs
and maps. The information are analyzed and presented in
different government levels, including national, district and
village development committee (VDC) or municipality.
1
2. Sources and occurrences of arsenic in the
environment
Arsenic contamination of natural waters has become an issue
of growing concern around the world during the past decade.
Although arsenic contamination has been found in China,
Taiwan, Chile, Argentina, Mexico, Hungary, Mongolia, Japan,
Canada, and USA, scientists were unprepared by the scale of
arsenic contamination found in Bangladesh and West Bengal,
India during the 1990’s (Mandal and others, 1996; Jain and
Ali, 2000). In fact, The World Health Organization (WHO)
declared in 2001 that groundwater contamination on the
Bengal delta is the potentially largest environmental
catastrophe in modern history, exceeding even that of the
Chernobyl catastrophe. Because much of southern Nepal lies
within the same Ganges drainage basin as West Bengal and
western Bangladesh, it is prudent and necessary to examine
whether or not arsenic is contaminating ground waters in the
Kingdom of Nepal.
Arsenic is an element, a metal that is found in rocks, soil,
natural waters, and organisms. Arsenic is a transitional
reactive element that forms chemical and organic complexes
together with other metals (most commonly with iron), carbon,
sulfur, and oxygen. Dominant natural arsenic bearing rocks
include realgar (AsS), orpiment (As 2
S 3
), lollingite (FeAs 2
),
and arsenopyrite (FeAsS), which is the most common arsenic
ore mineral (Internet/1 and Internet/2). These minerals form
primarily under high-temperature conditions in the earth’s
crust. Arsenic concentrations are generally low in igneous
rocks and higher in metamorphic and some sedimentary rocks.
Pelitic (slates and phyllites) and argillaceous (black shales,
coals) have among the highest average values of arsenic,
and are not uncommon rocks in the Himalaya Mountains.
Concentrations of arsenic in unconsolidated sediments are
similar to those found in rocks, with higher concentrations
generally found in muds and clays.
Soils, which are composed of the weathering products of
rocks, contain an average of 4-6 mg/kg of arsenic. Arsenate
[As(V)], the oxidized form of arsenic, is common in soils that
are situated above the water table, while arsenite [As(III)] is

generally found in soils and sediments below the water table
where ground waters are in a reduced state. Arsenic can
contaminate ground waters both naturally and artificially.
When arsenic minerals break down by weathering, they
oxidize, which can release the arsenic into water. This is the
release mechanism originally proposed in West Bengal to
explain contamination there. However, because most of the
arsenic contamination on the Bengal delta is found below
the water table in reducing conditions, a different release
mechanism has become more popular to explain the high
concentrations of arsenic in the shallow aquifers on the delta.
Arsenic is released to ground waters when iron oxides enter
reduced conditions and this process may be mediated by
anaerobic bacteria (BGS and DPHE, 2001). Some
investigators believe that this process is enhanced by the
presence of organic matter, such as peat, which is sometimes
found in young, shallow sediments. Arsenic can also be
released to the environment by human activities: by-products
of mining activity (especially from coal), industrial effluents
that contain arsenic, arsenic preservatives, sewage, and most
importantly for South Asia – pesticides, herbicides, and
fertilizers that contain arsenic and potassium. The effect of
agricultural activities on the land has yet to be evaluated in
this crisis; however, arsenic has been measured in edible
vegetables and rice plants in Bangladesh (WHO/1). At the
present time (2003) there is no consensus among scientists
over the exact geochemical processes responsible for the
concentration of high arsenic in the shallow aquifers. It
may turn out that more than one process is involved and/or
that different processes are operate in different environments
in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin.
including skin cancer, gangrene, hematological poisoning,
cardiovascular and nervous-disorder diseases. The lungs,
uterus, genitourinary tract, and other organs may also be
effects. An increase in stillbirths and spontaneous abortions
may also occur. What’s worse, there is no clinical treatment
for arsenic toxicity in the human body other than to stop
ingesting more arsenic.
The World Health Organization has set the guideline value
for arsenic in drinking water at 10 ppb or 10 µg/l (0.01 mg/l)
(WHO/2). However, the WHO Guideline is not a binding limit.
Depending on the physical, social, economic and cultural
conditions, each country fixes its national standard. India,
Bangladesh, and some European countries and US have set
50 µg/l as their standard. In 2002, the USA lowered its arsenic
limit for drinking water from 50 ppb to 10 ppb on the basis of
a strong clinical findings and the recommendation of an
independent panel of medical experts. Nepal has accepted
50 ppb or 50 µg/l as its interim arsenic standard. According
to WHO Guideline there is a risk of getting cancer for 6 out
of 10,000 people drinking water containing more than 10 µg/l
of arsenic for a long period (WHO/2). On the basis of this
guideline, Nepal Interim Standard has a risk of getting cancer
for 30 out of 10,000 people drinking water containing arsenic
above 50 µg/l for a long period. A published report in India,
considered by the NASC indicates that the maximum
permissible limit of arsenic in drinking water as 50 µg/l is
based on water consumption of 2 liters per day (Chaudhary
U.K. et. al., 2001). Water consumption in the Terai during the
warm months is typically 4-6 liters/person/day.
Clinical studies show that about half the arsenic ingested
by individuals is excreted, while the other half accumulates
in the body. And, in fact, arsenic in urine, skin, nails, and
hair has been used as an indicator of the arsenic hazard in
people (Jain and Ali, 2000). Continued drinking of arsenic
contaminated water generally results in the manifestations
of skin lesions, which are an indication of significant
arsenic toxicity in the body. Long-term consumption of
arsenic-contaminated water may lead to numerous diseases,
2

3 . Arsenic in groundwater in East and South Asia
Arsenic contamination in groundwater has been reported in
more than 20 different countries around the world.
Environmental health crises related to arsenic presently are
present in Bangladesh, West-Bengal, India, China (including
Inner Mongolia), and Taiwan. During the past two-three
years arsenic contamination has also been reported in Laos,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Nepal
(Chakraborti et. al, 2001).
Taiwan: Arsenic contamination in groundwater in Taiwan
was first identified in the year 1960. The well-known black
foot disease was observed in this country, where arsenic
concentration in groundwater was found as high as
1,800 µg/l (Smedley et. al, 2001).
Thailand: Arsenic contamination in groundwater was
identified in Ron Phibun District in Nakhon Si Thammarat of
southern Thailand in 1987, and is one of the worst case of
arsenic poisoning related to mining activity. Arsenic
concentrations up to 5,000 µg/l were found in shallow ground
waters. By the late 1990s, around 1,000 people had been
diagnosed with arsenic related skin disorder. Maximum
average arsenic concentration in stream water related to
mining was 1,000 µg/l during 1992-1997, and then decreased
to 590 µg/l in 1998 and 290 µg/l in 1999 (Buapeng et. al,
2001).
Vietnam: A comprehensive survey on arsenic in
groundwater and drinking water in the city of Hanoi and of
the surrounding rural districts in Red River Delta of northern
Vietnam revealed arsenic concentrations in the groundwater
ranging from 1–3,050 µg/l. The initial survey showed that
48% of the tested groundwater samples exceeded the national
standard of 50 µg/l and 72% exceeded the WHO guideline
value of 10 µg/l. Arsenic concentration in the tap water of
Hanoi city ranged from 25–91 µg/l. The population
consuming water with arsenic concentrations more than 50
µg/l is estimated to be greater than one million (Smedley et.
al, 2001).
3
India: Arsenic contamination in groundwater and noncirrhotic
portal hypertension due to chronic arsenic intake
was first reported in India from Chandigarh, Punjab in 1976.
In West Bengal, it was reported for the first time in 1983,
when 22 villages from 12 blocks in 5 districts were identified.
The population, drinking water with arsenic concentrations
greater than 50 µg/l (as high as 3,200 µg/l) is estimated to be
about 6 million covering an area of 23,000 km 2 . Out of the
101,934 tube wells water samples tested, 52% and 25% of
the tubewells contain arsenic concentration above the WHO
guideline value of 10 µg/l and national Indian standard of 50
µg/l respectively. Recently analyzed the arsenic content of
206 tubewells in the Semria Ojha Patti village in the Middle
Ganga Plain of Bihar and found 56.8% samples exceeded 50
µg/l (Chakraborti et. al., 2003).
Pakistan: Using Merck field test kits in the Punjab, Sindh
and Baluchistan, 8,777 water samples were tested in Pakistan.
The water testing shows that district of Multan and Rahim
Yar Khan in Punjab, and Dadu and Khairpur in Sindh are
found to have highest number of wells with arsenic exceeding
the national standard of 50 µg/l. All districts in Punjab and
Sindh have arsenic in the range of 10–50 µg/l. There were
777 groundwater samples (about 9%) found above 10 µg/l
and 58 samples (less than 1%) have arsenic concentrations
greater than 50 µg/l. Water samples from 11 districts were
found to have arsenic concentrations exceeding 50 µg/l
(Memon et. al, 2002).
Bangladesh: Arsenic contamination in groundwater in
Bangladesh was not reported until 1993. An estimated 30-45
million people are exposed to drinking water with arsenic
concentration greater than the national standard of 50 µg/l
(as high as 2,500 µg/l) on the delta of the Ganges,
Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. The affected aquifers are
generally shallow, with a depth of 15-60 m. Out of 64 districts
in the country, 60 districts are reported to have naturally
occurring arsenic in groundwater (Biswas et. al, 2003). A
national survey by the British Geological Survey for the
DPHE shows that 27% of the shallow tube wells exceeded
50 µg/l and 46% exceeded 10 µg/l (BGS and DPHE, 2001).
Less than 1% of the tested tube wells deeper than 150 m
exceed 50 µg/l and 5% exceed 10 µg/l (Burgess, et. al, 2001).

4. Geology, hydrogeology and sedimentology
4.1. Location and extent of area
The problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater in
Nepal is confined to the extensive alluvial plains along the
southern border of Nepal. These plains are called the Terai.
The Terai occupies about 23% of the country’s total area
and is the southern most physiographic division of Nepal.
Some of the Terai plains occur in tectonic strike valleys north
of the low Churia foothills. That area is called the inner Terai
and is not much affected by arsenic contamination. Most of
the Terai, however, lies south of the Churia Hills and represents
the northern edge of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The
outer Terai is the topographic expression of a foreland basin
in where rocks of the Indian tectonic plate are being actively
thrust beneath those of the Asian plate. The northern edge
of this zone is often delineated by an active thrust fault, the
main frontal thrust (MFT), where the weakly-consolidated
Plio-Pleistocene Siwalik Group sedimentary rocks forming
the Churia hills are thrust over the Holocene alluvial
sediments of the Terai (Upreti and Dhital, 1996). Within
Nepal the Terai forms a more or less continuous belt from
east to west with width ranging from 10 to 50 km.
4.2. Topography and drainage
On the ground, the Terai appears quite flat. In fact, the land
surface slopes gently southward away from the mountains
and decreases in slope to the south. Altitude of the Terai
plain ranges from more than 200 m above sea level adjacent
to the mountain front to less than 60 m along the Indian
border. Minor rivers that flow generally southward across
the Terai are locally incised as much as 15 m below the
general land surface. Adjacent to the mountain front, where
recent tectonism has locally uplifted small patches of Terai
alluvium, terraces can occur more than 100 m above the
general alluvial land surface. At a few places major rivers
(Mahakali, Karnali, Narayani, and Sapta Koshi) cut through
the Mahabharat Lekh, the elevated front range of the lesser
Himalyas, to flow across the Terai. These rivers form
enormous, gently sloping alluvial fans that extend far into
India. The major rivers are commonly braided in the reaches
4
near the fan apex. Some of the major Nepalese rivers are
noted for rapid, dramatic, catastrophic lateral shifting across
their fans that may also cause aggradations or degradation
of streams in other parts of the Terai adjacent to the fans.
4.3. Hydrogeology
Groundwater movement, discharge and recharge
The Terai deposits have traditionally been divided into two
hydrologic zones, the coarser-textured Bhabar zone along
the mountain front in the north and the finer-textured Terai
plain zone in the south. The boundary between these two
zones is marked by a line of springs. These springs generally
occur in streambeds where the groundwater surface
intersects the bottom of the channel. In the Bhabar zone
smaller streams are dry during the dry season, but below the
Bhabar zone the streams commonly retain a small base flow
year round derived from spring discharge. The Bhabar zone
is distinguished primarily on the basis of geomorphic and
hydrologic characteristics of the land surface rather than
sediment characteristics, so there is not a distinct contrast
in texture at the southern boundary. The greater altitude
and steeper southward slope of the land surface in the Bhabar
zone results in greater depth to the water table and greater
seasonal fluctuation of the water table than in the southern
plains. Consequently, simple hand and centrifugal pumps
cannot raise water to the surface in much of the Bhabar zone
during the dry season and it is more difficult to irrigate than
the southern Terai. Recharge may be more rapid in the
Bhabar zone than to the south because of higher
transmissivity, but most recharge in Nepal occurs south of
the Bhabar zone because of the relatively small area of the
Bhabar zone compared to the rest of the Terai.
The general direction of groundwater flow follows the
surface drainage pattern from north to south. Most of the
groundwater recharged in Nepal eventually flows in the
subsurface across the border into India, since Nepalese
consumption is much less than the annual recharge. Various
estimates of annual groundwater recharge are available. For
the total area of the Nepal Terai, estimates range from 5,800
to 11,598 MCM. Kansakar (1996) estimates that the total

groundwater extraction is about 685 MCM per year, which is
less than 10% of the annual recharge.
Aquifer system
erosion of Siwalik Group rocks. Some, but not all, of those
areas have high concentrations of arsenic in groundwater.
The balance of the Terai receives sediment derived from the
Siwaliks mixed with sediment from the lesser Himalayan rocks.
In the Terai subsurface a multiple aquifer system consists of
both unconfined and semi-confined shallow aquifers and
confined deep aquifers. Perched aquifers are also common.
The upper 50-60 m of sediment provide good productive
shallow zones, and most groundwater production occurs in
the upper 250 m. Between 20-50% of screenable sand layers
are unconfined to a depth of 46 m. Generally transmissivity
is high and well discharge is good (Kansakar 1996), although
areas of low transmissivity occur where high proportions of
clay are present. The pieziometric head in some confined
aquifers is above the land surface in some parts of the
southern Terai, so free-flowing wells occur.
4.4. Stratigraphy and geomorphology
Sediment texture generally decreases southward from the
mountains, but there is not a distinct contrast in texture at
the southern boundary of the hydrologic province known
as the Bhabar zone; consequently it cannot be easily
distinguished in subsurface stratigraphy. The Bhabar zone
generally consists of alluvial fans graded to various small
drainage basins in the Churia hills. These fans coalesce
southward into a piedmont slope that grades to the southern
Terai plains. Boulder covered streambeds with braided
channels are common in the Bhabar zone, although most of
the land surface is fine sand and silt. In the southern plains,
meandering stream channels dominate, boulders and cobbles
are rare, and silt and clay comprise the majority of subsurface
deposits.
The Terai is underlain by thick clastic deposits of Pleistocene
to Holocene alluvium that was deposited by streams from
the Himalayan Mountains. Huge volumes of sediment are
deposited across the Terai annually. This accumulation is
accommodated by rapid subsidence driven by tectonic forces
and isostatic response to the sediment weight. The
thickness of alluvium generally increases northward and is
thought to average about 1,500m beneath the Nepalese Terai
(Upreti and Dhital, 1996). The basement topography beneath
the Terai alluvium is not uniform and is believed to consist
of a number of transverse ridges and valleys. The alluvial
sediments were deposited over the Siwalik sediments, which
in turn rest on Eocene- Oligocene sediments, Permian
Gondwana-series sediments, or Precambrian-age crystalline
rocks. Alluvium of the Terai can be subdivided based on the
lithology of its source rocks, as controlled by the distinctive
nature of the drainage pattern in Nepal. Sediment eroded
from the Tibetan Plateau and the high Himalaya are carried
down only by the four major streams and are deposited in
the Terai only on their alluvial fans. Such areas seem to have
minimal arsenic contamination of the groundwater. In other
areas of the Terai, uplifted ridges of the Churia foothills
completely block all drainage from the lesser and greater
Himalaya, so that the alluvium is derived only from the
5
The nature of stream channels at the surface is important
because most aquifers of the Terai alluvium are sand bodies
that originated as buried stream channels. Weathered overbank
flood deposits form the aquacludes. Terai aquifers
tend to have good continuity from north to south but have
limited extent east west. The aquacludes also are not
continuous east west, so that aquifers at different depths
may be vertically connected, limiting the ability of aquacludes
to protect lower aquifers from arsenic contamination. The
connection of shallow and deep aquifers in the Indian part
of the Terai noted by Raghunath (1987) is probably also true
in Nepal.
At places where major rivers emerge from the mountains,
the distinction between Bhabar and plains is overwhelmed
by the dynamics of the large alluvial fans. The small Bhabar
fans are generally “dry” with episodic seasonal flow events.
They have a higher gradient than the huge “wet” fans of the
major rivers, which flow continuously and control the
regional ground water level. The major rivers also control
erosional base level of their tributaries and induce cycles of
incision and aggradations in the tributaries as the major rivers
shift laterally.

5. Issues related to groundwater arsenic in Nepal
5.1. History
The first study on arsenic was carried out in Nepal by the
DWSS and the WHO in late 1999. The initial 268 analyzed
samples revealed the potential presence of arsenic in ground
water in Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari Districts (Sharma, 1999).
Following this study the NRCS, supported by the JRCS,
tested about 2,000 water samples in early 2,000 from eight
districts in the Terai. About 3% of the samples exceeded 50
ppb and 21% exceeded WHO limit of 10 ppb (ENPHO/NRCS/1,
2000). These two studies provided the first evidence of
arsenic contamination in Terai region of Nepal. Nearly 48%
of the total population of the country lives in this agricultural
region, and the 90% of the Terai population are using
groundwater as the major source for drinking water. These
initial findings sensitized the government and nongovernment
agencies, which have been working in water
and sanitation.
Early in 2000 the NASC was created as a first step taken by
the government to address the arsenic issue in the country.
The NASC includes major stakeholders from government
and non-government sectors that work in water and
sanitation. National Interim Policy on Arsenic was the first
document prepared by NASC to guide stakeholders to work
on this issue (NASC/1, 2001). Some of the key stakeholders
that have been involving in testing wells of arsenic
concentration in different parts of Nepal are DWSS/UNICEF,
NRCS/ENPHO, RWSSSP, RWSSFDB, NEWAH, PLAN Nepal,
DoI, and MoE. All agencies involved in the water and
sanitation sector then prioritized arsenic testing in their
program areas.
5.2. Health effects
During 2001-2002, NRCS, DWSS and RWSSSP with technical
support of ENPHO carried out studies on health effect due
to arsenic contaminated drinking water in Nawalparasi, Bara,
Parsa and Rautahat. The study showed that the average
prevalence rate of arsenicosis related dermatosis was 2.6%.
Prevalence tends to increase with age in all study areas.
The highest prevalence rate found in the age group of above
65 years, whereas the lowest value occurred in the age
group of 15-49 years in the family members of the sample
districts, and the rate was higher in males than in females.
All of the symptomatic patients show early stages of
arsenicosis symptoms like melanosis and keratosis in palm,
trunk and sole of the foot (ENPHO/NRCS/2, 2001, ENPHO/
RWSSSP, 2002 & ENPHO/NRCS/3, 2003).
The prevalence rate in
Nepal is much lower
compared to Bangladesh
where reported figures are
as high as 33.1%, and 29.0
% (Chowdhury et. al.
2001). Health investigators
from ENPHO found several
advanced cases of
Figure 5.1. Keratosis on palm arsenicosis in some of the
and sole found in patient
identified in Goini , Nawalparasi communities like Goini
and Kunwar of Nawalparasi district where water from many
of tube wells have arsenic concentrations of more than 500
µg/l and prevelance rate of arsenic is about 9% in those
VDCs (ENPHO/DWSS/UNICEF, 2002). Most of the
arsenicosis patients in those communities were in a mild or
initial stage and less than 20% of them were in a moderate
stage. Only one arsenicosis patient was detected with
Bowen’s Disease (Pre-cancerous skin lesion). However, there
were some patients who are in the stage of appearing lesionlike
Bowen’s Disease (ENPHO/NRCS/4, 2003).
Arsenic content in hair and nails
Arsenic in nails and hair is considered a reliable indicator of
chronic exposure or that occurred 1 to 10 months earlier
(Shapiro, 1967). The reference value for arsenic in nail and
hair samples is set at 430-1080 µg/kg (0.43-1.08 mg/kg) and
80-250 µg/kg (0.08-0.25 mg/kg) respectively (Chowdhury et.
al., 1999). According to Shrestha et. al. (2003), about 95% of
497 hair samples and about 71% of 116 nail samples contained
arsenic concentration greater than the reference value.
Further, arsenic content in 62 % of hair samples exceeded
the toxic level i.e. more than 1000 µg/kg.
6

5.3. Arsenic mitigation measures undertaken
The mitigation of arsenic from drinking water is very
challenging. The cooperation of all stakeholders involved
in this issue is needed to create a national policy on the
mitigation strategies and methods. This national policy
should include water management policies, media campaigns,
health care surveys, evaluation of alternative mitigation
strategies and methods, tube well monitoring programs.
Recent experience in Bangladesh has shown that many
inexpensive mitigation techniques do not work, or do not
perform correctly for a long period of time. Thus, it is
important for water consumers to know what techniques
work to remove arsenic, and for how long. This sub-chapter
presents various important activities required for efficient
arsenic mitigation such as policy and standard developed
by NASC, ongoing research and development, and mapping
of arsenic tested tube wells. In section 5.3.4, several mitigation
measures are described that are currently being used in
southern Nepal.
5.3.1. Policy & Standardization
NASC has been developing different kinds of policies,
procedures, and standards to guide agencies and individuals
that work in arsenic mitigation in drinking water supply. Some
of the important accomplishments are:
• Development of a Nepal’s Interim Guideline for
arsenic investigation and mitigation.
• Creation of a national drinking water quality
standard of 50 ppb arsenic. Water quality up to 50
ppb is considered as safe for cooking and drinking.
• Development of a standard tube well marking
system to alert users about the safeness of water
for cooking and drinking.
• NASC together with RONAST has prepared a
standard sampling and testing protocol for arsenic
testing in laboratories.
• Development of a standard set of information,
education, and communication (IEC) materials to
inform communities about the arsenic problem.
5.3.2. Research & Development
A few research and development activities are being
undertaken by several agencies for developing efficient
mitigation strategy and techniques.
DWSS: Massive testing (blanket test) of about 200,000 tube
wells in eight districts has been undertaken by DWSS in
collaboration with UNICEF. In this survey, two new
approaches have been introduced – implemention of
Arsenator as monitoring tool for field-testing kit and
distribution of Arsenic Testing Certificate to owner of tested
tube well. DWSS, in collaboration with WHO, is also
involving in human resource development in the area of
arsenic epidemiology and research, evaluating the efficiency
of household arsenic removal filters, and is developing a
Nepali version of “Asia Arsenic Network – (AAN)” arsenic
field kit.
ENPHO: This NGO
has been carrying out
different research
programs with its
partner agencies,
including NRCS,
Figure 5.3. ENPHO Arsenic Test Kit
RWSSSP, NEWAH
and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
devoted to the development of arsenic testing equipment,
arsenic removal technologies, health survey and to provide
technical assistance for other researchers and agencies.
Figure 5.2. Painting guideline approved by
NASC for indication of contaminated tube
wells
7
DoI: This government line agency has been carrying out
hydrogeological study in collaboration with World Bank and
USGS in Nawalparasi district. It has installed two monitoring
wells in this study area.

USGS: The USGS has initiated a project in 2003 to determine
the cause of the arsenic contamination and its extent in the
shallow Terai aquifers in order to helpdetermine which
mitigation and water management strategies are appropriate
for that region (Clark and Whitney, 2000). The study is
located in Nawalparasi and compares aquifer sediment
chemistry with water chemistry from the different shallow
aquifers. Water from each of two monitoring wells installed
by DoI can be sampled from aquifers at four different depths
for water quality testing.
MIT: This university has been investigating the efficiency
of different arsenic removal filters for Nepal and is also
supporting the development of household arsenic removal
filters. An improved biosand filter for arsenic removal is one
of the outcomes of their cooperation with Nepali agencies.
(ii) Dug wells
Some of the leading
water supply
implementers, such
as NRCS, are
replacing arsenic
contaminated tube
Figure 5.4.Rehabilated dug well
wells with existing
dug wells. This approach has been in practice for some time
in Bangladesh. Dug wells may not be safe for drinking
because of water borne pathogens; however, dug wells
usually have low arsenic concentration. Rehabilitation of
dug wells with improved sanitation is essential before using
them. NRCS alone have rehabilitated about 75 dug wells in
its program area.
5.3.3. Mapping of arsenic tested tube wells
(iii) Household filters
RWSSSP with the technical support of ENPHO has been
preparing maps of arsenic tested wells in Nawalparasi district.
These maps provide location information of 3,031 arsenic
tested wells with the arsenic concentration class.
5.3.4. Provision of safe water options
Organizations such as NRCS, RWSSSP, RWSSFDB and
DWSS have started to provide safe water options, such as
household arsenic removal filters and rehabilitation of dug
wells, in some of their project areas (ENPHO/NRCS/4, 2003,
ENPHO/RWSSSP, 2003 and ENPHO/DWSS 2003). Some of
these options are discussed below.
(i) Safe tube wells
This option is being used for immediate relief from arsenic
contaminated tube wells. Tube wells around the
contaminated tube wells will be tested for arsenic. If any of
the tested wells are found to be below Nepal interim standard,
then recipients of contaminated tube wells will be advised
to use nearest uncontaminated tube wells. This option is
feasible only if owner of such tube wells is willing to share
his water.
8
Household filters for arsenic removal are distributed by some
agencies as a short term and immediate relief option in areas
where alternative water sources are not available. In the
research and development chronology, different filters have
been implemented and investigated. These filters can be
used when no arsenic free water is available. Testing needs
to be conducted on how long filters should be used before
replacing the filter or its active element.
Two Gagri filter system with chemical powder
The system, consisting two earthen pots (gagri), uses
chemical powder (a mixture of FeCl 3,
NaOCl and Charcoal).
Ferric chloride is the compound that removes arsenic present
in affected water. The candle filter aids in filtration of the
coagulants formed in the upper pot. The second pot
underneath the first one receives water free from arsenic,
iron, bacteria and odour. This system is 90% efficient in
removing arsenic and is below the Nepal interim guideline.
Three gagri filter
The three-gagri filter replicates the three kulsi system of

Bangladesh and solves the problem of chemical powder.
Oxidation, adsorption, precipitation and filtration is the
process for removal of arsenic, iron in this filter. This filter
system can remove up to 95% of the arsenic, even when the
water is highly contaminated. Retardation of filtration
process due to clogging and presence of microbes in the
treated water limits the filter’s performance. Therefore,
techniques for improvement of microbiological quality
should also be used while providing this option.
Improved Bio-sand filter
The Bio-sand filter as a point-ofuse
drinking water treatment
option that was initially designed
by Dr. David Manz of the
University of Calgary. Recently, a
joint research study that included
MIT, ENPHO and RWSSSP
improved this filter for removal of
Figure 5.5 Biosand Filter
arsenic by combining the concepts
of three gagri and bio-sand filter. Now it can be used for
removal of arsenic, iron, bacteria and turbidity. This filter
uses the process of aeration, adsorption and filtration. As
this system has a high flow rate of 30 litres per hour, the biosand
filter has become in high demand in communities, not
only for arsenic removal, but also due to higher flow rate.
Due to its enhanced performance and durability, the NRCS
replaced all other filters (two gagri and three gagri) with
improved bio-sand filter in their program area. Field test shows
that this filter removes more than 95% arsenic on average
and up to 99% in some cases (ENPHO/NRCS/4, 2003; Ngai
and Walewijk, 2003). The filter also removes high levels of
iron—up to 99%, with an average of 95%. Microbiological
quality of this treated water is satisfactory. NRCS, RWSSSP,
RWSSFDB, and DOE are implementing this system in their
arsenic affected districts. Recently, World Bank has awarded
“Development Market Place – 2003 (DM2003) to MIT/
ENPHO/RWSSSP for the promotion and implementation of
this filter in arsenic affected communities in Nepal.
Arsenic Iron Removal Plant (AIRP)
This plant is designed to serve a group of households that
9
share a single tube well. The main concept behind this
system is the removal arsenic by extracting iron from
contaminated water.
It is good for only
those tube wells
where arsenic
concentrations are
more than 50 ppb
Figure 5.6. Arsenic Iron Removal Plant
but less than 101
ppb and the iron content is more than 3 mg/l. About 20 units
of AIRP have already been installed under NRCS program in
Nawalparasi and Rautahat districts.
5.4. Media and arsenic contamination
Within the last decade, Nepal has seen an exponential
increase in the different forms of media such as FM radios,
private television channels, and the print media. The media,
especially the radio is held in high regard in Nepal, mostly in
the rural areas, because it is frequently the only link to current
news. There is a perception that anything aired in the radio,
television and in the printed form is correct. Coverage in
media is mostly related to politics. There is little news on
social and development issues, and sometimes reporting is
not completely accurate. Potential disasters related to water
get some attention, but is commonly limited to the number
of deaths of people from floods and landslides. The issue
of arsenic contamination in the ground water of Nepal has
not been given much attention in the media at the present
time.
The NASC, during its early period, had decided that issue
on arsenic contamination might create some fear in the people,
especially because there was very limited detailed information
to share. The committee believed that there would be more
harm done in terms of increased publicity without solid
information to describe the severity of the arsenic issue. At
first, the results of arsenic testing in groundwaters from tube
wells were not made accessible to the media. This restriction
was later on finally made public through an organized press
meet. Most of the coverage in the media took place after
this press conference. Almost all media forms then
highlighted the issue of arsenic contamination. This event

was successful in disseminating the scale of the problem:
“the problem is not scary”, is localized to small areas, and
only 3% of the tested wells contained arsenic contamination
that exceeds the Nepal – Bangladesh – India standard.
In the latter half of 2003 there has been a public awareness
campaign on the radio, which reaches to all parts of Nepal. It
broadcasts the message that water from the tube wells should
be tested for arsenic. The water that has arsenic should not
be used for drinking and cooking purposes. If water with
high amounts of arsenic is consumed for long time, it may
cause to death. Arsenic testing generally is free from the
agency that installed the well. The message given in the media
is only partially correct because the free testing is only
available for a limited time in specified districts, and testing is
carried out on site only. This raises the concern that there is
need for updated and correct information to be disseminated
through media. The following three examples portray the
impact of the media when it is related to water quality and
especially arsenic.
Case I: Devadaha, Rupandehi (Source: field survey following
the day of the press meet in Kathmandu)
Trained staff from RWSSSP had carried out testing of wells
for arsenic contamination in Devadaha VDC of Rupandehi
district. The tube wells with measured concentrations more
than 50 µg/l were painted with a black cross on the spout of
the tube well and informed the users about the harm of arsenic
poisoning and told to neither drink nor use for cooking the
water from those tube wells. The community followed the
staffs’ suggestion until they heard the news on the radio
regarding the arsenic press conference. An educated person
who runs a grinding mill in Devadaha said “the radio said the
problem is only at some places and is in small scale of 3%”.
People subsequently started drinking water from the effected
wells, because they believed that the problem is minor.
Case II: Deuri, Udayapur (Source: field survey November
2003)
Geographically, Udayapur covers all three geographical zones:
the Terai, boulder zone, and the hills. This district is not located
among the districts where arsenic testing will be carried out.
At a deep tube well which has high concentration of iron
concentration, a girl comes to fetch water. A boy dwelling
just within the vicinity of the well asks the girl not to use the
water for drinking or cooking. He refers to the radio awareness
program aired these days. He mistakenly attributes the
deposits of the red-rust color in the pots as a result of arsenic
contamination rather than high iron content. He warns the
girl that she might acquire cancer if she drinks water from the
well.
Case III: Biratnagar, Morang (Source: field survey November
2003)
A lady, intrigued by the problem of arsenic contamination,
carries a water sample to the District Water Supply and
Sanitation Office. She gets disappointed to learn that there
exists no facility to test water for arsenic at DWSO. There
exists now a dilemma as to how the NGOs can charge for
testing arsenic at this point of time, because the government
radio and the largest FM station broadcast “you can go to
the DWSO to get the water tested free for arsenic”. The kit
used by the DWSO/UNICEF is to be used at the in situ and
the test can not be conducted on unpreserved water samples.
Clearly, the examples above indicate that NASC, appropriate
government agencies, and university professors should
provide more information to the press as it becomes available,
so that local people and agencies can make informed decisions
on drinking water and whether or not their wells need more
arsenic testing. Perhaps a coordinated campaign of accurate
information on the state of arsenic in the country can
accompany the release of this report. These three cases show
a negative facet of media reporting. It would not be fair to
say that there have not been any positive impacts to the rural
community from the arsenic information relayed by radio.
Indeed, awareness of potential harm by arsenic has been the
greatest achievement. And the rural people have shown an
interest to learn more about this issue. Some members of the
National Arsenic Steering Committee have suggested that it
would be of benefit to invite journalists to their meetings and
to provide them with more useful information in order to
disseminate it through various media forms. A coordinated
media effort would go far to eliminate many of the inaccurate
perceptions that currently exist in the rural areas.
10

6. Data and map preparation
The quality of information about the state of arsenic in the
groundwater in a region is determined by the quality and the
volume of the arsenic tested water data available in that
region. Water sampling and testing, and collection of related
well information in order to know the state of arsenic in
groundwater for a region is very time consuming and
expensive. It may not be affordable for a single organization
to carry out all these studies alone. Several organizations,
including DWSS, NRCS, RWSSSP, NEWAH, RWSSFDB,
have been involving in testing arsenic contamination and in
other arsenic related issues in different parts of the country.
Acquired data for 20 out of 75 districts of Nepal were involved
in this study. These twenty districts include the whole
southern part of the country. Each district is comprised of
several VDC and/or municipalities. Each agency has its own
individual arsenic test data sets for different regions.
Integrating these individual data sets into a single database,
analyzing the data, and displaying the data in several
different presentations is the approach used to describe the
state of arsenic in this report for southern Nepal.
Environmental data such as arsenic concentration in
groundwater represent a natural phenomenon. The arsenic
data are measured on the earth surface with spatial and
temporal resolution. Maps are one of the best techniques to
illustrate the spatial distribution of this data. This chapter
describes the process used to create an integrated database
of arsenic tested tube wells, to prepare spatial data layers,
and to produce different kinds of maps.
6.1. Integrated database of arsenic tested tube wells
This part of the chapter describes steps and methodology
implemented in preparing an integrated attribute database
of arsenic tested tube wells.
6.1.1. Acquisition of arsenic test data set
Individual arsenic test data sets were acquired from the
following organizations: DWSS, NRCS, RWSSSP, NEWAH
and RWSSFDB with the help of NASC. Most of these data
11
sets were made available in digital form in Excel format. Data
sets for most organizations are maintained at the district
level. But the original fields and data types used by different
organizations to represent various attributes of arsenic
tested wells were not uniform. Each data set was checked,
cleaned, and updated in a standard Excel format with the
help of respective data owner. The minimum criteria for
accepting a well to be incorporated in database were: a well
should at least have arsenic test value and name of VDC
where it is located. The data for 18,775 wells were acquired
from different organizations at the beginning of this study;
however, only 18,635 wells met this criterion. About 104
wells did not have a VDC name and 36 wells were without an
arsenic value and therefore could not be included in the
database of this study. Table 6.1 gives the district data
acquired from different source organizations. This integrated
data set comprises of only those data sets which meet the
minimum criteria and reached to ENPHO by August 2003.
However, tube wells testing trend is increasing rapidly,
number of tested tube wells has been already reached to
28,956 according to the arsenic testing progress report
distributed in NASC meeting held on 19 th November, 2003
(Annex 1). The new post-august 2003 data have not yet
been added to the national database.
Table 6.1.
District/Organizationwise Arsenic Tested Wells
Organization
DWSS
NRCS
RWSSSP
NEWAH
RWSSFDB
Total valid
data
District
Banke 197 549 97 843
Bara 197 1757 1954
Bardiya 199 428 24 651
Chitawan 203 203
Dang 196 196
Dhanusha 165 120 285
Jhapa 94 137 49 280
Kailali 201 100 301
Kanchanpur 177 177
Kapilbastu 608 1750 132 2490
Mahotari 199 199
Morang 200 200
Nawalparasi 2134 716 361 3211
Parsa 195 1915 137 2247
Rautahat 198 1765 82 8 2053
Rupandehi 758 1222 63 2043
Saptari 198 100 37 235 570
Sarlahi 186 98 42 326
Siraha 100 10 124 234
Sunsari 172 172
Total 5211 8831 3333 413 847 18635

The chart in Figure 6.1 shows the contribution pattern of data
in creating the integrated database of arsenic tested wells. The
reliability of arsenic test results is very critical issue, which is
mainly determined by test method used. There are two types
of arsenic testing: a laboratory test using an Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS) and field kit tests. Test results by
AAS are regarded as more reliable than field kits. There are
several brands of field test kits in use in Nepal. The major
brands of these kits are HACH, Indian, and ENPHO. There
were 254 wells that did not name the field kit test used.
About 8,000 wells out of 18,635 were accompanied by location
information in geographic coordinates. ENPHO has identified
an additional 2000 from rest of wells for collection of location
information in geographic coordinates. These wells were
identified and prioritized in terms of arsenic concentration,
time and budget allocated for GPS data collection for this
study. ENPHO succeeded in collecting GPS location data for
about 1,800 additional wells.
Figure 6.1.
Table 6.2.
District arsenic tested tube wells by test method
Field kit
Laboratory
test (AAS)
HACH
ENPHO
Indian
Unknown
Total
Total tube
wells
% of TW with
AAS test
% of TW with
field kit test
District
Banke 743 100 100 843 88 12
Bara 1843 111 111 1954 94 6
Bardiya 530 121 121 651 81 19
Chitawan 84 119 119 203 41 59
Dang 100 96 96 196 51 49
Dhanusha 212 73 73 285 74 26
Jhapa 225 55 55 280 80 20
Kailali 187 114 114 301 62 38
Kanchanpur 154 23 23 177 87 13
Kapilbastu 1635 603 252 855 2490 66 34
Mahotari 67 132 132 199 34 66
Morang 64 136 136 200 32 68
Nawalparasi 808 4 2352 47 2403 3211 25 75
Parsa 2114 133 133 2247 94 6
Rautahat 1933 120 120 2053 94 6
Rupandehi 1285 756 2 758 2043 63 37
Saptari 432 138 138 570 76 24
Sarlahi 226 100 100 326 69 31
Siraha 199 35 35 234 85 15
Sunsari 108 64 64 172 63 37
Total 12949 4 3711 1717 254 5686 18635 70 30
Table 6.2 presents, by district, the arsenic tested tube wells
with test method used. Figure 6.2 presents the composition
of arsenic tested tube wells data by test method used.
12
Table 6.3.
District arsenic tested tube wells with location information
District
Total
T ube wells wit h locat ion
Valid
DWSS
Figure 6.2.
RWSSSP
Banke 328 286 286 843 33.9
Bara 1632 1505 1505 1954 77
Bardiya 452 24 428 452 651 69.4
Chitwan 203
Dang 196
Dhanusha 285
Jhapa 134 111 111 280 39.6
Kailali 100 100 100 301 33.2
Kanchanpur 8 8 8 177 4.5
Kapilbastu 598 594 594 2490 23.9
Mahottari 199
Morang 45 31 31 200 15.5
Nawalparasi 3090 2104 352 575 3031 3211 94.4
Parsa 2048 1628 1628 2247 72.5
Rautahat 1804 82 1491 1573 2053 76.6
Rupandehi 1718 636 60 558 1254 2043 61.4
Saptari 38 35 35 570 6.1
Sarlahi 326
Siraha 10 10 10 234 4.3
Sunsari 172
Total 12005 2143 1582 311 6582 10618 18635 57
NEWAH
NRCS
Total
Total tube wells
% TW with location
information

Table 6.3 presents arsenic tested tube wells by district with
location information and name of the data owner organization.
Geographic coordinates of some tube wells were found to be
inconsistent with their attribute location information, and
some were inconsistent with VDC and/or district boundaries.
Location information for about 12% of such tube wells was
not incorporated into the database due to those errors. Error
checking criteria of wells’ location information will be
discussed in following sub-chapter 6.4. However, 57% of
arsenic tested tube wells have location information in
geographic coordinates. Six districts (highlighted in Table
6.3) out of twenty in the table did not have location information.
6.1.2. District level data integration
The most common and useful well attributes from all acquired
data sets were used to present the state of arsenic in Nepal. A
standard format in Excel was developed based on these
identified attributes. Each individual data set acquired from
different organizations was converted and integrated into a
newly developed format. The goal of this data reorganization
was to create integrated data sets of arsenic tested wells in
uniform and standard format at the district level, so that state
of arsenic in district as well as national level could be presented
in different meaningful aspects. It is important to mention
here that organizations such as NRCS and RWSSSP had
additional useful health attributes in their data sets. But these
attributes were not present in other organization’s data set,
so they were not incorporated in the integrated data set.
Attributes which were incorporated in integrated data sets in
district level are listed in second column of Table 6.4.
Every data set provided by individual organization has an
identifier to identify wells in a data set. But that identifier may
not work efficiently when data sets from different sources are
integrated to create a single data set for a district. Mismatches
of data may occur. A new label, or identifier, to identify a tube
well in an integrated data set of arsenic tested wells was
created. The coding system for this identifier is illustrated
in Figure 6.3 The first two digits of the identifier
represents a district, the second three digits represents the
VDC of the corresponding district where the tube well is
located, and the last seven digits represents serial number of
the well in that VDC. The well ID 72-019-0000006 in the figure
represents the sixth tube well of Suda VDC of Kanchanpur
district in the integrated data set of arsenic tested tube wells.
Every well in the integrated data set also has its original
identifier (original well ID) given by data owner organization,
so that one can still process data based on the original
identifier. Data owner organizations may prefer to use their
original identifier to process their individual data set.
Kanchanpur
Coding System forWell ID
Figure 6.3.
6.1.3. Database design and creation of national database
Data consistency and integrity are crucial issues in an
integrated database. A standard database system was
designed and developed in Microsoft Access on the basis of
attributes identified in creating district level data sets. The
Table 6.4 presents the field names used for attributes of the
database and their descriptions.
Suda
72 - 019 - 0000006
Well ID
Well Serial
Number
Integrated data sets created through district level data
integration were converted into a newly developed system in
order to create an integrated national database of arsenic
tested tube wells in Nepal. This database comprises of
information of 18,635 wells of twenty districts collected up to
about the middle of 2003. About 10,618 wells in the database
have tube wells location information in geographic
coordinates. Tables 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 give details about the
composition of data in the database by district, test method
used and source organization. A user-friendly interface of
the system helps users to browse and generate data sets of
tube wells with respect to arsenic concentration, data source
organization, test type and location in geographic
coordinates. Data sets can be generated in different levels
from VDC to country in different digital formats. Some of the
13

popular formats commonly used are Excel, Microsoft Access,
HTML, etc. The system does not allow updating the national
database, which is provided on an accompanying CD-ROM.
A readme document is provided with database system on the
CD that gives details about its operation.
Table 6.4.
Data Dictionary
wellid: Unique well identifier based on integrated
database system
distnam: District name in which the well is located.
vdcnam: VDC/municipality name in which the well is
located.
owntype: Type of well owner --- possible codes are:
1 – public, 2 - private.
depth: Depth of tube well in meter
instyear: Installation year of tube well in AD
nearh: Name of the household owner nearest to the tube
well
tole: Tole (name of the place).
ward: Ward number where the tube well is located, it is
a smallest political division
usertype: Type of tube well user --- possible types are: not
in use, household use, school/collage, community,
office, unknown
users: Number of well users
userhh: Number of households using the well
yearsurv: Year of survey in AD
agennam: Name of source agency (owner) of data ---
possible agencies are NRCS, DWSS, RWSSSP,
RWSSFDB, NEWAH
sampdate: Water sampled date in AD
orgwid: Original well identifier used by source agency
orgsid: Original water sample data identifier used by data
owner agency
age:
platform:
Age of tube well
Existence or absence of platform in the well ---
possible codes are:
1 - the platform exists
2 - the platform does not exist
9 - unknown
biotest: Presence or absence of microbiological
contamination in water sample of the well---
possible codes are:
1 - Presence of bacteria
2 - Absence of bacteria
9 – Unknown
asconc: Concentration of arsenic found in water sample of
the well in ppb.
testtype: Arsenic test type used are:
Lab test (Laboratory test using AAS)
ENPHO field kit
HACH field kit
Indian field kit
Unknown test (unknown field test kit)
ewgs84: Longitude of well in decimal degree in WGS84
geographic coordinate system.
nwgs84: Latitude of well in decimal degree in WGS84
geographic coordinate system.
14
6.2. Preparations of digital spatial data sets
6.2.1. Acquisition of spatial data layers
Five basic features to prepare maps were identified based on
their usefulness and on financial constraint. They were
district boundary, VDC/municipal boundary, roads, rivers and
location of arsenic tested tube wells. Department of Survey,
PDDP and LGP were identified sources for spatial data in
digital form. The price of PDDP for the data was found most
feasible compare to other two sources. Price of Survey
department was comparatively high. However, required sets
of spatial data for all twenty districts were not available with
PDDP. Table 6.5 shows the acquired data layers and their
sources. Several districts, including Chitawan, Dang,
Dhanusa, Mahotari, Sarlahi and Sunsari, did not have tube
wells location information in geographic coordinates, so there
are no roads and rivers. Roads and rivers together with VDC
boundary are required in order to produce location maps of
arsenic tested tube wells. The national boundary of Nepal
was also acquired from PDDP. Tube wells location data layers
were created by this study for the national database.
Table 6.5.
Source of digital spatial data
Source of data
District VDC boundary Roads & Rivers
Banke PDDP PDDP
Bara PDDP LGP
Bardiya PDDP LGP
Chitawan PDDP NA
Dang PDDP NA
Dhanusha PDDP NA
Jhapa LGP LGP
Kailali PDDP PDDP
Kanchanpur PDDP PDDP
Kapilbastu PDDP PDDP
Mahotari PDDP NA
Morang PDDP LGP
Nawalparasi PDDP PDDP
Parsa PDDP LGP
Rautahat PDDP LGP
Rupandehi PDDP PDDP
Saptari PDDP LGP
Sarlahi PDDP NA
Siraha PDDP LGP
Sunsari PDDP NA

6.2.2. Preparation of digital spatial data layers
Spatial data layers acquired from different sources for twenty
districts were in ESRI’s Arcinfo coverage format. Data layers
for each district were checked, cleaned, and converted into
geo-referenced raster images, using any standard GIS to
produce different maps as per his/her requirement.
6.3. Map preparation
It has already been discussed about the importance of maps
to present the state of arsenic in different aspects. Integrated
database of arsenic tested tube wells, results of statistical
analysis and spatial data layers were three major components
in producing maps. Different types of statistical analysis were
carried out to know the state of arsenic in different aspects,
which are discussed in following chapters.
Figure.6.4.
ArcView shape files. Geographic coordinates for these data
layers were in the UTM system. They were transformed into
WGS84 with the assistance of a standard coordinate
transformation system in order to make these data sets
compatible to global coordinate system. This world standard
coordinate system will help to integrate these data sets
comfortably to other regional or global level data sets.
Integrated data sets at the regional level can be used for
different kinds of analysis in order to describe the state of
arsenic at that level.
Wells location data layers for fourteen districts were prepared
with the help of ArcView. Certain portions of location data
were in UTM and MUTM (national standard coordinate
system of Nepal) formats, so that they were transformed into
WGS84 prior to preparing these layers. Spatial model of data
layers with all four features for a district were as in Figure 6.4.
Raster images of integrated data layers of VDC boundary,
roads and rivers for each district are also provided in the CD
included with this report. Corresponding files to georeference
the raster image of each district are also provided together
with digital images. Shape files of three data layers - boundary,
roads and rivers- could not be shared due to copyright
conditions of the source organization. The user can integrate
existing or new tube wells’ location data in WGS84 with these
15
Figure.6.5.
All these three components were integrated with the help of
GIS in order to produce different types of maps (Figure 6.5).
There are three levels of maps: national, district and VDC,
and they are presented in chapters 7 and 8. All these maps
are also provided in CD in digital image format.
6.4. Accuracy of spatial data
Two types of errors found in the spatial data layers may
affect slightly the accuracy of maps produced in this report.
Typographical errors obviously occurred in transcription of
geographic coordinates from GPS unit to data form or from
data form to database. Many such errors have been found
and corrected by comparing the plotted well position with
the location political description. Certainly some such errors
in the well location layer remain where the mistakes are small
enough to remain inconspicuous. Data that plot within the
proper VDC and lack other obvious error are considered valid.

As explained below, some data that plots outside the reported
VDC boundary may also be considered valid if there is
indication that the VDC boundary has moved or was
inaccurately digitized.
A more dramatic apparent inaccuracy results from the
movement of VDC boundaries through time for political
reasons or due to errors in digitizing. Some lines in the VDC
boundary layer date from a different period than the time of
the well survey. In the example of Figure 6.6 wells reported to
lie within Jamuni VDC of Bardiya District now plot outside
the VDC boundaries according to the LGP source. In such a
case the well location layer is more accurate than the VDC
boundary layer. Where wells lacking precise GPS coordinates,
a certain unavoidable graphical error may occurs in plots of
VDC statistics when the data measured within one boundary
must be plotted within the limits of a different boundary. The
effect of such distortion on the usefulness of this study is
minimal, since VDC statistics draw attention to potential
problem communities but are not intended to pinpoint the
exact location of arsenic contamination. The wells located
by GPS provide precise control for that purpose.
Figure 6.6.
Accuracy of the VDC boundary, roads, and rivers spatial
data layers mainly depend upon the accuracy of original
source data, because no any editing or updating had been
made in the original data. Although rivers may migrate
through time and road patterns change, error in position of
VDC boundaries is the most significant problem for purposes
of this report. VDC boundaries of the same district from two
different sources were found inconsistent. Boundary of
Jamuni VDC of Bardiya according to PDDP (2002) in Figure
6.6 and LGP (2003) in Figure 6.7 is a good example. It is not
known which datasource is accurate, since field verification
of boundary data is beyond the scope of this study. This
study has given higher priority to VDC names provided by
source organizations than boundary demarcated by spatial
data sources. Attribute information in the data field “name of
VDC” in the data set describes the name of VDC that a
particular well was located in at the time of survey. Figure 6.7.
16

7. Analysis of arsenic concentrations in tube wells
in the Terai
7.1. Basic statistical analysis of arsenic concentration
The analysis of arsenic concentration is based on the
integrated arsenic database created in this project. The
database consists of 18,635 arsenic tested tube wells. The
distribution of these tube wells over 20 districts of the Terai
is not uniform. The highest number of arsenic tested tube
wells is located in Nawalparasi district (17.2%) followed by
Kapilbastu district (13.4%), Parsa district (12.1%), Rautahat
district (11.0%), Rupandehi district (11.0%), Bara district
(10.5%) and so on. The lowest number of these tube wells
(i.e., 172 or 0.9%) is distributed in Sunsari district. The
distribution of arsenic tested tube wells in the Terai is shown
on Figure 7.1.
Standard is 7.4% for the country, this percentage varies at
district level from 0% in Dang, Chitwan, and Sunsari to 25.7%
in Nawlparasi. Similarly, the percentage of tube wells exceeding
WHO Guideline ranges from 0% in Chitwan district
to 56.6% in Rautahat district (Table 7.1). Thus, more than
half of total arsenic tested tube wells are contaminated based
on WHO Guideline in Rautahat. In the case of Nawalparasi
district, nearly 50% of tested tube wells contain more than
10 ppb of arsenic. The classification of arsenic concentration
into three classes at district level is shown in Table 7.1,
where districts are ordered as on the map of the country
from left to right so that district pattern can be observed
from the table.
Among 18,635 arsenic tested tube wells, about 7.4% tube
wells tested above the Nepal Interim Standard of 50 ppb of
arsenic concentration, and about 16.3% tube wells contain
11-50 ppb of arsenic concentration. Thus, about 23.7% tube
wells are above WHO Guideline. The majority of tube wells
(i.e., 76.3%) are below WHO Guideline (Figure 7.2). Although
the percentage of all tube wells exceeding Nepal Interim
Figure 7.2. Classification of arsenic concentration in Nepal
Figure 7.1. Distribution of arsenic tested tube wells by district
17

Table 7.1.
Classification of Arsenic Concentration
0-10 11-50 Above % of
District
ppb ppb 50 ppb TW
Total
above
No. % No. % No. % 10 ppb
Kanchanpur 151 85.3 17 9.6 9 5.1 177 14.7
Kailali 202 67.1 65 21.6 34 11.3 301 32.9
Bardiya 507 77.9 120 18.4 24 3.7 651 22.1
Banke 748 88.7 84 10.0 11 1.3 843 11.3
Dang 187 95.4 9 4.6 0 0.0 196 4.6
Kapilbastu 2203 88.5 190 7.6 97 3.9 2490 11.5
Rupandehi 1779 87.1 221 10.8 43 2.1 2043 12.9
Nawalparasi 1698 52.9 687 21.4 826 25.7 3211 47.1
Chitwan 203 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 203 0.0
Parsa 1991 88.6 204 9.1 52 2.3 2247 11.4
Bara 1719 88.0 189 9.7 46 2.4 1954 12.0
Rautahat 891 43.4 963 46.9 199 9.7 2053 56.6
Sarlahi 246 75.5 68 20.9 12 3.7 326 24.5
Mahottari 190 95.5 8 4.0 1 0.5 199 4.5
Dhanusha 238 83.5 39 13.7 8 2.8 285 16.5
Siraha 186 79.5 40 17.1 8 3.4 234 20.5
Saptari 492 86.3 71 12.5 7 1.2 570 13.7
Sunsari 159 92.4 13 7.6 0 0.0 172 7.6
Morang 184 92.0 15 7.5 1 0.5 200 8.0
Jhapa 244 87.1 35 12.5 1 0.4 280 12.9
Total 14218 76.3 3038 16.3 1379 7.4 18635 23.7
Based on 18,635 arsenic tested tube wells, the concentration
of arsenic in the Terai ranges from 0 ppb to 2,620 ppb. The
histogram of arsenic concentration shows that the
distribution of arsenic is strongly positively skewed with
almost 41.1% of the samples containing 0 ppb of arsenic
concentration (Figure 7.3). This indicates that few tube wells
contain very high arsenic concentration compared to others.
Because of highly skewed nature of the data, it is more
appropriate to consider median concentrations than mean
concentrations.
The median concentration of 2 ppb of arsenic implies that
50% of the arsenic tested tube wells contain less than 2 ppb
of arsenic concentration. The percentile distribution of
arsenic shows that 70% of the tested tube wells contain
arsenic concentration below 8 ppb. Only 1.2% (i.e., 222) of
arsenic tested tube wells exceed 300 ppb of arsenic
concentration, including four tube wells with very high
arsenic values (2,620 ppb, 2,450 ppb, 2,280 ppb and 1,630
ppb) (Table 7.2). These observations have affected the mean
concentration of arsenic, which is 17.8 ppb.
(a)
(b)
Figure 7.3. Histogram of arsenic concentration ranging
from (a) 0 ppb to 2620 ppb, (b) 0 ppb to100 ppb
Furthermore, the mean and median arsenic concentrations
vary from district to district and are shown in Figure 7.4,
where districts are labelled as in the map of the country from
left to right. The highest median concentration of 14 ppb is
found in Rautahat with mean concentration of 21.4 ppb and
Nawalparasi has the highest mean concentration of 58.7 ppb
whereas median concentration is 10 ppb in this district. The
other basic statistics of arsenic for each district is given in
Table 7.3.
Table 7.2.
Summary Statistics for arsenic tested tube wells
Number of observations 18635
Mean (ppb) 17.8
Median (ppb) 2
Standard deviation (ppb) 60.7
Percentiles (ppb)
40 0
50 2
60 5
70 8
80 15
90 39
95 87
99 300
18

Mahendrakot VDC of Kapilbastu and the sixth one (571 ppb)
was observed in Sarwal VDC of Nawalparasi. The arsenic
concentration at each of 20 districts of the Terai is shown in
Figure 7.5.
Table 7.3.
Basic statistics of arsenic concentration
Figure 7.4. Distribution of mean and median arsenic
concentrations
The maximum concentration 2,620 ppb of arsenic was measured
in Rupandehi district. The next three high concentrations
were also observed in the same district. These four
very high arsenic contaminated tube wells are located in
one place called Madangram tole. This place is in Devedaha
VDC of Rupandehi district. These arsenic values were recorded
at the same year of installation of these tube wells.
There were about 30 samples analysed for arsenic in this
place, of which 20 samples were exceeding Nepal Interim
Standard and 5 samples were below WHO Guideline. The
four very high arsenic values concentrated in this place
look like outliers in the distribution of arsenic (Figure 7.5).
The fifth high value (589 ppb) of arsenic was noticed in
Mean
Std. Error of Mean
Minimum
Maximum
Std. Deviation
Median
Total
District
%
Kanchanpur 8.9 1.9 0 221 25.3 1 177 0.9
Kailali 16.7 1.8 0 213 31.1 3 301 1.6
Bardiya 8.7 0.7 0 160 17.0 2 651 3.5
Banke 5.1 0.5 0 270 15.1 1 843 4.5
Dang 2 0.4 0 50 5.5 0 196 1.1
Kapilbastu 8 0.6 0 589 31.1 0 2490 13.4
Rupandehi 10.4 2.3 0 2620 102.5 0 2043 11.0
Nawalparasi 58.7 1.8 0 571 102.6 10 3211 17.2
Chitwan 0.5 0.1 0 8 1.5 0 203 1.1
Parsa 7.2 0.5 0 456 23.3 3 2247 12.1
Bara 5.9 0.4 0 254 15.6 1 1954 10.5
Rautahat 21.4 0.6 0 324 26.1 14 2053 11.0
Sarlahi 9 0.9 0 98 16.4 3 326 1.7
Mahottari 2.1 0.6 0 80 7.8 0 199 1.1
Dhanusha 7.8 0.9 0 106 14.6 5 285 1.5
Siraha 9.3 1.0 0 107 15.4 5 234 1.3
Saptari 6.1 0.4 0 98 10.6 5 570 3.1
Sunsari 3.3 0.5 0 50 6.1 0 172 0.9
Morang 2.7 0.5 0 70 7.7 0 200 1.1
Jhapa 5.3 0.5 0 79 7.8 5 280 1.5
Total 17.8 0.4 0 2620 60.7 2 18635 100.0
(a)
Figure 7.5. Distribution of arsenic concentration by district (a) 0 ppb to 2620 ppb, (b) 0 ppb to 600 ppb
(b)
19

7.2. Relation of arsenic concentration with depth of tube
well
Concerning the depth of contaminated tube wells, about
93.4% of arsenic tested tube wells also report well depth.
The depth of these tube wells varies from 1 to 174 meters (m)
with average depth of 22.4 m. Only 0.1% of these tube wells
are deeper than 100 m and 5.5% have depth between 51 and
100 m (Table 7.4). The majority of the arsenic tested tube
wells (94.4%) are less than 50 m deep. The scatter diagram of
arsenic concentration and depth of tube well shows that
most of tube wells with high value of arsenic have depths of
less than 50 m, and the majority of tube wells deeper than 50
m have arsenic values below 50 ppb (Figure 7.6). The four
tube wells with very high arsenic values were respectively
24, 48, 33 and 35 meters deep. Regarding the relationship
between arsenic and depth of tube well, there is significantly
very low negative correlation (-0.05) between arsenic
concentration and depth of tube wells based on 17,401
samples, which indicates that deeper tube wells have less
arsenic concentration. However, there were only 10 tube
wells greater than 100 m depth, and 966 tube wells were
greater than 50m deep in this study. So, the arsenic
concentrations were further classified into small groups of
depths up to 50 m in order to examine the relationship
between depth and arsenic.
Table 7.4.
Classification of arsenic concentration by depth
% of
Arsenic concentration
Depth
TW in
group 0 - 10 ppb 11 - 50 ppb Above 50 Total each
(m)
depth
No. % No. % No. % group
1-10 2347 87.2 250 9.3 93 3.5 2690 15.5
11-20 5165 69.4 1489 20.0 787 10.6 7441 42.8
21-30 2148 65.4 790 24.1 346 10.5 3284 18.9
31-40 1472 83.2 218 12.3 79 4.5 1769 10.2
41-50 1130 90.3 100 8.0 21 1.7 1251 7.2
>50 922 95.4 35 3.6 9 0.9 966 5.6
Total 13184 2882 1335 17401 100.0
On comparison of the percentages of arsenic tested tube
wells that exceed both the WHO Guideline and Nepal Interim
Standard with well depth, the highest percent of contaminated
wells is in the depth group of 11-30 m followed by
31-40 m, 1-10 m, and 41-50 m. Among this depth group of 11-
30 m, 11% of arsenic tested tube wells were above Nepal
Interim Standard, 32% of tube wells were above WHO
Guideline and 68% of the wells tested were below WHO
Guideline (Table 7.4 & Figure 7.7).
Figure 7.6. Scatter diagram of depth of tube wells and arsenic
concentration ranging from (a) 0 ppb to 2620 ppb (b) 0 ppb to
600 ppb (c) 0 ppb to 600 ppb for below 50 meter deep tube wells
(a)
(b)
(c)
20

with tube well age, there is significantly very low correlation
(0.037) between age of tube wells and arsenic concentration
based on 17,730 samples (Figure 7.8).
Figure 7.7. Classification of arsenic concentration
by different classes of depth of tube well
7.3. Relation of arsenic concentration with age of tube well
(a)
The difference between year of installation of tube well and
year of water sampling from that tube well is considered to
be the age of the tube well. In this study, about 95.1% of
arsenic tested tube wells have information about the year of
installation, which ranges from 0 to 50 years old. Here, zero
age means water sample was analysed in same year of
installation of the tube well. The four very highly arsenic
contaminated tube wells of Devadaha VDC of Rupandehi
district have zero age since those tube wells were installed
in the year of 2000 and the water samples from that tube
wells were also analysed in the same year.
(b)
Age
group
(year)
Table 7.5.
Classification of arsenic concentration by age
Arsenic concentration
Above 50
0-10 ppb 11 - 50 ppb
ppb
No. % No. % No. %
Total
% of
TW
in
each
age
group
0 - 5 5511 77.4 1070 15.1 533 7.5 7114 40.1
6-10 5685 75.9 1281 17.1 528 7.0 7494 42.3
11-15 1909 73.4 520 20.0 172 6.6 2601 14.7
16-30 341 70.0 57 11.7 89 18.3 487 2.7
31-50 20 58.8 3 8.8 11 32.4 34 0.2
Total 13466 2931 1333 17730 100
There were only two tube wells of 50 years old located in
Nawalparsi with 6 ppb and 10 ppb of arsenic concentration,
and only 0.2% of arsenic tested tube wells were more than
30 years old. The majority of tube wells (82.4%) were installed
within last 10 years and 40.1% of tube wells were
only 5 years old (Table 7.5). For the relationship of arsenic
21
Figure 7.8. Scatter diagram of age of tube wells and arsenic concentration
ranging from (a) 0 ppb to 2620 ppb (b) 0 ppb to 600 ppb
7.4. Arsenic exposed population and households
About 96% of tested tube wells have information about the
population and households using the tube well. In this study
about 1,280,775 people (168,847 households) were recorded
using groundwater from arsenic tested tube wells in the
Terai. Out of this total population, about 272,626 (21.3%)
population and 36,180 (21.4%) households are exposed to
arsenic based on WHO Guideline of 10 ppb and about 69,126
(5.4%) population and 7,921 (4.7%) households are exposed
to arsenic based on Nepal Interim Standard of 50 ppb. About
15.9% of population and 16.7% of households using arsenic
tested tube wells are between WHO Guideline and Nepal
Interim Standard (Figure 7.9).

(a)
(b)
Figure 7.9. Classification of (a) population and (b) households using arsenic tested tube wells by arsenic concentration
Among 69,126 arsenic exposed population based on Nepal The highest percent (32.3%) of total arsenic exposed population
Interim Standard, about 44.4% are living in Nawalparasi district,
are living in Rautahat followed by Nawalparasi (24.8%),
21.4% in Rautahat district and the remaining 34.2% are Bara (8.9%), Parsa (8.0%), Rupandehi (5.5%), Kapilbastu
living in other districts of the Terai. In eleven districts, the (5.4%), Bardiya (4.5%), and so on. The Percentage distribution
arsenic exposed population is less than 5% of total arsenic
of arsenic exposed population and household based on
exposed population based on Nepal Interim Standard in the both WHO Guideline and Nepal Interim Standard in the Terai
Terai. Based on WHO Standard, Rautahat district has more is shown in Figure 7.10 and Table 7.6.
arsenic exposed population compared to other districts.
(a)
(b)
Figure 7.10. Distribution of arsenic exposed (a) population and (b) household based on Nepal Interim Standard and WHO Guideline
On classification of population and households using arsenic
tested tube wells for each district of the Terai, more
than half of population and households are using arsenic
tested tube wells that contain more than 10 ppb of arsenic
concentration in Rautahat (56.3% population and 55.1%
households), whereas in Nawalparasi, about 50.6% population
and 45.9% households, and in Kailali about 46.2% population
and 37.6% households are using tube wells above
WHO Guideline. Regarding population and households using
arsenic tested tube wells containing more than 50 ppb
22
of arsenic concentration, Kailali has high percent of such
population (28.9%) and households (17.6%) compared to
other districts. In Nawalparasi, about 23.0% population and
16.4% households are using groundwater from arsenic tested
tube wells that exceed Nepal Interim Standard (Figure 7.11).
The detail classification of population and households using
arsenic tested tube wells by three classes of arsenic
concentration for each of twenty districts of the Terai is
presented in Figure 7.11 & Table 7.6.

(a)
(b)
Figure 7.11. Distribution of (a) Population and (b) households using arsenic tested tube wells by arsenic concentration by district
District
0 - 10
ppb
Kanchanpur 6,776 342 1,707 8,825 0.8 2.5 665 69 30 764 0.3 0.4
Kailali 3,207 1,033 1,722 5,962 1 2.5 394 126 111 631 0.7 1.4
Bardiya 33,273 9,386 2,941 45,600 4.5 4.3 4,980 1,409 354 6,743 4.9 4.5
Banke 34,407 3,121 292 37,820 1.3 0.4 4,161 357 48 4,566 1.1 0.6
Dang 6,511 142 - 6,653 0.1 - 879 32 - 911 0.1 -
Kapilbastu 140,528 10,600 4,016 155,144 5.4 5.8 17,946 1,255 544 19,745 5 6.9
Rupandehi 120,023 12,938 1,933 134,894 5.5 2.8 15,737 1,938 317 17,992 6.2 4
Nawalparasi 65,939 36,806 30,689 133,434 24.8 44.4 9,085 4,935 2,763 16,783 21.3 34.9
Chitwan 6,631 - - 6,631 - - 912 - - 912 - -
Parsa 187,248 17,936 3,814 208,998 8 5.5 24,209 2,307 526 27,042 7.8 6.6
Bara 175,832 19,324 4,911 200,067 8.9 7.1 21,148 2,458 583 24,189 8.4 7.4
Rautahat 68,340 73,270 14,800 156,410 32.3 21.4 10,688 10,898 2,226 23,812 36.3 28.1
Sarlahi 22,583 7,083 910 30,576 2.9 1.3 2,613 715 136 3,464 2.4 1.7
Mahottari 32,112 400 300 32,812 0.3 0.4 4,541 94 55 4,690 0.4 0.7
Dhanusha 15,887 2,017 386 18,290 0.9 0.6 2,422 350 59 2,831 1.1 0.7
Siraha 12,375 2,575 309 15,259 1.1 0.4 2,153 286 102 2,541 1.1 1.3
Saptari 45,981 3,890 306 50,177 1.5 0.4 6,513 646 56 7,215 1.9 0.7
Sunsari 9,071 492 - 9,563 0.2 - 849 59 - 908 0.2 -
Morang 11,761 989 80 12,830 0.4 0.1 1,165 91 10 1,266 0.3 0.1
Jhapa 9,664 1,156 10 10,830 0.4 0 1,607 234 1 1,842 0.6 0
Total 1,008,149 203,500 69,126 1,280,775 100 100 132,667 28,259 7,921 168,847 100 100
7.5. Spatial analysis of arsenic concentration
Table 7.6.
Classification of population and households using arsenic tested tube wells
and percentage of arsenic exposed population and household
Population using arsenic
tested tube wells
11 - 50
ppb
Above
50 ppb
Total
7.5.1. Classification of arsenic concentration at VDC level
In the Terai, there were 1,395 VDCs/municipalities, of which
1,050 VDCs, including 21 municipalities, have arsenic tested
tube wells. These VDCs and municipalities are named as
% of arsenic
exposed population
based on
WHO
Guideline
Nepal
Interim
Standard
23
0 - 10
ppb
Households using arsenic
tested tube wells
11 - 50
ppb
Above
50 ppb
Total
% of arsenic exposed
household based on
Nepal
WHO
Interim
Guideline
Standard
arsenic tested VDCs hereafter in this study. The basic statistical
parameters such as mean, median, minimum, maximum,
and standard deviation were obtained for each of these
arsenic tested VDCs. The arsenic concentration has been
also classified into three classes – below WHO Guideline,
between WHO and Nepal Interim Standard, and above Nepal
Interim Standard – at VDC level. All these statistics were

integrated to the digital data for each district. Then a district
map showing the classification of arsenic concentration for
each VDC, with a pie chart, was prepared using ArcView
software for all 20 districts of the Terai.
In the map of arsenic classification, the size of the pie at
each arsenic tested VDC is in proportion to the number of
arsenic tested tube wells in that VDC. The number in each
pie is the code of VDC/municipality. The name of VDC/
municipality corresponding to code number is given in the
table in each map. The total number of arsenic tested tube
wells and other statistics of arsenic concentration of the
VDC/municipality are given in Annex 2. In some districts, a
VDC is divided into two or more portions separated by other
VDC(s). In such case, the pie is placed over only one portion
of the VDC and other portions of that VDC are assigned
with VDC code only (e.g. Maniyari VDC of Parsa district).
These maps illustrate the state of arsenic in the Terai, because
they show the distribution of arsenic tested wells in each
district at VDC level. These maps provide quick information
on volume of arsenic tested tube wells and percentages of
tube well exceeding WHO Guideline of 10 ppb as well as
Nepal Interim Standard of 50 ppb of arsenic concentration.
Thus, the overall distribution of arsenic is shown in the
district at VDC level. The maps of arsenic classification for
each of the twenty districts of the Terai are shown on the
following pages.
7.5.2. VDCs vulnerable to arsenic
The identification of VDCs vulnerable to arsenic is one of
the important tasks of this study; however, it is difficult to
set up criteria that will satisfy all readers. Moreover, it is
important to prioritise the VDCs as well as districts according
to their arsenic vulnerability in order for decision makers
and water supply agencies to create future tube well policies
for drinking water and program implementation. Such criteria
will assist them to plan future tube well installation programs
and support regular monitoring programs for tube wells.
Among the 1,050 arsenic tested VDCs, the tube wells with
more than 50 ppb of arsenic were found in 159 VDCs, and
tube wells with more than 10 ppb of arsenic were found in
24
438 VDCs. In more than 50% of arsenic tested VDCs, all
arsenic tested tube wells were below WHO Guideline. The
number of arsenic tested VDCs in each district of the Terai
by both Standards is given in Table 7.7.
Table 7.7.
Distribution of arsenic tested VDC by WHO and Nepal
Interim Standard
Nepal Interim
W HO Guideline
District
Standard Total
Below Above Below Above
Kanchanpur 5 13 11 7 18
Kailali 15 22 28 9 37
Bardiya 20 10 25 5 30
Banke 27 19 40 6 46
Dang 7 5 12 12
Kapilbas tu 18 28 30 16 46
Rupandehi 16 35 43 8 51
Nawalparasi 5 30 15 20 35
Chitwan 29 29 29
Parsa 33 43 63 13 76
Bara 40 47 70 17 87
Rautahat 28 64 60 32 92
Sarlahi 36 30 57 9 66
Mahottari 42 8 49 1 50
Dhanus ha 63 24 81 6 87
Siraha 41 16 52 5 57
Saptari 87 16 100 3 103
Suns ari 37 9 46 46
Morang 41 13 53 1 54
Jhapa 22 6 27 1 28
Total 612 438 891 159 1050
% 58.3 41.7 84.9 15.1 100
The distribution of arsenic concentrations and arsenic tested
tube wells is not uniform at the district or VDC level. So, all
arsenic tested VDCs cannot be vulnerable to arsenic at the
same degree. Some VDCs may be more (or less) vulnerable
to arsenic compared to others. In this context, it is important
to define level of vulnerability so that the arsenic tested
VDCs can be prioritised according to level of vulnerability.
Thus, a basic criterion has been developed to classify the
level of vulnerability to arsenic. This criterion is based on
the distribution of percentages of arsenic tested tube well
exceeding WHO Guideline and Nepal Interim Standard. As
mentioned earlier, about 7.4% of arsenic tested tube wells
from 159 arsenic tested VDCs exceed the Nepal Interim Standard,
and about 23.7% of arsenic tested tube well from 438
arsenic tested VDCs was above WHO Guideline. Almost
15% of arsenic tested VDCs were above Nepal Interim Standard
and 42% VDCs were above WHO Guideline. Thus,
about 27% VDCs were between WHO Guideline and Nepal
Interim Standard (Figure 7.12).

81°30'0"E
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Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Banke District
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Legend
Arsenic concentration
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Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
40
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Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
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Code Name
1 Bageswori
2 Banakatawa
3 Banakatti
4 Basudevapur
5Bejapur
6 Belahari
7 Belbhar
8 Betahani
9 Bhawaniyapur
10 Binauna
12 Ganapur
13 Gangapur
14 Hirminiya
15 Holiya
16 Indarpur
17 Jaispur
18 Kalaphanta
19 Kamdi
20 Kanchanapur
21 Kathkuiya
22 Khajura Khurda
23 Khaskarkado
24 Khaskusma
25 Kohalpur
26 Laxmanpur
27 Mahadevpuri
28 Manikapur
29 Matahiya
30 Narainapur
31 Naubasta
32 Nepalgung N.P.
33 Paraspur
34 Phatepur
35 Piprahawa
36 Puraina
37 Puraini
38 Radhapur
39 Rajhena
40 Raniyapur
41 Saigaun
42 Samserganj
43 Sitapur
44 Sonapur
45 Titihiriya
46 Udarapur
47 Udayapur
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Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Bara District
E
Code Name Code Name
1 Amarpatti 49 Kabahijabdi
3 Amritgang 50 Kachorwa
4Avab 51Kakadi
5 Babuain 52 Kalaiya N.P.
7 Badaki Fulbariya 53 Karaiya
9 Bahuari 54 Khopawa
10 Balirampur 55 Khutwajabdi
11 Bandhuwan 56 Kolhabi
12 Banjariya 57 Kudawa
13 Barainiya 58 Laxmipur Kotwali
14 Bariyarpur 59 Lipanimal
15 Basantpur 62 Maheshpur
Pie size
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Prepared by:
100 TW
1 TW
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:350,000
5 2.5 0 5 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
16 Batara 63 Majhariya
17 Beldari 64 Manaharwa
18 Benauli 65 Matiarwa
19 Bhagwanpur 66 Motisar
20 Bhaluyee Arwaliya 67 Narahi
22 Bhatauda 69 Pakadiya Chikani
23 Bhodaha 70 Paparpati Jabdi
24 Bishrampur 71 Paterwa
25 Bishunpur 72 Patharhati
26 Bishunpurwa 74 Pheta
27 Buniyad 75 Pipara Simara
28 Chhata Pipra 76 Piparabirta
29 Chhatawa 78 Pipra Basantapur
30 Dahiyar 79 Pipradhi Goth
31 Dewapur 80 Prasauni
32 Dharma Nagar 81 Prasona
33 Dohari 82 Prastoka
34 Dumarwana 83 Prasurmpur
35 Fattepur 84 Purainiya
36 Gadhahal 85 Raghunathpur
37 Ganj Bhawanipur 86 Rampur Tokani
38 Golagunj 87 Rampurwa
39 Haraiya 89 Rauwahi
40 Hardiya 90 Sapahi
41 Hariharpur 91 Shreenagar Bairiya
42 Inarwamal 92 Sihorwa
43 Inarwasira 93 Sinhasani
44 Itiyahi 94 Sisahaniya
45 Jhitakaiya (Dakshin) 95 Tedhakatti
46 Jhitakaiya (Uttar) 98 Uchidiha
47 Jitpur Bhawanipur 99 Umarjan
48 Kabahigoth

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Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Bardiya District
E
Pie size
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
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Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name
1 Badalpur
2 Baganaha
4Belawa
5 Bhimapur
6 Daulatpur
7 Deudakala
8 Dhadhawar
9 Dodhari
11 Gularia N.P.
12 Jamuni
13 Kalika
14 Khairi Chandanpur
15 Magaragadhi
16 Mahamadpur
17 Manau
18 Manpur Mainapokhar
19 Manpur Tapara
20 Motipur
21 Naya gaun
22 Neulapur
23 Padanaha
24 Pasupatinagar
25 Patabhar
26 Rajapur
27 Sanashree
28 Sivapur
29 Sorhawa
30 Suryapatawa
31 Taratal
32 Thakudwara
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
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Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Chitwan District
Pie size
Prepared by:
20 TW
2 TW
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:450,000
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Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
E
Code Name
1 Ayodhyapuri
2 Bachhyauli
3 Bagauda
4 Bhandara
5 Bharatpur N.P.
6 Birendranagar
7 Chainpur
11 Dibyanagar
12 Fulbari
13 Gardi
15 Gunjanagar
16 Jagatpur
17 Jutpani
19 Kathar
21 Khairahani
23 Kumroj
25 Madi Kalyanpur
26 Mangalpur
27 Meghauli
28 Padampur
29 Parbatipur
30 Patihani
31 Piple
32 Pithuwa
33 Ratnanagar N.P.
34 Saradanagar
35 Shaktikhor
36 Sibanagar
38 Sukranagar

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28°0'0"N
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28°15'0"N
Classification of Arsenic Concentration -Dang District
E
Code Name
2Bela
4Chaulahi
9 Gadhawa
10 Gangapraspur
11 Gobardiya
19 Lalmatiya
22 Manpur
28 Rajpur
31 Satbariya
35 Sisahaniya
36 Sonpur
39 Tribhuwan Nagar N.P.
Pie size
20 TW
Prepared by:
1 TW
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:450,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested

85°40'0"E 85°45'0"E 85°50'0"E 85°55'0"E 86°0'0"E 86°5'0"E 86°10'0"E 86°15'0"E 86°20'0"E 86°25'0"E 86°30'0"E
99
14
16
71
98
37
5
19
21
13
61
73
102
15
57
87
84 33
100
12
32
82 25
81
85 40
11 52 52 83 78
94
62 69 49 66
51
40
4
1
75 55 7
42 93 24
67 92
44
48
91 74 41
64 79
23 76
53
45
2 3
63 27
22 34
28
29
6
50 59
35 68
95
9
38 26
31 47
77
65
54
58
10
72
46
39
8
89
60
85°40'0"E 85°45'0"E 85°50'0"E 85°55'0"E 86°0'0"E 86°5'0"E 86°10'0"E 86°15'0"E 86°20'0"E 86°25'0"E 86°30'0"E
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
Classification of Arsenic Concentration -Dhanusha District
Code Name Code Name
E
1 Andupatti 51 Kachuri Thera
2 Aurahi 52 Kajara Ramaul
3 Bafai 53 Kanakpatti
4 Bagchaura 54 Khajuri Chanha
5 Baheda Bala 55 Khariyani
6 Bahuarba 57 Labatoli
7 Balabakhar 58 Lagmagadhaguthi
8 Balaha Kathal 59 Lakhouri
Pie size
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
38 TW
1 TW
1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
9 Balaha Sadhara 60 Lakkad
10 Ballagoth 61 Laxminiwas
11 Baniniya 62 Laxmipurbagewa
12 Baramajhiya 63 Lohana
13 Basahiya 64 Mahuwa(Pra.Khe)
14 Basbitti 65 Mahuwa(Pra.Ko)
15 Bateswor 66 Makhanaha
16 Bega Shivapur 67 Manshingpatti
19 Bhuchakrapur 68 Marchaijhitakaiya
21 Bindhi 69 Mithileswormauwahi
22 Bisarbhora 71 Mukhiyapattimusahargiya
23 Chakkar 72 Nagareen
24 Chora Koilpur 73 Nakatajhijh
25 Dhanusha Govindapur 74 Nanupatti
26 Debadiha 75 Nauwakhor Prasahi
27 Deuri Parbaha 76 Pachaharwa
28 Devpura Rupetha 77 Patanuka
29 Dhabouli 78 Paterwa
31 Dhanauji 79 Paudeswor
32 Dhanusadham 81 Raghunathpur
33 Digambarpur 82 Ramaidaiya Bhawadi
34 Dubarikot Hathalekha 83 Sabela
35 Duhabi 84 Sakhuwa Mahendranagar
37 Fulgama 85 Sapahi
38 Ghodghans 87 Shantipur
39 Godar 89 Singyahi Maidan
40 Gopalpur 91 Sonigama
41 Goth Kohelpur 92 Suga Madhukarahi
42 Hansapur Kathpula 93 Suganikash
44 Harine 94 Tarapatti Sirsiya
45 Hathipurharbara 95 Thadi Jhijha
46 Inarwa 98 Tulsiyahi Nikas
47 Itaharwa 99 Tulsiyani Jabdi
48 Janakpur N.P. 100 Umaprempur
49 Jhatiyahi 102 Yagyabhumi
50 Jhojhi Kataiya

87°35'0"E
87°40'0"E
87°45'0"E
87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
88°0'0"E
88°5'0"E
88°10'0"E
88°15'0"E
15
44
47
32
49
48
46
13
11
21
22
40
17
23
5
27
24
8
14
16
10
41
39
36
7
26
37
87°35'0"E
87°40'0"E
87°45'0"E
87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
88°0'0"E
88°5'0"E
88°10'0"E
88°15'0"E
3
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Jhapa District
E
Pie size
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
74 TW
1 TW
Arsenic not tested
1:350,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: LGP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name
3 Bahundangi
5 Balubari
7 Bhadrapur N.P.
8 Budhabare
10 Chandragadhi
11 Charpane
13 Dangibari
14 Dhaijan
15 Dharampur
16 Duwagadhi
17 Garamani
21 Gherabari
22 Goldhap
23 Haldibari
24 Jalthal
26 Jyamirgadhi
27 Kechana
32 Kumarkhod
36 Maheshpur
37 Mechinagar N.P.
39 Pathamari
40 Pathariya
41 Prithvinagar
44 Satasidham
46 Saranamati
47 Shivaganj
48 Surunga
49 Tagandubba
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

80°30'0"E
23
14
80°35'0"E
39
10
3
80°40'0"E
44
33
80°45'0"E
13
16
80°50'0"E
32
24
43
2
36
80°55'0"E
29
19
35
22
9
81°0'0"E
4
37
18
41
21
5
8
11
27
81°5'0"E
26
34
17
6
42
81°10'0"E
12
1
31
81°15'0"E
81°20'0"E
81°25'0"E
80°30'0"E 80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E 80°50'0"E 80°55'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°5'0"E 81°10'0"E 81°15'0"E 81°20'0"E 81°25'0"E
7
28°25'0"N
28°30'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
28°25'0"N
28°30'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
Pie size
50 TW
4 TW
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Kailali District
E
1:450,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Code Name
1 Baliya
2Basauti
3 Beladevipur
4 Bhajani
5 Boniya
6 Chauha
7 Chaumala
8 Dansinhapur
9Darakh
10 Dhangadhi N.P.
11 Dododhara
12 Durgauli
13 Gadariya
14 Geta
16 Hasuliya
17 Janakinagar
18 Joshipur
19 Khailad
21 Kota Tulsipur
22 Lalbojhi
23 Malakheti
24 Masuriya
26 Munuwa
27 Narayanpur
29 Pahalmanpur
31 Pathariya
32 Pawera
33 Phulwari
34 Pratapapur
35 Ramsikhar Jhala
36 Ratanpur
37 Sadepani
39 Sreepur
41 Thapapur
42 Tikapur N.P.
43 Udasipur
44 Urma

79°55'0"E 80°0'0"E 80°5'0"E 80°10'0"E 80°15'0"E 80°20'0"E 80°25'0"E 80°30'0"E 80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E
11
4
19
7
3
9
13
5
2
14
17
15
18
1
10
8
20
12
79°55'0"E 80°0'0"E 80°5'0"E 80°10'0"E 80°15'0"E 80°20'0"E 80°25'0"E 80°30'0"E 80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Kanchanpur District
E
Pie size
38 TW
2 TW
Code Name
1 Baisi Bichawa
2Beldandi
3Chandani
4 Daijee
5 Dekhatbhuli
7Jhalari
8Kalika
9Krishnapur
10 Laxmipur
11 Mahendranagar N.P.
12 Parasan
13 Pipaladi
14 Raikawar Bichawa
15 Rampur Bilaspur
17 Sankarpur
18 Sreepur
19 Suda
20 Tribhuwanbasti
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2001
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

82°40'0"E
82°45'0"E
82°50'0"E
82°55'0"E
83°0'0"E
83°5'0"E
83°10'0"E
23
50
48
53
6
42
18
26
38
19
12
41
62
2
77
44
74
49
20
66
72 22
39
9
32
63
57
76
55
31
36
21
5
61
24
25
56
1
34
10
58
59
54
45
17
82°40'0"E
82°45'0"E
82°50'0"E
82°55'0"E
83°0'0"E
83°5'0"E
83°10'0"E
83°15'0"E
83°20'0"E
83°15'0"E
83°20'0"E
8
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Kapilbastu District
E
Pie size
139 TW
5 TW
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
1:300,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Code Name
1Abhirawa
2Ajigara
5 Baluhawa
6 Banganga
8 Barakulpur
9 Basantapur
10 Baskhaur
12 Bhagwanpur
17 Bithuwa
18 Budhi
19 Chanai
20 Dhankauli
21 Dharmpaniya
22 Dohani
23 Dubiya
24 Dumara
25 Fulika
26 Gajehada
31 Haranampur
32 Harduona
34 Hathausa
36 Jahadi
38 Jayanagar
39 Kajarhawa
41 Khurhuriya
42 Kopawa
44 Kushhawa
45 Labani
48 Mahendrakot
49 Mahuwa
50 Bhalward
53 Motipur
54 Nanda Nagar
55 Nigalihawa
56 Pakadi
57 Parsohiya
58 Patariya
59 Patna
61 Pipara
62 Purusottampur
63 Rajpur
66 Sauraha
72 Sisawa
74 Thunhiya
76 Titirkhi
77 Udayapur

27°10'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°0'0"N
26°55'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°35'0"N
85°40'0"E
85°40'0"E
35
76
59
Pie size
7 TW
1 TW
67
71
85°45'0"E
23
11
13
26
58
74
50
5
51
37
66
63
47
65
21
40
14
30 1
85°45'0"E
6
2
18
4
29 16 62
34
28
17
24
85°50'0"E
52
44
56
69
75
54
48
85°50'0"E
15
57
22
20
64
77
7
46
85°55'0"E
85°55'0"E
86°0'0"E
Classification of Arsenic Concentration
Code Name
Mahottari District
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:300,000
5 2.5 0 5 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
86°0'0"E
86°5'0"E
1 Anakar
2Aurahi
4 Bairgiya Banchauri
5 Bairgiya Laxminiya
6Balawa
7 Banauli Donauli
11 Bathanaha
13 Bharatpur
14 Bhatauliya
15 Bijayalpura
16 Bramarpura
17 Damhimarayee
18 Dhamaura
20 Dhirapur
21 Ekadarabela
22 Ekarhiya
23 Etaharwakatti
24 Fulahatta Parikauli
26 Gaidaha Bhelpur
28 Gaushala
29 Gonarpura
30 Halkhori
34 Jaleshwor N.P.
35 Khairbanni
37 Khopi
40 Kolhuwa Bagaicha
44 Mahottari
46 Majhora Bishnupur
47 Manara
48 Matihani
50 Nainhi
51 Nigaul
52 Paraul
54 Parsa Pateli
56 Pigouna
57 Pipra
Pokharibhinda
58 Samgrampur
59 Raghunathpur
62 Ratauli
63 Sahasaula
64 Sahorawa
65 Sandha
66 Sarpallo
67 Shamsi
69 Simardahi
71 Sisawakataiya
74 Sonaul
75 Suga Vawani
76 Sundarpur
77 Vagaha
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
86°5'0"E
27°10'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°0'0"N
26°55'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°35'0"N

87°5'0"E
87°10'0"E
87°15'0"E
13
61
55
24
6
14
20
32
87°20'0"E
41
58
18
29
62
40
43
36 52
11
47
7
33
22
63
26
42
44
15
87°25'0"E
31
1
10
4
17
5
57
25
19
87°30'0"E
35
50
3
59
51
2
16
87°35'0"E
23
45
21
8
64
27
53
48
30
87°40'0"E
39
87°45'0"E
87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
87°5'0"E 87°10'0"E 87°15'0"E 87°20'0"E 87°25'0"E 87°30'0"E 87°35'0"E 87°40'0"E 87°45'0"E 87°50'0"E 87°55'0"E
9
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
Pie size
8 TW
1 TW
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 -10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Morang District
E
1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name Code Name
1 Amahibariyati 30 Jhurkiya
2Amardaha 31Kaseni
3 Amgachhi 32 Katahari
4 Babiya Birta 33 Kathamaha
5 Bahuni 35 Keroun
6 Baijanathpur 36 Lakhantari
7 Banigama 39 Mahadewa
8 Baradanga 40 Majhare
9 Bayarban 41 Matigachha
10 Belbari 42 Motipur
11 Bhaudaha 43 Mrigauliya
13 Biratnagar N.P. 44 Necha
14 Budhanagar 45 Pathari
15 Dadarbariya 47 Pokhariya
16 Dainiya 48 Rajghat
17 Dangihat 50 Rangeli
18 Dangraha 51 Sanischare
19 Drabesh 52 Sidharaha
20 Dulari 53 Sijuwa
21 Govindapur 55 Sisabanibadahara
22 Haraicha 57 Sorabhag
23 Hasandaha 58 Sundarpur
24 Hathimudha 59 Takuwa
25 Hoklabari 61 Tankisinuwari
26 Indrapur 62 Tetariya
27 Itahara 63 Thalaha
29 Jhorahat 64 Urlabari
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

83°35'0"E
6
68
67
83°40'0"E
69
25 16
64
63 47 36 4
22
26
59
58
83°45'0"E
39
9
72
56
48
66
71
29
5
38
23
83°50'0"E
52
12
62
83°55'0"E
24
28
84°0'0"E
32
84°5'0"E
1
84°10'0"E
50
84°15'0"E
84°20'0"E
84°25'0"E
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Nawalparasi District
E
84°30'0"E
84°35'0"E
83°35'0"E 83°40'0"E 83°45'0"E 83°50'0"E 83°55'0"E 84°0'0"E 84°5'0"E 84°10'0"E 84°15'0"E 84°20'0"E 84°25'0"E 84°30'0"E 84°35'0"E
7
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
27°55'0"N
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:450,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Pie size
768 TW
1 TW
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Code Name
1Agryuoli
4 Badahara Dubauliya
5 Baidauli
6Banjaria
7 Benimanipur
9Bhujhawa
12 Dawanne Devi
16 Devagawa
22 Germi
23 Guthi Parsauni
24 Guthi Suryapura
25 Hakui
26 Harpur
28 Jahada
29 Jamunia
32 Kolhuwa
36 Kusma
38 Makar
39 Manari
47 Palhi
48 Panchnagar
50 Pithauli
52 Pratappur
56 Ramgram N.P.
58 Rampur Khadauna
59 Rampurwa
62 Rupauliya
63 Sanai
64 Sarawal
66 Somani
67 Sukrauli
68 Sunwal
69 Swathi
71 Thulo Khairetawa
72 Tilakpur

84°30'0"E
84°35'0"E
84°40'0"E
68
36
75
84°45'0"E
84°50'0"E
47
73
70 69
46
77
27
61 38
78
17
67
35
34
37
56
40
29
6
51 3
9
48 58
42
52
7
31
10
83 55
62
4
82
25
71 65 28
44
19
22 55 50
54 32 74 12
81 30 8 12
33 14
63
50
16
18
66 79 2 76
49
59
1
41 39 72 64
2
20
84°55'0"E
21
43
45
11
23
85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
85°15'0"E
84°30'0"E
84°35'0"E
84°40'0"E
84°45'0"E
84°50'0"E
84°55'0"E
85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
85°15'0"E
5
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
Pie size
115 TW
1 TW
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Parsa District
E
1:350,000
5 2.5 0 5 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name Code Name
1 Alau 42 Lakhanpur
2 Amarpatti 43 Lal Parsa
3 Auraha 44 Langadi
4 Bagahi 45 Lipani Birta
5 Bagbana 46 Madhuban Mathaul
6 Bageshwari Tirtrona 47 Mahadevpatti
7 Bahauri Pidari 48 Mahuwan
8 Bahuarbamatha 49 Mainpur (Pakaha)
9 Basadilwa 50 Maniyari
10 Basantpur 51 Masihani
11 Belwa Parsouni 52 Bikhampur
12 Beriya Birta 54 Mudali
14 Bhawanipur 55 Nagardaha
16 Bhisawa 56 Nichuta
17 Bijbaniya 58 Pancharukhi
18 Bindabasani 59 Parsauni Birta
19 Biranchibarba 61 Pidariguthi
20 Birgunj N.P. 62 Pokhariya
21 Birwaguthi 63 Prasurampur
22 Bisrampur 64 Ramgadhawa
23 Chorni 65 Ramnagari
24 Deukhana 66 Sabaithawa
25 Dhaubini 67 Sakhuwa Prasauni
27 Gadi 68 Samjhauta
28 Gamhariya 69 Sankar Saraiya
29 Ghoddauda Pipra 70 Sedhawa
30 Govindapur 71 Shiva Worga
31 Hariharpur 72 Sirsiya Khalwatola
32 Hariharpur Birta 73 Sonbarsa
33 Harpatagunj 74 Sreesiya (Nau.Ta.Ja)
34 Harpur 75 Subarnapur
35 Jagarnathpur Sira 76 Sugauli Birta
36 Jaimanagalpur 77 Sugauli Partewa
37 Janakitala 78 Supauli
38 Jeetpur 79 Surjaha
39 Jhouwa Guthi 81 Tulasi Barba
40 Kauwa Ban Kataiya 82 Udaypur Dhurmi
41 Lahawarthakari 83 Vauratar
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
85°15'0"E
85°20'0"E
85°25'0"E
85°30'0"E
46
84
69
19
47
90
16
27
53
76
95
24
37
86
89 27 15 29
94 70 71
82
12 78
97 50 50 5 57
77
93
59
32
67
48
58
22
23 75 34 9
68
1
20 51 41
39
21
49 17
91
85 56
96 63
44 14 74
65 55
42
81
10
31
13
66
83 80 26 62
2
40
73 43 92
45
4
25
7 36
61 3
11
8 33
64
79
54
88
35
30
82
28
87
6
85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
85°15'0"E
85°20'0"E
85°25'0"E
85°30'0"E
85°35'0"E
85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
85°35'0"E
85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
26°45'0"N 26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
Classification of Arsenic Concentration Rautahat District
E
Pie size
61 TW
1 Tw
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:350,000
5 2.5 0 5 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name Code Name
1 Ajagabi 49 Karuniya
2 Akolawa 50 Katahariya
3 Auraiya 51 Khesarhiya
4Badharwa 53Laxmipur (DO)
5Bagahi 54Laxmipur Belbichawa
6 Bahuwa Madanpur 55 Lokaha
7 Bairiya 56 Madhopur
8 Banjaraha 57 Mahamadpur
9 Bariyarpur 58 Malahi
10 Basantapatti 59 Marayadpur
11 Basatpur 61 Mathiya
12 Basbiti Jingadiya 62 Matsari
13 Bhalohiya (Pipra) 63 Mithuawa
14 Bhediyahi 64 Mudwalawa
15 Birtiprastoka 65 Narkatiya Guthi
16 Bishrampur 66 Pacharukhi
17 Bisunpurwa Manpur 67 Pataura
19 Chandranigahapur 68 Pathara Budharampur
20 Debahi 69 Paurai
21 Dharampur 70 Pipara Pokhariya
22 Dharhari 71 Pipariya (Dostiya)
23 Dipahi 73 Pipra Bhagwanpur
24 Dumariy (Matiauna) 74 Pipra Rajbara
25 Dumriya (Paroha) 75 Pothiyahi
26 Fatuha Maheshpur 76 Pratappur Paltuwa
27 Fatuwa Harsaha 77 Prempur Gunahi
28 Gadhi (Bhanawanpur) 78 Raghunathpur
29 Gamhariya Birta 79 Rajdevi
30 Gamhariya Parsa 80 Rajpur Farhadawa
31 Gangapipra 81 Rajpur Tulsi
32 Garuda Bairiya 82 Ramoli Bairiya
33 Gaur N.P. 83 Rampur Khap
34 Gedahiguthi 84 Rangapur
35 Hadirya Paltuwa 85 Sakhuawa
36 Hajminiya 86 Sakhuwa Damaura
37 Hathiyahi 87 Samanpur
39 Inaruwa 88 Sangrampur
40 Jatahara 89 Santapur (Dostiya)
41 Jayanagar 90 Santpur (Matiaun)
42 Jethrahiya 91 Sarmujawa
43 Jhunkhunwa 92 Saruatha
44 Jingadawa Belbichwa 93 Saunaraniya
45 Jowaha (Jokaha) 94 Sitalpur Bairgania
46 Judibela 95 Simara Bhawanipur
47 Kakanpur 96 Tejapakar
48 Karkach Karmaiya 97 Tengraha

83°10'0"E
58
83°15'0"E
31
59
47
38
11
25
23
10
70
34
38
56
22
40
24
68
66
21
9
60
83°20'0"E
4
51
42
44
32
55
18
27
65
52
13
7
46
61
3
28
41
83°25'0"E
67
48
29
14
71
63
17
49
83°30'0"E
33
39
43
19
64
83°35'0"E
15
83°40'0"E
83°45'0"E
83°10'0"E
83°15'0"E
83°20'0"E
83°25'0"E
83°30'0"E
83°35'0"E
83°40'0"E
83°45'0"E
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
Classification of Arsenic Concentration -Rupandehi District
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Pie size
1:300,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2002
Data Source: NASC -2003
165 TW
2 TW
E
Code Name Code Name
3 Amuwa 40 Madhuwani
4 Asurena 41 Mainahiya
7 Bairghat 42 Majhagawa
9 Betakuiya 43 Makrahar
10 Bhagawanpur 44 Man Materiya
11 Bisunpura 46 Maryadpur
13 Bogadi 47 Masina
14 Butawal N.P. 48 Motipur
15 Chhipagada 49 Padsari
17 Chilhiya 51 Pakadi Sakron
18 Daya Nagar 52 Parroha
19 Devadaha 55 Rayapur
21 Dhamauli 56 Roinihawa
22 Dudharakchhe 58 Sadi
23 Ekala 59 Saljhundi
24 Farena 60 Samera Marchawar
25 Gajedi 61 Semalar
27 Gonaha 63 Siddharth Nagar N.P.
28 Harnaiya 64 Sikatahan
29 Hati Bangai 65 Silautiya
31 Jogada 66 Sipawa
32 Kamahariya 67 Souraha Pharsatikar
33 Karahiya 68 Suryapura
34 Karauta 70 ThumhawaPiprahawa
38 Lumbini 71 Tikuligadh
39 Madhbaliya
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested

86°30'0"E 86°35'0"E 86°40'0"E 86°45'0"E 86°50'0"E 86°55'0"E 87°0'0"E 87°5'0"E 87°10'0"E 87°15'0"E 87°20'0"E
13
69
34
64
89
19
47
53
80
65
33
8 59 109
112 103
84
108 32
111
32 86
81
96 72
102 46
76
106
49 100
104
3
14
36 43
15 115
83
101 40 9
1 62
92
79 35 88 18 95
16 58
78
28
73
98
26 17 52 97
63
57
107 25
75
78 50 38 15 56
30 91
31 6
41
48 44
Pie size 110 21
22 23 66
69 TW
85 22
68
54
67
71
105 12
7 37 6770
70
114 99
27
55
1 TW
61
20
3
4
33
51
39
60
56
93
11
87
86°30'0"E 86°35'0"E 86°40'0"E 86°45'0"E 86°50'0"E 86°55'0"E 87°0'0"E 87°5'0"E 87°10'0"E 87°15'0"E 87°20'0"E
5
26°15'0"N
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°15'0"N
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Saptari District
1:400,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
E
Environment & Public Health Organization
Code Name Code Name Code Name
1 Arnaha 40 Fulkahi 78 Malekpur
3 Badgama 41 Gamhariya Parwaha 79 Maleth
4 Bairawa 43 Goithi 80 Malhanama
5 Bakdhauwa 44 Hanumannagar 81 Malhaniya
6 Bamangamakatti 46 Hariharpur 83 Mauwaha
7 Banainiya 47 Haripur 84 Mohanpur
8 Banarjhula 48 Inarwa 85 Nardho
9 Banaula 49 Inarwa Fulpariya 86 Negada
11 Baramjhiya 50 Itahari Bishnupur 87 Odraha
12 Barsain (Ko.) 51 Jagatpur 88 Pakari
13 Basbalpur 52 Jamunimadhepura 89 Pansera
14 Basbiti 53 Jandaul 91 Pato
15 Bathanaha 54 Jhutaki 92 Patthargada
16 Belhi 55 Joginiya 1 93 Pipra (Purba)
17 Belhi Chapena 56 Joginiya 2 95 Portaha
18 Bhagawatpur 57 Kabilash 96 Prasabani
19 Bhangha 58 Kachan 97 Rajbiraj N.P.
20 Bhardaha 59 Kalyanpur 98 Ramnagar
21 Bhutahi 60 Kamalpur 99 Rampuramalhaniya
22 Birpur Barahi 61 Kanchanpur 100 Rampurjamua
23 Bishahariya 62 Kataiya 101 Rautahat
25 Boriya 63 Khadagpur 102 Rayapur
26 Brahmapur 64 Khojpur 103 Rupnagar
27 Chhinnamasta 65 Khoksarparbaha 104 Sambhunath
28 Dadha 66 Ko. Madhepura 105 Sankarpura
30 Deuri 67 Kochabakhari 106 Saraswor
31 Deurimaruwa 68 Koiladi 107 Simraha Sigiyoun
32 Dhangadi 69 Kushaha 108 Siswa Beihi
33 Dharampur 70 Lalpati 109 Sitapur
34 Ghoghanpur 71 Launiya 110 Tarahi
35 Didhawa 72 Lohajara 111 Terahota
36 Diman 73 Madhawapur 112 Theliya
37 Fakira 75 Mahadeva 114 Tilathi
38 Farseth 76 Mainakaderi 115 Trikola
39 Fatepur

85°15'0"E
85°20'0"E
82
22
51
8
1
83
32
66
2
85°25'0"E
29
61
85
81
92
15
7
6
17
60
9
57
34
94
12
85°30'0"E
89
14
98
59
31
93
79
55
86
27
42
45
52
16
40
4
68
70
53
80
28
78
48
87
33
64
85°35'0"E
38
30
54
58
67
20
73
44
13
100
43
5
21
74
56
85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
85°50'0"E
85°55'0"E
86°0'0"E
85°15'0"E
85°20'0"E
85°25'0"E
85°30'0"E
85°35'0"E
85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
85°50'0"E
85°55'0"E
86°0'0"E
3
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Sarlahi District
1:350,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
Pie size 55TW
1 TW
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
E
Code Name Code Name
1 Achalgadh 51 Khirwa
2Arnaha 52Khoriya
3 Atrouli 53 Khutauna
4 Aurahi 54 Kisanpur
5 Babarganj 55 Kodena
6 Bagdaha 56 Lalbandi
7 Bahadurpur 57 Laukath
8 Balara 58 Laxmipur Kodraha
9 Bara Udhoran 59 Laxmipur Su.
12 Batraul 60 Madhubangoth
13 Bela 61 Madhubani
14 Belhi 64 Malangawa N.P.
15 Belwa Jabdi 66 Mirjapur
16 Bhadsar 67 Mohanpur
17 Bhagawatipur 68 Motipur
20 Brahmapuri 70 Musauli
21 Chandra Nagar 73 Netrajang
22 Chhataul 74 Noukailawa
27 Dhungrekhola 78 Pidari
28 Dhurkauli 79 Pidariya
29 Dumariya 80 Pipariya
30 Farahadawa 81 Rajghat
31 Fulparasi 82 Ramban
32 Gadahaiyabairi 83 Ramnagar Bahaur
33 Gamhariya 85 Rohuwa
34 Godeta 86 Sakraul
38 Haripur 87 Salempur
40 Hariyon 89 Shankarpur
42 Hempur 92 Shikhauna
43 Ishworpur 93 Simara
44 Jabdi 94 Sisotiya
45 Jamuniya 98 Sundarpur
48 Kabilasi 100 Tribhuwannagar

86°10'0"E
28
38
47
95
56
62
11
94
97
91
88
106
65
86°15'0"E
32
89
41
93
59
29
70
37
26
96
86°20'0"E
13
104
44
3
12
52
107
9
49
6
35
104
1
108
105
50
51
53
79
86°25'0"E
80
83
30
16
87
10
74
77
102
98
84
45
81
86°30'0"E
15
23
86°35'0"E
86°40'0"E
86°10'0"E
86°15'0"E
86°20'0"E
86°25'0"E
86°30'0"E
86°35'0"E
86°40'0"E
7
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
Pie size
38 TW
1 TW
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Siraha District
1:250,000
6 3 0 6 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Code Name Code Name
1 Arnamalalpur 56 Karjanha
3 Asanpur 59 Krishnapur Birta
6 Ayodhyanagar 62 Lagadigodh
7 Badharamal 65 Laxminiya
9 Bariyarpatti 70 Mahanaur
10 Basatipur 74 Majhaura
11 Belaha 77 Mauwahi
12 Belhi 79 Mohanpur Kamalpur
13 Betauna 80 Muksar
15 Bhaganpur 81 Nahara Rigoul
16 Bhagawatipur 83 Navarajpur
23 Brahmagaughadi 84 Padariya Tharutol
26 Chandrodayapur 87 Pokharbhinda
28 Chikana 88 Radhopur
29 Devipur 89 Rajpur
30 Dhangadi 91 Rampur Birta
32 Dumari 93 Sanhaitha
35 Fulkaha Kati 94 Sarswar
37 Gauripur 95 Sikron
38 Gautari 96 Silorba Pachhawari
41 Hakpara 97 Siraha N.P.
44 Harakatti 98 Sisawani
45 Inarwa 102 Sothiyan
47 Itari Parsahi 104 Sukhipur
49 Jamadaha 105 Tenuwapatti
50 Janakinagar 106 Thalaha Kataha
51 Jighaul 107 Tulsipur
52 Kabilasi 108 Vidhyanagar
53 Kachanari
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested

86°50'0"E
86°55'0"E
87°0'0"E
87°5'0"E
87°10'0"E
87°15'0"E
87°20'0"E
87°25'0"E
11
36
51
40
34
31
41
12
37
8
19
45
24
28
35
22
21
5
17
49
26
29
44
47
33
16
46
3
9
15
14
4
6
2
1
52
42
43
32
48
23
50
20
27
30
86°50'0"E
86°55'0"E
87°0'0"E
87°5'0"E
87°10'0"E
87°15'0"E
87°20'0"E
87°25'0"E
87°30'0"E
87°30'0"E
7
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Sunsari District
E
Pie size
18 TW
1 TW
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:350,000
6 3 0 6 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Arsenic concentration
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppn
Above 50 ppb
VDC/Municipality
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Code Name
1 Aekamba
2 Amaduwa
3 Amahibelaha
4 Aurabarni
5Babiya
6 Bakalauri
7 Barahachhetra
8Basantapur
9 Bhadgau Sinawari
11 Bharaul
12 Bhokraha
14 Chadwela
15 Chhitaha
16 Chimdi
17 Dewanganj
19 Dhuskee
20 Duhabi
21 Dumaraha
22 Gautampur
23 Hanshposha
24 Harinagar
26 Inaruwa N.P.
27 Itahari N.P.
28 Jalpapur
29 Kaptangang
30 Khanar
31 Laukahi
32 Madhelee
33 Madhesa
34 Madhuwan
35 Madhyeharsahi
36 Mahendranagar
37 Narsinhatappu
40 Paschim Kasuha
41 Prakashpur
42 Purbakushaha
43 Ramganj Belgachhi
44 Ramganj Senuwari
45 Ramnagar Bhutaha
46 Sahebganj
47 Santerjhora
48 Simariya
49 Singiya
50 Sonapur
51 Sripurjabdi
52 Tanamuna

The distribution of percentage of arsenic tested tube wells
exceeding WHO Guideline clearly exhibits some break points
for defining the classes of vulnerability as shown in Figure
7.13. The distribution shows three most appropriate break
points at 0%, 25% and 50% for four classes of vulnerability
which are defined below:
Figure 7.12. Classification of arsenic tested VDCs
by arsenic concentration
The VDCs with arsenic values below the WHO Guideline
are classified as low vulnerability, because there is no arsenic
tested tube wells in these VDCs that contain more
than 10 ppb of arsenic, and there are 612 such VDCs. On the
other hand, the consideration of Nepal Interim Standard
alone for classifying vulnerability level would assume the
VDCs below Nepal Interim Standard to be of low vulnerability.
There are 891 such VDCs, including 279 VDCs lying between
two standards. In decision-making, two types of errors
can be considered on the classification of these 279
VDCs lying between two standards. A potential error occurring
on classifying these VDCs as moderate (or moderately
high or high) vulnerability when they are, in fact, low vulnerability
to arsenic, is called a Type I error. And an error
that occurs when classifying wells as low vulnerability when
they were actually NOT so, is called a Type II error. Of course,
in considering the future health of people in the Terai, the
Type II error is more serious than Type I error (Hinkel, D. E.,
Wiersma, W., and Jurs, S. G., 1988). Thus, to consider the
VDC lying between two standards as moderate (or moderately
high or high) vulnerable is safer than to consider them
as low vulnerable. In addition, if we consider tube wells
with below 50 ppb as low vulnerable, there will be less attention
towards those VDCs which has arsenic content just
below 50 ppb and between two standards. In reality, these
tube wells actually need regular monitoring because arsenic
concentrations usually fluctuate with time and extraction of
water, which has been observed by the NRCS Program
(ENPHO/NRCS/4, 2003). Therefore, it is worthwhile to consider
WHO Guideline, which also includes Nepal Interim
standard, to classify the vulnerability level.
45
Figure 7.13. Distribution of percentages of arsenic tested tube
well above WHO Guideline
Low vulnerability to arsenic: VDCs where the percentage
of tube wells exceeding WHO Guideline is zero (0) are called
VDCs with low vulnerability to arsenic. In these VDCs, all
arsenic tested tube wells contain 0-10 ppb of arsenic.
Moderate vulnerability to arsenic: VDCs where the
percentage of tube wells exceeding WHO Guideline lies
between 1 and 25 are called VDCs with moderate vulnerability
to arsenic.
Moderately high vulnerability to arsenic: VDCs where the
percentage of tube wells exceeding WHO Guideline lies
between 26 and 50 are called VDCs with moderately high
vulnerability to arsenic.
High vulnerability to arsenic: VDCs where more than 50%
of arsenic tested tube wells exceed WHO Guideline are called
VDCs with high vulnerability to arsenic.
The level of vulnerability alone is not enough to characterize
the VDC because the distribution of arsenic tested tube wells
is not uniform at the district level or at VDC level. There were
many VDCs with a low number of arsenic tested tube wells
and very few VDCs with a large number of tube wells that
were tested for arsenic (Figure 7.14 & Table 7.8).

Figure 7.14. Distribution of arsenic tested tube well by arsenic
tested VDC
Table 7.8.
Classification of arsenic tested tube well by VDCs
Arsenic
Arsenic tested VDC
tested tube No. %
1-25 812 77.3
26-50 152 14.5
51-75 50 4.8
76-100 16 1.5
100-768 20 1.9
Total 1050 100.0
Among the 1,050 arsenic tested VDCs, only 20 VDCs have
more than 100 tube wells tested for arsenic. Moreover, there
were only five VDCs of Nawalparsi district containing more
than 200 arsenic tested tube wells, which are Ramgram Municipality
(768), Jahada (348), Swathi (334), Guthi Suryapura
Parsauni (229) and Sunwal (206). On the other hand, about
812 VDCs (i.e., 77.3%) have less than 26 tube wells tested for
arsenic (Table 7.8). Only two tube wells were tested for arsenic
in 160 VDCs. And in 138 VDCs, only one tube well was
tested for arsenic (Figure 7.14). In such situations, the analysis
of 1-2 tube wells represents the vulnerability of the entire
VDC. It is statistically insignificant, and very risky to present
the status of arsenic of a VDC on the basis of only one or
two tested tube wells. In order to account for VDCs with low
levels of arsenic testing, a certain level of uncertainty can be
characterized to help describe the amount of confidence that
accompanies the level of vulnerability assigned for each
VDC. In this regard, it is possible to use the percentage of
arsenic tested tube wells to classify some level of uncertainty
of the results obtained from analysis of arsenic tested
46
tube wells. But, unfortunately, information on total number
of tube wells for each VDC was not available for this study.
On the other hand, the integrated arsenic database has
information on number of users and number of households
using arsenic tested tube wells of the VDC, and on the
number of total household and population of each VDC are
available from Population Census of 2001. So, the proportion
of population using arsenic tested tube wells to the total
population of the VDC or the proportion of household using
arsenic tested tube wells to the total number of households
of the VDC can be used to define some level of uncertainty
of the result of analysis of arsenic tested tube wells in this
study.
While comparing the population and households using
arsenic tested tube wells with population and household of
Population Census 2001, some data inconsistencies were
found. There were more users in 27 VDCs than population
mentioned in the census. In case of households, there were
more households using arsenic tested tube wells in 11 VDCs
than total households mentioned in the census. This may
be due to repetition of user/household using tube well during
survey because one user/household may use more than one
tube well. In any case, considering the less inconsistency,
the proportion of households using arsenic tested tube wells
to the total households of a VDC was computed for each of
arsenic tested VDCs and each district of the Terai. These
proportions were grouped into four levels of uncertainty: -
high uncertainty, medium uncertainty, low uncertainty, and
very low uncertainty on the basis of the distribution of the
proportion (Figure 7.15). Each level of vulnerability was
further classified into one of four levels of uncertainty as
shown in Table 7.9. The four uncertainty levels were
classified as follow:
High uncertainty: VDCs with less than or equal to 5% of
households using arsenic tested tube wells are assigned to
high uncertainty.
Medium uncertainty: VDCs where proportion of households
using arsenic tested tube wells to total household lies
between 6% and 25%, are assigned to medium uncertainty.

Low uncertainty: VDCs where proportion of households
using arsenic tested tube wells to total household lies
between 26% and 50%, are assigned to low uncertainty.
Very low uncertainty: VDCs with more than 50% of
households using arsenic tested tube wells are assigned to
very low uncertainty.
Figure 7.15. Distribution of percentage of households using
arsenic tested tube wells by VDC
Level of
vulnerability
Table 7.9.
Level of vulnerability and uncertainty
% of TW
above
Level of uncertainty
WHO
Guideline
% of
arsenic
tested
household
50
High 50
High 50
High 50
Medium 6-25
Low 26-50
Very low >50
On the basis of these criteria, the arsenic tested VDC was
first classified into one of four levels of vulnerability, and
then it was further sub-classified into one of four levels of
uncertainty. Thus, all arsenic tested VDCs of twenty district
of the Terai were classified into one of 16 groups (Table
7.10).
Among the total 1,050 arsenic tested VDCs, 63.1%
were classified as low vulnerabiility, 14.4% as moderate
47
vulnerability, 11.5% as moderately high vulnerability and
11% as high vulnerability. Out of 663 VDCs with low vulnerability
to arsenic, only 52 VDCs were assigned with very low
uncertainty. These are most probably arsenic safe VDCs
because in these VDCs more than 50% of total households
were using tube wells containing arsenic concentration below
10 ppb. Similarly, among 115 VDCs high vulnerable to
arsenic, 27 VDCs (23.5%) were assigned with very low uncertainty;
thus, these VDCs can be considered as at-risk
VDCs from arsenic in the sense that more than 50% arsenic
tested tube wells of these VDCs contain more than 10 ppb of
arsenic concentration which were using by more than 50%
of the total household. The complete list of all arsenic tested
VDCs with vulnerabilty level and uncertainty level is attached
in the annex 2.
Table 7.10.
Distribution of VDC by vulnerability and uncertainty
Level of Level of uncertainty Total %
vulnerability High Medium Low Very low
Low 486 92 33 52 663 63.1
Moderate 50 33 27 41 151 14.4
Moderately high 48 21 31 21 121 11.5
High 46 18 24 27 115 11.0
Total 630 164 115 141 1050 100
% 60.0 15.6 11.0 13.4
The classified VDCs were integrated with digital data from
the corresponding district to visualize the VDCs vulnerable
to arsenic in the map. This map was prepared for each of
twenty districts of the Terai. Each map shows the VDCs
vulnerable to arsenic in different colours with uncertainty
levels overlain in different patterns. The maps for each of
twenty districts of the Terai are presented on the following
pages.
7.5.3. Mapping of arsenic concentration
The location information of arsenic tested tube wells was
discussed in chapter 6. Of the total 18,635 tube wells tested
for arsenic, approximately 57% tube wells have geographic
coordinates (i.e., latitude and longitude). These tube wells
distributed over 287 VDCs of 14 districts of the Terai were
located in the district map with three features – VDC
boundary, road and river. The major purpose of the arsenic
concentration map is to show the spatial distribution
of arsenic concentrations in a district. The maps provide

location and extent of arsenic hotspots, areas below Nepal
Interim Standard and areas within WHO Guideline. Secondly,
the maps display the exact location of an arsenic tested tube
well in geographic coordinates with the arsenic concentration
in one of the three ranges - 0-10 ppb, 11-50 ppb and above 50
ppb. Two map features, roads and rivers, also help further to
locate the tested tube wells. Because the maps presented
here are in very small scales from 1:250,000 to 1:500,000, it is
very hard to identify the exact location of a tube well on a
given map. But users with GIS knowledge can produce
different sizes of these maps with the help of raster images
and corresponding georeference files that are provided in
the CD-ROM. Since only 14 districts have information on
location of some of arsenic tested tube wells of the district,
there are 14 district maps with location of arsenic tested
tube wells. These maps are shown in the following pages.
7.5.4. VDC arsenic hotspots
In total there were 1,379 arsenic tested tube wells that
exceeded Nepal Interim Standard of 50 ppb of arsenic
concentration. These tube wells were distributed over 159
VDCs out of 1,050 arsenic tested VDCs. In the majority of
these VDCs, very few tube wells contained more than 50
ppb of arsenic. For example, in 79 VDCs, only one arsenic
tested tube well exceeded the Nepal Interim Standard, and in
20 VDCs, only two tube wells exceeded the Nepal Interim
Standard. The distribution of number of such tube wells by
number of VDCs is shown in Figure 7.16.
Figure 7.16. Distribution of arsenic tested tube well above 50 ppb
of arsenic by VDC
Most of tube wells exceeding Nepal Interim standard were
concentrated in Ramgram Municipality of Nawalparasi district.
There were 465 arsenic tested tube wells above 50 ppb
(i.e., 34%) in this municipality alone. The next highest number
of such tube wells that is 69 was concentrated in Manari
VDC of the same district. Below are listed the top ten VDCs
with the highest number of arsenic tested tube wells that
exceed the Nepal Interim Standard and which are presently
regarded as arsenic hotspots: 1) Ramgram Municipality, 2)
Manari, 3) Swathi, 4) Tilakpur and 5) Sunwal of Nawalparasi
district, 6) Mahendrakot of Kapilbastu, 7) Jahada of
Nawalparasi, 8) Rampur Khap of Rautahat, 9) Devdaha of
Rupandehi and 10) Sangrampur of Rautahat district. The
basic stastistics and classification of arsenic for these VDCs
are given in Table 7.11. These hotspots VDCs are presented
in maps in following pages.
SN VDCs Hots pots
Dis trict
Table 7.11.
VDCs Hotpots with basic statistic and classification of arsenic
Basic Statistics Classification of arsenic concentration
Mean Median Maximum
Below 10
ppb
11-50 ppb Above 5 0 ppb
Total
arsenic
tested
Number of
TW with
locatio n
TW
1 Ramgram N.P. Nawalparasi 144 99.5 500 228 95 445 768 740
2 Manari Nawalparasi 109 50 500 41 36 69 146 143
3 Swathi Nawalparasi 37 10 450 201 65 68 334 323
4 Tilakpur Nawalparasi 71 25 500 77 41 62 180 178
5 Sunwal Nawalparasi 29 0 341 129 31 46 206 202
6 Mahendrakot Kapilbastu 52 13.5 589 65 31 38 134 133
7 Jahada Nawalparasi 18 0 200 224 93 31 348 329
8 Rampur Khap Rautahat 74 81 213 16 1 28 45 42
9 Devadaha Rupandehi 129 1 2620 57 14 28 99 49
10 Sangrampur Rautahat 71 70 146 2 7 26 35 18
48

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Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Banke District
Legend
Vulnerability level
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1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
E
Code Name
1Bageswori
2 Banakatawa
3 Banakatti
4 Basudevapur
5Bejapur
6 Belahari
7 Belbhar
8 Betahani
9 Bhawaniyapur
10 Binauna
12 Ganapur
13 Gangapur
14 Hirminiya
15 Holiya
16 Indarpur
17 Jaispur
18 Kalaphanta
19 Kamdi
20 Kanchanapur
21 Kathkuiya
22 Khajura Khurda
23 Khaskarkado
24 Khaskusma
25 Kohalpur
26 Laxmanpur
27 Mahadevpuri
28 Manikapur
29 Matahiya
30 Narainapur
31 Naubasta
32 Nepalgung N.P.
33 Paraspur
34 Phatepur
35 Piprahawa
36 Puraina
37 Puraini
38 Radhapur
39 Rajhena
40 Raniyapur
41 Saigaun
42 Samserganj
43 Sitapur
44 Sonapur
45 Titihiriya
46 Udarapur
47 Udayapur

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Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Bara District
E
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Prepared by:
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Legend
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1:350,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
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Code Name Code Name
1 Amarpatti 49 Kabahijabdi
3 Amritgang 50 Kachorwa
4Avab 51Kakadi
5 Babuain 52 Kalaiya N.P.
7 Badaki Fulbariya 53 Karaiya
9 Bahuari 54 Khopawa
10 Balirampur 55 Khutwajabdi
11 Bandhuwan 56 Kolhabi
12 Banjariya 57 Kudawa
13 Barainiya 58 Laxmipur Kotwali
14 Bariyarpur 59 Lipanimal
15 Basantpur 62 Maheshpur
16 Batara 63 Majhariya
17 Beldari 64 Manaharwa
18 Benauli 65 Matiarwa
19 Bhagwanpur 66 Motisar
20 Bhaluyee Arwaliya 67 Narahi
22 Bhatauda 69 Pakadiya Chikani
23 Bhodaha 70 Paparpati Jabdi
24 Bishrampur 71 Paterwa
25 Bishunpur 72 Patharhati
26 Bishunpurwa 74 Pheta
27 Buniyad 75 Pipara Simara
28 Chhata Pipra 76 Piparabirta
29 Chhatawa 78 Pipra Basantapur
30 Dahiyar 79 Pipradhi Goth
31 Dewapur 80 Prasauni
32 Dharma Nagar 81 Prasona
33 Dohari 82 Prastoka
34 Dumarwana 83 Prasurmpur
35 Fattepur 84 Purainiya
36 Gadhahal 85 Raghunathpur
37 Ganj Bhawanipur 86 Rampur Tokani
38 Golagunj 87 Rampurwa
39 Haraiya 89 Rauwahi
40 Hardiya 90 Sapahi
41 Hariharpur 91 Shreenagar Bairiya
42 Inarwamal 92 Sihorwa
43 Inarwasira 93 Sinhasani
44 Itiyahi 94 Sisahaniya
45 Jhitakaiya (Dakshin) 95 Tedhakatti
46 Jhitakaiya (Uttar) 98 Uchidiha
47 Jitpur Bhawanipur 99 Umarjan
48 Kabahigoth

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Legend
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Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Bardiya District
E
1:450,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: LGP-2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Code Name
1 Badalpur
2 Baganaha
4 Belawa
5 Bhimapur
6Daulatpur
7Deudakala
8 Dhadhawar
9 Dodhari
11 Gularia N.P.
12 Jamuni
13 Kalika
14 Khairi Chandanpur
15 Magaragadhi
16 Mahamadpur
17 Manau
18 Manpur Mainapokhar
19 Manpur Tapara
20 Motipur
21 Naya gaun
22 Neulapur
23 Padanaha
24 Pasupatinagar
25 Patabhar
26 Rajapur
27 Sanashree
28 Sivapur
29 Sorhawa
30 Suryapatawa
31 Taratal
32 Thakudwara

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Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Chitwan District
E
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:450,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
High
! !
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Medium
Low
Very low
Code Name
1 Ayodhyapuri
2 Bachhyauli
3 Bagauda
4 Bhandara
5 Bharatpur N.P.
6 Birendranagar
7 Chainpur
11 Dibyanagar
12 Fulbari
13 Gardi
15 Gunjanagar
16 Jagatpur
17 Jutpani
19 Kathar
21 Khairahani
23 Kumroj
25 Madi Kalyanpur
26 Mangalpur
27 Meghauli
28 Padampur
29 Parbatipur
30 Patihani
31 Piple
32 Pithuwa
33 Ratnanagar N.P.
34 Saradanagar
35 Shaktikhor
36 Sibanagar
38 Sukranagar

82°0'0"E 82°5'0"E 82°10'0"E 82°15'0"E 82°20'0"E 82°25'0"E 82°30'0"E 82°35'0"E 82°40'0"E 82°45'0"E 82°50'0"E 82°55'0"E
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! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !
2
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
9
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
10
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
11
! ! ! !
82°0'0"E 82°5'0"E 82°10'0"E 82°15'0"E 82°20'0"E 82°25'0"E 82°30'0"E 82°35'0"E 82°40'0"E 82°45'0"E 82°50'0"E 82°55'0"E
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
27°55'0"N
28°0'0"N
28°5'0"N
28°10'0"N
28°15'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
27°55'0"N
28°0'0"N
28°5'0"N
28°10'0"N
28°15'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic -Dang District
Code Name
2Bela
4Chaulahi
9 Gadhawa
10 Gangapraspur
11 Gobardiya
19 Lalmatiya
22 Manpur
28 Rajpur
31 Satbariya
35 Sisahaniya
36 Sonpur
E
39 Tribhuwan Nagar N.P.
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
1:450,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
85°50'0"E
85°55'0"E
86°0'0"E
86°5'0"E
86°10'0"E
86°15'0"E
86°20'0"E
86°25'0"E
86°30'0"E
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
73
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
39
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
99
71
! !
! !
98
! !
! !
14
! !
! !
21
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
!
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! !
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! !
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! !
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!
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! !
84 32
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
!
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
5
19
13
! !
37
! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
61
38
15
87
85
48
28
72
! !
62
40
16
! !
26
58
82
11
63
6
! !
! !
51
64
! !
! !
40
33
94
100
69
! !
52
102
! ! !
!
25
52
49
! ! !
66
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
!
! ! !
! !
!
! !
83
! ! !
57
12
81
78
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
1
7
42 4 93 75 55
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
24
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
67 92
! ! !
!
91 74
!
! ! 41 44
! !
! !
! !
! !
53 79 76
89
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
2 23 45 22
3
! !
!
! ! !
27
29
34
! !
! ! !
! !
50 ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
59
35 68 60
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
31 47 95
9
! !
! ! !
! 77 ! !
54
! !
! !
65
8
10
46
85°40'0"E 85°45'0"E 85°50'0"E 85°55'0"E 86°0'0"E 86°5'0"E 86°10'0"E 86°15'0"E 86°20'0"E 86°25'0"E 86°30'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic -Dhanusha District
E
Code Name Code Name
1 Andupatti 51 Kachuri Thera
2 Aurahi 52 Kajara Ramaul
3 Bafai 53 Kanakpatti
4 Bagchaura 54 Khajuri Chanha
5 Baheda Bala 55 Khariyani
6 Bahuarba 57 Labatoli
7 Balabakhar 58 Lagmagadhaguthi
8 Balaha Kathal 59 Lakhouri
9 Balaha Sadhara 60 Lakkad
10 Ballagoth 61 Laxminiwas
11 Baniniya 62 Laxmipurbagewa
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
12 Baramajhiya 63 Lohana
13 Basahiya 64 Mahuwa(Pra.Khe)
14 Basbitti 65 Mahuwa(Pra.Ko)
15 Bateswor 66 Makhanaha
16 Bega Shivapur 67 Manshingpatti
19 Bhuchakrapur 68 Marchaijhitakaiya
21 Bindhi 69 Mithileswormauwahi
22 Bisarbhora 71 Mukhiyapattimusahargiya
23 Chakkar 72 Nagareen
24 Chora Koilpur 73 Nakatajhijh
25 Dhanusha Govindapur 74 Nanupatti
26 Debadiha 75 Nauwakhor Prasahi
27 Deuri Parbaha 76 Pachaharwa
28 Devpura Rupetha 77 Patanuka
29 Dhabouli 78 Paterwa
31 Dhanauji 79 Paudeswor
32 Dhanusadham 81 Raghunathpur
33 Digambarpur 82 Ramaidaiya Bhawadi
34 Dubarikot Hathalekha 83 Sabela
35 Duhabi 84 Sakhuwa Mahendranagar
37 Fulgama 85 Sapahi
38 Ghodghans 87 Shantipur
39 Godar 89 Singyahi Maidan
40 Gopalpur 91 Sonigama
41 Goth Kohelpur 92 Suga Madhukarahi
42 Hansapur Kathpula 93 Suganikash
44 Harine 94 Tarapatti Sirsiya
45 Hathipurharbara 95 Thadi Jhijha
46 Inarwa 98 Tulsiyahi Nikas
47 Itaharwa 99 Tulsiyani Jabdi
48 Janakpur N.P. 100 Umaprempur
49 Jhatiyahi 102 Yagyabhumi
50 Jhojhi Kataiya

87°40'0"E
87°45'0"E
87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
88°0'0"E
88°5'0"E
88°10'0"E
88°15'0"E
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
8
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
3
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
44
! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! 15 !
! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
47
48
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
46
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
13
11
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
22
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
17
! ! !
23
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
14
16
10
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
36
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
7
26
37
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
32
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
49
! ! !
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
21
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
40
24
! ! !
5
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
27
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
41
! !
! !
39
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
87°40'0"E
87°45'0"E
87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
88°0'0"E
88°5'0"E
88°10'0"E
88°15'0"E
88°20'0"E
88°20'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Jhapa District
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:350,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: LGP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
E
Code Name
3 Bahundangi
5 Balubari
7 Bhadrapur N.P.
8 Budhabare
10 Chandragadhi
11 Charpane
13 Dangibari
14 Dhaijan
15 Dharampur
16 Duwagadhi
17 Garamani
21 Gherabari
22 Goldhap
23 Haldibari
24 Jalthal
26 Jyamirgadhi
27 Kechana
32 Kumarkhod
36 Maheshpur
37 Mechinagar N.P.
39 Pathamari
40 Pathariya
41 Prithvinagar
44 Satasidham
46 Saranamati
47 Shivaganj
48 Surunga
49 Tagandubba

80°25'0"E 80°30'0"E 80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E 80°50'0"E 80°55'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°5'0"E 81°10'0"E 81°15'0"E 81°20'0"E
! ! ! !
23
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
14
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
39
! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
!
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
10
3
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
44
33
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
7
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
16
13
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
!
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
32
! !
43
2
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
36
24
29
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
19
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
22
35
9
! ! !
! ! ! !
!
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
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! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
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! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
4
37
! !
18
21
41
! !
! !
5
11
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
!
! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
34
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
8
! ! !
26
27
6
17
! ! !
! !
1
! ! !
42
12
31
! !
80°25'0"E 80°30'0"E 80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E 80°50'0"E 80°55'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°5'0"E 81°10'0"E 81°15'0"E 81°20'0"E
81°25'0"E
81°30'0"E
81°25'0"E
81°30'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
28°25'0"N
28°30'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
28°25'0"N
28°30'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Kailali District
E
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
1:500,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Code Name
1 Baliya
2Basauti
3 Beladevipur
4 Bhajani
5 Boniya
6 Chauha
7 Chaumala
8 Dansinhapur
9Darakh
10 Dhangadhi N.P.
11 Dododhara
12 Durgauli
13 Gadariya
14 Geta
16 Hasuliya
17 Janakinagar
18 Joshipur
19 Khailad
21 Kota Tulsipur
22 Lalbojhi
23 Malakheti
24 Masuriya
26 Munuwa
27 Narayanpur
29 Pahalmanpur
31 Pathariya
32 Pawera
33 Phulwari
34 Pratapapur
35 Ramsikhar Jhala
36 Ratanpur
37 Sadepani
39 Sreepur
41 Thapapur
42 Tikapur N.P.
43 Udasipur
44 Urma

80°0'0"E 80°5'0"E 80°10'0"E 80°15'0"E 80°20'0"E 80°25'0"E 80°30'0"E 80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E 80°50'0"E
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
11
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
19 4
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
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! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
3
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
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! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
2
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
15
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
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! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
13
! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
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! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
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! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
18
7
5
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
10
17
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
8
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
9
1
14
! ! ! ! ! !
20
! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
12
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
80°0'0"E 80°5'0"E 80°10'0"E 80°15'0"E 80°20'0"E 80°25'0"E 80°30'0"E 80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E 80°50'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
29°10'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
29°10'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Kanchanpur District
E
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2001
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name
1 Baisi Bichawa
2 Beldandi
3 Chandani
4Daijee
5 Dekhatbhuli
7Jhalari
8Kalika
9 Krishnapur
10 Laxmipur
11 Mahendranagar N.P.
12 Parasan
13 Pipaladi
14 Raikawar Bichawa
15 Rampur Bilaspur
17 Sankarpur
18 Sreepur
19 Suda
20 Tribhuwanbasti
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

82°40'0"E
82°45'0"E
82°50'0"E
82°55'0"E
83°0'0"E
83°5'0"E
83°10'0"E
83°15'0"E
83°20'0"E
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Kapilbastu District
E
26
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
41
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
12
! ! !
! ! !
62
2
19
77
44
74
72
8
32
39
23
49
63
66
18
20
57
9
48
38
76
22
55
31
50
21
36
5
61
42
24
25
56
1
53
34
26
10
58
6
59
54
17
45
82°40'0"E
82°45'0"E
82°50'0"E
82°55'0"E
83°0'0"E
83°5'0"E
83°10'0"E
83°15'0"E
83°20'0"E
!
!
!
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
High
! !
! !
Medium
Low
Very low
1:300,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Code Name
1 Abhirawa
2 Ajigara
5 Baluhawa
6 Banganga
8 Barakulpur
9 Basantapur
10 Baskhaur
12 Bhagwanpur
17 Bithuwa
18 Budhi
19 Chanai
20 Dhankauli
21 Dharmpaniya
22 Dohani
23 Dubiya
24 Dumara
25 Fulika
26 Gajehada
31 Haranampur
32 Harduona
34 Hathausa
36 Jahadi
38 Jayanagar
39 Kajarhawa
41 Khurhuriya
42 Kopawa
44 Kushhawa
45 Labani
48 Mahendrakot
49 Mahuwa
50 Bhalward
53 Motipur
54 Nanda Nagar
55 Nigalihawa
56 Pakadi
57 Parsohiya
58 Patariya
59 Patna
61 Pipara
62 Purusottampur
63 Rajpur
66 Sauraha
72 Sisawa
74 Thunhiya
76 Titirkhi
77 Udayapur

!
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
!
!
!
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
35
76
59
!
!
! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
85°45'0"E
! 67
23
71
11!
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
!
!
!
66
!
! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
!
!
!
! !
! !
! !
!
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
!
!
!
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
!
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! 29 !
! ! ! ! !
! 62! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
!
13
26
58
74
47
21
5
50
37
65
14
30
85°45'0"E
63
40
1
! !
!
51
6
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
34
28
!
17
! ! !
! !
!
! !
! !
!
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
!
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
!
! 75 !
85°50'0"E
2
52
4
18
44
24
56
54
! ! ! !
!
15
16
57
!
22
! !
! ! ! ! !
69
48
85°50'0"E
!
!
! !
!
! !
! !
!
! ! ! ! !
20
77
64
!
7
!
! ! !
! !
46
85°55'0"E
85°55'0"E
86°0'0"E
E
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
86°0'0"E
86°5'0"E
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic
Mahottari District
Code Name
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:300,000
5 2.5 0 5 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
1Anakar
2Aurahi
4 Bairgiya Banchauri
5 Bairgiya Laxminiya
6Balawa
7 Banauli Donauli
11 Bathanaha
13 Bharatpur
14 Bhatauliya
15 Bijayalpura
16 Bramarpura
17 Damhimarayee
18 Dhamaura
20 Dhirapur
21 Ekadarabela
22 Ekarhiya
23 Etaharwakatti
24 Fulahatta Parikauli
26 Gaidaha Bhelpur
28 Gaushala
29 Gonarpura
30 Halkhori
34 Jaleshwor N.P.
35 Khairbanni
37 Khopi
40 Kolhuwa Bagaicha
44 Mahottari
46 Majhora Bishnupur
47 Manara
48 Matihani
50 Nainhi
51 Nigaul
52 Paraul
54 Parsa Pateli
56 Pigouna
57 Pipra
Pokharibhinda
58 Samgrampur
59 Raghunathpur
62 Ratauli
63 Sahasaula
64 Sahorawa
65 Sandha
66 Sarpallo
67 Shamsi
69 Simardahi
71 Sisawakataiya
74 Sonaul
75 Suga Vawani
76 Sundarpur
77 Vagaha
Uncertainty level
! !
High
! !
86°5'0"E
Medium
Low
Very low
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N

87°5'0"E
87°10'0"E
87°15'0"E
61
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
!
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
13
! ! !
24
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
!
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
36 52
! ! !
!
! !
!
! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
14
20
55
6
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
!
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
!
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
87°20'0"E
32
! !
41
58
18
! ! !
62
29
43
11
40
! !
! !
! !
47
! !
7
26
22
63
33
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
!
! ! !
! !
!
! ! !
44
42
87°25'0"E
31
15
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
!
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
1
! !
! !
! ! !
10
4
57
17
5
! ! !
! ! !
25
! ! ! !
! !
! !
87°30'0"E
35
19
50
9
! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
59
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
3
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
51
2
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
16
! ! !
! ! !
87°35'0"E
23
! !
! !
45
21
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
8
! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
64
48
27
53
30
! !
87°40'0"E
39
! !
! !
87°45'0"E
87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
87°5'0"E 87°10'0"E 87°15'0"E 87°20'0"E 87°25'0"E 87°30'0"E 87°35'0"E 87°40'0"E 87°45'0"E 87°50'0"E 87°55'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Morang District
1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Code Name Code Name
1 Amahibariyati 30 Jhurkiya
2Amardaha 31Kaseni
3 Amgachhi 32 Katahari
4Babiya Birta 33Kathamaha
5Bahuni 35Keroun
6 Baijanathpur 36 Lakhantari
7 Banigama 39 Mahadewa
8 Baradanga 40 Majhare
9 Bayarban 41 Matigachha
10 Belbari 42 Motipur
11 Bhaudaha 43 Mrigauliya
13 Biratnagar N.P. 44 Necha
14 Budhanagar 45 Pathari
15 Dadarbariya 47 Pokhariya
16 Dainiya 48 Rajghat
17 Dangihat 50 Rangeli
18 Dangraha 51 Sanischare
19 Drabesh 52 Sidharaha
20 Dulari 53 Sijuwa
21 Govindapur 55 Sisabanibadahara
22 Haraicha 57 Sorabhag
23 Hasandaha 58 Sundarpur
24 Hathimudha 59 Takuwa
25 Hoklabari 61 Tankisinuwari
26 Indrapur 62 Tetariya
27 Itahara 63 Thalaha
29 Jhorahat 64 Urlabari
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

83°35'0"E 83°40'0"E 83°45'0"E 83°50'0"E 83°55'0"E 84°0'0"E 84°5'0"E 84°10'0"E 84°15'0"E 84°20'0"E 84°25'0"E 84°30'0"E 84°35'0"E
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Nawalparasi District
E
6
67
68
69
56
39
25
16 64
63 47
36
22
26
59
38
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
7
72 32
4
58
9
48
28
66
71
29
24
5
52
23
! ! !
! ! ! !
12
62
1
50
83°35'0"E 83°40'0"E 83°45'0"E 83°50'0"E 83°55'0"E 84°0'0"E 84°5'0"E 84°10'0"E 84°15'0"E 84°20'0"E 84°25'0"E 84°30'0"E 84°35'0"E
! !
!
27°15'0"N 27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
27°55'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:450,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Code Name
1 Agryuoli
4 Badahara Dubauliya
5 Baidauli
6Banjaria
7 Benimanipur
9Bhujhawa
12 Dawanne Devi
16 Devagawa
22 Germi
23 Guthi Parsauni
24 Guthi Suryapura
25 Hakui
26 Harpur
28 Jahada
29 Jamunia
32 Kolhuwa
36 Kusma
38 Makar
39 Manari
47 Palhi
48 Panchnagar
50 Pithauli
52 Pratappur
56 Ramgram N.P.
58 Rampur Khadauna
59 Rampurwa
62 Rupauliya
63 Sanai
64 Sarawal
66 Somani
67 Sukrauli
68 Sunwal
69 Swathi
71 Thulo Khairetawa
72 Tilakpur

84°25'0"E
84°30'0"E
84°35'0"E
84°40'0"E
0
75
84°45'0"E
0
84°50'0"E
47
73
69
70
27 46
77
61
38
78
0 67
! !
17 35
56
! !
37
40
6
29
3
! !
48
! !
52 51
10 42
31
83 55 7
44
0
62 71 65 28
! !
25
55
54
! !
19
22
68
32
! !
81
74 8 12
36 0
30
63
12
76
! !
! ! !
16
66 79 18
! !
49 59 2
41
1
0 39
1:350,000 2
10 5 0 10 Km.
! !
! !
72
34
82
5
58
33
64
0
! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
4
50
14
50
! ! !
20
21
9
43
! ! !
84°55'0"E
45
11
23
85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
84°25'0"E
84°30'0"E
84°35'0"E
84°40'0"E
84°45'0"E
84°50'0"E
84°55'0"E
85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Parsa District
E
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name Code Name
1 Alau 42 Lakhanpur
2 Amarpatti 43 Lal Parsa
3 Auraha 44 Langadi
4 Bagahi 45 Lipani Birta
5 Bagbana 46 Madhuban Mathaul
6 Bageshwari Tirtrona 47 Mahadevpatti
7 Bahauri Pidari 48 Mahuwan
8 Bahuarbamatha 49 Mainpur (Pakaha)
9 Basadilwa 50 Maniyari
10 Basantpur 51 Masihani
11 Belwa Parsouni 52 Bikhampur
12 Beriya Birta 54 Mudali
14 Bhawanipur 55 Nagardaha
16 Bhisawa 56 Nichuta
17 Bijbaniya 58 Pancharukhi
18 Bindabasani 59 Parsauni Birta
19 Biranchibarba 61 Pidariguthi
20 Birgunj N.P. 62 Pokhariya
21 Birwaguthi 63 Prasurampur
22 Bisrampur 64 Ramgadhawa
23 Chorni 65 Ramnagari
24 Deukhana 66 Sabaithawa
25 Dhaubini 67 Sakhuwa Prasauni
27 Gadi 68 Samjhauta
28 Gamhariya 69 Sankar Saraiya
29 Ghoddauda Pipra 70 Sedhawa
30 Govindapur 71 Shiva Worga
31 Hariharpur 72 Sirsiya Khalwatola
32 Hariharpur Birta 73 Sonbarsa
33 Harpatagunj 74 Sreesiya (Nau.Ta.Ja)
34 Harpur 75 Subarnapur
35 Jagarnathpur Sira 76 Sugauli Birta
36 Jaimanagalpur 77 Sugauli Partewa
37 Janakitala 78 Supauli
38 Jeetpur 79 Surjaha
39 Jhouwa Guthi 81 Tulasi Barba
40 Kauwa Ban Kataiya 82 Udaypur Dhurmi
41 Lahawarthakari 83 Vauratar
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
85°15'0"E
! ! ! !
85°20'0"E
! ! ! ! ! !
85°25'0"E
85°30'0"E
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
84
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
46
19
69
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
47
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
0
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
90
16
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
89 29
! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
!
97
93
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
91
68
45
! !
83
27
65
61
27
94
59
67
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
!
0
40
1
10
0
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
25
3
50
15
48
39
0
80
! ! !
7
37
96
55
8
2
53
70
50
20
! !
77
! !
! !
49
5
44
! !
! ! !
33
76
22
81
26
73
23
51
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
71
75
85
14
92
43
57
95
41
42
66
36
64
54
63
12
17
4
! !
11
32
79
0
86
34 58
! !
! ! !
13
31
62
! !
78
56
74
24
9
82
21
! !
! !
35
88
82
30
28
87
6
! !
! !
85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
85°15'0"E
85°20'0"E
85°25'0"E
85°30'0"E
85°35'0"E
85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
85°35'0"E
85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic
Rautahat District
E
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:350,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name Code Name
1 Ajagabi 49 Karuniya
2 Akolawa 50 Katahariya
3 Auraiya 51 Khesarhiya
4 Badharwa 53 Laxmipur (DO)
5 Bagahi 54 Laxmipur Belbichawa
6 Bahuwa Madanpur 55 Lokaha
7 Bairiya 56 Madhopur
8 Banjaraha 57 Mahamadpur
9 Bariyarpur 58 Malahi
10 Basantapatti 59 Marayadpur
11 Basatpur 61 Mathiya
12 Basbiti Jingadiya 62 Matsari
13 Bhalohiya (Pipra) 63 Mithuawa
14 Bhediyahi 64 Mudwalawa
15 Birtiprastoka 65 Narkatiya Guthi
16 Bishrampur 66 Pacharukhi
17 Bisunpurwa Manpur 67 Pataura
19 Chandranigahapur 68 Pathara Budharampur
20 Debahi 69 Paurai
21 Dharampur 70 Pipara Pokhariya
22 Dharhari 71 Pipariya (Dostiya)
23 Dipahi 73 Pipra Bhagwanpur
24 Dumariy (Matiauna) 74 Pipra Rajbara
25 Dumriya (Paroha) 75 Pothiyahi
26 Fatuha Maheshpur 76 Pratappur Paltuwa
27 Fatuwa Harsaha 77 Prempur Gunahi
28 Gadhi (Bhanawanpur) 78 Raghunathpur
29 Gamhariya Birta 79 Rajdevi
30 Gamhariya Parsa 80 Rajpur Farhadawa
31 Gangapipra 81 Rajpur Tulsi
32 Garuda Bairiya 82 Ramoli Bairiya
33 Gaur N.P. 83 Rampur Khap
34 Gedahiguthi 84 Rangapur
35 Hadirya Paltuwa 85 Sakhuawa
36 Hajminiya 86 Sakhuwa Damaura
37 Hathiyahi 87 Samanpur
39 Inaruwa 88 Sangrampur
40 Jatahara 89 Santapur (Dostiya)
41 Jayanagar 90 Santpur (Matiaun)
42 Jethrahiya 91 Sarmujawa
43 Jhunkhunwa 92 Saruatha
44 Jingadawa Belbichwa 93 Saunaraniya
45 Jowaha (Jokaha) 94 Sitalpur Bairgania
46 Judibela 95 Simara Bhawanipur
47 Kakanpur 96 Tejapakar
48 Karkach Karmaiya 97 Tengraha

83°10'0"E
58
31
83°15'0"E
59
47
38
11
25
23
10
70
38
56
34
40
24
22
68
66
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
9
83°20'0"E
21
60
4
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
51
55
44
42
52
32
18
65
27
13
46
7
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
61
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
!
! ! !
3
28
83°25'0"E
67
41
29
14
! !
! !
48
! !
71
17
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
63
49
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
39
! !
83°30'0"E
33
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
43
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
64
19
83°35'0"E
15
83°40'0"E
83°45'0"E
83°10'0"E
83°15'0"E
83°20'0"E
83°25'0"E
83°30'0"E
83°35'0"E
83°40'0"E
83°45'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Rupandehi District
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:300,000
5 2.5 0 5 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2002
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
E
Code Name Code Name
3 Amuwa 40 Madhuwani
4 Asurena 41 Mainahiya
7 Bairghat 42 Majhagawa
9 Betakuiya 43 Makrahar
10 Bhagawanpur 44 Man Materiya
11 Bisunpura 46 Maryadpur
13 Bogadi 47 Masina
14 Butawal N.P. 48 Motipur
15 Chhipagada 49 Padsari
17 Chilhiya 51 Pakadi Sakron
18 Daya Nagar 52 Parroha
19 Devadaha 55 Rayapur
21 Dhamauli 56 Roinihawa
22 Dudharakchhe 58 Sadi
23 Ekala 59 Saljhundi
24 Farena 60 Samera Marchawar
25 Gajedi 61 Semalar
27 Gonaha 63 Siddharth Nagar N.P.
28 Harnaiya 64 Sikatahan
29 Hati Bangai 65 Silautiya
31 Jogada 66 Sipawa
32 Kamahariya 67 Souraha Pharsatikar
33 Karahiya 68 Suryapura
34 Karauta 70 ThumhawaPiprahawa
38 Lumbini 71 Tikuligadh
39 Madhbaliya
Very low

86°30'0"E 86°35'0"E 86°40'0"E 86°45'0"E 86°50'0"E 86°55'0"E 87°0'0"E 87°5'0"E 87°10'0"E 87°15'0"E 87°20'0"E
16
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
83
47
81
101
! !
!
! !
! !
98
69
80
! !
! !
! ! !
108
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
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59 65 109
112
! !
! ! !
! !
!
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
32 49
! ! !
! ! !
40
! !
! !
8
106
58
30
89
32
86
63
! !
110
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
21
64
9
57
! !
91
100
1
26
! !
41
! !
54
19
84
! !
! !
13
! !
! !
! !
7
92
17
! !
! !
! !
85
! !
104
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
!
! !
! !
! !
! !
!
37
62
78
107
! !
102
78
25
22
67
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
27
! !
! !
52
70
111
50
14
79
22
67
70
! !
53
46
! !
! !
! !
35
! !
! !
97
38
31
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
!
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
!
! !
!
23
! ! ! !
71
114
! !
96
88
105
! ! ! !
99
5
15
75
66
68
! !
! !
6
! !
36
28
18
12
72
15
48
! !
43
56
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
!
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
!
! !
55
44
73
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
!
!
! ! !
! !
! !
60
34
103
33 33
61
51
76
115
95
56
11
3
20
3
4
39
! !
93
! !
87
86°30'0"E 86°35'0"E 86°40'0"E 86°45'0"E 86°50'0"E 86°55'0"E 87°0'0"E 87°5'0"E 87°10'0"E 87°15'0"E 87°20'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
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!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Saptari District
E
Code Name Code Name Code Name
1 Arnaha 40 Fulkahi 78 Malekpur
3 Badgama 41 Gamhariya Parwaha 79 Maleth
4 Bairawa 43 Goithi 80 Malhanama
5 Bakdhauwa 44 Hanumannagar 81 Malhaniya
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
1:400,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
6 Bamangamakatti 46 Hariharpur 83 Mauwaha
7 Banainiya 47 Haripur 84 Mohanpur
8 Banarjhula 48 Inarwa 85 Nardho
9 Banaula 49 Inarwa Fulpariya 86 Negada
11 Baramjhiya 50 Itahari Bishnupur 87 Odraha
12 Barsain (Ko.) 51 Jagatpur 88 Pakari
13 Basbalpur 52 Jamunimadhepura 89 Pansera
14 Basbiti 53 Jandaul 91 Pato
15 Bathanaha 54 Jhutaki 92 Patthargada
16 Belhi 55 Joginiya 1 93 Pipra (Purba)
17 Belhi Chapena 56 Joginiya 2 95 Portaha
18 Bhagawatpur 57 Kabilash 96 Prasabani
19 Bhangha 58 Kachan 97 Rajbiraj N.P.
20 Bhardaha 59 Kalyanpur 98 Ramnagar
21 Bhutahi 60 Kamalpur 99 Rampuramalhaniya
22 Birpur Barahi 61 Kanchanpur 100 Rampurjamua
23 Bishahariya 62 Kataiya 101 Rautahat
25 Boriya 63 Khadagpur 102 Rayapur
26 Brahmapur 64 Khojpur 103 Rupnagar
27 Chhinnamasta 65 Khoksarparbaha 104 Sambhunath
28 Dadha 66 Ko. Madhepura 105 Sankarpura
30 Deuri 67 Kochabakhari 106 Saraswor
31 Deurimaruwa 68 Koiladi 107 Simraha Sigiyoun
32 Dhangadi 69 Kushaha 108 Siswa Beihi
33 Dharampur 70 Lalpati 109 Sitapur
34 Ghoghanpur 71 Launiya 110 Tarahi
35 Didhawa 72 Lohajara 111 Terahota
36 Diman 73 Madhawapur 112 Theliya
37 Fakira 75 Mahadeva 114 Tilathi
38 Farseth 76 Mainakaderi 115 Trikola
39 Fatepur

85°20'0"E
85°25'0"E
85°30'0"E
85°35'0"E
85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
85°50'0"E
85°55'0"E
86°0'0"E
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
51
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
8
22
! !
! !
! !
1
83
32
66
2
! !
! !
29
! !
! !
61
! !
! !
85
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
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! ! !
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! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
82 ! !
31
! !
! ! !
! !
7
81
92
! !
! !
94
6
15
17
60
57
! !
9
34
12
89
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
!
59
14
! !
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!
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93
! !
! !
! !
! !
98
79
55
! ! !
86
27
42
45
52
80
! !
16
40
4
68
53
! !
70
78
28
48
33
30
87
64
! !
! !
! !
38
58
54
3
73
! !
! !
67
20
44
13
! ! ! ! !
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! !
100
! !
43
5
! !
! !
74
56
21
! !
! ! !
85°20'0"E
85°25'0"E
85°30'0"E
85°35'0"E
85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
85°50'0"E
85°55'0"E
86°0'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
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!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Sarlahi District
E
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:350,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Code Name Code Name
1 Achalgadh 51 Khirwa
2Arnaha 52Khoriya
3 Atrouli 53 Khutauna
4 Aurahi 54 Kisanpur
5 Babarganj 55 Kodena
6 Bagdaha 56 Lalbandi
7 Bahadurpur 57 Laukath
8 Balara 58 Laxmipur Kodraha
9 Bara Udhoran 59 Laxmipur Su.
12 Batraul 60 Madhubangoth
13 Bela 61 Madhubani
14 Belhi 64 Malangawa N.P.
15 Belwa Jabdi 66 Mirjapur
16 Bhadsar 67 Mohanpur
17 Bhagawatipur 68 Motipur
20 Brahmapuri 70 Musauli
21 Chandra Nagar 73 Netrajang
22 Chhataul 74 Noukailawa
27 Dhungrekhola 78 Pidari
28 Dhurkauli 79 Pidariya
29 Dumariya 80 Pipariya
30 Farahadawa 81 Rajghat
31 Fulparasi 82 Ramban
32 Gadahaiyabairi 83 Ramnagar Bahaur
33 Gamhariya 85 Rohuwa
34 Godeta 86 Sakraul
38 Haripur 87 Salempur
40 Hariyon 89 Shankarpur
42 Hempur 92 Shikhauna
43 Ishworpur 93 Simara
44 Jabdi 94 Sisotiya
45 Jamuniya 98 Sundarpur
48 Kabilasi 100 Tribhuwannagar

! !
86°10'0"E
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
7
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
28
! !
! !
38
! !
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! !
95
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47
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56
88
11
94
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! !
62
97
91
65
! !
! !
32
106
86°15'0"E
89
41
! !
! !
! !
93
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
59
! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
29
37
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
70
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
26
13
96
86°20'0"E
! !
3
104
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
44
52
! ! !
12
107
9
! !
! !
49
6
35
! ! !
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!
! ! ! !
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! !
105
! !
! !
50
! !
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1
104
108
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
51
! !
! !
53
80
! ! !
! ! !
! !
79
! !
86°25'0"E
30
! ! ! ! ! !
16
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
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! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
!
! ! !
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102
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83
87
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10
77
74
98
84
! !
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! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
45
! ! ! ! !
!
! ! !
81
15
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
86°30'0"E
23
86°35'0"E
86°40'0"E
86°45'0"E
86°10'0"E
86°15'0"E
86°20'0"E
86°25'0"E
86°30'0"E
86°35'0"E
86°40'0"E
86°45'0"E
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
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!
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26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Siraha District
1:300,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Code Name Code Name
1 Arnamalalpur 56 Karjanha
3 Asanpur 59 Krishnapur Birta
6 Ayodhyanagar 62 Lagadigodh
7 Badharamal 65 Laxminiya
9 Bariyarpatti 70 Mahanaur
10 Basatipur 74 Majhaura
11 Belaha 77 Mauwahi
12 Belhi 79 Mohanpur Kamalpur
13 Betauna 80 Muksar
15 Bhaganpur 81 Nahara Rigoul
16 Bhagawatipur 83 Navarajpur
23 Brahmagaughadi 84 Padariya Tharutol
26 Chandrodayapur 87 Pokharbhinda
28 Chikana 88 Radhopur
29 Devipur 89 Rajpur
30 Dhangadi 91 Rampur Birta
32 Dumari 93 Sanhaitha
35 Fulkaha Kati 94 Sarswar
37 Gauripur 95 Sikron
38 Gautari 96 Silorba Pachhawari
41 Hakpara 97 Siraha N.P.
44 Harakatti 98 Sisawani
45 Inarwa 102 Sothiyan
47 Itari Parsahi 104 Sukhipur
49 Jamadaha 105 Tenuwapatti
50 Janakinagar 106 Thalaha Kataha
51 Jighaul 107 Tulsipur
52 Kabilasi 108 Vidhyanagar
53 Kachanari
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
High
! !
Medium
Low
Very low

86°50'0"E
86°55'0"E
87°0'0"E
87°5'0"E
87°10'0"E
87°15'0"E
87°20'0"E
87°25'0"E
! !
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7
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11
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36
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41
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9 27
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34
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12
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37
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45
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35
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21
22
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28
17
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26
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29
44
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16
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46
33
15
3
14
4
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2
1
52
! ! ! !
42
43
32
48
! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
50
30
! !
20
! !
! !
! !
86°50'0"E
86°55'0"E
87°0'0"E
87°5'0"E
87°10'0"E
87°15'0"E
87°20'0"E
87°25'0"E
87°30'0"E
87°35'0"E
87°30'0"E
87°35'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Sunsari District
E
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:350,000
6 3 0 6 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Code Name
1 Aekamba
2 Amaduwa
3 Amahibelaha
4 Aurabarni
5Babiya
6 Bakalauri
7 Barahachhetra
8Basantapur
9 Bhadgau Sinawari
11 Bharaul
12 Bhokraha
14 Chadwela
15 Chhitaha
16 Chimdi
17 Dewanganj
19 Dhuskee
20 Duhabi
21 Dumaraha
22 Gautampur
23 Hanshposha
24 Harinagar
26 Inaruwa N.P.
27 Itahari N.P.
28 Jalpapur
29 Kaptangang
30 Khanar
31 Laukahi
32 Madhelee
33 Madhesa
34 Madhuwan
35 Madhyeharsahi
36 Mahendranagar
37 Narsinhatappu
40 Paschim Kasuha
41 Prakashpur
42 Purbakushaha
43 Ramganj Belgachhi
44 Ramganj Senuwari
45 Ramnagar Bhutaha
46 Sahebganj
47 Santerjhora
48 Simariya
49 Singiya
50 Sonapur
51 Sripurjabdi
52 Tanamuna

81°30'0"E 81°35'0"E 81°40'0"E 81°45'0"E 81°50'0"E 81°55'0"E 82°0'0"E 82°5'0"E 82°10'0"E 82°15'0"E 82°20'0"E
"
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43
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#
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# # # #
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39
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2
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15
81°30'0"E 81°35'0"E 81°40'0"E 81°45'0"E 81°50'0"E 81°55'0"E 82°0'0"E 82°5'0"E 82°10'0"E 82°15'0"E 82°20'0"E
#
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
27°55'0"N
28°0'0"N
28°5'0"N
28°10'0"N
28°15'0"N
28°20'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
27°55'0"N
28°0'0"N
28°5'0"N
28°10'0"N
28°15'0"N
28°20'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Banke District
E
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC /Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2000/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name
2 Banakatawa
3 Banakatti
4 Basudevapur
6 Belahari
7 Belbhar
8 Betahani
9 Bhawaniyapur
12 Ganapur
15 Holiya
16 Indarpur
19 Kamdi
22 Khajura Khurda
28 Manikapur
31 Naubasta
37 Puraini
38 Radhapur
39 Rajhena
40 Raniyapur
43 Sitapur
44 Sonapur
46 Udarapur
47 Udayapur
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

84°45'0"E
84°50'0"E
84°55'0"E
85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
85°15'0"E
85°20'0"E
85°25'0"E
85°30'0"E
#
## # ## #### #
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# 87
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99
66
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94
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79 63
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#
84°45'0"E
84°50'0"E
84°55'0"E
85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
85°15'0"E
85°20'0"E
85°25'0"E
85°30'0"E
##
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Bara District
E
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
1:350,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000, LGP - 2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name Code Name
7 Badaki Fulbariya 51 Kakadi
9 Bahuari 52 Kalaiya N.P.
11 Bandhuwan 53 Karaiya
12 Banjariya 55 Khutwajabdi
13 Barainiya 56 Kolhabi
15 Basantpur 59 Lipanimal
16 Batara 62 Maheshpur
20 Bhaluyee Arwaliya 63 Majhariya
22 Bhatauda 64 Manaharwa
23 Bhodaha 65 Matiarwa
24 Bishrampur 66 Motisar
27 Buniyad 70 Paparpati Jabdi
28 Chhata Pipra 72 Patharhati
29 Chhatawa 74 Pheta
32 Dharma Nagar 79 Pipradhi Goth
33 Dohari 80 Prasauni
34 Dumarwana 81 Prasona
35 Fattepur 82 Prastoka
37 Ganj Bhawanipur 84 Purainiya
39 Haraiya 85 Raghunathpur
40 Hardiya 86 Rampur Tokani
43 Inarwasira 87 Rampurwa
44 Itiyahi 89 Rauwahi
45 Jhitakaiya (Dakshin) 90 Sapahi
46 Jhitakaiya (Uttar) 94 Sisahaniya
51 Kakadi 99 Umarjan
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

80°55'0"E
81°0'0"E
80°55'0"E
81°0'0"E
81°5'0"E 81°10'0"E 81°15'0"E 81°20'0"E 81°25'0"E 81°30'0"E 81°35'0"E 81°40'0"E 81°45'0"E 81°50'0"E 81°55'0"E
# #
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81°5'0"E 81°10'0"E 81°15'0"E 81°20'0"E 81°25'0"E 81°30'0"E 81°35'0"E 81°40'0"E 81°45'0"E 81°50'0"E 81°55'0"E
# #
# # #
# #
28°5'0"N
28°10'0"N
28°15'0"N
28°20'0"N
28°25'0"N
28°30'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°5'0"N
28°10'0"N
28°15'0"N
28°20'0"N
28°25'0"N
28°30'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Bardiya District
E
Code Name
4 Belawa
7 Deudakala
11 Gularia N.P.
12 Jamuni
13 Kalika
16 Mahamadpur
18 Manpur Mainapokhar
20 Motipur
29 Sorhawa
1:450,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Prepared by:
Map Source: LGP 2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Environment & Public Health Organization

87°30'0"E
87°35'0"E
87°30'0"E
87°35'0"E
87°40'0"E
87°45'0"E
87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
88°0'0"E
88°5'0"E
#
## #
# # # #
#
# #
"
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# "
# #
#
#
#
" #
#
#
" # # #
# ""
23 # "
"
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# "# #
#
# " #
" " # "
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"
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87°40'0"E
87°45'0"E
87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
88°0'0"E
88°5'0"E
88°10'0"E
88°15'0"E
88°10'0"E
88°15'0"E
#
# """
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Jhapa District
13
1:350,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source:LGP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Code Name
13 Dangibari
23 Haldibari
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

80°20'0"E
80°25'0"E
80°30'0"E
80°20'0"E
80°25'0"E
80°30'0"E
80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E 80°50'0"E 80°55'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°5'0"E 81°10'0"E 81°15'0"E 81°20'0"E 81°25'0"E
"
# "
"
"
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" !
" ! "
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#" #
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80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E 80°50'0"E 80°55'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°5'0"E 81°10'0"E 81°15'0"E 81°20'0"E 81°25'0"E
"# ""!
"
28°25'0"N
28°30'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
28°25'0"N
28°30'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Kailali District
E
29
9
21
11
Code Name
9 Darakh
11 Dododhara
21 Kota Tulsipur
29 Pahalmanpur
1:500,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Prepared by:
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2000
Data Source: NASC -2003
Environment & Public Health Organization

79°50'0"E 79°55'0"E 80°0'0"E 80°5'0"E 80°10'0"E 80°15'0"E 80°20'0"E 80°25'0"E 80°30'0"E 80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E
# #
#
#
!
#
79°50'0"E 79°55'0"E 80°0'0"E 80°5'0"E 80°10'0"E 80°15'0"E 80°20'0"E 80°25'0"E 80°30'0"E 80°35'0"E 80°40'0"E 80°45'0"E
#
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
28°35'0"N
28°40'0"N
28°45'0"N
28°50'0"N
28°55'0"N
29°0'0"N
29°5'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Kanchanpur District
E
11
4
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11- 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2001
Data Source: NASC -2003
Code Name
4 Daijee
11 Mahendranagar N.P.
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

82°45'0"E
82°50'0"E
82°55'0"E
83°0'0"E
83°5'0"E
83°10'0"E
83°15'0"E
# #
#
#
#
#
23
## #
#
#
#
#
!
"
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" "# #
#
"#
#
# # #! " ! "## #
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8
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19 18
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50
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38
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26
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20
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# #
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82°45'0"E
82°50'0"E
82°55'0"E
83°0'0"E
83°5'0"E
83°10'0"E
83°15'0"E
83°20'0"E
83°20'0"E
#
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Kapilbastu District
Prepared by:
1:300,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Environment & Public Health Organization
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2000/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Code Name
8 Barakulpur
18 Budhi
19 Chanai
20 Dhankauli
23 Dubiya
26 Gajehada
38 Jayanagar
48 Mahendrakot
50 Bhalward
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trails
River

87°0'0"E 87°5'0"E 87°10'0"E 87°15'0"E 87°20'0"E 87°25'0"E 87°30'0"E 87°35'0"E 87°40'0"E 87°45'0"E
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87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
87°50'0"E
87°55'0"E
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26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N 26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°20'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N 26°55'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Morang District
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:400,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999, LGP- 2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Code Name
1 Amahibariyati
4 Babiya Birta
6 Baijanathpur
11 Bhaudaha
18 Dangraha
32 Katahari
33 Kathamaha
55 Sisabanibadahara
58 Sundarpur
62 Tetariya
63 Thalaha
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River

83°35'0"E 83°40'0"E 83°45'0"E 83°50'0"E 83°55'0"E 84°0'0"E 84°5'0"E 84°10'0"E 84°15'0"E 84°20'0"E 84°25'0"E
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27°15'0"N 27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°50'0"N
27°55'0"N
27°20'0"N 27°25'0"N 27°30'0"N 27°35'0"N 27°40'0"N 27°45'0"N 27°50'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Nawalparasi District
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:450,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
E
Code Name
1 Agryuoli
4 Badahara Dubauli
5 Baidauli
6Banjaria
7 Benimanipur
9Bhujhawa
12 Dawanne Devi
16 Devagawa
22 Gairami
23 Guthi Parsauni
24 Guthi Suryapura
25 Hakui
26 Harpur
28 Jahada
29 Jamunia
32 Kolhuwa
36 Kusma
38 Makar
39 Manari
47 Palhi
50 Pithauli
52 Pratappur
56 Ramgram N.P
58 Rampur Khadauna
59 Rampurwa
62 Rupauliya
64 Sarawal
66 Somani
67 Sukrauli
68 Sunwal
69 Swathi
71 Thulo Khairetawa
72 Tilakpur

84°30'0"E
84°35'0"E
84°30'0"E
84°35'0"E
84°40'0"E
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84°40'0"E
84°45'0"E
84°50'0"E
84°55'0"E
85°0'0"E
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27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
Legend
Arsenic Concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Parsa District
1:350,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
E
Code Name Code Name
1 Alau 37 Janakitala
2 Amarpatti 38 Jeetpur
3 Auraha 42 Lakhanpur
4 Bagahi 43 Lal Parsa
5 Bagbana 45 Lipani Birta
6 Bageshwari Tirtrona 46 Madhuban Mathaul
7 Bahauri Pidari 51 Masihani
8 Bahuarbamatha 52 Bikhampur
9 Basadilwa 55 Nagardaha
10 Basantpur 56 Nichuta
12 Beriya Birta 58 Pancharukhi
17 Bijbaniya 59 Parsauni Birta
18 Bindabasani 61 Pidariguthi
19 Biranchibarba 64 Ramgadhawa
21 Birwaguthi 65 Ramnagari
22 Bisrampur 67 Sakhuwa Prasauni
23 Chorni 69 Sankar Saraiya
24 Deukhana 70 Sedhawa
25 Dhaubini 71 Shiva Worga
27 Gadi 72 Sirsiya Khalwatola
29 Ghoddauda Pipra 73 Sonbarsa
31 Hariharpur 75 Subarnapur
32 Hariharpur Birta 77 Sugauli Partewa
33 Harpatagunj 81 Tulasi Barba
34 Harpur 82 Udaypur Dhurmi
35 Jagarnathpur Sira 83 Vauratar
Prepared by:
Map Source: PDDP -2000, LGP - 2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Environment & Public Health Organization

85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
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85°20'0"E
85°25'0"E
46
85°30'0"E
85°35'0"E
85°40'0"E
85°45'0"E
85°0'0"E
85°5'0"E
85°10'0"E
85°15'0"E
85°20'0"E
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26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
27°0'0"N
27°5'0"N
27°10'0"N
27°15'0"N
Legend
Arsenic Concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Rautahat District
1:350,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2000, LGP - 2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Code Name Code Name
2 Akolawa 51 Khesarhiya
3 Auraiya 54 Laxmipur Belbichawa
5Bagahi 55Lokaha
7 Bairiya 56 Madhopur
8 Banjaraha 57 Mahamadpur
9 Bariyarpur 58 Malahi
10 Basantapatti 61 Mathiya
12 Basbiti Jingadiya 62 Matsari
14 Bhediyahi 63 Mithuawa
16 Bishrampur 64 Mudwalawa
17 Bisunpurwa Manpur 65 Narkatiya Guthi
19 Chandranigahapur 66 Pacharukhi
20 Debahi 68 Pathara Budharampur
24 Dumariy (Matiauna) 71 Pipariya (Dostiya)
25 Dumriya (Paroha) 73 Pipra Bhagwanpur
26 Fatuha Maheshpur 78 Raghunathpur
29 Gamhariya Birta 81 Rajpur Tulsi
30 Gamhariya Parsa 82 Ramoli Bairiya
31 Gangapipra 83 Rampur Khap
35 Hadirya Paltuwa 85 Sakhuawa
40 Jatahara 86 Sakhuwa Damaura
41 Jayanagar 87 Samanpur
42 Jethrahiya 88 Sangrampur
43 Jhunkhunwa 90 Santpur (Matiaun)
44 Jingadawa Belbichwa 91 Sarmujawa
45 Jowaha (Jokaha) 92 Saruatha
46 Judibela 95 Simara Bhawanipur
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

83°10'0"E
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27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
27°20'0"N
27°25'0"N
27°30'0"N
27°35'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°45'0"N
Legend
Arsenic Concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Rupandehi District
1:300,000
8 4 0 8 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2002/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Code Name
3Amuwa
4Asurena
7Bairghat
9Betakuiya
11 Bisunpura
13 Bogadi
14 Butawal N.P.
18 Daya Nagar
19 Devadaha
21 Dhamauli
22 Dudharakchhe
23 Ekala
24 Farena
25 Gajedi
27 Gonaha
28 Harnaiya
29 Hati Bangai
31 Jogada
32 Kamahariya
34 Karauta
40 Madhuwani
42 Majhagawa
46 Maryadpur
47 Masina
52 Parroha
55 Rayapur
56 Roinihawa
58 Sadi
60 Samera Marchawar
61 Semalar
64 Sikatahan
65 Silautiya
67 Souraha Pharsatikar
68 Suryapura
70 ThumhawaPiprahawa
71 Tikuligadh
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

86°30'0"E
86°35'0"E
86°40'0"E
86°45'0"E
86°50'0"E
86°55'0"E
87°0'0"E
Ghoganpur
# #
#
#
"#
# "
# "
" !
##
#
#
## #
86°30'0"E
86°35'0"E
86°40'0"E
86°45'0"E
86°50'0"E
86°55'0"E
87°0'0"E
87°5'0"E
87°5'0"E
"
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°25'0"N
26°30'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Saptari District
Prepared by:
1:300,000
10 5 0 10 Km.
Environment & Public Health Organization
Map Source: PDDP -1999, LGP 2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River

86°5'0"E
86°10'0"E
86°15'0"E
86°20'0"E
86°25'0"E
86°30'0"E
# ##
# #
86°5'0"E
86°10'0"E
86°15'0"E
86°20'0"E
86°25'0"E
86°30'0"E
86°35'0"E
86°35'0"E
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
26°35'0"N
26°40'0"N
26°45'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°55'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Siraha District
Asanpur
Prepared by:
1:250,000
6 3 0 6 Km.
Environment & Public Health Organization
Map Source: PDDP -1999, LGP- 2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 -10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Boundary
International
District
VDC/Municipality
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River

83°38'0"E
83°40'0"E
83°42'0"E
Arsenic Concentration Mapping
Ramgram Municipality
E
27°34'0"N
#!! !
! ! " ## #
!
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"
Ramnagar
27°34'0"N
Swathi
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27°32'0"N
Sukrauli
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27°32'0"N
27°30'0"N
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#
Devagawa
27°30'0"N
27°28'0"N
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Kusma
1:60,000
1 0.5 0 1 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
VDC boundary
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
27°28'0"N
83°38'0"E
83°40'0"E
83°42'0"E

83°42'0"E
83°43'0"E
83°44'0"E
83°45'0"E
# " !
Tilakpur
"
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Ramgram N.P.
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83°42'0"E
83°43'0"E
83°44'0"E
83°45'0"E
Panchanagar
#
27°31'0"N
27°32'0"N
27°33'0"N
27°31'0"N
27°32'0"N
27°33'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Manari VDC
Prepared by:
1:30,000
1 0.5 0 1 Km.
Environment & Public Health Organization
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
VDC boundary
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River

83°38'0"E
83°39'0"E
83°40'0"E
Arsenic Concentration Mapping
Swathi VDC
83°41'0"E
E
27°35'0"N
27°36'0"N
27°36'0"N
# #
#
"
##
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27°34'0"N
#
#
#
## ## #
27°33'0"N
Banjariya
27°33'0"N
27°32'0"N
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
VDC boundary
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
Sukrauli
Ramgram N.P.
1:40,000
1 0.5 0 1 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
27°32'0"N
83°38'0"E
83°39'0"E
83°40'0"E
83°41'0"E

83°43'0"E
83°44'0"E
83°45'0"E
27°37'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping
Tilakpur VDC
E
27°37'0"N
27°36'0"N
Dhurkot
27°36'0"N
27°32'0"N
27°33'0"N
27°34'0"N
27°35'0"N
Ramnagar
#
"
#
#
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#
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Ramgram N.P.
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
#"
#
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#
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#
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##"
#
" " # #
1:40,000
1 0.5 0 1 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Panchanagar
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
VDC boundary
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
27°32'0"N
27°33'0"N
27°34'0"N
27°35'0"N
83°43'0"E
83°44'0"E
83°45'0"E

83°36'0"E
83°38'0"E
83°40'0"E
27°42'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping
Sunwal VDC
E
27°40'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°42'0"N
27°38'0"N
# #
#
Sunwal
27°38'0"N
#
27°36'0"N
#
#
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#
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27°36'0"N
27°32'0"N
27°34'0"N
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
Amraut
Swathi
1:80,000
2 1 0 2 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
VDC boundary
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
27°32'0"N
27°34'0"N
83°36'0"E
83°38'0"E
83°40'0"E

83°2'0"E
83°4'0"E
83°6'0"E
27°46'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping
Mahendrakot VDC
E
27°46'0"N
#
# ##
#
#
#
#
##
# ##
#
#
27°44'0"N
27°44'0"N
# # "
#
#
!#
!!
# !
#
27°42'0"N
Dubiya
#
"
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#
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#
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#
Mahendrakot
Bhalward
27°42'0"N
##
# "!
27°40'0"N
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
1:55,000
1 0.5 0 1 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2000/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Jayanagar
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
VDC boundary
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trails
River
27°40'0"N
83°2'0"E
83°4'0"E
83°6'0"E

83°45'0"E
83°46'0"E
Arsenic Concentration Mapping
Jahada VDC
E
Panchanagar
27°31'0"N
27°30'0"N
Sarawal
"
#"
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Makar
#
#
# #
27°31'0"N
27°30'0"N
#
#
#
#"
#
" #
#
#
#
#
"
Jamunia
27°29'0"N
#
# #
# # ##
#
#
#
#
#
# #
# ##
#
# "#
#
#
# # #
#"
#
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# # #
#
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27°29'0"N
27°28'0"N
Badahara Dubauliya
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
# #
1:30,000
500 250 0 500 m.
Map Source: PDDP -1999/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
VDC boundary
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
27°28'0"N
83°45'0"E
83°46'0"E

26°51'0"N
85°11'0"E
85°11'30"E
85°12'0"E
Arsenic Concentration Mapping
Rampur Khap VDC
85°12'30"E
E
26°51'0"N
26°50'30"N
!
#
Narkatiya Guthi
# #
! # #
#
# " #
# !
#
! ! !
! !
!
26°50'0"N
26°50'0"N
26°50'30"N
26°49'30"N
#
!
#
##
! ! !
! !
!
! ! ! !
!
!
Rampur Khap
Jatahara
26°49'30"N
26°49'0"N
26°48'30"N
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
VDC boundary
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
Jowaha (Jokaha)
1:20,000
500 250 0 500 m
Map Source: PDDP -2000, LGP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
26°49'0"N
26°48'30"N
85°11'0"E
85°11'30"E
85°12'0"E
85°12'30"E

83°30'0"E
83°32'0"E
83°34'0"E
83°36'0"E
Butwal N.P.
Devadaha
Shankarnagar
#
# #
#
## !
#
#
#
Karahiya
# #
#!# !!# # !
!
! # !
#
Makrahar
Kerbani
# ## #
#
" #
83°30'0"E
83°32'0"E
83°34'0"E
83°36'0"E
83°38'0"E
83°38'0"E
"
27°38'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°42'0"N
27°44'0"N
27°38'0"N
27°40'0"N
27°42'0"N
27°44'0"N
Arsenic Concentration Mapping - Devadaha VDC
Madangram
Prepared by:
1:80,000
2 1 0 2 Km.
Environment & Public Health Organization
Map Source: PDDP -2002/2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
E
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
Road
VDC boundary
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River

85°21'30"E
85°22'0"E
85°22'30"E
Arsenic Concentration Mapping
Sangrampur VDC
E
26°58'30"N
26°58'30"N
Hadirya Paltuwa
26°58'0"N
Raghunathpur
26°58'0"N
26°57'30"N
Samanpur
26°57'30"N
!
!!
!
!
! !
!
26°57'0"N
Bariyarpur
Sangrampur
"
26°57'0"N
"
!
!
" "
"
!
!
26°56'30"N
Legend
Arsenic concentration
# 0 - 10 ppb
" 11 - 50 ppb
! Above 50 ppb
VDC boundary
Road
Highway
Other road
Cart track
Trail
River
Gamhariya Parsa
1:20,000
500 250 0 500 m
Map Source: PDDP -2000, LGP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Bahuwa Madanpur
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization
26°56'30"N
85°21'30"E
85°22'0"E
85°22'30"E

8. Distribution of arsenic in the Terai
The total area of southern Nepal south of the mountains,
known as the Terai, is 33,401 sq. km., which is 23% of total
area of the country. However, about 48.4% (11,212,453 people)
of the total population of Nepal lives in the Terai (District
Demographic Profile of Nepal, 2002). The Terai consists of
twenty out of the 75 districts in the country. Although there
is no record of the exact number of tube wells in the Terai,
according to the water quality improvement section of DWSS,
it has been estimated by DWSS and UNICEF that more than
500,000 tube wells are presently installed over the Terai region.
Nearly 6% of these tube wells have been recently tested for
arsenic.
The purpose of this chapter is to present the state of arsenic
in the Terai by (i) classifying and displaying arsenic
concentrations spatially at district level and (ii) categorizing
the districts according to level of vulnerability to arsenic with
an associated uncertainty level (based on the amount of
data collected in each district) on the map of the Terai districts.
The map of classification of arsenic concentration in the Terai
displays arsenic concentrations in the Terai at the district
level. Similar to the district map of classification of arsenic
concentrations, on this map also, the size of the pie chart is
proportional to total number of arsenic tested tube wells of
the district. The map shows the distribution of arsenic
concentration in three ranges – 0-10 ppb, 11-50 ppb, and
above 50 ppb at district level. Nawalparasi district has very
large number of tube wells tested for arsenic compared to
other districts of the Terai. Kapilbastu, Parsa, Rautahat,
Rupandehi, and Bara districts also have a high number of
tube wells tested for arsenic. These six districts are distinctly
noticeable on the map with larger pie charts. This map is
presented on the following page.
concentration is also found in Rautahat (Table 7.1). Among
20 districts of the Terai, in only one district, Chitwan, are all
arsenic tested tube wells below the WHO Guideline for arsenic
contamination. Two other districts –Dang and Sunsari- were
found to have no arsenic tested tube wells above Nepal
Interim Standard.
The country map of drinking water vulnerability to arsenic
also presents the state of arsenic in the Terai. Each district of
the Terai has been classified into one of four levels of
vulnerability with an uncertainty level as defined in the
previous chapter. Under this classification, there is only one
district, Rautahat, with high vulnerability to arsenic. The
uncertainty level is also low for this district. This indicates
that more than 50% of arsenic tested tube wells were above
WHO Guideline, and the percentage of households using
arsenic tested tube wells is 26-50%. Two districts, Nawalparasi
and Kailali, have been classified as moderately high
vulnerability to arsenic; however, their uncertainty levels are
different. Nawalparasi has medium uncertainty, and Kailali
has high uncertainty. Therefore, although both districts are
moderately high vulnerable to arsenic, Nawalparasi district
has more arsenic-exposed households than Kailai.
The majority of districts of the Terai have been classified as
moderate vulnerability to arsenic, because the percentage of
arsenic tested tube wells above WHO Guideline lies between
1 and 25% in these districts. However, the level of uncertainty
is different in these districts. Among 16 districts classified
with moderate vulnerability to arsenic, 9 districts have high
uncertainty, 4 districts have medium uncertainty and 3 districts
have low uncertainty. There is only one district with low
vulnerability to arsenic, which is Chitwan. However, this
classification has high uncertainty since only 1% of total
household of the district was using arsenic tested tube well.
There were 201 tube wells tested for arsenic in this district.
In terms of the percentage of tube wells exceeding the Nepal
Interim Standard and WHO Guideline, there are more tube
wells above Nepal Interim Standard in Nawalparasi; however,
Rautahat has more tube wells above WHO Guideline. The
highest number of tube wells recording 11-50 ppb of arsenic
93
Thus, based on the amount of arsenic testing completed by
2003 in the Terai, arsenic assessment for four districts have a
low uncertainty, five districts have a medium uncertainty and
the majority of districts, 11 districts, have a high uncertainty
(Figure 8.1).

The vulnerability assessment and data uncertainty level for
each of the 20 districts of the Terai is shown with percentage
of arsenic tested tube wells that exceed the WHO Guideline,
and proportion of households using arsenic tested tube well
to total households of the district, in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1
District by vulnerability and uncertainty levels
Vulnerability
District
Figure 8.1. Number of district by levels of
vulnerability and uncertainty
Level
% of
arsenic
tested TW
above
WHO
Guideline
Uncertainty
Proportion
of HH
using
Level arsenic
tested TW
to total HH
(%)
Rautahat High 57 Low 27
Nawalparasi Moderately
high 47 Medium 17
Kailali
Moderately
high 33 High 1
Kapilbastu Moderate 12 Low 27
Bara Moderate 12 Low 28
Parsa Moderate 11 Low 34
Bardiya Moderate 22 Medium 11
Saptari Moderate 14 Medium 7
Rupandehi Moderate 13 Medium 15
Banke Moderate 11 Medium 7
Sarlahi Moderate 25 High 3
Dhanusha Moderate 16 High 2
Kanchanpur Moderate 15 High 1
Siraha Moderate 21 High 3
Jhapa Moderate 13 High 1
Sunsari Moderate 8 High 1
Morang Moderate 8 High 1
Dang Moderate 5 High 1
Mahottari Moderate 5 High 5
Chitwan Low 0 High 1
The distribution of population and households by district is
shown on the country map in order to give an idea on the size
of population for each district in the Terai. The proportion of
household using arsenic tested tube wells to the total
household of the district has also been displayed on another
country map. Also shown is the pattern of uncertainty level
for each district in this map. Finally, the country map of
drinking water vulnerability to arsenic shows the districts
vulnerable to arsenic with levels of vulnerability and
uncertainty. These maps are presented on the following
pages.
94

81°0'0"E
Kanchanpur
Kailali
Bardiya
81°0'0"E
Banke
82°0'0"E
83°0'0"E
84°0'0"E
85°0'0"E
86°0'0"E
87°0'0"E
88°0'0"E
Dang
Chitwan
Kapilbastu
Rupandehi Nawalparasi
Parsa
Bara
Rautahat
Sarlahi
Mahottari
Dhanusha
Siraha
Saptari
Sunsari
Morang
Jhapa
82°0'0"E
83°0'0"E
84°0'0"E
85°0'0"E
86°0'0"E
87°0'0"E
88°0'0"E
26°0'0"N
27°0'0"N
28°0'0"N
29°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
26°0'0"N
27°0'0"N
28°0'0"N
29°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
Legend
Boundary
International
District
Arsenic concentration
District
0 - 10 ppb
11 - 50 ppb
Above 50 ppb
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Classification of Arsenic Concentration - Terai
E
Pie size
3211 TW
1:3,500,000
100 50 0 100 Km.
Prepared by:
172 TW
Map Source: PDDP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Environment & Public Health Organization

81°0'0"E
82°0'0"E
83°0'0"E
84°0'0"E
85°0'0"E
86°0'0"E
87°0'0"E
88°0'0"E
377899
616697
Kanchanpur
Kailali 382649
Bardiya
385840
Banke
462380
Dang
481976
Kapilbastu
708419
Rupandehi
562870
Chitwan
Nawalparasi
472048
497219
559135 553481
Parsa 545132 635701
Bara
Rautahat
Dhanusha
671364
Sarlahi
569880
Mahottari Siraha
570282
Saptari
625633
Sunsari
843220
Morang
633042
Jhapa
81°0'0"E
82°0'0"E
83°0'0"E
84°0'0"E
85°0'0"E
86°0'0"E
87°0'0"E
88°0'0"E
26°0'0"N
27°0'0"N
28°0'0"N
29°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
26°0'0"N
27°0'0"N
28°0'0"N
29°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
Distribution of Population and Household - Terai
E
Legend
Boundary
International
District
Household class
( ( (
( ( (
125,000 - 200,000
100,000 - 125,000
75,000 - 100,000
59,000 - 75,000
616697 Population
1:3,500,000
110 55 0 110 Km.
District
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
Map Source: PDDP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

81°0'0"E
82°0'0"E
83°0'0"E
84°0'0"E
85°0'0"E
86°0'0"E
87°0'0"E
88°0'0"E
! !
! ! !
! ! !
177
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
301
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
Kanchanpur
Kailali
! ! ! !
! ! !
651
Bardiya
843
Banke
! ! !
! ! ! !
196
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
Dang
! !
2490
Kapilbastu
2043
Rupandehi
3211
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Chitwan
Nawalparasi
203
Parsa
2247
1954
Bara
2053
Rautahat
! !
! !
! ! !
326
! ! !
199
! !
Sarlahi
Mahottari
Dhanusha
! !
285
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
234
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
Siraha
570
Saptari
! !
! !
172
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
200
! ! !
! !
Sunsari
! ! !
Morang
! !
! ! ! !
280
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
Jhapa
81°0'0"E
82°0'0"E
83°0'0"E
84°0'0"E
85°0'0"E
86°0'0"E
87°0'0"E
88°0'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
26°0'0"N
27°0'0"N
28°0'0"N
29°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
26°0'0"N
27°0'0"N
28°0'0"N
29°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
Proportion of HH using Arsenic Tested TW to Total HH - Terai
E
Legend
Boundary
International
District
Proportion (%)
! !
! !
301
District
0 - 5
6 - 25
26 - 50
Above 50
Arsenic tested TW
Arsenic tested
Arsenic not tested
1:3,500,000
110 55 0 110 Km.
Map Source: PDDP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Prepared by:
Environment & Public Health Organization

81°0'0"E
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
Kanchanpur
Kailali
! ! ! !
! ! !
Bardiya
81°0'0"E
82°0'0"E
83°0'0"E
84°0'0"E
85°0'0"E
86°0'0"E
87°0'0"E
88°0'0"E
! ! !
! ! ! !
Banke
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
Dang
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
Kapilbastu
Chitwan
Rupandehi Nawalparasi
! ! ! ! !
Parsa
Bara
Rautahat
! !
! ! !
! ! !
Sarlahi
! !
! !
Mahottari
Dhanusha
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
Siraha
Saptari
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
Sunsari
! ! !
Morang
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
Jhapa
82°0'0"E
83°0'0"E
84°0'0"E
85°0'0"E
86°0'0"E
87°0'0"E
88°0'0"E
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
26°0'0"N
27°0'0"N
28°0'0"N
29°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
26°0'0"N
27°0'0"N
28°0'0"N
29°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
Legend
Boundary
International
District
Vulnerability level
Low
Moderate
Moderately high
High
Uncertainty level
! !
! !
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Drinking Water Vulnerability to Arsenic - Terai
E
1:3,500,000
110 55 0 110 Km.
Prepared by:
Map Source: PDDP -2003
Data Source: NASC -2003
Environment & Public Health Organization

9. Recommendations to improve the National Arsenic
Database
This study has created a national integrated database of
arsenic tested wells, and has presented statistical analyses
on this data to characterize the state of arsenic in Nepal in
2003. The results are presented in maps, charts, and tables
and demonstrate the significance of the integrated database.
The reliability of these results depends primarily upon the
quality, quantity, and adequacy of the data collected in each
district. Listed below are recommendations made in regards
to data quality, data adequacy and other information required
for continued and improved characterization of the arsenic
contamination problem in Nepal.
Standardization of data format
A standard of basic information to be collected for arsenic
tested tube wells had been already developed by the NASC.
Detail about data preparation is presented in chapter 6. Units
used for different attributes in the data set were not uniform
with reference to the original 2002-2003 data sets acquired
from various organizations. Standard of units such as calendar
of year (AD/BS), depth (meter/feet), coordinate system
(WGS84 / UTM / MUTM), etc. should also be defined clearly.
Standards for well identifiers and water sample identifiers
also need to be developed.
Data management in organizational level
Data provided by different source organizations have critical
data error such as missing values and data inconsistency. A
significant amount of time was spent in correcting such errors
in data sets provided by every source organization. A standard
procedure for data maintenance within the organization has
to be developed. A procedure should comprise of procedures
of acquiring, cleaning, editing and updating data within the
organization. Most of the organizations have maintained their
data sets in Excel software, which is highly prone to data
type and typographic error. Therefore, a more efficient
database management system for arsenic tested well data
collected by individual organizations should be developed.
All organizations should implement same system.
99
Collection and error correction of location data
About 57% of arsenic tested tube wells with reference to the
chapter 7 in the database have location information in
geographic coordinates. It is known that the arsenic in
groundwater may vary from one geographical location to
another due to subsurface changes in aquifer geology and to
human interventions. Location maps of arsenic tested tube
wells of some districts and VDCs presented in earlier chapters
demonstrate the significance of location information with
geographic coordinates.
Therefore, it is important for all future arsenic testing to include
GPS measurements of each tube well location. This study
shows that there are errors in location data due to various
reasons. A standard system to check and correct errors in
GPS data must be developed in order to minimize the
inconsistency in wells’ location information.
Determining confidence level of arsenic field kits
Two techniques, the AAS laboratory test and different field
test kits, were used in testing arsenic in groundwater. Different
brands of kits were used for field test kits. Of course, the
accuracy of laboratory tests is greater than field kits. No any
standard or previous studies have been made till this study
to compare the difference between the test results from AAS
and various field kits that have been used in the country.
Since this comparison is out of scope of this study, the study
has given equal weights to all tests for analysing arsenic
concentration.
Laboratory testing may not be affordable in all cases. Using
field kits is still better than no test. However, it is important to
determine the efficiency of most commonly used arsenic field
kits relative to laboratory test.
Regular monitoring of wells with arsenic concentration
between 11-50 ppb.
The integrated database created in this project contains onetime
arsenic test data; however, the arsenic concentration in
groundwater may change over time due to various reasons.

Arsenic concentrations in a well may increase over time if it is
determined that human activities or natural processes are in
some way responsible for causing arsenic to contaminate the
aquifers used for drinking water supply. A tube well that has
arsenic concentration between WHO Guideline and Nepal
Interim Standard, or 11-50 ppb, must be the immediate focus
of concerned agencies by regular monitoring of these wells
in order to determine whether arsenic is increasing in the
wells/aquifer at a specific place.
Establishment of a centre for integrated database of arsenic
tested wells
Different types of analysis presented in the report are based
on the integrated database created in this project. Creation of
this initial national arsenic database is a one-time activity
using the information gathered by five agencies up to the fall
of 2003. More surveys in different parts of the country are
currently, underway by several agencies.
A centre for the integrated database of arsenic tested wells
should be established in the country under NASC. Main
functions of the centre should be as follows:
. Acquisition of groundwater arsenic test data and
wells’ location data from different organizations
working in this sector.
Regular updating of integrated national database.
. Preparation and regular updating of digital data
layers of wells’ location areas.
. Distribution of updated spatial and non- spatial data
sets to concerned agencies in regular basis.
. Producing report on state of arsenic in groundwater
and other related issues and present them to NASC
on a regular basis.
Strengthening district level arsenic steering committees
District level arsenic steering committees have been formed
under NASC in some of the districts recently. Members of
these committees are various government and nongovernment
agencies involving in water and sanitation in
corresponding district. District level arsenic steering
committees have to strengthen in order to manage district
arsenic test data in corresponding districts. The committee
should also be able – to disseminate regular updated
information in the district efficiently and to access and update
NASC’ central database as needed.
Use of the database in developing arsenic mitigation
strategy
Chapter 5 has discussed current mitigation measures
undertaken by several organizations in the country. An
efficient mitigation strategy for one region may or may not be
an efficient strategy for another region. In chapters 3, 4 and 5
there are several factors discussed that influence the arsenic
concentration in groundwater. Factors that are important for
one region may be less important to another. Informationbased
mitigation strategy is very important. The integrated
database is one of the most useful resources for information
about arsenic in groundwater in a particular region. Hence,
the database can be used optimally to develop any type of
mitigation strategy regarding arsenic in groundwater. Regular
updating of database is obviously essential for quality
information.
Testing of arsenic in additional tube wells
Chapter 7 discussed about district vulnerability and
uncertainty of the data. The vulnerability level is different
from one VDC to another, and VDCs with same vulnerability
level may have different uncertainty levels. The analysis
reveals that the majority of VDCs have high level of
uncertainty. Uncertainty level is directly related to the number
of samples or tests; increasing sample size reduces the level
of uncertainty. Therefore, testing of arsenic for additional
tube wells is essential in a VDC where uncertainty level is
high in order to confirm the level of vulnerability in that VDC.
Evaluation of “arsenic hotspots” and anomalous data
An examination of the 2003 national arsenic database reveals
a number of apparently high arsenic concentrations in one or
a small number of wells in VDCs that otherwise contain very
low arsenic concentrations. It is recommended that wells
100

with anomalous arsenic concentrations, or “arsenic hotspots”,
be re-tested, and/or that nearby wells be also tested.
In VDCs where a concentration of high arsenic wells is found,
it is recommended that testing be conducted to evaluate the
size of the “arsenic hotspot”. Defining the size and areal
extent of the hotspot may assist investigators in
understanding the cause for the high arsenic concentrations,
as well as defining the area of toxic drinking water.
Detail analysis of arsenic concentration at local level
Chapter 7 presented the basic statistical analyses of arsenic
concentration including correlations with depth and age of
tube well. The results from such analyses may vary from one
region to other. The result at country level may not be
representative for local level. Specially, the relation of arsenic
with depth of tube wells is very important at local level (e.g.
VDC). Therefore, detail analysis of arsenic in relation to depth
is also essential for each district separately. Moreover, analysis
on the relation of arsenic with microbiological tests and
platform of tube well can also be done using the information
available in the existing database.
Incorporation of basic health related data in the national
arsenic database
Changes in the state of the environment, such as arsenic and
coliform bacteria in groundwater, may have great impacts on
human health. Impacts may be expressed in terms of level of
environmental damage, including effects on human health.
Data in chapter 5 demonstrates the health effects due to
arsenic in groundwater have already occurred in a couple
regions in the Terai. Clearly, more health surveys and data
are needed in the Terai to identify patients that need treatment,
and to provide data that will help to clarify the health effects
of drinking water that contains different concentrations of
arsenic. This kind of data may clarify whether or not Nepal
should use 50 ppb arsenic for its drinking water standard.
Health data gathered in areas that contain tube well with
arsenic of any concentration should be included in the
national arsenic database.
101

Annex 1
Arsenic tested wells according to NASC, November 2003
District NRCS DWSS PLAN RWSSSP RWSSFDB NEWAH Others Total
Banke 570 195 2499 96 3360
Bara 1760 200 624 2584
Bardiya 428 200 24 652
Chitwan 15 204 219
Dang 667 667
Dhanusha 11 200 291 502
Ilam 4 4
Jhapa 332 190 49 571
Kailali 199 100 299
Kanchanpur 200 200
Kapilbastu 612 1495 1861 131 4099
Kathmandu 56 56
Mahottari 2 200 202
Morang 11 291 301 603
Nawalparasi 712 2672 422 27 3833
Palpa 26 26
Parsa 1864 200 143 2207
Rautahat 1767 200 1207 10 82 99 3365
Rupandehi 761 645 1319 2725
Saptari 300 200 235 37 772
Sarlahi 299 201 32 532
Siraha 295 153 126 10 584
Sunsari 6 497 388 891
Udayapur 3 3
Total 9,748 9,009 5,019 3,206 1,443 349 182 28956

Annex 2
Basic Statistics of arsenic concentration with vulnerability
and uncertainty of VDCs/Municipalities of the Terai
(a) (b) (c ) (d) (e (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
District / VDC/Municipality
Total As tested TW
As tested TW (11-50 ppb)
As tested TW (above 50
Mean As (ppb)
Median As (ppb)
Maximum As (ppb)
% of As tested TW above
Nepal Interrim Standard
% of As tested TW above
WHO Guideline
Proportion of HH using As
tested TW to Total HH(%)
Banke
Bageswori 38 2 0 4 3 24 0 5 8 1 2
Banakatawa 46 1 1 4 2 84 2 4 7 1 2
Banakatti 28 0 0 3 2 9 0 0 23 1 2
Basudevapur 10 1 0 3 2 17 0 10 6 2 2
Bejapur 64 5 0 3 2 15 0 8 23 2 2
Belahari 9 0 0 4 4 5 0 0 16 1 2
Belbhar 24 1 0 2 1 11 0 4 23 1 2
Betahani 34 16 0 12 9 38 0 47 12 3 2
Bhawaniyapur 8 0 0 2 1 8 0 0 7 1 2
Binauna 3 0 1 91 3 270 33 33 1 3 1
Ganapur 20 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 13 1 2
Gangapur 4 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 1
Hirm iniya 23 0 0 1 0 9 0 0 16 1 2
Holiya 11 5 4 36 29 76 36 82 8 4 2
Indarpur 9 0 0 2 1 5 0 0 6 1 2
Jaispur 8 0 0 2 1 5 0 0 4 1 1
Kalaphanta 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1
Kamdi 33 8 0 9 5 48 0 24 12 2 2
Kanchanapur 3 0 0 4 4 9 0 0 1 1 1
Kathkuiya 2 0 0 4 4 5 0 0 0 1 1
Khajura
Khurda
11 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 7 1 2
Khaskarkado 9 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 2 1 1
Khaskusma 26 1 0 3 2 24 0 4 23 1 2
Kohalpur 15 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
Laxmanpur 1 0 1 70 70 70 100 100 0 4 1
Mahadevpuri 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1
Manikapur 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Matahiya 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 1 1
Narainapur 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
Naubasta 14 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 2 1 1
Nepalgung
N.P .
22 1 1 8 0 145 5 9 0 2 1
P araspur 26 0 0 2 0 9 0 0 25 1 2
P hatepur 7 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
P iprahawa 12 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 1 2
P uraina 26 1 0 1 0 19 0 4 14 1 2
P uraini 3 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 2 1 1
Radhapur 11 3 0 6 4 20 0 27 6 3 2
Rajhena 63 3 0 2 1 18 0 5 18 1 2
Raniyapur 9 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 1 2
Saigaun 42 0 0 2 2 10 0 0 25 1 2
Samserganj 37 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 15 1 2
Sitapur 34 14 0 12 9 48 0 41 8 3 2
So napur 22 11 0 10 11 23 0 50 10 3 2
Titihiriya 31 7 3 16 0 165 10 32 10 3 2
Udarapur 22 4 0 7 3 45 0 18 10 2 2
Udayapur 3 0 0 4 3 7 0 0 4 1 1
Bara
Amarpatti 1 1 0 11 11 11 0 100 2 4 1
Amritgang 4 1 0 6 0 25 0 25 5 2 1
Avab 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 5 1 1
Babuain 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Badaki
F ulba riya
48 2 0 2 1 27 0 4 74 1 4
Bahuari 15 1 3 22 0 145 20 27 27 3 3
Level of Vulnerability
Level of Uncertainty
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Balirampur 10 6 0 15 18 27 0 60 15 4 2
Bandhuwan 17 3 0 6 4 20 0 18 42 2 3
Banjariya 28 9 3 15 6 72 11 43 49 3 3
Barainiya 25 5 5 24 0 148 20 40 37 3 3
Bariyarpur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Basantpur 36 7 1 8 2 74 3 22 61 2 4
Batara 36 13 7 26 23 88 19 56 123 4 4
Beldari 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 5 1 1
Benauli 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Bhagwanpur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Bhaluyee
Arwaliya
23 3 0 5 0 37 0 13 40 2 3
Bhatauda 23 10 0 10 2 28 0 43 36 3 3
Bhodaha 37 0 0 2 2 5 0 0 72 1 4
Bishrampur 41 6 3 13 2 197 7 22 64 2 4
Bishunpur 2 0 1 36 36 72 50 50 7 3 2
Bishunpurwa 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 2
Buniyad 20 0 0 5 5 9 0 0 51 1 4
Chhata P ipra 31 1 0 5 4 33 0 3 43 1 3
Chhatawa 43 12 1 9 2 102 2 30 83 3 4
Dahiyar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Dewapur 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Dharma Nagar 29 2 4 15 2 102 14 21 67 2 4
Dohari 11 6 0 10 11 29 0 55 24 4 2
Dumarwana 100 3 0 2 0 22 0 3 32 1 3
Fattepur 48 4 0 4 2 44 0 8 50 2 3
Gadhahal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Ganj
Bhawanipur
34 0 0 2 0 10 0 0 50 1 3
Golagunj 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 7 1 2
Haraiya 63 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 59 1 4
Hardiya 59 1 0 2 1 40 0 2 84 1 4
Hariharpur 1 1 0 47 47 47 0 100 5 4 1
Inarwamal 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 2
Inarwasira 77 6 0 3 0 41 0 8 70 2 4
Itiyahi 41 3 0 4 1 37 0 7 71 2 4
Jhitakaiya
(Da ks hin)
49 1 0 2 1 15 0 2 60 1 4
Jhitakaiya
(Utta r)
11 5 0 12 10 2 6 0 4 5 16 3 2
Jitpur
Bhawanipur
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Kabahigoth 2 0 0 3 3 5 0 0 3 1 1
Kabahijabdi 2 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 6 1 2
Kachorwa 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Kakadi 38 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 78 1 4
Ka la iya N.P . 52 11 1 7 0 71 2 23 17 2 2
Karaiya 42 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 67 1 4
Khopawa 4 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 5 1 1
Khutwajabdi 19 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 38 1 3
Kolhabi 52 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 56 1 4
Kudawa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Laxmipur
Ko twa li
2 0 1 54 54 107 50 50 3 3 1
Lipanimal 41 1 0 3 0 50 0 2 81 1 4
Maheshpur 11 5 0 14 10 28 0 45 15 3 2
Majhariya 43 1 0 5 4 11 0 2 21 1 2
Manaharwa 72 10 0 5 4 23 0 14 59 2 4
Matiarwa 41 8 2 8 0 77 5 24 95 2 4
Motisar 20 7 3 21 9 84 15 50 60 3 4
Narahi 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 1 2
P akadiya
Chikani
3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 5 1 1
P aparpati Jabdi 30 2 1 7 2 89 3 10 97 2 4
Paterwa 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 2
Patharhati 33 6 0 5 1 35 0 18 71 2 4
Pheta 48 6 0 5 2 44 0 13 74 2 4
Pipara Simara 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Piparabirta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Pipra
Basantapur
3 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 7 1 2
P ipradhi Goth 42 1 0 4 3 13 0 2 78 1 4
P rasauni 23 3 1 11 4 85 4 17 22 2 2
Prasona 33 1 0 2 0 12 0 3 67 1 4
Prastoka 45 2 0 2 1 23 0 4 49 1 3
Prasurmpur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 2

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
P urainiya 26 2 6 31 1 254 23 31 40 3 3
Raghunathpur 19 2 3 15 4 72 16 26 37 3 3
Rampur
Tokani
20 1 0 6 5 35 0 5 27 1 3
Rampurwa 38 3 0 3 0 22 0 8 71 2 4
Rauwahi 30 0 0 3 3 10 0 0 89 1 4
Sapahi 87 2 0 2 0 23 0 2 63 1 4
Shreenagar
B a iriya
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Sihorwa 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Sinhasani 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Sisahaniya 4 3 0 19 18 37 0 75 17 4 2
Tedhakatti 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 2
Uchidiha 2 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 4 1 1
Umarjan 14 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 20 1 2
Bardiya
Badalpur 2 0 0 3 3 5 0 0 1 1 1
Baganaha 4 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1
Belawa 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Bhimapur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Daulatpur 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Deudakala 44 6 2 9 3 69 5 18 34 2 3
Dhadhawar 8 0 0 2 0 10 0 0 1 1 1
Dodhari 7 1 0 7 2 33 0 14 2 2 1
Gularia N.P. 125 41 15 18 8 110 12 45 19 3 2
Jamuni 60 12 5 14 2 160 8 28 13 3 2
Kalika 80 0 0 3 2 10 0 0 60 1 4
Kha iri
Chandanpur
3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
Magaragadhi 8 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 1
Mahamadpur 57 20 0 8 6 33 0 35 25 3 2
Manau 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Manpur
Mainapokhar
87 12 0 5 2 43 0 14 29 2 3
Manpur Tapara 4 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Mo tipur 47 11 0 7 3 39 0 23 27 2 3
Naya gaun 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Neulapur 6 1 0 3 1 14 0 17 4 2 1
Padanaha 5 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 1 1
P asupatinagar 3 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 1 1 1
Patabhar 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Rajapur 10 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 1
Sanashree 11 5 1 22 17 101 9 55 1 4 1
Sivapur 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sorhawa 48 11 1 7 2 62 2 25 39 2 3
Suryapatawa 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Taratal 3 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1
Thakudwara 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
Chitwan
Ayodhyapuri 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bachhyauli 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
Bagauda 9 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 1 1
Bhandara 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bharatpur N.P . 20 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 1 1
Birendranagar 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Chainpur 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 2
Dibyanagar 7 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
Fulbari 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Gardi 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Gunjanagar 9 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 1 1
Jagatpur 5 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 1 1
Jutpani 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1
Kathar 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Khairahani 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kumroj 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 1
Madi Kalyanpur 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
Mangalpur 7 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 1 1 1
Meghauli 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Padampur 5 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
Parbatipur 4 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 1 1
Patihani 7 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 2 1 1
Piple 6 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 1 1
Pithuwa 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 9 1 2
Ratnanagar
N.P .
12 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 1
Saradanagar 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Shaktikhor 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 4 1 1
Sibanagar 7 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 1 1
Sukranagar 6 0 0 2 0 7 0 0 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e ) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Dang
Bela 19 2 0 5 0 50 0 11 4 2 1
Chaulahi 18 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 4 1 1
Gadhawa 19 2 0 3 2 13 0 11 4 2 1
Gangapraspur 19 1 0 3 0 28 0 5 5 1 1
Gobardiya 19 1 0 2 0 22 0 5 6 1 2
Lalmatiya 20 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 3 1 1
Manpur 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Rajpur 19 3 0 4 1 22 0 16 3 2 1
Satbariya 18 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 5 1 1
Sisahaniya 19 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 5 1 1
Sonpur 19 0 0 1 0 9 0 0 5 1 1
Tribhuwan
Nagar N.P .
6 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1
Dhanus ha
Andupatti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Aurahi 4 1 0 9 5 26 0 25 5 2 1
Bafai 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Bagchaura 2 1 0 14 14 28 0 50 2 3 1
Baheda Bala 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 1
Bahuarba 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Balabakhar 3 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 2 1 1
Balaha Kathal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Balaha
Sadhara
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Ballagoth 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 3 1 1
Baniniya 4 0 2 38 37 74 50 50 6 3 2
Baramajhiya 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 1
Basahiya 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Basbitti 38 7 2 13 5 106 5 24 47 2 3
Bateswor 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Bega Shivapur 31 5 0 7 5 22 0 16 35 2 3
Bhuchakrapur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Bindhi 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Bisarbhora 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
C h a k k a r 1 1 0 15 15 15 0 10 0 2 4 1
Chora Koilpur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Debadiha 2 0 0 6 6 10 0 0 2 1 1
Deuri
Parbaha
1 0 0 10 10 10 0 0 1 1 1
Devpura
Rupetha
2 0 0 4 4 6 0 0 2 1 1
Dhabouli 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Dhanauji 2 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 1 1 1
Dhanusadham 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 4 1 1
Dhanusha
Govindapur
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Digambarpur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Dubariko t
Hathalekha
9 5 0 13 13 27 0 56 5 4 1
Duhabi 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Fulgama 4 1 0 5 2 15 0 25 2 2 1
Ghodghans 2 1 0 23 23 43 0 50 1 3 1
Godar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Gopalpur 2 0 0 4 4 7 0 0 3 1 1
Goth Kohelpur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Hansapur
Kathpula
3 2 0 10 12 17 0 67 4 4 1
Harine 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Hathipurharba
ra
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Inarwa 2 0 1 53 53 102 50 50 1 3 1
Itaharwa 2 0 0 7 7 8 0 0 3 1 1
Janakpur N.P . 6 0 0 3 4 7 0 0 1 1 1
Jhatiyahi 3 0 1 28 2 82 33 33 6 3 2
Jhojhi Kataiya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Ka c h u ri T h e ra 2 1 0 10 10 19 0 5 0 2 3 1
Kajara Ramaul 2 2 0 39 39 50 0 100 5 4 1
Kanakpatti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Kh a ju ri
Chanha
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Khariyani 2 2 0 21 21 23 0 100 1 4 1
Labatoli 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 1
Lagmagadhag
uthi
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Lakhouri 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Lakkad 1 1 0 17 17 17 0 100 1 4 1
Laxminiwas 13 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 50 1 3
Laxmipurbage
wa
1 1 0 18 18 18 0 100 0 4 1

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e ) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Lohana 2 0 0 4 4 7 0 0 1 1 1
Mahuwa(Pra.Khe) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Mahuwa(Pra.Ko) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Makhanaha 1 1 0 26 26 26 0 100 1 4 1
Manshingpatti 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 3 1 1
Marchaijhitakaiya 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Mithileswormauw
ahi
1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 2 1 1
Mukhiyapattimus
ahargiya
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Nagareen 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1
Nakatajhijh 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 1 1
Nanupatti 2 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 3 1 1
Nauwakhor
Prasahi
1 1 0 24 24 24 0 100 1 4 1
Pachaharwa 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
P atanuka 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 3 1 1
Paterwa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Paudeswor 4 0 0 4 4 9 0 0 3 1 1
Raghunathpur 1 1 0 26 26 26 0 100 0 4 1
Ramaidaiya
Bhawadi
3 1 1 38 44 65 33 67 3 4 1
Sabela 2 1 0 17 17 34 0 50 1 3 1
Sakhuwa
Mahendranagar
5 2 0 6 0 21 0 40 3 3 1
Sapahi 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 3 1 1
Shantipur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Singyahi Maidan 2 0 0 4 4 7 0 0 1 1 1
Sonigama 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Suga
Madhukarahi
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Suganikash 2 1 1 50 50 54 50 100 1 4 1
Tarapatti Sirsiya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Thadi Jhijha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Tulsiyahi Nikas 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Tulsiyani Jabdi 38 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 40 1 3
Umaprempur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Yagyabhumi 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Jhapa
Bahundangi 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Balubari 2 1 1 59 59 79 50 100 1 4 1
Bhadrapur N.P. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Budhabare 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Chandragadhi 39 0 0 4 5 5 0 0 8 1 2
Charpane 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dangibari 74 4 0 4 4 13 0 5 43 1 3
Dhaijan 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dharampur 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 1
Duwagadhi 15 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 6 1 2
Garamani 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Gherabari 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Goldhap 2 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 0 1 1
Haldibari 65 27 0 11 9 36 0 42 36 3 3
Jalthal 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Jyamirgadhi 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kechana 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Kumarkhod 6 1 0 3 1 13 0 17 1 2 1
Maheshpur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Mechinagar N.P. 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
P a th a m a ri 1 0 0 10 10 10 0 0 3 1 1
Pathariya 3 1 0 17 3 48 0 33 1 3 1
Prithvinagar 4 1 0 3 1 11 0 25 1 2 1
Saranamati 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Satasidham 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Shivaganj 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Surunga 6 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 1 1
Tagandubba 5 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 1
Ka ila li
Ba liya 5 1 0 5 3 12 0 20 0 2 1
Basauti 5 0 2 27 0 74 40 40 1 3 1
Beladevipur 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Bhajani 5 0 1 12 0 55 20 20 0 2 1
Boniya 6 2 1 27 6 112 17 50 0 3 1
Chauha 5 1 0 2 0 12 0 20 1 2 1
Chaumala 5 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 1 1
Dansinhapur 5 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 1
Darakh 35 14 12 42 28 161 34 74 7 4 2
Dhangadhi
N.P .
15 4 0 8 2 27 0 27 0 3 1
Dodo dhara 23 1 0 5 4 27 0 4 3 1 1
Durgauli 5 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1
Gadariya 4 1 0 4 0 16 0 25 1 2 1
Geta 6 0 0 4 2 10 0 0 0 1 1
Hasuliya 5 0 0 2 0 9 0 0 1 1 1
Janakinagar 5 1 0 4 0 18 0 20 2 2 1
Joshipur 6 1 0 6 0 28 0 17 1 2 1
Khailad 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
Ko ta Tulsipur 12 1 6 52 48 129 50 58 4 4 1
Lalbojhi 4 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 1 1
Malakheti 7 1 0 3 0 12 0 14 0 2 1
Masuriya 5 1 0 6 0 30 0 20 0 2 1
Munuwa 6 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 1
Narayanpur 6 0 1 10 2 51 17 17 1 2 1
P ahalmanpur 50 28 9 31 20 160 18 74 6 4 2
P athariya 5 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 1
P awera 5 2 0 13 0 41 0 40 1 3 1
P hulwari 5 0 0 3 2 8 0 0 0 1 1
P ratapapur 5 1 0 8 0 28 0 20 0 2 1
Ramsikhar
Jhala
5 0 1 13 0 59 20 20 1 2 1
Ratanpur 5 1 1 46 5 213 20 40 1 3 1
Sadepani 5 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 1 1
Sreepur 5 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 1 1
Thapapur 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tikapur N.P . 7 2 0 5 0 17 0 29 0 3 1
Udasipur 5 2 0 10 0 40 0 40 1 3 1
Urma 5 0 0 2 0 10 0 0 0 1 1
Kanchanpur
Baisi Bichawa 10 1 0 7 3 48 0 10 3 2 1
Beldandi 9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 1
Chandani 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Daijee 6 0 1 37 0 221 17 17 0 2 1
Dekhatbhuli 10 1 3 28 7 113 30 40 1 3 1
Jhalari 7 2 1 26 2 138 14 43 1 3 1
Kalika 9 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 2 1 1
Krishnapur 15 3 0 7 2 41 0 20 2 2 1
Laxmipur 5 2 0 12 8 30 0 40 1 3 1
Mahendranag
ar N.P.
38 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 1 1 1
P arasan 12 1 1 12 3 81 8 17 3 2 1
P ipaladi 6 0 1 20 1 110 17 17 1 2 1
Raikawar
Bichawa
9 1 0 4 1 18 0 11 3 2 1
Rampur
Bilaspur
9 2 0 5 3 16 0 22 2 2 1
Sankarpur 2 0 1 35 35 65 50 50 2 3 1
Sreepur 13 3 1 10 0 62 8 31 3 3 1
Suda 7 1 0 4 4 11 0 14 1 2 1
Tribhuwanbast
i
7 0 0 2 1 8 0 0 1 1 1
Ka pilba s tu
Abhirawa 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 1 3
Ajigara 21 2 2 9 0 71 10 19 20 2 2
Baluhawa 12 0 0 4 5 8 0 0 28 1 3
Banganga 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 1 3
Barakulpur 80 4 2 3 0 75 3 8 42 2 3
Basantapur 10 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 17 1 2
Baskhaur 41 2 0 4 3 14 0 5 68 1 4
Bhagwanpur 15 1 0 3 0 43 0 7 12 2 2
Bhalward 68 4 2 3 0 65 3 9 43 2 3
Bithuwa 11 0 0 3 3 6 0 0 14 1 2
Budhi 66 16 3 11 0 100 5 29 48 3 3
Chanai 38 0 4 9 0 127 11 11 13 2 2
Dhankauli 125 1 0 0 0 20 0 1 58 1 4
Dharmpaniya 13 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 20 1 2
Dohani 76 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 111 1 4
Dubiya 51 8 11 32 0 225 22 37 41 3 3
Dumara 17 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 34 1 3
Fulika 72 0 0 4 5 9 0 0 73 1 4
Gajehada 117 2 0 1 0 50 0 2 44 1 3

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Haranampur 19 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 61 1 4
Harduona 74 5 3 6 5 56 4 11 58 2 4
Hathausa 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 1 4
Jahadi 94 4 1 4 5 67 1 5 104 1 4
Jayanagar 88 6 1 2 0 59 1 8 68 2 4
Kajarhawa 19 1 0 1 0 13 0 5 26 1 3
Khurhuriya 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1
Kopawa 133 26 0 5 0 32 0 20 63 2 4
Kushhawa 23 3 0 3 0 17 0 13 17 2 2
Labani 38 0 0 1 0 9 0 0 81 1 4
Mahendrako t 134 31 38 52 14 589 28 51 68 4 4
Mahuwa 22 1 0 1 0 16 0 5 17 1 2
Motipur 93 4 1 2 0 64 1 5 37 1 3
Nanda Nagar 42 0 0 2 2 6 0 0 67 1 4
Nigalihawa 139 22 0 7 5 35 0 16 68 2 4
Pakadi 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 1 3
Parsohiya 80 1 4 13 0 312 5 6 85 2 4
P atariya 36 1 0 5 5 21 0 3 52 1 4
Patna 99 4 0 1 0 46 0 4 62 1 4
P ipara 5 2 0 13 1 39 0 40 16 3 2
Purusottampu
r
69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 1 4
Rajpur 60 7 3 7 0 63 5 17 60 2 4
Sauraha 48 1 1 2 0 59 2 4 89 1 4
Sisawa 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 1 2
Thunhiya 65 9 13 37 0 405 20 34 45 3 3
Titirkhi 7 0 0 3 2 6 0 0 29 1 3
Udayapur 43 22 8 37 26 182 19 70 50 4 3
Maho ttari
Anakar 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 2
Aurahi 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Bairgiya
Banchauri
4 1 0 12 4 41 0 25 2 2 1
Bairgiya
La xm iniya
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 1 4
Balawa 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Banauli
Donauli
5 0 0 5 5 10 0 0 5 1 1
Bathanaha 4 2 0 12 12 23 0 50 4 3 1
Bharatpur 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Bhatauliya 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 2
Bijayalpura 4 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 5 1 1
Bramarpura 4 0 0 3 2 9 0 0 5 1 1
Damhimarayee 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1
Dhamaura 4 1 0 5 0 21 0 25 8 2 2
Dhirapur 4 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 39 1 3
Ekadarabela 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Ekarhiya 4 0 0 2 0 8 0 0 3 1 1
Etaharwakatti 4 1 0 8 0 33 0 25 11 2 2
Fulahatta
P arikauli
4 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 4 1 1
Gaidaha
Bhelpur
4 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 5 1 1
Gaushala 5 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 6 1 2
Gonarpura 4 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 3 1 1
Halkhori 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 2
Jaleshwor N.P. 4 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 2 1 1
Khairbanni 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1 2
Khopi 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Kolhuwa
Bagaicha
4 1 0 4 0 17 0 25 12 2 2
Mahottari 4 0 0 4 4 7 0 0 2 1 1
Majhora
Bishnupur
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1
Manara 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 1 2
Matihani 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 1 3
Nainhi 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 2
Nigaul 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 9 1 2
P araul 4 1 0 7 1 28 0 25 2 2 1
Parsa P ateli 4 0 0 3 3 5 0 0 11 1 2
P igouna 4 1 0 7 1 26 0 25 10 2 2
Pipra 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
P okharibhinda
Samgrampur
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 1 2
Raghunathpur 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 1 3
Ratauli 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Sahasaula 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 2
Sahorawa 7 0 0 2 1 8 0 0 5 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Sandha 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Sarpallo 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Shamsi 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Simardahi 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 1 2
Sisawakataiya 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 2
Sonaul 4 0 1 20 1 80 25 25 24 2 2
Suga Vawani 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Sundarpur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vagaha 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Morang
Amahibariyati 3 2 0 11 13 16 0 67 2 4 1
Amardaha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Amgachhi 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Babiya Birta 3 0 0 2 0 7 0 0 1 1 1
Bahuni 4 1 0 6 5 12 0 25 1 2 1
Baijanathpur 4 1 0 7 3 22 0 25 2 2 1
Banigama 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
Baradanga 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1
Bayarban 4 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 1 1 1
Belbari 4 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 1
Bhaudaha 4 1 0 3 0 13 0 25 2 2 1
Biratnagar
N.P .
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Budhanagar 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Dadarbariya 4 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 2 1 1
Dainiya 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
Dangihat 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Dangraha 3 0 0 2 0 7 0 0 2 1 1
Drabesh 3 2 0 17 24 28 0 67 1 4 1
Dulari 4 0 0 9 8 10 0 0 1 1 1
Govindapur 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Haraicha 4 1 0 6 3 16 0 25 1 2 1
Hasandaha 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Hathimudha 4 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 2 1 1
Hoklabari 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 1 1
Indrapur 5 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 1
Itahara 4 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 1 1 1
Jhorahat 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Jhurkiya 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1
Kaseni 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
Katahari 5 0 1 14 0 70 20 20 1 2 1
Kathamaha 4 1 0 8 1 28 0 25 2 2 1
Keroun 4 1 0 7 3 24 0 25 1 2 1
Lakhantari 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Mahadewa 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 1
Majhare 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1
Matigachha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Motipur 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Mrigauliya 4 0 0 2 2 5 0 0 1 1 1
Necha 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 1
Pathari 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pokhariya 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1
Rajghat 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Rangeli 4 1 0 5 4 14 0 25 1 2 1
Sanischare 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 1
Sidharaha 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
Sijuwa 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sis abanibadah
ara
8 1 0 4 0 29 0 13 5 2 1
Sorabhag 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Sundarpur 1 0 0 9 9 9 0 0 0 1 1
Takuwa 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Tankisinuwari 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Tetariya 4 1 0 3 0 12 0 25 2 2 1
Thalaha 4 2 0 16 15 33 0 50 3 3 1
Urlabari 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Nawalparas i
Agryuoli 24 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 15 1 2
Badahara
Dubauliya
48 22 0 12 10 35 0 46 85 3 4
Baidauli 31 9 0 11 7 39 0 29 133 3 4
Banjaria 10 1 0 5 0 40 0 10 8 2 2
Benimanipur 45 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 15 1 2
Bhujhawa 34 10 0 8 5 34 0 29 45 3 3
Dawanne Devi 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 1
Devagawa 19 2 0 5 2 28 0 11 26 2 3
Germi 18 7 0 10 10 27 0 39 36 3 3
Guthi P arsauni 42 17 0 10 10 41 0 40 40 3 3

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Guthi
Suryapura 2 2 9 2 6 11 11 10 100 5 16 12 0 2 4
P arsauni
Hakui 11 6 4 54 44 166 36 91 10 4 2
Harpur 33 8 0 7 4 30 0 24 41 2 3
Jahada 348 93 31 18 0 200 9 36 43 3 3
Jamunia 42 12 1 12 5 186 2 31 29 3 3
Kolhuwa 15 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 7 1 2
Kusma 25 8 1 11 8 54 4 36 41 3 3
Makar 160 21 24 25 0 300 15 28 26 3 3
Manari 146 36 69 109 50 500 47 72 50 4 3
P alhi 16 12 0 18 21 37 0 75 16 4 2
P anchnagar 20 1 16 120 97 436 80 85 10 4 2
Pithauli 9 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 9 1 2
P ratappur 17 3 13 96 91 212 76 94 13 4 2
Ramgram N.P . 768 95 445 144 100 500 58 70 61 4 4
Rampur
Khadauna
17 7 5 8 2 15 10 7 0 1 3 4 10 4 3 4
Rampurwa 23 16 7 53 40 214 30 100 26 4 3
Rupauliya 37 10 2 11 5 83 5 32 32 3 3
Sanai 26 20 0 17 16 39 0 77 38 4 3
Sarawal 51 13 11 63 10 571 22 47 31 3 3
Somani 30 20 7 42 34 178 23 90 38 4 3
Sukrauli 11 7 2 45 32 205 18 82 17 4 2
Sunwal 206 31 46 29 0 341 22 37 33 3 3
Swathi 334 65 68 37 10 450 20 40 43 3 3
Thulo
Khaire ta wa
25 17 4 27 20 93 16 84 28 4 3
Tilakpur 180 41 62 71 25 500 34 57 64 4 4
Parsa
Alau 19 3 2 31 7 343 11 26 50 3 3
Amarpatti 32 6 0 6 1 46 0 19 51 2 4
Auraha 45 1 0 4 3 35 0 2 62 1 4
Bagahi 17 2 1 9 1 54 6 18 24 2 2
Bagbana 71 0 0 4 5 5 0 0 76 1 4
Bageshwari
Tirtro na
43 1 2 6 2 60 5 7 68 2 4
Bahauri P idari 35 0 0 2 2 5 0 0 63 1 4
Bahuarbamath
a
55 2 0 2 1 45 0 4 64 1 4
Basadilwa 37 0 0 1 1 9 0 0 66 1 4
Basantpur 58 20 12 30 12 188 21 55 57 4 4
Belwa
P arsouni
34 1 0 2 0 40 0 3 42 1 3
Beriya B irta 36 8 4 19 5 158 11 33 60 3 4
Bhawanipur 22 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 33 1 3
Bhisawa 1 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 2 1 1
Bijbaniya 31 4 0 6 5 15 0 13 82 2 4
Bikhampur 43 1 0 5 4 22 0 2 84 1 4
Bindabasani 35 7 0 8 7 36 0 20 61 2 4
Biranchibarba 33 12 0 9 4 36 0 36 83 3 4
Birgunj N.P . 15 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 1 1 1
Birwaguthi 31 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 21 1 2
Bisrampur 44 6 0 6 6 17 0 14 48 2 3
Chorni 14 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 14 1 2
Deukhana 31 4 0 5 3 25 0 13 60 2 4
Dhaubini 41 3 0 4 4 20 0 7 71 2 4
Gadi 45 0 0 3 5 6 0 0 85 1 4
Gamhariya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Ghoddauda
Pipra
37 1 0 5 5 15 0 3 84 1 4
Govindapur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Hariharpur 41 3 6 19 2 144 15 22 83 2 4
Hariharpur
Birta
26 2 1 8 3 90 4 12 65 2 4
Harpatagunj 19 8 0 12 8 37 0 42 47 3 3
Harpur 42 1 0 2 2 14 0 2 65 1 4
Jagarnathpur
Sira
53 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 72 1 4
Jaimanagalpur 2 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 2 1 1
Janakitala 49 2 2 12 2 270 4 8 114 2 4
Jeetpur 49 7 0 6 4 33 0 14 76 2 4
Jhouwa Guthi 41 8 0 6 4 30 0 20 81 2 4
Kauwa Ban
Ka ta iya
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Lahawarthakari 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 1 2
Lakhanpur 57 10 9 37 4 456 16 33 76 3 4
Lal P arsa 15 9 0 10 11 27 0 60 28 4 3
(a) (b) (c ) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Langadi 2 0 1 98 98 196 50 50 4 3 1
Lipani Birta 17 3 0 7 2 32 0 18 26 2 2
Madhuban
Mathaul
59 0 0 2 1 5 0 0 72 1 4
Mahadevpatti 115 2 0 3 0 30 0 2 159 1 4
Mahuwan 2 0 0 6 6 10 0 0 3 1 1
Mainpur
(Pakaha)
4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 7 1 2
Maniyari 54 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 108 1 4
Mas ihani 67 1 1 4 3 68 1 3 104 1 4
Mudali 3 0 0 3 0 9 0 0 4 1 1
Nagardaha 25 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 75 1 4
Nichuta 68 0 0 2 2 7 0 0 95 1 4
P ancharukhi 29 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 60 1 4
P arsauni Birta 14 1 2 14 2 77 14 21 26 2 3
P idariguthi 38 6 0 6 5 16 0 16 75 2 4
P okhariya 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1
P rasurampur 2 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 6 1 2
Ramgadhawa 9 3 0 5 3 15 0 33 22 3 2
Ramnagari 25 12 0 12 10 36 0 48 90 3 4
Sabaithawa 3 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 4 1 1
Sakhuwa
Prasauni
38 4 0 2 0 19 0 11 45 2 3
Samjhauta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sankar
Saraiya
34 1 0 4 4 13 0 3 64 1 4
Sedhawa 25 0 0 2 2 5 0 0 68 1 4
Shiva Worga 56 22 9 32 13 294 16 55 90 4 4
Sirsiya
Kh a lwa to la
29 8 0 8 7 29 0 28 67 3 4
Sonbarsa 29 1 0 3 0 36 0 3 39 1 3
Sreesiya
(Na u.Ta.J a)
4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 10 1 2
Subarnapur 17 0 0 3 4 9 0 0 33 1 3
Sugauli Birta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sugauli
Partewa
33 3 0 4 3 13 0 9 40 2 3
Supauli 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 1 2
Surjaha 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 7 1 2
Tulasi Barba 37 1 0 5 5 12 0 3 77 1 4
Udaypur
Dhurmi
36 1 0 2 0 30 0 3 48 1 3
Vauratar 58 3 0 4 3 22 0 5 60 1 4
Rautahat
Ajagabi 1 1 0 42 42 42 0 100 5 4 1
Akolawa 43 24 0 13 12 31 0 56 36 4 3
Auraiya 45 27 0 15 15 50 0 60 59 4 4
Badharwa 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Bagahi 35 17 6 26 19 70 17 66 71 4 4
Bahuwa
Madanpur
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Bairiya 43 11 0 7 7 20 0 26 55 3 4
Banjaraha 27 14 1 13 13 54 4 56 109 4 4
Bariyarpur 35 22 7 30 29 65 20 83 35 4 3
Basantapatti 51 23 2 18 10 67 4 49 52 3 4
Basatpur 11 8 0 21 20 50 0 73 12 4 2
Basbiti
Jingadiya
42 32 0 25 28 48 0 76 61 4 4
Bhalohiya
(P ipra)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Bhediyahi 30 20 0 14 13 35 0 67 73 4 4
Birtiprastoka 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Bishrampur 51 24 6 23 19 90 12 59 49 4 3
Bisunpurwa
Manpur
12 7 0 15 18 33 0 58 28 4 3
Chandranigah
apur
33 8 0 4 0 28 0 24 11 2 2
Debahi 23 7 1 14 3 60 4 35 37 3 3
Dharampur 3 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 3 1 1
Dharhari 1 0 0 9 9 9 0 0 3 1 1
Dipahi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Dumariy
(Matiauna)
22 10 3 26 23 80 14 59 9 4 2
Dumriya
(P a ro ha)
21 12 0 17 18 45 0 57 37 4 3
Fatuha
Maheshpur
50 33 1 18 16 74 2 68 66 4 4
Fatuwa
Harsaha
1 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 1 1 1

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Gadhi
(Bhanawanpur)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 2
Gamhariya
Birta
33 11 4 18 8 82 12 45 52 3 4
Gamhariya
Parsa
24 8 0 10 5 29 0 33 33 3 3
Gangapipra 17 4 0 7 7 27 0 24 25 2 2
Garuda Bairiya 10 7 0 16 16 30 0 70 27 4 3
Gaur N.P. 11 3 0 9 0 43 0 27 3 3 1
Gedahiguthi 25 18 4 34 33 64 16 88 57 4 4
Hadirya
Paltuwa
27 12 3 25 18 102 11 56 55 4 4
Hajminiya 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 2
Hathiyahi 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Inaruwa 2 2 0 31 31 35 0 100 3 4 1
Jatahara 22 11 0 14 10 39 0 50 30 3 3
Jayanagar 17 4 0 6 5 27 0 24 59 2 4
Jethrahiya 21 14 1 20 23 56 5 71 33 4 3
Jhunkhunwa 42 37 0 17 17 36 0 88 55 4 4
Jingadawa
B e lbic hwa
44 20 0 13 9 42 0 45 55 3 4
Jowaha
(Jokaha)
44 18 20 59 50 212 45 86 51 4 4
Judibela 21 7 4 29 13 115 19 52 48 4 3
Kakanpur 4 1 0 9 2 33 0 25 4 2 1
Karkach
Ka rm aiya
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Karuniya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Katahariya 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Khesarhiya 22 17 2 23 21 59 9 86 44 4 3
Laxmipur (DO) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Laxmipur
B e lbic ha wa
32 20 10 42 40 107 31 94 55 4 4
Lokaha 50 17 10 23 12 77 20 54 69 4 4
Madhopur 24 9 0 10 7 23 0 38 29 3 3
Mahamadpur 57 15 0 10 6 50 0 26 66 3 4
Malahi 15 12 1 28 29 60 7 87 88 4 4
Marayadpur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 2
Mathiya 41 29 6 32 33 69 15 85 60 4 4
Matsari 19 0 0 3 3 7 0 0 29 1 3
Mithuawa 25 14 1 17 14 51 4 60 42 4 3
Mudwalawa 38 29 0 17 18 41 0 76 79 4 4
Narkatiya
Guthi
46 19 7 29 17 181 15 57 42 4 3
P acharukhi 17 5 0 8 3 33 0 29 17 3 2
Pataura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Pathara
Budharampur
60 14 1 8 5 82 2 25 83 2 4
Paurai 3 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 14 1 2
Pipara
P okhariya
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Pipariya
(Do s tiya )
30 9 0 9 4 49 0 30 68 3 4
Pipra
Bhagwanpur
47 29 0 16 15 45 0 62 70 4 4
Pipra Rajbara 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1
Pothiyahi 29 20 0 14 13 41 0 69 30 4 3
Pratappur
Paltuwa
3 1 0 6 0 19 0 33 3 3 1
P rempur
Gunahi
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Raghunathpur 35 25 10 46 43 113 29 100 51 4 4
Rajdevi 1 0 1 64 64 64 100 100 2 4 1
Rajpur
Farhadawa
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Rajpur Tulsi 45 22 0 12 10 33 0 49 67 3 4
Ramoli Bairiya 38 21 11 34 27 92 29 84 48 4 3
Rampur Khap 45 1 28 74 81 213 62 64 76 4 4
Rangapur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sakhuawa 36 33 0 25 26 41 0 92 83 4 4
Sakhuwa
Damaura
42 22 12 35 31 127 29 81 40 4 3
Samanpur 31 15 5 24 18 85 16 65 51 4 3
Sangrampur 35 7 26 71 70 146 74 94 49 4 3
Santapur
(Do s tiya )
2 0 0 9 9 9 0 0 4 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e ) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Santpur (Matiaun) 38 23 3 27 30 83 8 68 17 4 2
Sarmujawa 61 3 1 5 1 101 2 7 57 2 4
Saruatha 57 32 0 12 11 45 0 56 58 4 4
Saunaraniya 1 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 1 1 1
Simara
Bhawanipur
45 23 0 15 19 40 0 51 57 4 4
Sitalpur Bairgania 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Tejapakar 1 0 1 324 324 324 100 100 1 4 1
Tengraha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Rupandehi
Amuwa 52 2 0 3 2 23 0 4 20 1 2
Asurena 23 2 0 4 2 26 0 9 17 2 2
Bairghat 27 3 1 16 0 253 4 15 29 2 3
Betakuiya 17 2 0 7 4 40 0 12 24 2 2
Bhagawanpur 22 1 0 1 0 11 0 5 15 1 2
Bisunpura 95 26 0 8 6 27 0 27 58 3 4
Bogadi 13 1 0 4 4 13 0 8 6 2 2
Butawal N.P. 29 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 3 1 1
Chhipagada 11 8 1 47 32 228 9 82 9 4 2
Chilhiya 5 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 4 1 1
Daya Nagar 43 12 1 12 6 126 2 30 26 3 3
Devadaha 99 14 28 129 1 2620 28 42 18 3 2
Dhamauli 43 12 0 9 8 33 0 28 51 3 4
Dudharakchhe 160 13 7 6 0 98 4 13 53 2 4
Ekala 61 16 0 5 0 24 0 26 31 3 3
Farena 15 2 0 5 1 35 0 13 24 2 2
Gajedi 165 4 3 3 0 112 2 4 63 1 4
Gonaha 63 5 0 2 0 21 0 8 38 2 3
Harnaiya 42 2 1 3 0 51 2 7 63 2 4
Hati Bangai 14 3 0 6 0 30 0 21 15 2 2
Jogada 44 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 44 1 3
Kamahariya 72 13 0 4 0 30 0 18 30 2 3
Karahiya 3 0 0 3 1 8 0 0 1 1 1
Karauta 60 5 0 3 2 20 0 8 51 2 4
Lumbini 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 1 2
Madhbaliya 3 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1
Madhuwani 22 2 0 3 0 37 0 9 26 2 3
Mainahiya 33 3 0 2 0 11 0 9 42 2 3
Majhagawa 53 2 0 1 0 26 0 4 46 1 3
Makrahar 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Man Materiya 9 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 2 1 1
Maryadpur 12 1 0 3 1 15 0 8 11 2 2
Masina 68 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 91 1 4
Motipur 5 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 4 1 1
Padsari 12 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 17 1 2
P akadi Sakro n 24 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 25 1 2
Parroha 122 4 1 2 0 91 1 4 34 1 3
Rayapur 80 6 0 4 2 25 0 8 49 2 3
Roinihawa 13 3 0 8 8 21 0 23 14 2 2
Sadi 39 4 0 5 5 35 0 10 33 2 3
Saljhundi 41 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 21 1 2
Samera
Marchawar
35 5 0 5 5 14 0 14 33 2 3
Semalar 14 1 0 2 0 11 0 7 9 2 2
Siddharth Nagar
N.P .
30 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 3 1 1
Sikatahan 39 10 0 6 0 31 0 26 20 3 2
S ilautiya 14 4 0 8 6 20 0 29 8 3 2
Sipawa 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 3 1 1
Souraha
Pharsatikar
11 0 0 3 3 6 0 0 4 1 1
Suryapura 113 27 0 7 6 36 0 24 44 2 3
ThumhawaP ipraha
wa
16 1 0 5 2 42 0 6 14 2 2
Tikuligadh 21 2 0 3 0 30 0 10 8 2 2
Saptari
Arnaha 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 2
Badgama 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Bairawa 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Bakdhauwa 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Bamangamakatti 4 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 2 1 1
Banainiya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Banarjhula 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1
Banaula 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Baramjhiya 69 19 0 9 5 39 0 28 65 3 4
Barsain (Ko.) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Basbalpur 44 10 0 6 3 29 0 23 81 2 4
Basbiti 2 0 0 4 4 7 0 0 2 1 1
Bathanaha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Belhi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Belhi Chapena 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 1
Bhagawatpur 1 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 1 1 1
Bhangha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Bhardaha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Bhutahi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Birpur Barahi 3 0 0 3 3 7 0 0 3 1 1
Bishahariya 2 1 0 9 9 18 0 50 3 3 1
Boriya 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Brahmapur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 1 3
Chhinnamasta 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Dadha 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Deuri 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Deurimaruwa 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 1
Dhangadi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Dharampur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Didhawa 2 0 0 3 3 5 0 0 2 1 1
Diman 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1
Fakira 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Farseth 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Fatepur 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 1
Fulkahi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Gamhariya
Parwaha
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Ghoghanpur 39 10 3 15 4 70 8 33 31 3 3
Goithi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Hanumannagar 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Hariharpur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Haripur 2 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 3 1 1
Inarwa 3 1 0 17 6 46 0 33 5 3 1
Inarwa Fulpariya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Itahari
Bishnupur
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Jagatpur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Jamunimadhep
ura
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Jandaul 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Jhutaki 2 1 0 6 6 12 0 50 8 3 2
Joginiya 1 61 4 0 6 5 14 0 7 68 2 4
Joginiya 2 46 1 0 5 5 12 0 2 43 1 3
Kabilash 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Kachan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Kalyanpur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Kamalpur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Kanchanpur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Kataiya 3 1 0 9 0 26 0 33 4 3 1
Khadagpur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Khojpur 59 12 0 6 4 25 0 20 84 2 4
Kho ks a rpa rbah
a
3 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 6 1 2
Ko. Madhepura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kochabakhari 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 2
Koiladi 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Kushaha 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Lalpati 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1
Launiya 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Lohajara 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Madhawapur 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Mahadeva 2 1 0 6 6 12 0 50 1 3 1
Mainakaderi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Malekpur 2 2 0 26 26 38 0 100 2 4 1
Maleth 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Malhanama 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Malhaniya 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Mauwaha 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Mohanpur 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Nardho 2 1 0 9 9 17 0 50 3 3 1
Negada 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Odraha 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Pakari 2 0 0 5 5 10 0 0 2 1 1
Pansera 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 2
Pato 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Patthargada 1 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
P ipra (P urba) 64 6 3 11 5 75 5 14 80 2 4
Portaha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Prasabani 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Rajbiraj N.P . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 1 3
Ramnagar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Rampuramalha
niya
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Rampurjamua 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1
Rautahat 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Rayapur 2 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 0 1 1
Rupnagar 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sambhunath 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sankarpura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Saraswor 2 0 1 49 49 98 50 50 3 3 1
Simraha
Sigiyo un
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Siswa Beihi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Sitapur 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Tarahi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Terahota 2 1 0 10 10 12 0 50 3 3 1
Theliya 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Tilathi 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 2
Trikola 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sarlahi
Achalgadh 2 1 1 45 45 71 50 100 3 4 1
Arnaha 2 2 0 41 41 47 0 100 3 4 1
Atrouli 20 2 0 6 5 12 0 10 30 2 3
Aurahi 3 2 0 14 18 23 0 67 3 4 1
Babarganj 4 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 1 1
Bagdaha 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 1
Bahadurpur 2 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 13 1 2
Balara 3 0 1 28 0 84 33 33 2 3 1
Bara Udhoran 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 2
Batraul 3 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 6 1 2
Bela 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 2
Belhi 1 1 0 23 23 23 0 100 0 4 1
Belwa Jabdi 3 1 0 7 8 12 0 33 3 3 1
Bhadsar 1 0 1 71 71 71 100 100 2 4 1
Bhagawatipur 3 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 5 1 1
Brahmapuri 4 0 0 2 0 7 0 0 1 1 1
Chandra Nagar 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Chhataul 3 1 0 8 0 24 0 33 2 3 1
Dhungrekhola 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Dhurkauli 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Dumariya 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Farahadawa 4 1 0 5 2 16 0 25 8 2 2
Fulparasi 3 2 0 17 26 26 0 67 6 4 2
Gadahaiyabairi 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Gamhariya 2 0 2 77 77 98 100 100 1 4 1
Godeta 4 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 2 1 1
Haripur 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Hariyon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Hempur 4 0 0 2 0 8 0 0 3 1 1
Ishworpur 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Jabdi 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Jamuniya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Kabilasi 3 1 0 5 0 15 0 33 0 3 1
Khirwa 3 2 0 12 17 19 0 67 0 4 1
Khoriya 3 3 0 25 24 36 0 100 7 4 2
Khutauna 3 1 2 60 66 69 67 100 7 4 2
Kisanpur 5 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 7 1 2
Kodena 4 2 2 57 51 93 50 100 5 4 1
Lalbandi 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Laukath 55 12 0 6 2 39 0 22 81 2 4
Laxmipur
Ko dra ha
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Laxmipur Su. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Madhubangoth 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 1 1
Madhubani 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1
Malangawa 5 1 1 21 0 63 20 40 0 3 1
Mirjapur 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 3 1 1
Mo hanpur 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 1 1
Motipur 2 2 0 43 43 45 0 100 2 4 1
Musauli 3 1 1 45 47 87 33 67 5 4 1
Netrajang 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Noukailawa 4 3 0 27 31 46 0 75 2 4 1

(a) (b) (c ) (d) (e ) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Pidari 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Pidariya 1 1 0 22 22 22 0 100 2 4 1
Pipariya 3 1 0 10 0 30 0 33 4 3 1
Rajghat 22 4 0 6 5 12 0 18 9 2 2
Ramban 44 16 0 10 8 44 0 36 76 3 4
Ramnagar
Bahaur
3 2 0 12 13 14 0 67 2 4 1
Rohuwa 3 0 0 2 0 7 0 0 3 1 1
Sakraul 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 2
Salempur 3 0 1 18 0 55 33 33 3 3 1
Shankarpur 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Shikhauna 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Simara 5 2 0 11 0 29 0 40 3 3 1
Sisotiya 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Sundarpur 1 1 0 17 17 17 0 100 2 4 1
Tribhuwannagar 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Siraha
Arnamalalpur 30 20 4 28 24 107 13 80 39 4 3
Asanpur 10 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 14 1 2
Ayodhyanagar 3 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 11 1 2
Badharamal 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 1
Bariyarpatti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Basatipur 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Belaha 2 0 1 38 38 65 50 50 1 3 1
Belhi 14 1 0 8 5 48 0 7 15 2 2
Betauna 2 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 1
Bhaganpur 3 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 4 1 1
Bhagawatipur 2 0 0 7 7 8 0 0 3 1 1
Brahmagaughad
i
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Chandrodayapur 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1
Chikana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1
Devipur 28 10 0 12 5 49 0 36 39 3 3
Dhangadi 2 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 1 1 1
Dumari 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Fulkaha Kati 38 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 24 1 2
Gauripur 2 1 0 13 13 25 0 50 5 3 1
Gautari 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Hakpara 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Harakatti 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1
Inarwa 3 0 0 6 7 7 0 0 1 1 1
Itari Parsahi 2 1 0 10 10 19 0 50 4 3 1
Jamadaha 9 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 21 1 2
Janakinagar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Jighaul 1 1 0 17 17 17 0 100 1 4 1
Kabilasi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Kachanari 3 0 0 2 3 4 0 0 9 1 2
Karjanha 2 0 0 3 3 5 0 0 1 1 1
Krishnapur Birta 2 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 2 1 1
Lagadigodh 1 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 5 1 1
Laxminiya 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Mahanaur 1 1 0 46 46 46 0 100 0 4 1
Majhaura 3 0 0 6 4 10 0 0 11 1 2
Mauwahi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Mohanpur
Ka ma lpur
1 1 0 16 16 16 0 100 0 4 1
Muksar 6 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 17 1 2
Nahara Rigoul 1 0 0 8 8 8 0 0 1 1 1
Navarajpur 2 1 0 12 12 20 0 50 1 3 1
Padariya
Tharutol
2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 2 1 1
Pokharbhinda 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 1
Radhopur 4 0 1 24 2 90 25 25 5 2 1
Rajpur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Rampur Birta 3 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 4 1 1
Sanhaitha 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sarswar 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 1
Sikron 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1
Silorba
Pachhawari
2 1 0 10 10 20 0 50 3 3 1
Siraha N.P. 2 0 1 30 30 60 50 50 0 3 1
Sisawani 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 3 1 1
Sothiyan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sukhipur 6 1 0 2 0 12 0 17 5 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Tenuwapatti 1 1 0 11 11 11 0 100 1 4 1
Thalaha Kataha 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tulsipur 2 0 1 36 36 71 50 50 9 3 2
Vidhyanagar 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sunsari
Ae ka m ba 3 2 0 13 11 18 0 67 1 4 1
Amaduwa 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Amahibelaha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Aurabarni 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Babiya 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Bakalauri 3 0 0 4 4 8 0 0 1 1 1
Barahachhetra 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Basantapur 3 0 0 4 3 8 0 0 2 1 1
Bhadgau
Sinawari
2 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 1
Bharaul 3 0 0 2 1 5 0 0 1 1 1
Bhokraha 8 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 2 1 1
Chadwela 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Chhitaha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Chimdi 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1
Dewanganj 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Dhuskee 2 0 0 6 6 8 0 0 1 1 1
Duhabi 4 0 0 5 5 9 0 0 1 1 1
Dumaraha 9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
Gautampur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Hanshposha 3 0 0 5 7 7 0 0 1 1 1
Harinagar 4 1 0 4 3 11 0 25 1 2 1
Inaruwa N.P. 6 0 0 3 2 7 0 0 0 1 1
Itahari N.P. 18 2 0 8 6 50 0 11 0 2 1
Jalpapur 1 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 1 1 1
Kaptangang 1 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 1 1
Khana r 5 1 0 10 6 29 0 20 1 2 1
Laukahi 1 0 0 7 7 7 0 0 0 1 1
Madhelee 1 0 0 10 10 10 0 0 0 1 1
Madhesa 7 1 0 3 1 13 0 14 3 2 1
Madhuwan 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Madhyeharsahi 2 1 0 13 13 21 0 50 1 3 1
Mahendranagar 8 0 0 2 1 4 0 0 1 1 1
Narsinhatappu 5 1 0 6 0 26 0 20 3 2 1
Paschim
Ka s uha
4 0 0 3 0 10 0 0 2 1 1
P rakas hpur 8 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 1 1 1
P urbakushaha 5 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 3 1 1
Ramganj
Belgachhi
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ramganj
Senuwari
5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1
Ramnagar
Bhutaha
1 1 0 13 13 13 0 100 1 4 1
Sahebganj 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Santerjhora 3 0 0 2 1 4 0 0 0 1 1
Simariya 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Singiya 3 0 0 3 1 8 0 0 1 1 1
Sonapur 4 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 1 1 1
Sripurjabdi 3 3 0 16 15 20 0 100 1 4 1
Tanamuna 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
Note:
Level of Vulnerability:
1=Low, 2=Moderate, 3=Moderately high, 4=High
Level of Uncertainty:
1=High, 2=Medium, 3=Low, 4=Very low

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