grammar 6

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23.2 Special Problems with Pronouns • Practice 1
Using Who and Whom Correctly Who and whoever are nominative and are used as subject and
predicate nominative. Whom and whomever are objective and are used as direct object and object of the
preposition. For the possessive case, use whose, notwho’s.
THE CASES OF WHO AND WHOEVER
Nominative
Objective
Possessive
Who will bring the dessert
Iwillsupportwhoever the candidate is.
Whom have you told
You may choose whomever you want to work with.
Whose car is that
Using Pronouns Correctly in Elliptical Clauses In elliptical clauses beginning with than or as,
use the form of the pronoun that you would use if the clause were fully stated.
Elliptical Clauses
Completed Clauses
Dan sings better than . Dan sings better than I [do].
ThebosspaidTimmorethan . The boss paid Tim more than [the boss paid] me.
The coach helped him more than . The coach helped him more than I [did].
The coach helped him more than [the coach helped] me.
Exercise 1 Using Who and Whom Correctly. Write who or whom to complete each sentence.
EXAMPLE: Mr. Parker is the one whom I came to see.
1. did the teacher appoint as monitor
2. Lenny Jacobs is a coach gets results.
3. The job is open to anyone can speak German.
4. is your favorite country singer
5. A good babysitter must be someone likes children.
6. have you invited to the party
7. will attract more voters
8. The police spoke to passersby had witnessed the accident.
9. That is the same woman I saw at the rally.
10. Those are the actors the director will audition.
Exercise 2 Using Pronouns in Elliptical Clauses. Complete each sentence with an appropriate
pronoun.
EXAMPLE: Tom is as tall as I .
1. Paul plays the piano better than .
2. ThegamepleasedSueasmuchas .
3. ThejudgeschosePhilratherthan .
4. I do not speak Spanish as well as .
5. That comment offended Jenny as much as .
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Special Problems with Pronouns • 131

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26.1 Negative Sentences • Practice 1
Recognizing Double Negatives
Do not write sentences with double negatives.
Double Negatives
I haven’t seen no one.
I haven’t done nothing wrong.
We don’t have no school today.
Correct Negative Sentences
I haven’t seen anyone.
I have seen no one.
I haven’t done anything wrong.
Ihavedonenothing wrong.
We don’t have school today.
We have no school today.
Forming Negative Sentences Correctly Use only one negative word in a single clause. Do not use
but in its negative sense with another negative. Do not use barely, hardly, orscarcely with another
negative.
More Double Negatives
Didn’t Ann say she couldn’t find nobody
I haven’t but adollar.
We didn’t have hardly any food left.
Correct Negative Sentences
Didn’t Ann say she couldn’t find anybody
Didn’t Ann say she could find nobody
Ihavebut a dollar.
I haven’t more than a dollar.
We had hardly any food left.
We didn’t have any food left.
Exercise 1 Avoiding Problems with Negatives. Underline the word(s) in parentheses that
make each sentence negative without creating a double negative.
EXAMPLE: I couldn’t find my keys (anywhere, nowhere).
1. You shouldn’t have told (anybody, nobody) where we were going.
2. We (could, couldn’t) hardly make our way through the brush.
3. Are you sure you (don’t have, have) but one day free this week
4. There wasn’t (a, no) cloud in the sky.
5. Jo didn’t have (any, no) trouble choosing a topic.
6. The article didn’t include (any, no) biographical information.
7. I don’t have room for (but, more than) one elective in my schedule.
8. Kelly can’t (ever, never) finish anything on time.
9. There (was, wasn’t) scarcely enough breeze to ruffle a leaf.
10. I have hardly (ever, never) been more moved by a play.
Exercise 2 Using Negatives Correctly. Write a sentence of your own, correctly using each
negative word given.
1. (nothing)
2. (but)
3. (wouldn’t)
4. (barely)
5. (never)
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Negative Sentences • 153

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26.2 Common Usage Problems • Practice 1
Solving Usage Problems Study the items in the usage glossary in your textbook, paying particular
attention to similar spellings, words that should never be used, pairs that are often misused, and problems
with verb forms.
TYPES OF PROBLEMS
Similar Spellings all ready and already farther and further
Wrong Words alot enthused
Misused Pairs anxious and eager teach and learn
Verb Forms busted for burst of for have
Exercise 1 Avoiding Common Usage Problems. Underline the word in parentheses that
correctly completes each sentence.
EXAMPLE: I would (advice, advise) you to be careful what you say to him.
1. The real painting looks quite different (from, than) the reproductions.
2. Because I had (laid, lay, lain) in the sun too long, my skin felt tight.
3. I would (have, of) gotten here sooner if the car hadn’t broken down.
4. The new tax bill would (affect, effect) all income levels.
5. The candidate mingled (among, between) the guests at the benefit.
6. Nick watches television endlessly, (irregardless, regardless) of what is on.
7. Last weekend our team (beat, won) the Raiders again.
8. Proper food, rest, and exercise help build (healthful, healthy) bodies.
9. I heard (that, where) the Keenans are moving to Detroit.
10. Did your uncle (learn, teach) you that magic trick
Exercise 2 Avoiding Other Usage Problems. Underline the word(s) in parentheses that
correctly complete each sentence.
EXAMPLE: Marcia’s ideas (about, as to) decorations sounded exciting.
1. We were all (anxious, eager) to begin our vacation.
2. The press has given (all together, altogether) too much attention to the candidate’s family.
3. By the time we arrived, there was (nowhere, nowheres) to sit.
4. The van driver (sat, set) the old woman’s packages on her porch.
5. (Because, Being that) we overslept, Mom drove us to school.
6. Harry was surprised that his parents (left, let) him go on the trip.
7. Students (who, which) have permission slips may go on the trip.
8. I was surprised that little Teddy could walk such a long (way, ways).
9. Damian studies harder (than, then) many of his classmates.
10. Hilda’s grandparents (emigrated, immigrated) from Germany.
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Common Usage Problems • 155

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27.1 Rules for Capitalization (for Titles, in Letters)
• Practice 1
Capitals for Titles Capitalize titles of people and titles of works.
People
Social: Lord and Lady Grantford
Business: Superintendent Meyers
Military: Captain McGrath
Government: Mayor Jane Sims
Religious: Rabbi Feldman
Compound: Commander-in-Chief
Abbreviations: Dr.,Mrs.,Jr.,Ph.D.
Works
Book: Peter Rabbit
Periodical: News Digest
Poem: “The Raven”
Story: “A Day’s Wait”
Painting: Christina’s World
Music: The Nutcracker Suite
Courses: English Composition II
Capitals in Letters
letter closings.
Capitalizethefirstwordandallnounsinlettersalutationsandthefirstwordin
Salutations
Dear Aunt Eleanor,
Dear Senator Williams:
My dear Friend,
Closings
Your loving niece,
Sincerely yours,
Yours truly,
Exercise 1 Using Capitals in Titles. Underlinethewordsthatshouldbecapitalizedineach
sentence.
EXAMPLE: The prime of miss jean brodie is set in a girls’ boarding school.
1. Has major adams approved the plan
2. Have you ever read “the ransom of red chief”
3. Some of the world’s most precious jewels belong to the queen of england.
4. We heard professor harold jenkins lecture on politics last night.
5. That is a reproduction of the last supper.
6. Leon has misplaced his script for arsenic and old lace.
7. The new pastor is father riley.
8. Either mrs. pauling or dr. o’rourke will make the presentation.
9. Have you seen a copy of undersea world, the new scuba diving magazine
10. The first selection will be handel’s water music.
Exercise 2 Using Capitals for Salutations and Closings. Rewrite each of the following letter
parts, adding the missing capitals.
EXAMPLE: dear uncle albert, Dear Uncle Albert,
1. dear dr. morgan,
6. dear professor atkins:
2. with deep affection,
7. yours sincerely,
3. gratefully,
8. dearsirormadam:
4. my dear cousin,
9. my dear marian,
5. very truly yours,
10. with all good wishes,
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Rules for Capitalization (for Titles, in Letters) • 161

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28.3 Semicolons and Colons (Uses of the Colon)
• Practice 1
Uses of the Colon Use a colon to introduce a list of items after an independent clause; a quotation that
is formal, lengthy, or lacking a “he said/she said” expression; a sentence that summarizes or explains the
sentence before it; or a formal appositive that follows an independent clause.
INTRODUCTORY COLONS
List
Quotation
Summary Sentence
Formal Appositive
The arrangement consisted entirely of spring flowers: irises, daffodils,
tulips, and hyacinths.
Ellen waved goodbye: “Have a good trip.”
The paper reported the election results: All three present school board
members were unseated.
The class play will be an American classic: Our Town
In addition, use a colon in the following special situations.
OTHER USES OF THE COLON
Numerals Giving Time 8:17 A.M. 11:57 P.M.
Periodical References
National Geographic XI: 421 (volume: page)
Biblical References
I Corinthians 13: 4–13 (chapter: verse[s])
Subtitles
Pierre: A Cautionary Tale
Salutations in Business Letters Dear Ms. Adamson:
Gentlemen:
Labels Signaling Important Ideas Caution: Keep this and all medications out of the reach of children.
Exercise 1 Using Colons Correctly. Add colons where they are needed in the following
sentences.
EXAMPLE: The recipe calls for three basic spices garlic, parsley, and thyme.
The recipe calls for three basic spices: garlic, parsley, and thyme.
1. Jeremy unfolded the note “Meet me in the gym after school.”
2. The express, which was due at 8 14, did not arrive until 9 00 P.M.
3. Two actors have refused Academy Awards George C. Scott and Marlon Brando.
4. The three magazines with the largest paid subscriptions last year were these TV Scene, Reader’s
Review, andNational Reflections Magazine.
5. Warning This cabinet contains dangerous electrical equipment.
Exercise 2 More Work with Colons. Follow the directions in Exercise 1.
1. The text of the sermon was Matthew 10 8.
2. I am reporting on a biography titled Gandhi Fighter Without a Sword.
3. Caution Read this manual completely before using your power sled.
4. Flight 401 leaves LaGuardia Airport at 8 40 A.M. each weekday.
5. The president banged the gavel “Let the meeting come to order.”
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Semicolons and Colons (Uses of the Colon) • 173

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28.5 Hyphens • Practice 1
Using Hyphens Use a hyphen when writing out numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine and
with fractions used as adjectives. Also use hyphens with certain prefixes and compound words, with
compound modifiers (except those ending with-ly ) before nouns, and to avoid confusion.
USES OF HYPHENS
With Numbers
With Prefixes
With Compound Nouns
With Compound Modifiers
For Clarity
twenty-eight flavors, one-fourth cup
pro-American, self-conscious, ex-governor
mother-in-law, passer-by, merry-go-round
best-dressed performer, well-manicured lawn, tie-dyed shirt, carefully
maintained yard
re-cover versus recover, five-acre lots versus five acre-lots
Using Hyphens at the Ends of Lines Divide words only between syllables. A word with a prefix or
suffix can almost always be divided between the prefix and root or root and suffix. Divide a hyphenated
word only after the hyphen. Do not divide a word so that only one letter stands alone. Do not divide proper
nouns or adjectives, and do not carry part of a word over to another page.
HYPHENS AT THE ENDS OF LINES
Correct thor-ough un-happy ex-officer de-part ques-tion English
Incorrect tho-rough unh-appy ex-of-ficer a-part ver-y Eng-lish
Exercise 1 Using Hyphens. Place hyphens where they are needed. (Not all sentences need
hyphens.)
EXAMPLE: Jeremy is an all around athlete.
Jeremy is an all-around athlete.
1. The sergeant at arms asked the demonstrators to leave the meeting.
2. Alison’s half hearted response disappointed us.
3. Of the twenty four bottles in the case, three were broken.
4. You will need five eighths yard of fabric for the sleeves alone.
5. Like many other commonly held beliefs, this one has no foundation.
6. Even as a young child, Paul was very self sufficient.
7. Several anti government demonstrators were jailed.
8. That hand carved mantel is a masterpiece.
9. We will have several out of town guests with us for the holidays.
10. Twenty seven students in our school were nominated to the National Honor Society.
Exercise 2 Hyphenating Words. Rewrite each word below, using a hyphen at any place where
the word could be divided at the end of a line of writing.
EXAMPLE: amusing amus-ing badge badge
1. misspell
2. Athenian
3. create
4. Scandinavian
5. above
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Hyphens • 185