The IRPP BREF and the European approach to an integrated ... - Inra

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
The IRPP BREF
and the European approach to an
integrated pollution prevention and
control system for the Intensive
Rearing of Poultry and Pigs
Paolo Montobbio
European EIPPC Bureau
European Commission
Joint Research Centre – Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
Sustainable Production and Consumption Unit
1

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
IPPC
The legal framework in the EU
for the prevention and control
of emissions and pollution
2

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
IPPC approach and related regulations
Council Directive 96/61/EC of 24 September 1996
concerning integrated pollution prevention and control
Directive 2008/1/EC of 15 January 2008
Codified version
Directive 2010/75/EU of 24 November 2010
On industrial emissions (integrated pollution
prevention and control) (Recast)
IED Industrial Emission Directive
3

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
The European Industrial Emissions Directive (1)
Key instrument for minimising emissions and
consumptions from most industrial activities
General framework:
Installations must be operated according to an
integrated permit issued by competent authorities,
containing emission limit values based on Best
Available Techniques (BAT)
The purpose is:
to prevent (minimise) pollution
To achieve a high level of protection for the
environment as a whole
4

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
The European Industrial Emissions Directive (2)
The driving forces of the new Industrial Emissions
Directive:
Give priority to intervention at source, e.g. efficiency
of processes, management improvement
Implement the Best Available Techniques (BAT)
Assure compliance and enforcement and
environmental improvements
Provide a level playing field in the European Union by
aligning environmental performance requirements for
industrial installations
5

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control System
It aims at the protection of the environment as a
whole avoiding shifting pollution from one medium to
another
It is addressed to prevent or reduce:
air emissions
water emissions
production of waste
odour, noise
consumption of energy and natural resources
For the livestock sector (point 6.6 of Annex I), only
farms over the thresholds are covered:
> 40 000 places for poultry
> 2 000 places for pigs over 30 kg
> 750 places for sows
6

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Summary of Permitting Status as of year 2008
BE BU CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT
6.6 (a) Poultry 349 5 207 na 753 6 19 9 81 2752 563 24 8 17
6.6 (b) P. Pigs 192 1 117 na 417 33 89 0 646 284 508 31 22 24
6.6 (c) Sows 21 0 50 na 212 na na 3 106 25 84 0 2 4
Total permits 562 6 374 na 1382 39 108 12 833 3061 1155 55 32 45
LU HU FI MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK SE UK EU27
6.6 (a) Poultry 0 208 107 0 1094 2 421 35 112 5 70 136 965 7948
6.6 (b) P. Pigs 1 237 14 0 763 0 107 9 48 2 38 93 177 3853
6.6 (c) Sows 0 48 10 0 254 0 3 6 9 1 5 13 37 893
Total permits 1 493 131 0 2111 2 531 50 169 8 113 242 1179 12694
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EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Industrial Emissions Directive operating scheme
Industrial Emissions Directive
BREF: definition the Best Available Techniques
(BAT)
The law
The
knowledge
Application of the Best Available
Techniques
(BAT)
The tool
BAT-based permit with Emission Limit
Values or Performance Levels
The action
8

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
BREFs
Best Available Techniques
Reference Documents
The tool to implement
the European IPPC legislation
9

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
The instrument for determining Best Available Techniques
Article 13(1) of Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EC:
“In order to draw up, review and, where necessary, update
BAT reference documents, the Commission shall organise
an EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION between Member
States, the industries concerned, non-governmental
organisations promoting environmental protection and the
Commission”
The exchange of information should address:
the performance of installations and techniques in terms of
emissions, consumptions, etc.
the techniques used, associated monitoring, economic and
technical viability, etc.
best available techniques and emerging techniques
identified after considering all the issues concerned
10

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
BAT Reference Documents (BREFs)
Based on extensive exchange of information with
stakeholders
Structured and prepared on the basis of established
guidelines (Decision 2012/119/EU on BREF
Guidance)
Provide BAT conclusions with associated emission
and consumption levels or performance levels,
which shall be the reference for setting permit
conditions
Do not interpret the Directive and do not define or
alter legal obligations
Cannot be exhaustive or take full account of local
detailed considerations
11

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
The tool: Best Available Techniques Reference
Documents
Reference documents for Best Available Techniques
(BAT reference documents - BREFs)
BAT Conclusions
with associated emission
and consumption levels
Emission Limit Values
and other permit conditions (i.e. EPL,
Environmental Performance Levels)
for industrial installations
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EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Information exchange – TWG and actors
IED Art. 13 Forum
European
Commission
European IPPC Bureau (EIPPCB)
member
1
Member States
EU-27
member
2
Technical
member
..
Working
Group
Industrial
NGOs
member
N
Environmental
NGOs
EFTA and
acceding
countries
IED Art. 75 COMMITTEE
European
Commission
Member States
EU-27
13

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
EIPPCB and TWG
European IPPC Bureau (EIPPCB) and BREF expert(s)
Set up in one of the scientific institutes of the European
Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC).
Coordinate the exchange of information on the basis of a
set guidance
Lead and steer the work of the TWG
Carry out independent verification and analysis of the
information collected to derive BAT conclusions
Technical Working Group (TWG)
Group of experts representing Member States, industries,
NGOs, established by the Commission
Actively exchange information during the
development/elaboration and review of the BREFs
Comment on formal drafts BREFs and other documents
proposed by the EIPPCB
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EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Structure of a BREF document
It follows the Guidance approved by the Committee
In general, the structure is the following:
Chapter 1 – General Information on the sector:
products, economics, main environmental issues
Chapter 2 – Applied Processes and Techniques
Chapter 3 – Current Emissions and Consumptions
levels
Chapter 4 – Techniques to consider in determination of
BAT
Chapter 5 – Best Available Techniques (BAT)
Conclusions
Chapter 6 – Emerging techniques
Also a
standalone
document
15

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
BAT
Best Available Techniques
Core of the strategy
for the environmental improvement
16

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Definition of Best Available Technique
Article 3(10) of the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED 2010/75/EU)
Best
Most effective in achieving a high general level of
protection of the environment as a whole
Techniques Both the technology used and the way in which the
installation is designed, built, maintained, operated
and decommissioned
Available
Developed on a scale which allows implementation
in the relevant industrial sector, under economically
and technically viable conditions, taking into
consideration the costs and advantages, whether or
not the techniques are used or produced inside the
Member State in question, as long as they are
reasonably accessible to the operator
17

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Criteria for the BAT evaluation
Techniques are evaluated by considering all the
following aspects:
Technical feasibility:
Technique already applied
Safety and quality of products not affected
Environmental benefit:
Emission reduction
Cross-media effects are controlled (pollution shift)
Considerations on the applicability in specified
circumstances or conditions
Economic viability:
Sustainability of costs for the whole sector
18

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Cross-media effects
Cross-media effects (side effects) may result in a clear
disadvantage for the implementation of a technique:
Shifting of pollution from one environmental medium to
another (air to water, air, water to waste)
Increased energy consumption (direct and/or indirect
emissions)
Increase consumption of raw materials (indirect
emissions) and water
Effects on stratospheric ozone depletion, ozone creation
Eutrophication of land and waters from air and water
emissions
Noise and/or odour
Risk of accidents
19

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Economics
The economic viability of the technique should be
taken into account in the assessment for the BAT
conclusions:
Investment and operating costs (including energy, raw
materials, waste disposal)
Costs for a new installation or retrofitting an existing
installation
Elements related to the economy of scale
Potential savings or revenues should be taken into
account:
Reduced energy and/or raw material consumption
Lower investment costs compared to conventional
applications
Reduced costs for CO 2 allowances (does not apply to
IRPP sector)
20

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT
The term ‘technique’ includes all measures having a
potential for achieving a high level of environmental
protection, including:
Management systems
Process-integrated techniques
End-of-pipe measures
Among the abatement techniques, both primary and
secondary measures are considered:
Primary techniques to reduce or prevent the formation
of pollutants
Secondary techniques which render the pollutants
less harmful (converting them to other species) or
collect them in a form that can be reused, recycled or
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disposed of

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Main issues of the IRPP sector
Characteristics the IRPP sector:
Directly connected activities: feeding, housing,
storage, land spreading (essentially chained by the
manure)
Integrated installations (full cycle sow-to-slaughter)
Mostly, diffuse emissions that are not measured onfarm
Mostly, calculated/estimated emission data
Legal constraints of the EU IRPP sector:
Animal welfare (housing systems)
Nitrate Directive and related constraints (storage and
spreading of manure)
22

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
IRPP BREF
The information exchange
23

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Critical issues of the exchange of information
Wide ranges of emission data:
Emission factors measured in experimental conditions
Data from selected literature reviews
Data evaluated by expert judgment
Agreed factors for national inventory accounting
Units not consistently applied to the whole EU territory
Missing base information for unit conversion
Contributions from a limited number of sources (MS)
Wide ranges of economic figures
Units not consistently applied to the whole EU territory
Missing background information for price understanding
Missing information on farm retrofitting
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EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Information provided to EIPPCB
Questionnaires 212
Scientific and descriptive articles 219
References from existing IRPP BREF 87
Multiple-subject folders (3-50 docs.) (*.zip) 59
Other (pictures, minor issues) 74
Additional documents used for Draft 2 145
Total 796
72% of documents from 9 MS
25

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Flows and evolution of total nitrogen in the manure that
is transferred down the farming cycle. Two cases.
Case 1 Case 2
% N
losses N content % system
losses
% N
losses N content % system
losses
Excreted N 100 100
In-house losses 30% 30 65% 20% 20 28%
Stockable N 70 80
Stockage losses 15% 10.5 23% 18% 14.4 21%
Spreadable N 59.5 65.6
Spreading losses 10% 5.9 13% 55% 36.1 51%
Crop usable N 53.5 29.5
N system losses 46.5 100% 70.5 100%
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EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
IRPP BREF
The assessment of techniques
27

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Evaluation of candidate BAT
Techniques must be evaluated and ranked
based on:
Technical feasibility
Environmental performance
Economic viability
The environmental assessment considers:
all relevant emissions: ammonia, greenhouse gases
(GHG), dust emissions, odour, P, etc.
performances are compared to a reference system
based on geographical areas and climatic conditions
emissions from all the connected stages of production
(housing, manure storage and spreading)
28

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Comparison of techniques
Techniques in the livestock sector are
commonly evaluated for a differential to a given
reference
Techniques (housing, storage, etc.) may have
different performances in different climatic
situations or may have different applicability
References are foreseen for climaticgeographical
situations:
Northern Europe: DK, NL, DE, BE, etc.
Central Europe: UK, FR, etc.
Southern Europe: SP, IT, PT, etc.
29

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
The need for a Reference system
The ‘Reference system’ sets a baseline level for:
Feed and feeding system
Housing system
In-house manure storage
Outdoor manure storage
Field application
It should represent the commonly applied practices
in an installation
It needs to be well agreed and used as a relative
comparative tool to evaluate all candidate BAT
30

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Characteristics of the Reference systems
The ‘Reference system’:
Allows to evaluate the environmental impacts
along the entire production chain
Ideally represents a sound conventional IRPP
system being made of:
A feeding system
A housing system and in-house storage
An external manure storage
A land spreading practice
All steps are connected by the manure that
changes its composition in each passage from one
stage to the other
31

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Principles of the assessment methodology
Techniques are evaluated not only at the point of
application
By the control of the manure composition, it is
possible to estimate pollution shifts along the
production chain: e.g. the nitrogen that is not lost
in-house might be emitted in a following stage
The performance of technique at the point of
application is the first step of the ‘whole system’
evaluation
Emissions from all stages of production are
combined to give a ‘whole system’ performance for
each pollutant (NH 3 , GHG, etc.)
32

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Assessment methodology tool
A combined qualitative and quantitative evaluation
tool will be used:
Quantitative evaluation where possible:
algorithms and emission factors taken from
official documents and literature
Qualitative evaluation: scoring assessment by
expert judgment when quantitative evaluation is
not possible
Shifting of substances is determined (i.e. nitrogen
from solid/liquid to air or soil)
When relevant, the effects on adjoining systems are
estimated and taken into account (e.g. energy
consumption, production of chemical fertilizers)
33

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Quantitative environmental assessment (1)
Based on the methodology developed by the
University of Southern Denmark
Covering the main animal categories:
Fattening pigs
Sows
Broilers
Laying hens
Use of emission factors publicly available:
National and /or European inventories for NH 3
Mainly, IPCC (2006) and UNFCCC for N 2 O
IPCC (2006) for CH 4 + country specific values
Reference manure composition
‘Marginal’ emission factors for electricity production
34

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Quantitative environmental assessment (2)
Typical input values:
Water consumption
Bedding material
Electricity consumption
Thermal energy consumption
Expected output values:
Air emissions from the farm process
Emissions to soil, groundwater and surface water
Air emissions from energy production and
mineral fertilizers production (used or avoided by
the farm process)
35

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Quantitative environmental assessment (3)
Feed
Retention
Bedding material,
water spillages, etc.
Inputs
(e.g. straw to
cover manure)
Plant uptake
Leaching to water
Livestock
Ab animal manure
Housing
Outdoor storage
Manure spreading
Emissions
Ab housing manure
Emissions
Ab outdoor storage manure
Emissions to air
36

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Quantitative environmental assessment (4)
Available emission factors from official sources:
NH 3 (kg NH 3 /kg N ex-animal)
N 2 O (kg N 2 O /kg N ex-animal)
CH4 (kg/tonne manure ex-animal)
Values for ammonia are consistent with reported
data submitted by the IRPP TWG, given in kg NH 3 per
animal place, year (checked by the EIPPCB)
37

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Quantitative environmental assessment (5)
Input data for assessing a single technique:
Reported emissions reduction (%)
Electricity consumption (kWh/tonne manure)
Thermal energy (MJ/tonne manure)
Manure composition (kg/tonne of Total-N, P, K,
dry matter)
Feed (kg/tonne manure)
38

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Example for slurry cooling – Assessment results (1)
kg/ton manure
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
NH 3 -N
Avoided fertilizer
System emissions
System inputs
Ref Tech Ref Tech Ref Tech
Housing Storage Field application
39

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Example for slurry cooling – Assessment results (2)
NH3-N Unit Housing Storage Field
System
inputs
System
emissions
Avoided
systems
NH3-N total
Total
system
kg/ton
manure 0.00045 0.000095 0.00055
kg/ton
manure 0.50 0.10 0.52 1.13
kg/ton
manure -0.03 -0.03
kg/ton
manure 0.5 0.1 0.5 1.1
CHANGE % -30.0 4.0 4.2 -14.8
40

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
Conclusions
Draft 2 of the IRPP BREF will contain BAT
conclusions. Candidate techniques need to be
assessed in order to define BAT
A quantitative tool (set up by Denmark) may be used
in most cases for the environmental assessment of
techniques on a whole-farm basis
A similar tool may be used for the economic
assessment of techniques on a whole-farm basis
A relative comparison of techniques (against a
reference system) should allow an objective
formulation of BAT conclusions for the IRPP sector
41

EmiLi
St. Malo, 11 – 13 June 2012
European IPPC Bureau
• Thank you for your attention
• Paolo Montobbio
• Bianca Maria Scalet
European IPPC Bureau
Bianca-Maria.Scalet@ec.europa.eu
• Tel.: +34 954 488 453
• http://eippcb.jrc.es
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