Biodiversity: the UK Overseas Territories - WIDECAST

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36 BRITISH ANTARCTIC TERRITORY Specially Reserved Areas (SRAs) and Multiple Use Planning Areas (MPAs). SRAs are designated for the protection of representative examples of areas of outstanding aesthetic, scenic and wilderness value. MPAs cover high-use areas where cooperative planning of human activities is necessary to minimise harmful environmental impacts. When ratified, Annex V to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, Area Protection and Management, will rationalise the protected area system by allowing for the designation of two categories of protected areas: Antarctic Specially Protected Areas and Antarctic Specially Managed Areas. Six Sealing Zones and three Seal Reserves have been established under the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals. Two sites, Seal Islands and Cape Shirreff, have been designated as CCAMLR Eco-system Monitoring Programme (CEMP) sites under the CCAMLR Conservation Measure. Species protection • The 1964 Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Flora and Fauna include prohibitions on the killing, wounding, capturing or molesting of any native mammal or native bird except in accordance with a permit; and regulations on the importation of nonindigenous species, parasites, and diseases. Permits may be issued only by persons authorised by a participating Government. Certain species can be designated ‘Specially Protected Species’. The 1964 Agreed Measures though legally still in force, have been superseded by Annex II to the Environmental Protocol. (Further details are given in the section on international obligations.) • The 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals: this entered into force in 1978. The Convention contains comprehensive measures to regulate any taking of seals, including specifying permissable catch levels, protected species, and the opening and closure of sealing seasons and zones, and it establishes three Seal Reserves. The Convention is subject to regular review and has been used as a conservation, rather than resource utilisation, instrument. • The 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR): provides a legal framework for the management of fisheries south of the Antarctic Convergence. It established an Executive Commission and an Advisory Scientific Committee which meet annually at their headquarters in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. BAT also possesses a suite of its own up to date legislation, this includes Ordinances dealing with flora and fauna. Section 7 of the Antarctic Act prohibits entry into certain protected areas without a permit. Strict permitting provisions also relate to taking or harmful interference of wildlife. Key names and addresses The Administrator, British Antarctic Territory, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London SW1A 2AH. Polar Regions Section, Overseas Territories Department, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London SW1A 2AH. Tel: 0171 270 1500. British Antarctic Survey (The Director), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0E. Tel: 01223 321400; fax: 01223 32616; web site: http://www.nbs.ac.uk. A vast literature exists for the Antarctic as a whole and more specifically for the BAT. The British Antarctic Survey has a comprehensive reference facility to which access can be gained through their web site.
37 6: British Indian Ocean Territory Arabian Sea Sri Lanka Africa BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY Madagascar Indian Ocean Australi Coconut crab Birgus latro Introduction The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) covers 54,400 km 2 of ocean, including the reefs and islands of the Chagos Archipelago. The islands within the territory cover a total of around 60 km 2 , and lie between 4 and 8 ° S and 70 and 75 ° E. The total area of near-surface coral reefs is some 4,000 km 2 , which is approximately 1.5% of the total global area of reefs, a very major proportion of an important and increasingly threatened global heritage. The nearest neighbouring islands and reefs are those of the Maldives, with the southernmost atoll, Addu, being some 500 km to the north, separated by a channel some 2,200–3,300 m deep. The nearest continental land-area is that of Sri Lanka, which is over 1,500 km distant. To the west, the Seychelles lie over 1,800 km away, and the mainland coast of East Africa some 3,400 km distant. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the coast of Sumatra and Cocos Keeling Islands lie approximately 3,500 km to the east. The islands and reefs form the southernmost part of a long shallow ocean ridge, the Laccadives–Chagos Ridge, which runs almost directly north–south. The Archipelago consists of a variety of reefs with their associated low-lying coralline islands. There are five atolls: Chagos Bank, Peros Banhos, Salomon, Egmont and Diego Garcia; and ten reefs and submerged shoals including Blenheim Reef, Speakers Bank, Pitt Bank and Centurian Bank. BIOT was established by an Order in Council on 8 November 1965, having been a British territory since 1814, but formerly administered as a dependency of Mauritius. At present, land use is for military purposes only. There are licensed fisheries, notably for offshore tuna fishing, and a licensed reef fishery operated by Mauritian fishermen who visit the reefs for a few months each year (BIOT Administration 1997). International obligations relevant to nature conservation • Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention)
Page 1 and 2: Biodiversity: the UK Overseas Terri
Page 3 and 4: Contents Acknowledgements Chapter 1
Page 5 and 6: BIODIVERSITY: THE UK OVERSEAS TERRI
Page 11 and 12: 11 2: Anguilla Cuba Turks & Caicos
Page 13 and 14: ANGUILLA 13 extremely complex lando
Page 15 and 16: ANGUILLA 15 little information abou
Page 17 and 18: ANGUILLA 17 Howard, R.A., & Kellogg
Page 19 and 20: ASCENSION 19 Boatswainbird Island w
Page 21 and 22: ASCENSION 21 Table 3.2 Some endemic
Page 23 and 24: 23 4: Bermuda United States of Amer
Page 25 and 26: BERMUDA 25 • Fisheries Act 1972.
Page 27 and 28: BERMUDA 27 and conservationists to
Page 29 and 30: BERMUDA 29 Bermuda. Despite repeate
Page 31 and 32: BERMUDA 31 • Protected Species Or
Page 33 and 34: BERMUDA 33 475: 1-88. Lever, C. 198
Page 35: BRITISH ANTARCTIC TERRITORY 35 Anta
Page 39 and 40: BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY 39 e
Page 41 and 42: BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY 41 c
Page 43 and 44: BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY 43 I
Page 45 and 46: 45 7: British Virgin Islands Cuba T
Page 47 and 48: BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 47 marine pa
Page 49 and 50: BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 49 dunes, ma
Page 51 and 52: BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 51 (British)
Page 53 and 54: BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 53 Bibliogra
Page 55 and 56: 55 8: The Cayman Islands Cuba Turks
Page 57 and 58: THE CAYMAN ISLANDS 57 status of two
Page 59 and 60: THE CAYMAN ISLANDS 59 are included
Page 61 and 62: THE CAYMAN ISLANDS 61 endemic to Gr
Page 63 and 64: THE CAYMAN ISLANDS 63 Mammals The b
Page 65 and 66: THE CAYMAN ISLANDS 65 Islands natur
Page 67 and 68: THE FALKLAND ISLANDS 67 Internation
Page 69 and 70: THE FALKLAND ISLANDS 69 the followi
Page 71 and 72: THE FALKLAND ISLANDS 71 humpback wh
Page 73 and 74: THE FALKLAND ISLANDS 73 Unpublished
Page 75 and 76: 75 10: Gibraltar Portugal Spain Gib
Page 77 and 78: GIBRALTAR 77 unique characteristics
Page 79 and 80: GIBRALTAR 79 species may pass over
Page 81 and 82: GIBRALTAR 81 conservation in Gibral
Page 83 and 84: MONTSERRAT 83 Implementation Ramsar
Page 85 and 86: MONTSERRAT 85 The slippery back ski
Page 87 and 88:
MONTSERRAT 87 Survey of conservatio
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THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS 89 • Interna
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THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS 91 tree or shr
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THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS 93 The land sn
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THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS 95 Collar, N.J
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SOUTH GEORGIA 97 International obli
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99 14: South Sandwich Islands Argen
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101 15: St Helena Atlantic Ocean AS
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ST HELENA 103 Peak Forest Reserve (
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ST HELENA 105 St Helena gumwood Com
Page 107 and 108:
ST HELENA 107 species. The recorded
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ST HELENA 109 • The Endangered En
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ST HELENA 111 Oldfield, S., Lusty,
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THE TRISTAN DA CUNHA ISLANDS 113 Im
Page 115 and 116:
THE TRISTAN DA CUNHA ISLANDS 115 su
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THE TRISTAN DA CUNHA ISLANDS 117 co
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THE TRISTAN DA CUNHA ISLANDS 119 Fr
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TURKS AND CAICOS 121 of the Marine
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TURKS AND CAICOS 123 by Mumby et al
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TURKS AND CAICOS 125 Argythamnia ar
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TURKS AND CAICOS 127 Acknowledgemen
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TURKS AND CAICOS 129 Sanderson, J.
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BIODIVERSITY: THE UK OVERSEAS TERRI
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