MSc in Cellular and Molecular Biology MSc in Cellular and ...

MSc in Cellular and Molecular Biology
Run by the Department of Life Sciences
in collaboration with the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)
University of Coimbra, Portugal
Without specialization
Specialization in Neurobiology
ology
Contact:
Prof. Emília Duarte
Department of Life Sciences
PO Box 3406
3001-401 Coimbra
Portugal
Phone: (+351) 239 104473
e-mail: epduarte@cnc.cj.uc.pt

Index
Page
WHY choose the MSc in Cellular and Molecular Biology .............................. 1
HOW - The programme at a glance ............................................................ 2
WHAT for ................................................................................................. 2
Curriculum
Without specialization ...................................................................... 3
Specialization in Neurobiology .......................................................... 4
Admission requirements and Application .................................................. 5
Tuition fees ............................................................................................. 5
Short description of the courses (aims and content outline) .......................... 6

WHY choose the MSc in Cellular and Molecular Biology
The Master of Science in Cellular and Molecular Biology provides advanced,
research-oriented training in emerging areas of Molecular Cell Biology,
required for the understanding of the mechanisms of life and disease, and of
the modern diagnostic tools and therapies, particularly in Neuroscience,
Toxicology, Cancer, Human Reproduction and Fertility. The curriculum
includes disciplines in Exact Sciences that have been crucial for the
advancement of knowledge in Biology and Biomedicine.
The programme takes advantage of the close collaboration exhisting at the
University of Coimbra between several Departments of the Faculty of
Science and Technology (FCTUC), from the close relationship to some
Research Centers, particularly the Center for Neuroscience and Cell
Biology (CNC), and to laboratories of the Faculty of Medicine and the
Hospitals of the University of Coimbra (HUC). This unique research and
clinic environment makes it possible to have courses taught by leading
national and foreign scientists, and training in both research and
hospital laboratories.
The Master program in Cellular and Molecular Biology evolved from the former
Master in Cell Biology dating from 1982. Every year, about 20 students
attended the Advanced Courses of CNC and carried out their research projects
at several Departments of FCTUC (Zoology, Biochemistry, Botanic and
Chemistry Departments), at CNC, at the Faculty of Pharmacy, at the Center of
Histocompatibility, at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, and at the Institute
of Biomedical Research in Light and Image (IBILI) of the Faculty of Medicine
of Coimbra. Currently, there are students carrying out their research projects
at Janssen Pharmaceutica (Belgium), and agreements for the exchange of
students were settled with the University of Trieste, the University of Sannio
and the University of Bari (Italy).
1

HOW - The programme at a glance
The MSc in Cellular and Molecular Biology is a two-year Master degree. The
course programme in the first year comprises Courses, Laboratory
Rotations and Seminars. The second year is dedicated full time to the
research project, thesis writing and defence.
The courses, three- or four-weeks long, comprise lectures, practical lectures
and laboratory classes. The teaching faculty includes national and foreign
scientists coming from other universities in Portugal or abroad. Some of the
courses are linked to the Advanced Courses of the Doctoral Programme
in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine of CNC. The curriculum is
designed to expose students to top research areas and to instigate the
development of analytical, technical and communicative skills required of
today's biologists.
The core courses aim at providing all the students, having a diverse
background, with the fundamental concepts and experimental tools in
Molecular Cell Biology. The rich diversity of optional courses allows the
students to choose their own pathway.
In the laboratory rotations the students participate, during four weeks, in
research projects going on in research laboratories at the University of
Coimbra and associated Research Centers, at the Hospitals of Coimbra or the
Biocant Technology Park. The laboratory rotations provide the students with a
rich diversity of modern technologies and scientific questions, and allow the
students to get acquainted with laboratories they can join to do their thesis
project.
The research project or traineeship is introduced in the first year of the
programme with a literature survey and the writing of a review (Seminar I)
on the subject the student is planning to work in the second year. At the end
of the first year, the student presents and discusses the research plan of the
project or traineeship (Seminar II).
The second year is fully dedicated to the research or technical work, with
regular presentations of the work progress.
WHAT for
The MSc in Cellular and Molecular Biology is a Research Master, intended to
prepare highly qualified professionals, with scientific and technical skills to
work in Health, Industry, Basic and Applied Research and Academic
Teaching. Most of the students proceed to a PhD degree.
2

Curriculum
MSc in Cellular and Molecular Biology (without specialization)
Year 1
Scientific
field
Semester
Core courses 24
Cellular Regulation BCM 1 6
Laboratory Rotation I BCM 1 6
Laboratory Rotation II BCM 2 6
Seminar I BCM 2 3
Seminar II BCM 2 3
Optional courses 36
Year 2
Biology of Addiction NEURO 1 6
Biology of Reproduction BIO 1 6
Biomaterials BIOQ 1 6
Biomedical NMR and Molecular Imaging BIOQ 1 6
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology NEURO 1 6
Endocrine Disrupters BIO 1 6
Molecular Biotechnology BIOQ 1 6
Toxicity and Disease BIO 1 6
Aging BIO 2 6
Bioenergetics BIO 2 6
Bioentrepreneurship EMP 2 6
Biomathematics MAT 2 6
Eating Disorders and Metabolic Diseases BIO 2 6
Functional Lipidomics BIOQ 2 6
Instrumentation FIS 2 6
Molecular and Clinical Genetics BCM 2 6
Molecular Biology of Cancer BCM 2 6
Molecular Microbiology BIOQ 2 6
Neurobiology and Disease NEURO 2 6
Pharmaceuticals and Aditives BIOQ 2 6
Laboratory Rotation III BCM 2 6
Free Option* 1 or 2 6
Thesis/Project/Traineeship BCM 1 and 2 60
ECTS
* Students may take other disciplines, up to 6 ECTS, in other scientific fields and in any Faculty of
the University of Coimbra. Approval by the MSc coordinator is required.
(BCM, Cellular and Molecular Biology; BIO, Integrative Biology; BIOQ, Biochemistry; EMP,
Entrepreneurship; FIS, Physics; MAT, Mathematics; NEURO, Neurobiology)
3

MSc in Cellular and Molecular Biology
– Specialization in Neurobiology
Year 1
Scientific
field
Semester
Core courses 36
Cellular Regulation BCM 1 6
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology NEURO 1 6
Laboratory Rotation I BCM 1 6
Neurobiology and Disease NEURO 2 6
Laboratory Rotation II BCM 2 6
Seminar in Neurobiology I NEURO 2 3
Seminar in Neurobiology II NEURO 2 3
Optional courses 24
Year 2
Biology of Addiction NEURO 1 6
Biology of Reproduction BIO 1 6
Biomaterials BIOQ 1 6
Biomedical NMR and Molecular Imaging BIOQ 1 6
Endocrine Disrupters BIO 1 6
Molecular Biotechnology BIOQ 1 6
Toxicity and Disease BIO 1 6
Aging BIO 2 6
Bioenergetics BIO 2 6
Bioentrepreneurship EMP 2 6
Biomathematics MAT 2 6
Eating Disorders and Metabolic Diseases BIO 2 6
Functional Lipidomics BIOQ 2 6
Instrumentation FIS 2 6
Molecular and Clinical Genetics BCM 2 6
Molecular Biology of Cancer BCM 2 6
Molecular Microbiology BIOQ 2 6
Pharmaceuticals and Aditives BIOQ 2 6
Laboratory Rotation III BCM 2 6
Free Option* 1 or 2 6
Thesis in Neurobiology NEURO 1 and 2 60
ECTS
* Students may take other disciplines, up to 6 ECTS, in other scientific fields and in any Faculty of
the University of Coimbra. Approval by the MSc coordinator is required.
(BCM, Cellular and Molecular Biology; BIO, Integrative Biology; BIOQ, Biochemistry; EMP,
Entrepreneurship; FIS, Physics; MAT, Mathematics; NEURO, Neurobiology)
4

Admission requirements and Application
Admission requirements
Candidates should hold a Bachelor's degree/First degree (180 ECTS) in the
field of Life Sciences (Biology, Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacy),
with a final classification of at least 14 (out of 20). Applicants with lower
grades might be considered if they have additional technical/research
experience (research traineeship, Erasmus). Degrees in other fields might be
considered provided the candidates prove their interest for Life Sciences at the
cellular and molecular level.
Selection criteria
• Grades of first degree
• Additional experience
• Field of Bachelor/first degree
• Motivation letter
• Interview (if requested)
Application deadlines in 2013
First call: February 16 - April 15
Second call: June 15 - July 15
Further information at www.uc.pt/candidatos
Applications online at http://www.uc.pt/go/candidaturas
Tuition fees
2013-2015 Edition: 1500 € per year.
5

Short description of the courses (aims and content outline)
Core courses
Cellular Regulation (S1, 6 ECTS, BCM) Sept 9 - Oct 11, 2013
This course aims at providing up-to-dated information in selected areas of contemporary Molecular
and Cell Biology. Some of the critical scientific evidences that have lead to the formulation of the
central concepts are addressed.
Content: Targeting and transport of proteins in the cell. Cell adhesion and communication.
Intercellular messengers and their receptors. Intracellular signaling pathways: role of protein
kinases and phosphatases. Regulation of gene expression by growth factors, cytokines and
hormones. Degradation of proteins at the lysosomes and by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
The cell cycle: regulation by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Programmed cell death.
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology (S1, 6 ECTS, NEURO) Nov 11 - Dec 6, 2013
This course aims at providing up-to-dated information regarding the structure and function of the
cells of the nervous system. Some of the critical scientific evidences that have lead to the
formulation of the central concepts in the field are addressed.
Content: Axon and dendritic transport: role of the cytoskeleton; motor proteins; anterograde and
retrograde transport; cellular components transported along axons and dendrites. Experimental
strategies to change neuronal activity using non-electrophysiological tools. Molecular mechanisms
of exocytosis. Neurotransmitters and their receptors: synthesis, storage and release of
neurotransmitters; receptor structure and function. Cellular and molecular basis of learning and
memory formation: long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) and long-term synaptic depression
(LTD); trafficking of glutamate receptors; role of protein phosphorylation and gene expression.
Neurobiology and Disease (S2, 6 ECTS, NEURO) March 10 - April 4, 2014
The first part of the course provides information about the major steps operating during the
development of the nervous system, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved: neural
induction and pattern formation; cellular determination, axon pathfinding; synapse differentiation
and elimination; role of programmed cell death.
The second part aims at providing up-to-dated information regarding major diseases of the nervous
system: epilepsy, stroke and ischemia, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease,
prions disease, polyglutamine expansion disease.
Some of the critical scientific evidences that have lead to the formulation of the central concepts in
Neurobiology are addressed in the course.
Laboratory Rotations I and II (S1/2, 6 ECTS, BCM)
The students work, for at least three weeks, in research projects going on in laboratories of the
Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, of the Faculty of Medicine and of the Hospitals of the
University of Coimbra (or others to be approved). Laboratory rotations provide the development of
technical skills and the opportunity to get acquainted with scientific questions in several areas of
Life Sciences that use cell and molecular biology approaches and tools. During the laboratory
rotations, the students get to know laboratories and potential supervisors for their thesis project.
Laboratories in Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Structural Biology, Biophysics, Molecular
Biotechnology, Gene Therapy, Biology of Reproduction and Fertility, Citogenetics, Molecular
Genetics, Forensic Sciences, Microbiology, Molecular Oncobiology, and Neuroscience are available.
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Seminar I (S2, 3 ECTS, BCM)
or Seminar in Neurobiology I (S2, 3 ECTS, NEURO)
July, 2014
At the end of the first year, the students carry out a literature survey and write a short review on
the subject of their thesis.
Seminar II (S2, 3 ECTS, BCM)
or Seminar in Neurobiology II (S2, 3 ECTS, NEURO)
July, 2014
At the end of the first year, the students write and present the research proposal for their thesis.
Seminars I and II stimulate the development of skills to master information, to organize a plan of
research, and to understand the context, aims, methods and limitations of a research proposal.
Optional courses
Aging (S2, 6 ECTS, BIO) April 7 - May 16, 2014
The course provides knowledge on the age-associated molecular changes in cells and tissues, and
how they affect organ and body function. Based on this knowledge and on research studies on
animal models, the theories of aging and the “evolutionary reasons” for aging are discussed. The
course is organized around three central topics: how we age, why we age, what we can do about it.
Content: Aging of the skin and connective tissues: consequences in the vascular and respiratory
systems, in cartilage and bone. Loss of muscle mass and changes in fiber type and function. Brain
aging and neurodegeneration. Stress and aging: the brain circuits of stress and the hormonal
response to adverse conditions; effects of stress on brain aging; stress and memory; relationship
between stress and depression; stress and the immune system. Stochastic and systemic theories
of aging. Cell senescence and the telomeric theory of aging. Stem cell aging. Mitochondria,
oxidative stress and aging. “Inflammaging”. Gene profilling of aging. Trade-off theories between
the costs of reproduction and the costs of tissue repair. Cancer and aging: is there a trade-off
Strategies to delay aging and age-related diseases: vitamin and hormone supplements; physical
exercise and aging; stem cells and tissue repair; caloric restriction.
Bioenergetics (S2, 6 ECTS, BCM) Not open in 2013-2014
The course provides the understanding of the fundamental concepts of cell bioenergetics, with
emphasis on mitochondria function.
Content: Redox chain and phosphorilative system. Chemiosmotic theory and alternative
hypotheses. Stoichiometry and thermodynamics of phosphorylation. Measurement of proton motive
force. The basis of respiratory control. Mitochondria as a pharmacological target. Mitochondrial
permeability transition (MPT) and oxidative stress. Role of the MPT on the toxicity of xenobiotics.
Role of the MPT in ischemia/reperfusion. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and heart disease: activation
of K ATP and cardioprotection; role of ischemic preconditioning in cardioprotection; therapeutic
strategies to change the metabolism of ischemic heart; effects of cardioprotective pharmacological
agents on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and neurodegenerative
diseases. Mitochondria as a tool on toxicological evaluation (screening of toxic xenobiotics and use
in ecotoxicology).
Bioentrepreneurship (S2, 6 ECTS, EMP) March 10 - April 4, 2014
The course aims to stimulate the entrepreneurship capability of the students, and to provide an
overview of the procedures required to set up a business, with emphasis on technology-based
entrepreneurship and bioentrepreneurship.
Content: From the idea to the business: preliminary study of viability; business plan; funding;
mechanisms and agencies to assist the entrepreneur. Basic accounts and finance. Management of
human resources.
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Biology of Addiction (S1, 6 ECTS, NEURO) Dec 9, 2013 - Jan 17, 2014
The course provides in-depth knowledge on the physiology of the nervous system, from cells and
molecules to the system level. Teaching is carried out in the context of the action of drugs of abuse
in the nervous system and their effects on physiology and behavior. Teaching is largely based on
research data so that students get acquainted with brain research tools, from cell and molecular
biology to brain imaging and behavioral assays.
Content: From the mechanisms of synaptic potentiation by the stimulants cocaine and
amphetamines to the effects on behavior. Amphetamine neurotoxicity and the cocaine fetal
syndrome. From the heroin action on opioid receptors to the effects on the electrical activity of the
neuron and the transmission of the nerve impulse. Opiates and the pain system. How hallucinogens
interfere with the processing of sensorial information. From the mechanisms of action of alcohol on
the nerve cell to the effects on motor control. The endocannabinoid system. Cell and molecular
mechanisms of habituation, dependence and addiction. How drugs change our brain: drugs and
synaptic plasticity, regulation of chromatin remodeling by drugs of abuse. Dysfunction of brain
circuits of reward, motivation, memory and behavior control. Genetic predisposition to drug abuse.
Basis of the pharmacological therapies of addiction.
Biology of Reproduction (S1, 6 ECTS, BIO) Not open in 2013-2014
In this course, the student will use previous knowledge and skills in Cell, Molecular and
Development Biology to learn the principles of Biology of Reproduction, particularly the hormonal
regulation, the production and physiology of gametes and embryos in mammals, and techniques of
assisted reproduction. Laboratory work focuses on the isolation and characterization of gametes
and testis cells, gamete viability and fertilization assays, and techniques of prenatal diagnosis.
Biomathematics (S2, 6 ECTS, MAT)
The course provides the students with the mathematical tools to analyse and to model some
biological systems.
Contents: Discrete and continuous models for the populational dynamics of one species and various
species (cases of pray/predator, competition and mutualism). Dynamics of infeccious diseases.
Population genetics and evolution with and without selection. Biological movements: invasion and
dispersion. Pattern formation (bacteria, colour patterns).
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology (S1, 6 ECTS, NEURO) Nov 11 - Dec 6, 2013
This course aims at providing up-to-dated information regarding the structure and function of the
cells of the nervous system. Some of the critical scientific evidences that have lead to the
formulation of the central concepts in the field are addressed.
Content: Axon and dendritic transport: role of the cytoskeleton; motor proteins; anterograde and
retrograde transport; cellular components transported along axons and dendrites. Experimental
strategies to change neuronal activity using non-electrophysiological tools. Molecular mechanisms
of exocytosis. Neurotransmitters and their receptors: synthesis, storage and release of
neurotransmitters; receptor structure and function. Cellular and molecular basis of learning and
memory formation: long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) and long-term synaptic depression
(LTD); trafficking of glutamate receptors; role of protein phosphorylation vs gene expression.
Eating Disorders and Metabolic Diseases (S2, 6 ECTS, BIO) Not open in 2013-2014
The course provides knowledge, at an advanced level, of the neuro-hormonal mechanisms
controlling food intake and the energy balance, the causes of obesity and associated health
problems.
Content: Hypothalamic circuits controlling food intake and energy expenditure. Role of hormones
from the adipose tissue and the gut on the control of appetite and energy consumption. Causes of
the human obesity: genes and environment; evolutive theories of obesity (the “thrifty genes);
metabolic syndrome. Pharmacologic therapies of obesity. Types of exercise to control body weight.
Biological causes of anorexia: animal models of anorexia; anorexia and cachexia associated to
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cancer. Diabetes: insulin signalling pathways and the control of metabolism and cellular growth;
insulin resistance and type II diabetes; dysfunction of insulin secretion. Relationship between
obesity and type II diabetes. Pharmacologic targets on type II diabetes: from insulin secretagogues
to drugs that decrease insulin resistance. Autoimmune mechanisms of β-cell damage in type I
diabetes. Innovative therapies for type I diabetes: gene therapy and cell replacement therapy.
Health problems related to diabetes: role of glucose toxicity and of insulin resistance in the
pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, diabetic retinopathy and neuropathies.
Endocrine Disrupters (S2, 6 ECTS, BIO) Not open in 2013-2014
The course provides knowledge on the effects of environmental contaminants (pesticides,
phthalates, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs) that might affect the differentiation of
the reproductive system, gametogenesis, the hormonal control of reproduction, and the
development of the nervous system. Endocrine disruption provides the setting to study the
mechanisms of hormonal regulation: biosynthesis, control of gene expression, crosstalk between
transcription factors, epigenetic mechanisms and the perinatal programming of the development.
In vitro studies and the animal models used to assess the effects of endocrine disrupters on wildlife
and humans are critically evaluated. The roles of dose, acute versus chronic exposure, window of
exposure, and bioactivation, are taken into account.
Instrumentation (S2, 6 ECTS, FIS)
The course provides the basics of Electronics required for the understanding of the most common
instrumentation used in Life Sciences, acquisition systems, computer controllled systems, and
training on basic computer-aided design (CAD) in Electronics.
Content: Electronic components and their association. Amplifiers: the ideal operational amplifier;
amplifier circuit with and without inversion; differential amplifier; filtering circuits; response curve
and saturation. Transducers. Temperature, pressure, light and position sensors. Response curve
and impedance of a sensor. Interface circuits for transducers with operational amplifiers. Digital
electronics, analog/digital and digital/analog conversion.
Molecular and Clinical Genetics (S2, 6 ECTS, BCM) Not open in 2013-2014
The course provides the theoretical basis of the genetic analysis, the Molecular Genetics techniques
used to identify susceptibility genes in multifactorial diseases, and training in the bioinformatics of
the genetic analysis.
Content: Organization of the human genome. Molecular tools to identify genetic variants. Analysis
of the hereditary patterns of complex diseases. Principles and strategies to identify genes involved
in human disease: positional and functional cloning. Genetic mapping of monogenic and
multifactorial diseases: genetic markers, recombinants and non-recombinants, frequency of
recombination, linkage analysis, haplotypes. Pharmacogenomics.
Molecular Biology of Cancer (S2, 6 ECTS, BCM) Feb 10 - March 7, 2014
The course addresses the molecular genetics of cancer and the associated changes in the cell
biology of transformed cells, and how current and emerging therapies target the mechanisms of
disease.
Content: Oncogenes and viral oncogenes. Cell cycle regulation and cancer. Aberrant cell signaling
in cancer. Tumour suppressor genes: DNA repair and apoptosis. Epigenetic tumour markers and
epigenetics as a therapeutic target in cancer. Matrix metalloproteinases, adhesion molecules and
metastatic progression. Angiogenesis and cancer. Immunesurveillance and cancer. Cancer gene
therapy: viral and non-viral vectors; targeting of nanopharmaceuticals to cancer cells.
9

Molecular Biotechnology (S1, 6 ECTS, BIOQ)
The course provides the theoretic and technical basis for the understanding of current and
emerging applications of molecular biology in medicine and industry.
Content: Gene cloning and production of recombinant proteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic
systems (methodologies and applications). Protein engineering: directed and random mutagenesis;
protein modification for therapeutic or industrial purposes; redesign of enzymes to improve
catalytic activity, stability or ligand interaction. Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics:
methodologies and applications in research and medicine. Gene therapy: viral and non-viral vectors
(liposomes) to deliver the genetic material; studies of the therapeutic activity in animal models;
protocols and approved clinical assays.
Molecular Microbiology (S2, 6 ECTS, BIOQ) Feb 10 - March 7, 2014
The course aims to provide indepth knowledge in microbiology with emphasis on molecular
aspects: molecular genetics of microorganisms; microbe physiology, evolution and phylogeny;
environmental microbiology; molecular pathogenesis; microbe applications.
Neurobiology and Disease (S2, 6 ECTS, NEURO) March 10 - April 4, 2014
The first part of the course provides information about the major steps operating during the
development of the nervous system, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved: neural
induction and pattern formation; cellular determination, axon pathfinding; synapse differentiation
and elimination; role of programmed cell death.
The second part aims at providing up-to-dated information regarding major diseases of the nervous
system: epilepsy, stroke and ischemia, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease,
prions disease, polyglutamine expansion disease.
Some of the critical scientific evidences that have lead to the formulation of the central concepts in
Neurobiology are addressed in the course.
Pharmaceuticals and Aditives (S2, 6 ECTS, BIOQ ) April 7 - May 16, 2014
The course provides knowledge on the development of new pharmaceutical agents and/or aditives,
their formulation and mode of administration.
Content: Drug design: leader compound, structure-activity relationship (SAR e QSAR), computeraided
molecular design (CAMD). Factors determining drug action: physico-chemical properties,
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Antioxidants (natural and synthetic): antioxidants and
cardiovascular protection; anti-inflammatory and anti-microbian activity; antioxidants in the diet,
human health and aging. Biogenic poliamines and derivatives: poliamines in cell differentiation and
neoplasia; anti-inflammatory activity. Chemotherapeutic agents in clinical use: alquilant agents,
antimetabolites, antibiotics, endocrine agents, and immunopharmaceuticals. Mechanisms of drug
resistance. Drug targeting and drug delivery; controlled release of pharmaceuticals. Aditives in the
food and pharmaceutical industries.
Toxicity and Disease (S1, 6 ECTS, BIO) Oct 14 - Nov 8, 2013
The course provides the concepts and experimental approaches to understand the mechanisms of
action of toxic compounds and how they cause disease.
Content: The basis of Toxicology: lethal and sublethal effects; acute and chronic toxicity; doseresponse
relationship; absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of toxic
compounds. Mitochondrial toxicity: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; role of mitochondria
in calcium homeostasis; mitochondria and the control of apoptosis. Chemical toxicity: hepatic
colestasis; hepatic steatosis; Reye’s syndrome. Oxidative stress and disease: alcoholic cyrrosis; the
paradox of ischemia/reperfusion; aging. Mitochondrial DNA and disease.
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