Energy Band-Gap Engineering of Graphene Nanoribbons

PRL 98, 206805 (2007)
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS week ending
18 MAY 2007
Note added.—During the preparation of this manuscript
we became aware of related work with a similar conclusion
from Chen et al. [22].
FIG. 4 (color online). E gap vs W for the 6 device sets considered
in this study: four (P1–P4) of the parallel type and two (D1,
D2) with varying orientation. The inset shows E gap vs relative
angle for the device sets D1 and D2. Dashed lines in the inset
show the value of E gap as predicted by the empirical scaling of
E gap vs W.
with no sign of crystallographic directional dependence.
This suggests that the detailed edge structure plays a more
important role than the overall crystallographic direction in
determining the properties of the GNRs. Indeed, theory for
ideal GNRs predicts that E gap depends sensitively on the
boundary conditions at the edges [6–15]. The lack of
directional dependence indicates that at this point our
device fabrication process does not give us the atomically
precise control of the GNR edges necessary to reveal this
effect. The interplay between the precise width, edge orientation,
edge structure, and chemical termination of the
edges in GNRs remains a rich area for future research.
In conclusion, we demonstrate that the energy gap in
patterned graphene nanoribbons can be tuned during fabrication
with the appropriate choice of ribbon width. An
understanding of ribbon dimension and orientation as control
parameters for the electrical properties of graphene
structures can be seen as a first step toward the development
of graphene-based electronic devices.
We thank W. de Heer, C. T. White, F. Liu, S. G. Louie,
M. Hybertsen, K. Bolotin, and P. Jarrillo-Herrero for helpful
discussions. This work is supported by the ONR
(No. N000150610138), FENA, DOE (No. DE-FG02-
05ER46215), NSF CAREER (No. DMR-0349232),
NSEC (No. CHE-0117752), and the New York State
Office of Science, Technology, and Academic Research
(NYSTAR). M. Han is supported by the National Science
Foundation.
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