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To see the automatically configured link-local address, I need to use the show ipv6 interface interface-name command: R1#sho ipv6 int f0/0 FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::212:43FF:FEB9:2C70 No global unicast address is configured Joined group address(es): FF02::1 FF02::2 FF02::1:FFB9:2C70 MTU is 1500 bytes ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds ICMP redirects are enabled ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1 ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds Here is the IPv6 link-local address from R6: R6#sho ipv6 interface f0/0 | inc link-local IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::214:6AFF:FEA2:D438 What does any network guy do when configuring two devices on a network Ping them, of course. Let’s ping R6 from R1. To ping using IPv6, we still use the ping command, but we need to add the ipv6 keyword: R1#ping ipv6 FE80::214:6AFF:FEA2:D438 Output Interface: f0/0 % Invalid interface. Use full interface name without spaces (e.g. Serial0/1) That’s annoying, but we do what we must: Output Interface: fastethernet0/0 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FE80::214:6AFF:FEA2:D438, timeout is 2 seconds: Packet sent with a source address of FE80::212:43FF:FEB9:2C70 !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/0/4 ms Ping works just like you’d expect it to, though we had to include the source interface and spell it out. Why Because the network for this IP address is the same on every interface—remember, it’s a link-local address, so the router will not forward it between interfaces. The real difference is the terribly long IPv6 addresses. We all like to rattle off IP addresses like we’re some sort of savant. I’d venture a guess that for most of us, IPv6 will have us firmly believing in proper DNS usage. This is all well and good, but link-local addresses are dropped by routers, since those addresses are designed to be used only on the network on which they reside. What’s the point of having a router if you can’t forward packets from one interface to another To forward packets, by definition, each interface on the router needs to be in a different network. In my opinion, this is where IPv6 can become a network admin’s dream. IPv6 allows you to address interfaces without assigning a host address. Since we can create an address by translating the MAC address into a EUI-64 format, we can quickly 680 | Chapter 37: IPv6
connect devices just by telling them what network we’re on. An example of this is shown in Figure 37-1. Figure 37-1. Simple IPv6 network with two routers Here on R1, we’ve already got a link-local address, but as we’ve covered, that’s almost useless for real-world networking. With the ipv6 address address/mask eui-64 interface command, I’ll assign a network address to the F0/0 interface. Let’s say that I’ve been allocated the AAAA:AAAA:AAAA::/48 address block. I’ll start by using the :1: subnet: R1(config-if)#ipv6 address AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:1::/64 eui-64 This is fine in a lab environment, but remember that in the real world, you should have a properly allocated /64 prefix given to you by your provider, ARIN, or some other authority. Now the interface will have a network address of aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:1::/64, and the host address will be the EUI-64 address resolved from the interface’s MAC address. The :1: represents the subnet I’ve allocated from the /48 range aaaa:aaaa:aaaa. We can see this with the show ipv6 interface interface-name command: R1#sho ipv6 int f0/0 FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::212:43FF:FEB9:2C70 Global unicast address(es): AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:1:212:43FF:FEB9:2C70, subnet is AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:1::/64 [EUI] Joined group address(es): FF02::1 FF02::2 FF02::1:FF00:0 FF02::1:FFB9:2C70 MTU is 1500 bytes ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds ICMP redirects are enabled ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1 ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds ND advertised reachable time is 0 milliseconds ND advertised retransmit interval is 0 milliseconds ND router advertisements are sent every 200 seconds ND router advertisements live for 1800 seconds Hosts use stateless autoconfig for addresses. Simple Router Configuration | 681
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Network Warrior
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Network Warrior, Second Edition by
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Configuring Trunks 42 IOS 42 CatOS
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Nexus and HSRP 189 GLBP 189 Object
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Bipolar Violation 362 CRC6 363 Erro
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Configuring Contexts 486 Interfaces
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Nonpriority Queue Too Large 624 Def
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Environmental 729 Leadership and Me
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I faced a very tough decision when
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Using Code Examples This book is he
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would not be published today. Her d
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CHAPTER 1 What Is a Network Before
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WAN A WAN is a network that is used
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I was surprised to learn that there
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equired. Collisions are also limite
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Hubs have a lot of drawbacks, and m
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destination MAC address and checks
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Switch Types Cisco switches can be
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Planning a Chassis-Based Switch Ins
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Installing and removing modules Mod
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How Autonegotiation Works First, le
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Figure 3-2. Full duplex frames cons
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Once you’ve set the speed, you ca
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Figure 4-1. VLANs on a switch Figur
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Another way to route between VLANs
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There are a lot of options when cre
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To create a VLAN, give the vlan com
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1004 fddinet-default act/unsup 1005
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This automatically puts us into int
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How Trunks Work Figure 5-2 is a vis
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Which Protocol to Use Why are there
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The default mode for most Cisco swi
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The output of show interface trunk
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Switch-2# (enable)clear trunk 3/5 1
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CHAPTER 6 VLAN Trunking Protocol In
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Switches with mismatched VTP domain
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Figure 6-3. Broadcast sent to all s
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In larger, more dynamic environment
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3750-IOS(config)#vtp mode client S
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IOS VTP pruning is enabled with the
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NX-OS NX-OS does not support VTP pr
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Figure 7-1. EtherChannel on IOS and
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• The source and destination port
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The only solutions for this problem
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Switch-2-CatOS: (enable)sho channel
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Port-channel: Po1 ------------ Age
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Input flow-control is off, output f
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Figure 7-6. VSS MEC versus Nexus vP
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Technically, you could bond port ch
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5 Po14 up success success 3-7,9 6 P
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The computer on Switch A sends out
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The numbers on the left side of the
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0 input packets with dribble condit
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Preventing Loops with Spanning Tree
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Figure 8-4. BPDU format Every port
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Root ID Priority 24577 Address 0009
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Here is the same command as seen on
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To disable PortFast on an interface
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UplinkFast should be configured onl
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If BackboneFast is used, it must be
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Figure 8-9. Unidirectional link pro
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Designing to Prevent Spanning Tree
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outer. Router is the term I will ge
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When a packet arrives at a router,
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Gateway of last resort is 11.0.0.1
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Subnet Subnets are indented under t
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Supernet (Group of Major Networks)
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Now I’ll assign a different inter
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CHAPTER 10 Routing Protocols A rout
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There may be more than one type of
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Metrics and Protocol Types The job
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Figure 10-6. OSPF uses bandwidth to
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Looking at Table 10-1, you can see
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is learned on one permanent virtual
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By default, no interfaces are inclu
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• Updates in RIPv2 are sent using
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As with all IGPs, you list the inte
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D 192.168.3.0/24 [90/2195456] via 1
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Autonomous System External (ASE) LS
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outers are assumed to be connected
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OSPF Router with ID (192.168.1.116)
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Dampening enabled. 2687 history pat
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CHAPTER 11 Redistribution Redistrib
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Regardless of which protocol you re
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Gateway of last resort is not set C
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Here are the arguments required for
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If you do not specify a default met
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outer ospf 100 redistribute eigrp 1
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autonomous systems using the same r
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P 10.10.10.0/24, 1 successors, FD i
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Gateway of last resort is not set 5
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Gateway of last resort is not set 5
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CHAPTER 12 Tunnels A tunnel is a me
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Figure 12-1. Simple network Given t
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Keepalive not set Tunnel source 10.
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To prove that the tunnel is running
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Router D: interface Loopback0 ip ad
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down the tunnel. Unfortunately, it
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PIX firewalls also support the keyw
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The details of Cisco’s HSRP can b
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To enable this behavior, you must c
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On each router, we have added the s
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Figure 13-5. HSRP limitations Metro
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of 1,024 GLBP groups per router int
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Weighting is used both for load dis
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Another nice GLBP command is show g
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If we wanted GLBP to enable the for
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metric route-type tag Match metric
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We used to be able to do AND operat
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simply provides the best path to th
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Policy routing overrides the routin
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CHAPTER 15 Switching Algorithms in
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Process Switching The original meth
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a. Is the destination reachable b.
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The drawbacks of this implementatio
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The term trie comes from the word r
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IP fast switching on the same inter
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CEF 30 ****************************
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CHAPTER 16 Multilayer Switches Swit
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Ethernet ports on routers tend to b
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Queueing strategy: fifo Output queu
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Another way to get to the MSFC is w
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A quick word is in order about choo
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Figure 17-1. Individual versus inte
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Because it controls the crossbar fa
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Figure 17-3. Cisco 6509 backplanes
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the standard 6500 chassis (40 Gbps
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Supervisor-720 This model represent
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etween the different buses. Specifi
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CSM for load-balancing needs, but t
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Interface Vlan30 "inside", is up, l
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Intrusion Detection System modules.
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MSFC for Layer-3 functionality, the
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Queueing strategy: fifo Output queu
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Figure 17-9. VSS layout including P
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If you change your mind, just negat
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We can see the status of the VSS cl
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activity interval and global aging
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To reboot only the active switch an
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CHAPTER 18 Cisco Nexus At the time
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6509 and 6509E had side-to-side air
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ports. When mounting switches in ra
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Figure 18-6. Nexus 5010 with power
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Figure 18-8. Nexus 2148 FEX with po
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dhcp Enable/Disable DHCP Snooping d
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No more write memory Cisco has been
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on commands with big outputs, like
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Scalability The Nexus 7000 chassis
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The downside is that it makes the c
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Next, I’ll allocate all 32 ports
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Once I’m connected to the VDC, it
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NX-7K-1-Cozy(config-if)# rate-mode
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Figure 18-15. FEXs attached in cros
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The FEX associate command is what d
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Figure 18-17. Traditional spanning
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And the vPC peer keepalive: NX-7K-2
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Port Mode 1 access access Native Vl
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Imagine two Nexus 5010s, with large
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NX-5K-2(config-sync-sp)# sync-peers
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Here it says that it verified local
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spanning-tree port type edge trunk
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NX-5K-1# config sync NX-5K-1(config
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Name: GAD !Command: Checkpoint cmd
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tell it that we’re using the mana
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Install is in progress, please wait
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CHAPTER 19 Catalyst 3750 Features T
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As it says, I need to reboot, so I
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You create macros are created with
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An easier way to see where macros h
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Storm Control Storm control prevent
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Additionally, the latest releases o
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that this is measured every 200 ms,
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Protect When a violation occurs, th
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3750(config)#monitor session 1 des
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3750(config)#no monitor session S
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command. The options are cos and tr
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The interface’s configuration wil
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CHAPTER 20 Telecom Nomenclature The
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Digital refers to a signal that has
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CSU/DSU CSU stands for Channel Serv
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Designator Transmission rate Voice
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Figure 20-4. Different propagation
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POTS POTS is short for the clever p
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T-carrier T-carrier is the generic
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T1s are full-duplex links. Voice T1
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This allows for some interesting er
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Figure 21-4. One-channel sample T1s
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Performance Monitoring CSU/DSUs con
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though again, they are described fo
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Watch out for assumptions. Router D
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Not all models of CSU/DSU have all
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Figure 21-13. Integrated CSU/DSU lo
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Hardware revision is 0.112, Softwar
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(ninety-six 15-minute intervals), a
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clocking, framing, and encoding, wh
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sends a FEOOF signal back to the so
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You show the status of the interfac
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However, because this is a channeli
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Here, we can see the individual ser
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CHAPTER 23 Frame Relay Frame Relay
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dell-see). These DLCIs (and your da
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Figure 23-4. Frame Relay CIR and DE
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Figure 23-7. Six-node fully meshed
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ansi q933a Congestion Avoidance in
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out pkts dropped 0 out bytes droppe
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Router-B(config)#int s0/0 Router-B(
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Local IP addresses mapped to remote
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Figure 23-12. Three-node Frame Rela
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00:33:05: Serial0/0(in): Status, my
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Serial0/0.102 (up): point-to-point
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Because entire packets are prefixed
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So how do the branches communicate
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encapsulation ppp auto qos voip tru
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Wildcard Masks Wildcard masks (also
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Reflexive access lists, covered lat
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Here’s an actual example from a P
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access-list Inbound permit icmp any
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access-list Inbound line 8 permit i
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Or using named access lists: ip acc
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able to communicate only with the d
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to contain a permit appletalk inste
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Figure 25-4. Simple access list app
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Reflexive access lists can only be
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CHAPTER 26 Authentication in Cisco
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NX-OS switches work a little differ
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If you specify a command or menu th
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e used when minimal security is des
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CHAP CHAP is more secure than PAP b
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Two-way authentication. As with PAP
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Hostname ISP ! username Bob-01 pass
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Nexus switches seem to be more gear
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Creating Method Lists A method list
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If you’re relying on external ser
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interface Serial0/0/0:0 no ip addre
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high level of security, but like yo
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term referring to a zone created be
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Figure 27-2. DMZ connecting to a ve
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Figure 27-4 shows a simplified layo
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CHAPTER 28 ASA Firewall Configurati
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All model ASAs can be configured to
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In multicontext mode, interface cha
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Object Groups Object groups allow a
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access-list In line 1 extended perm
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Different inspects are enabled by d
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Figure 28-4. Context types within a
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Figure 28-6. Another no-shared-inte
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Figure 28-9. Multiple contexts shar
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We now find ourselves in the system
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Type help or '' for a list of avail
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Maximum VLANs : 200 Inside Hosts :
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For failover to work, each ASA must
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interface GigabitEthernet0/3 descri
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VPN CTCP upd 0 0 0 0 VPN SDI upd 0
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Be careful of this method of operat
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Group 2 State: Standby Ready Active
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global (outside) 1 interface nat (i
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Normally, the static command includ
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3191 bytes copied in 3.280 secs (10
Page 535 and 536:
filters. For example, if you only w
Page 537 and 538:
CHAPTER 29 Wireless Wireless networ
Page 539 and 540:
consumer equipment will get nowhere
Page 541 and 542:
TKIP The Temporal Key Integrity Pro
Page 543 and 544:
The authentication open command tel
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Cisco-WAP(config)#int g0 Cisco-WAP(
Page 547:
Troubleshooting Here are some usefu
Page 550 and 551:
See Chapter 21 for more information
Page 552 and 553:
equipment using slow-speed links, b
Page 554 and 555:
hairpinning is generally frowned up
Page 556 and 557:
Common Issues with VoIP When dealin
Page 558 and 559:
Small-Office VoIP Example In a Cisc
Page 560 and 561:
SW-3750(config-vlan)#vlan 901 SW-37
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mls qos trust device cisco-phone ml
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the right code, which minimizes pro
Page 566 and 567:
Next, we’ll configure the phone s
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R1-PBX(config-telephony)#transfer-s
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Figure 30-4. Cisco 7970 phone; the
Page 572 and 573:
I’m assigning the line number 111
Page 574 and 575:
Different separator options may be
Page 576 and 577:
To make the button work on the Cisc
Page 578 and 579:
peers to send our calls there. Sinc
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If a call is destined for the numbe
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ACK Acknowledge a SIP message. CANC
Page 584 and 585:
Key: 123456789 Trunk2 Number: 97355
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Here’s the rub. It only works gre
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sip-ua credentials number 608222222
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ephone-dn 22 dual-line number 97355
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that replaces anything that could a
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TFTP paging-dn 20 Preferred Codec:
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R1-PBX#sho dialplan number 92111111
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From: ;tag=383B4-0 To: Date: Thu,
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Figure 31-1. Simple two-building ne
Page 602 and 603:
Assuming a FIFO (first in, first ou
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Figure 31-4. Simple two-building Vo
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ecame apparent as users began to wa
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WFQ WFQ is the default queuing mech
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Figure 31-8. Faster links are not b
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Common QoS Misconceptions There are
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Of course, QoS not resolving a need
Page 616 and 617:
Record who is using each protocol a
Page 618 and 619:
Removing the placeholder, we now ha
Page 620 and 621:
• Voice control—30 Kbps • Tel
Page 622 and 623:
Policy Maps Now that we have our cl
Page 624 and 625:
Our final configuration is as follo
Page 626 and 627:
Of course, you would need to have a
Page 628 and 629:
0 packets, 0 bytes 5 minute rate 0
Page 630 and 631:
Traffic-shaping terminology The fol
Page 632 and 633:
In the Ethernet handoff example, I
Page 634 and 635:
Internet address is 10.10.10.2/30 M
Page 636 and 637:
819 input errors, 559 CRC, 227 fram
Page 638 and 639:
more than 1 out of every 10 packets
Page 641 and 642:
CHAPTER 34 The Converged Network In
Page 643 and 644:
The HTTP class references access li
Page 645 and 646:
Class-map: Voice-RTP (match-any) 19
Page 647 and 648:
5 minute offered rate 255000 bps, d
Page 649 and 650:
The drop rate in the first bold lin
Page 651 and 652:
which can result in drops in lower-
Page 653 and 654:
CHAPTER 35 Designing Networks There
Page 655 and 656: • Each user will have one phone s
Page 657 and 658: Another requirement that engineers
Page 659 and 660: If you have planned your network to
Page 661 and 662: Figure 35-6. Bay face layout Just b
Page 663 and 664: Keep it simple Take a look at any o
Page 665 and 666: Network Designs I can’t tell you
Page 667 and 668: stadium. The stadium was divided in
Page 669 and 670: • User VLANs Planning ahead of ti
Page 671 and 672: Figure 35-12. Bridged three-tier ec
Page 673 and 674: • Which interface is primary •
Page 675 and 676: CHAPTER 36 IP Design When a network
Page 677 and 678: the same network, so the packet wil
Page 679 and 680: Figure 36-2. Classful subnets of a
Page 681 and 682: Figure 36-4 shows how a single rout
Page 683 and 684: To make things even more interestin
Page 685 and 686: she would likely allocate them in t
Page 687 and 688: Figure 36-7. Divide-by-half IP subn
Page 689 and 690: IP Subnetting Made Easy IP subnetti
Page 691 and 692: Figure 36-11. Possible subnet octet
Page 693 and 694: Figure 36-15. Subnet worksheet step
Page 695: Figure 36-17. Horizontal format of
Page 698 and 699: If you’re not familiar with scien
Page 700 and 701: hexadecimal numbers separated by co
Page 702 and 703: Loopback address The loopback addre
Page 704 and 705: The following guidelines may be use
Page 708 and 709: The interface now has a link-local
Page 710 and 711: Success! Notice how we didn’t hav
Page 712 and 713: ND reachable time is 30000 millisec
Page 714 and 715: R4: L FF00::/8 [0/0] via ::, Null0
Page 716 and 717: 60 cycles per second (60 Hz). 1080p
Page 718 and 719: The company ended up losing an enti
Page 720 and 721: ~152.1.58.124 .INIT. 16 - 64 0 0.00
Page 722 and 723: =128.118.46.3 0.0.0.0 16 64 0 0.000
Page 724 and 725: configuration that caused the route
Page 726 and 727: ut the cables were not tied togethe
Page 728 and 729: everse the change, but make sure yo
Page 730 and 731: Escalate If you can’t figure out
Page 732 and 733: ead this, groaning, “I hate polit
Page 734 and 735: If your company is short on cash, y
Page 736 and 737: • Increase reliability Unless you
Page 738 and 739: On the other hand, devices that are
Page 741 and 742: CHAPTER 41 Avoiding Frustration I
Page 743 and 744: managers usually wake up, at which
Page 745 and 746: tension with my statement. The focu
Page 747 and 748: Understand the shortcomings of your
Page 749 and 750: What about upgrading something like
Page 751 and 752: To increase simplicity I’m a big
Page 753 and 754: of you Do you think you’ll be the
Page 755 and 756: Tell people that you’ve done some
Page 757 and 758:
Index Symbols 802.xx standards (see
Page 759 and 760:
computer jerks and, 727-730 selling
Page 761 and 762:
trunk negotiation, 40 types of, 14
Page 763 and 764:
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), 5
Page 765 and 766:
floating static route, 119 Foreign
Page 767 and 768:
multicontext ASAs and, 482-484 PAT
Page 769 and 770:
login method, 454 loopback addresse
Page 771 and 772:
(see also NX-OS; specific Nexus dev
Page 773 and 774:
plain-old telephone service (POTS),
Page 775 and 776:
RFC 2281, 181, 184 RFC 2373, 676 RF
Page 777 and 778:
show fabric switching-mode command,
Page 779 and 780:
stacking GBICs, 317 stacking switch
Page 781 and 782:
translation-profile command, 564 tr
Page 783:
vtp password command, 57 VTP passwo
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