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administrative distance, 107, 126 bandwidth-based metrics, 124 communication considerations, 121 functionality, 137–143 redistributing into, 154–156 routing tables and, 106 out-of-band signaling, 357, 359 out-of-frame (OOF), 362 overclocking, 377 oversubscription, 393 P PA-A3-T3 module, 381 Pacific Bell, 351 packet loss, 531, 575 Packet Voice Digital Signal Processor (PVDM), 528 packet-to-packet delay variation, 531 packets address types and, 675 defined, 10 malformed, 217 marking, 578 MPLS support, 409 MTU path discovery, 426 multicast, 120 policing, 578 protocols and, 524, 575 QoS misconceptions, 588 RIP considerations, 152 route maps and, 198 routing, 207, 208 scheduling, 578 switching, 207, 208 TOS field, 578–581 VLANs and, 25 paging feature, 546 paging-dn command, 547 PAgP (Port Aggregation Control Protocol), 68, 260 PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 442, 443–444 partial mesh networks, 391 passive-interface command, 132, 133 passthru mode (FEX), 290 Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), 442, 443–444 password command, 437 passwords, 437 (see also authentication) best practices, 460 line, 437–439 VTP, 57 PAT (Port Address Translation) interface examples, 502–504 NAT Overload and, 501 port redirection and, 504 reflexive access lists and, 431 pattern matching, dial peers, 554 payload loopback, 367 Payment Card Industry (PCI), 643 PBX (private branch exchange), 350, 527 PCI (Payment Card Industry), 643 PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol), 514 peer keepalive links, 76, 296 Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST), 91 performance monitoring about, 362 bipolar violation, 362 CRC6, 363 Errored Second counter, 363 Extreme Errored Seconds counter, 363 loss of signal, 362 out-of-frame, 362 permanent virtual circuit (PVC), 387, 401, 403– 407 permit clause (route maps), 199 PFC (policy feature card), 238 phase-locked loop (PLL), 371 phone configuration ephone command, 546–550 ephone-dn command, 543–546 message waiting lamps, 550 paging feature, 546 process overview, 543 phone registration, 567 physical audits, 703 physical layer first rule, 702 ping tool, 425, 680 pinning, defined, 293 PIX firewalls ASDM software, 469 displaying IP addresses as names, 473–474 fixups feature, 477 grouping, 421–423 most-used on top example, 420–421 transparent mode, 470 746 | Index
plain-old telephone service (POTS), 351, 528, 551–553 PLAR (Private Line Automatic Ringdown), 528 plar command, 555 PLL (phase-locked loop), 371 PoE (Power over Ethernet), 527 point-to-multipoint networks, 140 point-to-point networks, 140 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), 442–449, 453, 455 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), 179 point-to-point VPNs, 167 poison reverse, 128 policing packets, 578 policy feature card (PFC), 238 policy maps, 596 policy routing defined, 198, 200 example, 200–203 monitoring, 203–205 policy-map command, 536 port ACLS, 427–428 port adapters, 249 Port Address Translation (see PAT) Port Aggregation Control Protocol (PAgP), 68, 260 port channel interfaces, 63 port layout spreadsheets, 629–633 port redirection, 504 port security, 329–332 port speed, 390 port-object command, 476 PortFast feature (spanning tree), 95 ports documenting layouts, 629–633 FEX considerations, 271 network design considerations, 642 small office VoIP example, 535, 542 states supported, 90 POTS (plain-old telephone service), 351, 528, 551–553 power considerations chassis-based switches, 16 documenting, 634 planning rack space, 634 Power over Ethernet (PoE), 527 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 442–449, 453, 455 ppp authentication chap command, 447 ppp authentication command, 456 ppp authentication pap callin command, 443 ppp chap hostname command, 448 ppp pap sent-username command, 443, 444 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), 179 preshared keys (PSK), 515 PRI (Primary Rate Interface), 347, 357 primary ASA, 491 primary command, 500 Primary Rate Interface (PRI), 347, 357 priorities LLQ scenario, 590–592 QoS considerations, 578–581 priority command, 596 priority percent command, 596 priority queuing, 582, 621–624 private branch exchange (PBX), 350, 527 Private Line Automatic Ringdown (PLAR), 528 private virtual circuits (PVCs), 602 privilege levels, 440 problem escalation, 704 problem solving, 700–704, 724 process switching configuring switching paths, 216–217 defined, 207, 209 managing switching paths, 216–217 steps for, 209–210 processing delay, 348–349 propagation delay, 348 Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP), 514 proxy servers, 555 PSK (preshared keys), 515 PTT (Push To Talk) button, 549 Push To Talk (PTT) button, 549 PVC (permanent virtual circuit), 387, 401, 403– 407 PVCs (private virtual circuits), 602 PVDM (Packet Voice Digital Signal Processor), 528 PVST (Per-VLAN Spanning Tree), 91 Q QoS (Quality of Service) Index | 747
Page 3:
Network Warrior
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Network Warrior, Second Edition by
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Configuring Trunks 42 IOS 42 CatOS
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Nexus and HSRP 189 GLBP 189 Object
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Bipolar Violation 362 CRC6 363 Erro
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Configuring Contexts 486 Interfaces
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Nonpriority Queue Too Large 624 Def
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Environmental 729 Leadership and Me
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I faced a very tough decision when
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Using Code Examples This book is he
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would not be published today. Her d
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CHAPTER 1 What Is a Network Before
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WAN A WAN is a network that is used
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I was surprised to learn that there
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equired. Collisions are also limite
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Hubs have a lot of drawbacks, and m
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destination MAC address and checks
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Switch Types Cisco switches can be
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Planning a Chassis-Based Switch Ins
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Installing and removing modules Mod
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How Autonegotiation Works First, le
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Figure 3-2. Full duplex frames cons
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Once you’ve set the speed, you ca
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Figure 4-1. VLANs on a switch Figur
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Another way to route between VLANs
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There are a lot of options when cre
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To create a VLAN, give the vlan com
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1004 fddinet-default act/unsup 1005
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This automatically puts us into int
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How Trunks Work Figure 5-2 is a vis
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Which Protocol to Use Why are there
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The default mode for most Cisco swi
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The output of show interface trunk
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Switch-2# (enable)clear trunk 3/5 1
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CHAPTER 6 VLAN Trunking Protocol In
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Switches with mismatched VTP domain
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Figure 6-3. Broadcast sent to all s
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In larger, more dynamic environment
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3750-IOS(config)#vtp mode client S
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IOS VTP pruning is enabled with the
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NX-OS NX-OS does not support VTP pr
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Figure 7-1. EtherChannel on IOS and
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• The source and destination port
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The only solutions for this problem
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Switch-2-CatOS: (enable)sho channel
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Port-channel: Po1 ------------ Age
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Input flow-control is off, output f
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Figure 7-6. VSS MEC versus Nexus vP
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Technically, you could bond port ch
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5 Po14 up success success 3-7,9 6 P
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The computer on Switch A sends out
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The numbers on the left side of the
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0 input packets with dribble condit
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Preventing Loops with Spanning Tree
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Figure 8-4. BPDU format Every port
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Root ID Priority 24577 Address 0009
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Here is the same command as seen on
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To disable PortFast on an interface
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UplinkFast should be configured onl
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If BackboneFast is used, it must be
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Figure 8-9. Unidirectional link pro
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Designing to Prevent Spanning Tree
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outer. Router is the term I will ge
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When a packet arrives at a router,
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Gateway of last resort is 11.0.0.1
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Subnet Subnets are indented under t
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Supernet (Group of Major Networks)
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Now I’ll assign a different inter
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CHAPTER 10 Routing Protocols A rout
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There may be more than one type of
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Metrics and Protocol Types The job
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Figure 10-6. OSPF uses bandwidth to
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Looking at Table 10-1, you can see
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is learned on one permanent virtual
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By default, no interfaces are inclu
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• Updates in RIPv2 are sent using
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As with all IGPs, you list the inte
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D 192.168.3.0/24 [90/2195456] via 1
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Autonomous System External (ASE) LS
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outers are assumed to be connected
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OSPF Router with ID (192.168.1.116)
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Dampening enabled. 2687 history pat
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CHAPTER 11 Redistribution Redistrib
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Regardless of which protocol you re
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Gateway of last resort is not set C
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Here are the arguments required for
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If you do not specify a default met
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outer ospf 100 redistribute eigrp 1
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autonomous systems using the same r
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P 10.10.10.0/24, 1 successors, FD i
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Gateway of last resort is not set 5
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Gateway of last resort is not set 5
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CHAPTER 12 Tunnels A tunnel is a me
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Figure 12-1. Simple network Given t
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Keepalive not set Tunnel source 10.
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To prove that the tunnel is running
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Router D: interface Loopback0 ip ad
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down the tunnel. Unfortunately, it
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PIX firewalls also support the keyw
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The details of Cisco’s HSRP can b
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To enable this behavior, you must c
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On each router, we have added the s
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Figure 13-5. HSRP limitations Metro
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of 1,024 GLBP groups per router int
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Weighting is used both for load dis
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Another nice GLBP command is show g
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If we wanted GLBP to enable the for
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metric route-type tag Match metric
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We used to be able to do AND operat
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simply provides the best path to th
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Policy routing overrides the routin
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CHAPTER 15 Switching Algorithms in
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Process Switching The original meth
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a. Is the destination reachable b.
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The drawbacks of this implementatio
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The term trie comes from the word r
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IP fast switching on the same inter
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CEF 30 ****************************
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CHAPTER 16 Multilayer Switches Swit
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Ethernet ports on routers tend to b
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Queueing strategy: fifo Output queu
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Another way to get to the MSFC is w
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A quick word is in order about choo
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Figure 17-1. Individual versus inte
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Because it controls the crossbar fa
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Figure 17-3. Cisco 6509 backplanes
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the standard 6500 chassis (40 Gbps
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Supervisor-720 This model represent
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etween the different buses. Specifi
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CSM for load-balancing needs, but t
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Interface Vlan30 "inside", is up, l
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Intrusion Detection System modules.
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MSFC for Layer-3 functionality, the
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Queueing strategy: fifo Output queu
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Figure 17-9. VSS layout including P
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If you change your mind, just negat
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We can see the status of the VSS cl
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activity interval and global aging
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To reboot only the active switch an
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CHAPTER 18 Cisco Nexus At the time
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6509 and 6509E had side-to-side air
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ports. When mounting switches in ra
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Figure 18-6. Nexus 5010 with power
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Figure 18-8. Nexus 2148 FEX with po
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dhcp Enable/Disable DHCP Snooping d
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No more write memory Cisco has been
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on commands with big outputs, like
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Scalability The Nexus 7000 chassis
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The downside is that it makes the c
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Next, I’ll allocate all 32 ports
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Once I’m connected to the VDC, it
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NX-7K-1-Cozy(config-if)# rate-mode
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Figure 18-15. FEXs attached in cros
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The FEX associate command is what d
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Figure 18-17. Traditional spanning
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And the vPC peer keepalive: NX-7K-2
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Port Mode 1 access access Native Vl
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Imagine two Nexus 5010s, with large
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NX-5K-2(config-sync-sp)# sync-peers
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Here it says that it verified local
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spanning-tree port type edge trunk
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NX-5K-1# config sync NX-5K-1(config
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Name: GAD !Command: Checkpoint cmd
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tell it that we’re using the mana
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Install is in progress, please wait
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CHAPTER 19 Catalyst 3750 Features T
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As it says, I need to reboot, so I
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You create macros are created with
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An easier way to see where macros h
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Storm Control Storm control prevent
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Additionally, the latest releases o
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that this is measured every 200 ms,
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Protect When a violation occurs, th
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3750(config)#monitor session 1 des
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3750(config)#no monitor session S
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command. The options are cos and tr
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The interface’s configuration wil
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CHAPTER 20 Telecom Nomenclature The
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Digital refers to a signal that has
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CSU/DSU CSU stands for Channel Serv
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Designator Transmission rate Voice
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Figure 20-4. Different propagation
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POTS POTS is short for the clever p
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T-carrier T-carrier is the generic
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T1s are full-duplex links. Voice T1
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This allows for some interesting er
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Figure 21-4. One-channel sample T1s
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Performance Monitoring CSU/DSUs con
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though again, they are described fo
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Watch out for assumptions. Router D
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Not all models of CSU/DSU have all
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Figure 21-13. Integrated CSU/DSU lo
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Hardware revision is 0.112, Softwar
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(ninety-six 15-minute intervals), a
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clocking, framing, and encoding, wh
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sends a FEOOF signal back to the so
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You show the status of the interfac
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However, because this is a channeli
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Here, we can see the individual ser
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CHAPTER 23 Frame Relay Frame Relay
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dell-see). These DLCIs (and your da
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Figure 23-4. Frame Relay CIR and DE
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Figure 23-7. Six-node fully meshed
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ansi q933a Congestion Avoidance in
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out pkts dropped 0 out bytes droppe
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Router-B(config)#int s0/0 Router-B(
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Local IP addresses mapped to remote
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Figure 23-12. Three-node Frame Rela
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00:33:05: Serial0/0(in): Status, my
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Serial0/0.102 (up): point-to-point
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Because entire packets are prefixed
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So how do the branches communicate
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encapsulation ppp auto qos voip tru
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Wildcard Masks Wildcard masks (also
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Reflexive access lists, covered lat
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Here’s an actual example from a P
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access-list Inbound permit icmp any
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access-list Inbound line 8 permit i
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Or using named access lists: ip acc
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able to communicate only with the d
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to contain a permit appletalk inste
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Figure 25-4. Simple access list app
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Reflexive access lists can only be
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CHAPTER 26 Authentication in Cisco
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NX-OS switches work a little differ
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If you specify a command or menu th
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e used when minimal security is des
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CHAP CHAP is more secure than PAP b
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Two-way authentication. As with PAP
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Hostname ISP ! username Bob-01 pass
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Nexus switches seem to be more gear
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Creating Method Lists A method list
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If you’re relying on external ser
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interface Serial0/0/0:0 no ip addre
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high level of security, but like yo
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term referring to a zone created be
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Figure 27-2. DMZ connecting to a ve
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Figure 27-4 shows a simplified layo
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CHAPTER 28 ASA Firewall Configurati
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All model ASAs can be configured to
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In multicontext mode, interface cha
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Object Groups Object groups allow a
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access-list In line 1 extended perm
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Different inspects are enabled by d
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Figure 28-4. Context types within a
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Figure 28-6. Another no-shared-inte
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Figure 28-9. Multiple contexts shar
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We now find ourselves in the system
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Type help or '' for a list of avail
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Maximum VLANs : 200 Inside Hosts :
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For failover to work, each ASA must
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interface GigabitEthernet0/3 descri
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VPN CTCP upd 0 0 0 0 VPN SDI upd 0
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Be careful of this method of operat
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Group 2 State: Standby Ready Active
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global (outside) 1 interface nat (i
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Normally, the static command includ
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3191 bytes copied in 3.280 secs (10
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filters. For example, if you only w
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CHAPTER 29 Wireless Wireless networ
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consumer equipment will get nowhere
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TKIP The Temporal Key Integrity Pro
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The authentication open command tel
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Cisco-WAP(config)#int g0 Cisco-WAP(
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Troubleshooting Here are some usefu
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See Chapter 21 for more information
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equipment using slow-speed links, b
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hairpinning is generally frowned up
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Common Issues with VoIP When dealin
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Small-Office VoIP Example In a Cisc
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SW-3750(config-vlan)#vlan 901 SW-37
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mls qos trust device cisco-phone ml
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the right code, which minimizes pro
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Next, we’ll configure the phone s
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R1-PBX(config-telephony)#transfer-s
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Figure 30-4. Cisco 7970 phone; the
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I’m assigning the line number 111
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Different separator options may be
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To make the button work on the Cisc
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peers to send our calls there. Sinc
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If a call is destined for the numbe
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ACK Acknowledge a SIP message. CANC
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Key: 123456789 Trunk2 Number: 97355
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Here’s the rub. It only works gre
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sip-ua credentials number 608222222
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ephone-dn 22 dual-line number 97355
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that replaces anything that could a
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TFTP paging-dn 20 Preferred Codec:
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R1-PBX#sho dialplan number 92111111
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From: ;tag=383B4-0 To: Date: Thu,
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Figure 31-1. Simple two-building ne
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Assuming a FIFO (first in, first ou
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Figure 31-4. Simple two-building Vo
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ecame apparent as users began to wa
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WFQ WFQ is the default queuing mech
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Figure 31-8. Faster links are not b
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Common QoS Misconceptions There are
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Of course, QoS not resolving a need
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Record who is using each protocol a
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Removing the placeholder, we now ha
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• Voice control—30 Kbps • Tel
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Policy Maps Now that we have our cl
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Our final configuration is as follo
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Of course, you would need to have a
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0 packets, 0 bytes 5 minute rate 0
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Traffic-shaping terminology The fol
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In the Ethernet handoff example, I
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Internet address is 10.10.10.2/30 M
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819 input errors, 559 CRC, 227 fram
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more than 1 out of every 10 packets
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CHAPTER 34 The Converged Network In
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The HTTP class references access li
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Class-map: Voice-RTP (match-any) 19
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5 minute offered rate 255000 bps, d
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The drop rate in the first bold lin
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which can result in drops in lower-
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CHAPTER 35 Designing Networks There
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• Each user will have one phone s
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Another requirement that engineers
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If you have planned your network to
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Figure 35-6. Bay face layout Just b
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Keep it simple Take a look at any o
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Network Designs I can’t tell you
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stadium. The stadium was divided in
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• User VLANs Planning ahead of ti
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Figure 35-12. Bridged three-tier ec
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• Which interface is primary •
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CHAPTER 36 IP Design When a network
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the same network, so the packet wil
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Figure 36-2. Classful subnets of a
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Figure 36-4 shows how a single rout
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To make things even more interestin
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she would likely allocate them in t
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Figure 36-7. Divide-by-half IP subn
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IP Subnetting Made Easy IP subnetti
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Figure 36-11. Possible subnet octet
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Figure 36-15. Subnet worksheet step
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Figure 36-17. Horizontal format of
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If you’re not familiar with scien
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hexadecimal numbers separated by co
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Loopback address The loopback addre
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The following guidelines may be use
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To see the automatically configured
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The interface now has a link-local
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Success! Notice how we didn’t hav
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ND reachable time is 30000 millisec
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R4: L FF00::/8 [0/0] via ::, Null0
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60 cycles per second (60 Hz). 1080p
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The company ended up losing an enti
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~152.1.58.124 .INIT. 16 - 64 0 0.00
Page 722 and 723: =128.118.46.3 0.0.0.0 16 64 0 0.000
Page 724 and 725: configuration that caused the route
Page 726 and 727: ut the cables were not tied togethe
Page 728 and 729: everse the change, but make sure yo
Page 730 and 731: Escalate If you can’t figure out
Page 732 and 733: ead this, groaning, “I hate polit
Page 734 and 735: If your company is short on cash, y
Page 736 and 737: • Increase reliability Unless you
Page 738 and 739: On the other hand, devices that are
Page 741 and 742: CHAPTER 41 Avoiding Frustration I
Page 743 and 744: managers usually wake up, at which
Page 745 and 746: tension with my statement. The focu
Page 747 and 748: Understand the shortcomings of your
Page 749 and 750: What about upgrading something like
Page 751 and 752: To increase simplicity I’m a big
Page 753 and 754: of you Do you think you’ll be the
Page 755 and 756: Tell people that you’ve done some
Page 757 and 758: Index Symbols 802.xx standards (see
Page 759 and 760: computer jerks and, 727-730 selling
Page 761 and 762: trunk negotiation, 40 types of, 14
Page 763 and 764: Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), 5
Page 765 and 766: floating static route, 119 Foreign
Page 767 and 768: multicontext ASAs and, 482-484 PAT
Page 769 and 770: login method, 454 loopback addresse
Page 771: (see also NX-OS; specific Nexus dev
Page 775 and 776: RFC 2281, 181, 184 RFC 2373, 676 RF
Page 777 and 778: show fabric switching-mode command,
Page 779 and 780: stacking GBICs, 317 stacking switch
Page 781 and 782: translation-profile command, 564 tr
Page 783: vtp password command, 57 VTP passwo
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