Feasibility Study of Proposed Tourism Dev in Shewula, NE ...

A Feasibility Study of the
Proposed Tourism
Development in Shewula,
North-Eastern Swaziland

PPF / P / 3-29 :
Prepared by :
Capacity-Building in the Shewula
Community: North-eastern Swaziland:
Maputaland TFCA
Cathy Segar, Brent Corcoran & Jonathan
Kingwill
Project Period : Feb 99 - May 99
Due Date : 31 May 1999

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the people of the Shewula community for their hospitality and
generosity in welcoming us into their community. It was their drive and initiative, which
provided the impetus for the study. Their enthusiasm to participate in and assist the research
process is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to the numerous volunteer
researchers who participated in the study.
The authors are also indebted to members of the Shewula-Mbuluzi-Mlawula Trust, in particular
those who sat on the Shewula Trust Working Group. Their determination to see the Shewula
community benefit from tourism development has supported their community's initiatives, and
will continue to do so for some time to come.
The authors would especially like to thank the following individuals:
Chief Mbandzamane Sifundza (the Chief of Shewula), for his co-operation in the study, and for
providing contact with numerous members of the Shewula.
Bernard Sifundza (Secretary to Chief Sifundza), who patiently assisted the study team in its
endeavours and whose unstinting determination to see the project become a reality is an
inspiration;
Amos Magagula and Alfred Mabila (Shewula community members and translators for the
study) who assisted the researchers above and beyond the call of duty;
Sikhumbuzo Dlamini (Head Warden, Mbuluzi Game Reserve), for his willingness to share and
debate his insights into Swaziland's socio-political context, and for his assistance during our
time in the field;
George White (Manager, Tambankulu Sugar Estate) & family, for demonstrating a sense of
industry's social responsibility, and for the wonderful accommodation and assistance with
logistical difficulties such as internet access,
Kim Roques (Head Warden, Mlawula Nature Reserve) for the use of that reserve's facilities
ranging from telephone to tin bath tubs (and without whom, the authors might never have
known the value of a good fire and running water);
Bhekisisa Ginindza (Environmental Education Officer and acting Community Outreach officer,
Mlawula Nature Reserve) for bearing with us while we annexed the education centre's
flipboard, occupied its conference room and borrowed its video machine;
Giorgio Menchini (Legambiente), Daniela Ambrosi & family, who provided support and
guidance for the study and whose Italian hospitality knows no bounds;
Trevor Sandwith (Kwa-Zulu Natal Nature Conservation Services, facilitator for establishing the
Lubombo Conservancy and supervisor to the study), for his insights into the research process,
alternatives for management models and case studies of community-based tourism as well as
his patience in reading numerous drafts of this report.
Lynton Burger, from the Environmental Evaluation Unit at University of Cape Town, for his
comments on a draft of this report.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the role of the Peace Parks Foundation in providing the
necessary financial support for the study. Thanks are especially due to March Turnbull, Stefan
Coetzee, and Werner Myburgh for the logistical support, literature sources and regular liaison
that they provided to the study.
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. iii
List of Appendices...............................................................................................................viii
List of Tables .......................................................................................................................viii
List of Boxes and Figures...................................................................................................viii
List of Maps........................................................................................................................... ix
List of Photographs.............................................................................................................. ix
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms................................................................................... xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................ xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1
1.1. Background to the Study........................................................................................2
1.1.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2. Description of the study area ............................................................................. 10
1.2. Terms of Reference.............................................................................................. 10
1.3. Aims and Objectives of the study....................................................................... 11
1.3.1. Primary Goal ...................................................................................................... 11
1.3.2. Purpose of the Study .......................................................................................... 11
1.3.3. Study Objectives ................................................................................................ 11
1.3.4. Specific aims relating to each Objective............................................................. 12
1.3.5. Introducing the Need for Tourism Development in Shewula............................. 13
1.4. Conceptual Framework........................................................................................ 14
1.4.1. Terms and definitions ......................................................................................... 17
1.4.2. Assumptions....................................................................................................... 19
1.5. Research Approach and Methods ....................................................................... 21
1.5.1. Research Approach ........................................................................................... 21
1.5.2. Research Methods............................................................................................. 22
1.6. Limitations and strengths of the study ............................................................... 28
1.6.1. Limitations.......................................................................................................... 28
1.6.2. Strengths: Or Mitigation against limitations ........................................................ 31
CHAPTER 2: SITUATIONAL ASSESSMENT ................................................ 33
2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 34
2.2. Geography ............................................................................................................ 34
2.2.1. Location.............................................................................................................. 34
2.2.2. Size and natural resources................................................................................. 34
2.2.3. Agro-ecological regions...................................................................................... 34
IV

2.3. Biophysical Context ..............................................................................................37
2.3.1. Geology ............................................................................................................. 37
2.3.2. Ecology .............................................................................................................. 37
2.4. Institutional Context and Related Initiatives....................................................... 42
2.4.1. Protected Areas ................................................................................................. 42
2.4.2. Government ....................................................................................................... 44
2.4.3. Non-Governmental agencies ............................................................................. 47
2.4.4. Community-related institutions and initiatives ..................................................... 48
2.4.5. Economic development and biodiversity conservation initiatives......................... 51
2.5. Social Situation in Swaziland.............................................................................. 53
2.5.1. The socio-cultural context .................................................................................. 53
2.5.2. The socio-political context .................................................................................. 54
2.5.3. The socio-economic context............................................................................... 55
2.6. Tourism in Swaziland........................................................................................... 58
2.6.1. Tourism policy and implementation in Swaziland ................................................ 58
2.6.2. Tourism promotion and trends in Swaziland ....................................................... 59
2.7. Conclusion............................................................................................................ 60
CHAPTER 3: AN INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED SHEWULA
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.................................................................... 61
3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 62
3.2. The Shewula Tourism Development Proposal submitted to the British Council
............................................................................................................................... 62
3.3. Analysis of the proposal and development process.......................................... 63
3.4. Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 64
3.5. Recommendations ............................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 4: SOCIO-CULTURAL FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS................. 66
4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 67
4.2. General Reactions ................................................................................................ 67
4.2.1. Negative reactions ............................................................................................. 67
4.2.2. Positive reactions ............................................................................................... 68
4.2.3. Mixed reactions .................................................................................................. 68
4.3. Questions ............................................................................................................. 68
4.4. Problems............................................................................................................... 71
4.4.1. Problems relating to the reserve ......................................................................... 71
4.4.2. Problems relating to tourism ............................................................................... 73
4.4.3. Problems relating to the proposed private operator ............................................ 73
4.4.4. Problems relating to the project planning process and the initial stages of the
tourism development .......................................................................................... 74
4.4.5. Problems relating to the Conservancy................................................................. 74
4.5. Opportunities ........................................................................................................ 75
4.5.1. Opportunities for the management of the Reserve.............................................. 75
4.5.2. Opportunities associated with tourism................................................................ 76
v

4.5.3. Other opportunities 78
4.6. Needs relating to the proposed tourism development........................................ 80
4.6.1. The need to manage the relationship between tourists and the community ........ 80
4.6.2. Requirements for successful tourism development and the need to build capacity
of the people from Shewula ................................................................................ 81
4.6.3. The need to ensure the functionality of the Trust ................................................ 81
4.6.4. Information needs ............................................................................................... 81
4.7. Responses Unrelated to the tourism project ...................................................... 82
4.7.1. General issues.................................................................................................... 82
4.7.2. Specific issues.................................................................................................... 82
4.8. Community Development needs........................................................................... 84
4.8.1. Needs identified ................................................................................................... 84
4.8.1.1. Specific comments on community development needs in Shewula ................. 86
4.9. Analysis of the community's responses .............................................................. 89
4.9.1. An assessment of the general response trends .................................................. 89
4.9.2. What are the bases for the community's reactions............................................ 90
4.10. Conclusions...................................................................................................... ...108
4.10.1. Capacity-building requirements with respect to tourism development in Shewula
..................................................................................................................... 108
4.10.2. Capacity-building requirements with respect to management of cultural and
biophysical resources in Shewula ................................................................. 109
4.10.3. Capacity-building requirements with respect to business management in
Shewula........................................................................................................ 110
4.11. Recommendations .............................................................................................. 110
4.11.1. General recommendations............................................................................ 110
4.11.2. Specific recommendations............................................................................ 111
CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ..........................................................................114
5.1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 115
5.2. Findings .............................................................................................................. 116
5.2.1. Environmental legislation .................................................................................. 116
5.2.2. Environmental norms and standards................................................................. 116
5.2.3. Identification and assessment of the impacts of the proposed tourism development
.......................................................................................................................... 119
5.3. Conclusions........................................................................................................ 126
5.4. Recommendations.............................................................................................. 127
5.4.1. General recommendations................................................................................ 127
5.4.2. Specific recommendations................................................................................ 127
CHAPTER 6: TOURISM, MARKETING AND BUSINESS PLANNING FOR
THE PROPOSED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.............................................130
6.1. Feasibility Assessment of the Tourism and Marketing Strategy for the Proposed
Shewula Tourism Development............................................................................ 131
6.1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 131
6.1.2. Findings ............................................................................................................ 131
6.1.3. Analysis ............................................................................................................ 132
vi

6.1.4. Conclusions ......................................................................................................142
6.1.5. Recommendations ............................................................................................143
6.2. Discussion on the business feasibility and proposed management model for
the Shewula Tourism Development ......................................................................146
6.2.1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 146
6.2.2. Discussion around the business planning ......................................................... 146
6.2.3. Discussion around the proposed management model ...................................... 147
6.2.4. Assessment ..................................................................................................... 150
6.2.5. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 150
6.2.6. Recommendations ........................................................................................... 151
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................152
7.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 153
7.1.1. Constraints and opportunities / strengths of the project................................. 153
7.1.2. The Project Planning Process .......................................................................... 153
7.1.3. Issues related to the envisaged tourism product ............................................... 154
7.1.4. Community-related factors affecting the project ................................................ 155
7.1.5. Additional constraints to the project.................................................................. 156
CHAPTER 8: RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................158
8.1. General Recommendations............................................................................... 159
8.2. Specific Recommendations ............................................................................... 160
8.2.1. Community capacity-building............................................................................ 160
8.2.2. Environmental planning .................................................................................... 160
8.2.3. Tourism planning.............................................................................................. 161
8.2.4. Financial planning ............................................................................................ 162
CHAPTER 9: A WAY FORWARD ..........................................................................163
9.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 164
9.2. What has happened since the end of the fieldwork period, mid-March 1999
164
9.3. Outlining an appropriate development approach.............................................. 165
9.4. General guiding statements ............................................................................... 166
9.5. Specific actions.................................................................................................. 167
9.5.1. Actions that should be implemented immediately ............................................. 168
9.5.2. Actions for further development........................................................................ 170
9.6. Summary............................................................................................................. 171
REFERENCES.....................................................................................172
Books and journal articles................................................................................................ 173
Maps ................................................................................................................................ 174
Laws of Swaziland ........................................................................................................... 175
Websites .......................................................................................................................... 175
VII

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Proceedings of the workshop held with interested and affected parties
on Monday 15 March 1999.
Appendix 2: Template for an Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) of the proposed
tourism development.
Appendix 3: Approaches to Community-based Tourism Development.
Appendix 4: List of Interested and Affected Parties and other parties consulted.
Appendix 5: Copy of the Original Proposal submitted to the British Council.
Appendix 6: Copy of the Revised Proposal submitted to the British Council.
Appendix 7: Comments of the study team on the revised proposal submitted to
British Council.
Appendix 8: List of sub-areas in Shewula and names of the headmen in each area.
Appendix 9: Description of the group meetings held in Shewula between 12
February 1999 and 13 March 1999.
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Diversity of Fauna in the Maputaland Centre of Endemism.
Table 4.1. Questions about the proposed Shewula Reserve.
Table 4.2. Questions about the proposed tourism development.
Table 4.3. Questions about the lodge.
Table 4.4. Questions about the proposed Trust.
Table 4.5. Questions about the Lubombo Conservancy.
Table 4.6. Development needs identified and rated by the Shewula Community.
Table 4.7 (a) Analysis of assumptions relating to the Shewula Reserve.
Table 4.7 (b) Analysis of assumptions relating to the proposed tourism
development, and the Trust.
Table 6.1. Tourism Facilities in the Lubombo Conservancy.
Table 6.2. Alternatives for tourism development in the Shewula area.
Table 6.3. Comparison of alternatives for tourism development in the Shewula
area.
Table 9.1: Recommended way forward for immediate actions
Table 9.2: Recommended way forward for future developments
LIST OF BOXES AND FIGURES
Box 1.1.
Box 1.2.
Box 2.1.
Box 5.1.
Box 5.2.
Box 5.3.
Box 5.4.
Box 5.5.
Developments in the tourism development process since the end of
March 1999.
Changes to the scope of the study.
The Mission Statement of the Government of the Kingdom of
Swaziland.
Requirements for the environmental assessment process as per the
Environmental Audit, Assessment, & Review Regulations (Swaziland,
1996).
The potential impacts of the tourism development on the receiving
environment.
The potential impacts of the receiving environment on the tourism
development.
Carrying Capacity and Limits of Acceptable Change.
Basic criteria for assessing potential impacts.
VIII

Box 9.1
Figure 6.1.
Consideration of alternatives for the development of a Shewula
tourism facility:
The initial management model that was proposed and discussed with
the community.
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Location of the study area in Swaziland.
Map 2: The proposed Maputaland Transfrontier Conservation Area.
Map 3: The Lubombo Conservancy.
Map 4: The study area: The Shewula area and adjacent properties.
Map 5: Vegetation types of Swaziland.
Map 6: The geology of Swaziland.
Map 7: Agro-Ecological regions of Swaziland.
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Front cover: A homestead in Mangwenya, Shewula, with a view south, across the
Mlawula Nature Reserve, an area incorporated into the Lubombo Conservancy.
Photograph 1:
Photograph 2:
Photograph 3:
Photograph 4:
Photograph 5:
Photograph 6:
Photograph 7:
Photograph 8:
Photograph 9:
Photograph 10:
Photograph 11:
A view of the Shewula Reserve from the Umbuluzi River Valley,
looking to the north-east.
The main road leading into Shewula, on top of the escarpment
pictured in photograph 1.
A view of the Shewula Reserve from across the Umbuluzi
River, looking to the south-east. Photograph 4 shows the
centre of this picture in greater detail.
A view of one of the proposed sites for the tourism
development in the Shewula area. The site is located to the left
of the waterfall.
The study was introduced to members of the Shewula
Community at an initial workshop held at the Umpakatsi (the
Chiefs Kraal).
The information-sharing session for the areas of Matjemadze,
Mswati, Tingeni and HhwaHhwalala, held at Shewula Primary
School.
The information-sharing meeting at Nduma Station was
attended by residents from Nduma and Bucocatfombi.
The study team presents the feedback received during the
Information-sharing sessions to Chief Mbandzamane Sifundza
and members of the Libandla.
Members of the Shewula Community gathered to watch the
video 'Wildlife Warriors' and discuss issues relating to nature
conservation, especially focusing on poaching and the
sustainable use of resources.
A meeting of residents at Bucucotfombi.
Mr. Bernard Sifundza (right), secretary to the Chief of Shewula,
greets the Chief of the Goba Community, Mozambique.
IX

Photograph 12:
Photograph 13:
Photograph 14:
Members of the Shewula Community and others meet to
discuss the project with a representative from the British
Council, which has provided funding for tourism development
in Shewula. From left: Bernard Sifundza, Jabulani Tsabedze
(representative from British Council), Amos Magagula,
Sikhumbuzo DIamini (Head Warden of Mbuluzi Game
Reserve) and Alfred Mabila.
The view to the east from Shewula. On a clear day one can
see Maputo, the capital of Mozambique.
Standing on the edge of the Lubombo escarpment, looking
south-west. On cloudless days the view includes Mbuluzi
Game Reserve and the fields of the Sugar Estates, with Hlane
Royal National Park in the distance.
x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
CC: carrying capacity
CMP: Comprehensive Mitigation Plan
COSPE: Cooperazione per lo Sviluppo dei Paesi Emergenti
DFID: (Department for International Development)
DNFFB: Direccao Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia Mozambique
EA: Environmental Assessment
ECC: Environmental Compliance Certificate
ESRA: Economic and Social Reform Agenda
GEF: Global Environmental Facility
l&APs: Interested and affected parties
IEE: Initial Environmental Evaluation
IEM: Integrated Environmental Management
ITF: Individual Tenure Farms
IUCN : World Conservation Union (formerly the International Union for Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources)
LAC: Limits of Acceptable Change
LSDI: Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative
NDS: National Development Strategy
NGO: Non-Governmental Organisation
PCR: Project Compliance Report
PPF: Peace Parks Foundation
PSMP: Public Sector Management Programme
RSA: Republic of South Africa
SATOUR: South African Tourism
SEA: Swaziland Environmental Authority
SGRT: Shewula Game Reserve Trust
SNL: Swazi Nation Land
SNTC: Swaziland National Trust Commission
STWG: Shewula Trust Working Group (In this case, the term 'Shewula Trust' is a
phrase that actually refers to the Shewula-Mbuluzi-Mlawula Trust).
TDS: Tourism Development Strategy
TFCA: Transfrontier Conservation Areas
UCA: Umbuluzi Catchment Association
WTTC: World Tourism and Travel Council
XI

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Executive Summary
INTRODUCTION
The Shewula Community, which lives on the Lubombo Mountains, in North-Eastern
Swaziland (see Maps overleaf), is a rural community with an interest in establishing a
tourism development. Members of the community, including representatives from the
traditional leadership structures, have been working together with representatives
from properties adjacent to the community's land, in planning a tourism development
project for their community.
This proposal for tourism development stems, in part, from a decision that was taken
by the Shewula Community's traditional leadership structures, to set aside a portion
of communal land for inclusion in the newly-formed Lubombo Conservancy (see Map
3). The Conservancy, which is a joint initiative between several properties in the
area, is intended to facilitate greater co-operation between the various parties who
are signatories to the Conservancy's constitution, and to strengthen the conservation
initiatives in the region. Representatives from the Shewula Community have signed
this constitution.
BACKGROUND TO THIS REPORT
This report is the product of a study that was undertaken in Shewula, and was
originally intended to be a feasibility study of the proposed development. The study
was conducted by three students, from the University of Cape Town, in conjunction
with members of the Shewula Community. The study was funded by the Peace Parks
Foundation (PPF), an organisation that is involved with facilitating the establishment
of Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs). One of the envisaged transboundary
conservation areas that is planned for southern Africa is the Maputaland TFCA (See
Map 2). The Lubombo Conservancy, and the Shewula Reserve, are located within
this proposed TFCA. This report contextualises the local level community initiatives
of establishing a reserve and developing tourism, within the broader context of
regional, national and international initiatives. (See Chapter 2).
AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study was two-fold:
• To determine the feasibility of the proposed tourism development; and
• To identify the capacity building that would be required in order to ensure the
effective participation of the Shewula Community in the institutions and
management functions relating to the Lubombo Conservancy, the Shewula
Reserve, and the proposed tourism development in the Shewula area.
The research was guided by four primary objectives, which were defined prior to the
fieldwork being undertaken.
Objective 1:
To assess the sustainability of the proposed Shewula Reserve and tourism
development, as part of the Lubombo Conservancy.
Objective 2:
To provide baseline information for an integrated and strategic tourism plan for the
proposed tourism development in the Shewula community, and the planned regional
tourism initiatives.
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Executive Summary
Objective 3:
To evaluate the capacity of the Shewula community to effectively participate in the
Lubombo Conservancy and sustainably manage the Shewula Reserve, the tourism
development in the Shewula area and associated tourism activities.
Objective 4:
To survey community perceptions, manage expectations where appropriate and
clarify information regarding conservation, tourism and community development
needs and priorities.
As a result of a number of factors, including an incomplete project planning process,
the original objectives of the study were revisited and redefined. This was due to the
original proposal for tourism development being deemed to be unfeasible as a result
of the initial findings of the study. The scope of the study was therefore broadened,
and taken to a more conceptual level, in order to accommodate a consideration of
alternatives for the tourism development, and thereby provide much needed input into
the planning process for the proposed development. The aims and objectives of the
study are detailed in Chapter 1. This chapter also describes the conceptual
framework that informed the study, provides detailed information about the methods
used to obtain the necessary information for the research, and discusses some of the
limitations and strengths of the study.
METHODOLOGY
The study was undertaken over a four month period, with a six week period for
fieldwork during which most of the primary data was collected. The fieldwork
component was preceded by a literature review of relevant material, which covered
topics ranging from community-based tourism development and natural resource
management models to background information about the history of Swaziland and
local tourism patterns in the country.
During the fieldwork period, a participatory research approach was adopted, whereby
some members from the Shewula Community formed part of the study team, and
volunteer researchers from the community participated in the data collection activities
of the research process. Numerous meetings were held, both with members of he
Shewula Community and other interested and affected parties, as well as with
specialists in the fields of tourism and conservation.
THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Immediately after the fieldwork research had been completed, an initial assessment
was submitted, in the form of a preliminary report, to those who were involved in the
process of planning the tourism development. This report was intended to guide
decisions that were being made at the time. Since it was felt that these decisions
would have a significant bearing on the project, preliminary findings were presented,
together with recommendations pertinent to the immediate actions required. Chapter
3 contains an edited version of the preliminary report. It outlines the original proposal,
briefly discusses the problems that were identified by the study, and lists the
recommendations made at the time, but which have been subsequently revised,
updated or elaborated in the subsequent chapters of this report. It is provides the
basis for the information contained in subsequent chapters.
xv

Executive Summary
The findings of the study have been organised into three Chapters, based on the
original distinctions that were made between the various aspects of the project
feasibility.
Chapter 4 contains information relevant to an assessment of the community's
perceptions about the Lubombo Conservancy, the Shewula Reserve and the
proposed tourism development. It contains feedback from community members
about the problems and opportunities that they perceive to be associated with each
of these initiatives, as well as numerous questions that have remained unanswered
in the minds of some community members. This chapter also includes a discussion
on perceived development needs of the Shewula Community. The implications of the
information presented in Chapter 4 are then used to define parameters for the
capacity building that will be required to ensure effective community participation in,
and ownership, of the project and to enhance the socio-cultural feasibility of the
proposed tourism development project.
Chapter 5 presents information that is pertinent to a consideration of the
environmental factors that could influence or be influenced by the tourism
development. This chapter discusses the legislative requirements, from an
environmental perspective, that are associated with the tourism development
proposed for the Shewula area. It describes the steps that must be taken in order to
ensure that the necessary assessment and evaluation of the impacts are adequately
undertaken. A detailed description of some of these potential impacts is included in
Appendix 2, which serves as a template for the Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE)
that will have to be submitted to the Swaziland Environmental Authority (SEA) should
the proposed development proceed.
Chapter 6 is divided into two main parts. The first part is concerned with tourism
trends and the importance of marketing for a development such as that proposed for
Shewula. This section discusses the need for a broader framework within which
strategic planning for tourism and other development can take place. The need for
strategic planning, both for the Shewula area and, on a broader scale, for the
Lubombo Conservancy, is emphasised. This chapter also provides a comparison of
existing and planned tourism facilities in and around the Lubombo Conservancy, and
presents a number of alternatives for the proposed tourism development in Shewula.
These alternatives are presented in Table 6.3, which compares the advantages or
disadvantages associated with each option for development.
The second part of Chapter 6 is devoted to a discussion of the business plan and a
proposed management model for the envisaged tourism development. However,
although it covers some of the information that might be found in a financial feasibility
assessment, it does not contain detailed financial calculations, since the incomplete
nature of the planning process prevented a focused analysis of financial costs that
might be associated with the project. This chapter also provides a discussion on the
ecotourism management model that has been proposed for the Shewula Tourism
Development, and describes the relationships between existing and potential roleplayers
who are, would or could be involved in the management and operation of the
tourism development. These include the Shewula Community and its representative
body (the Shewula Game Reserve Trust), an advisory body, a private operator, and
donor agencies.
xvi

Executive Summary
CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions of the various components of the study, as detailed in chapters 4,5
and 6, are the basis for the overall conclusions of the study, which are contained in
Chapter 7. This chapter highlights current constraints and opportunities that are
associated with the proposed tourism development. These may be summarised as
follows:
Negative aspects: Constraints and limitations to the project
Poor communication and lack of community participation
At the time of the research, a large proportion of the Shewula community was
unaware of the initiative of the Lubombo Conservancy. In addition, although there
appeared to be a greater awareness among community members about the
establishment of a reserve, there was, and still is, a large amount of uncertainty about
the implications of this initiative. Furthermore, although some community members
were involved in the initial phases of the tourism development planning process, this
process has been lacking in broad-based participation of the general Shewula
Community.
An unsatisfactory planning process
In addition, the planning process has been conducted in an ad hoc manner, with little
consideration of development alternatives, and few decisions being made based on a
thorough investigation of various aspects that are crucial to the success of the
proposed development. For example, little has been done to determine the level of
support in the local community for the project, or to design a marketable tourism
product which will meet the needs and/or standards of the target market, and which is
appropriate given the limited resources available.
Lack of awareness and/or capacity in the Shewula Community relating to
tourism, and business planning
With respect to the ability of the community to participate effectively in the proposed
development, it was found that the Shewula community does not have a good
understanding of the concept of "tourism development". The community is generally
unaware of the consequences of tourism development, and has limited capaciy to
participate in development planning. In addition, the community members generally
do not have the capacity for business management or financial management, with
regard to the proposed tourism development.
Extraneous factors
There are also additional extraneous factors that are affecting the feasibility of the
proposed project. One such constraint is limited ease of access for tourists coming to
the Shewula area, mainly in the form of visa requirements (for citizens of some
countries) and checkpoints along the road to Shewula. Other factors include lack of
co-ordinated promotion of Swaziland and the Lubombo region as a tourism
destination, and a socio-political context and culturally-based world-views that may be
incompatible with tourism as a phenomenon propagated by the western world. For
example, there are Swazi concepts of time, authority and gender roles that differ from
western-style perspectives that could, potentially, be the cause of conflict and/or
misunderstandings.
xvii

Executive Summary
Positive aspects: Strengths and opportunities of the project
Despite the above-mentioned constraints, there are numerous strengths and
opportunities associated with the project. These include the funding that is available
from the British Council for the project, the proposed formation of a representative
body (the Shewula Game Reserve Trust) that will be responsible for management
functions associated with the development, and the expressed willingness of the
Shewula Community to become involved in and to support the tourism development.
The Shewula community is also strategically located, both geographically and in the
context of local initiatives such as the Lubombo Conservancy and the LSDI, to offer a
unique, marketable tourism product. Shewula has many environmental resources,
socio-cultural and natural, that have the potential to attract a tourist market, and have
significant value for the local tourism industry.
In addition, there is considerable commitment from certain individuals and groups, to
the project. There are also tremendous human resources available, locally and on a
broader, national level, in the form of technical know-how and assistance, logistical
support, and an in-depth knowledge of tourism and conservation / natural resource
management. There is also a vast body of literature that documents the experiences
of others involved in similar projects. This, together with the exchange of information
that can occur at meetings between different parties involved in tourism development
(and at functions such as workshops, conferences and training sessions), could help
to provide the Shewula Community with access to information that will be required for
increased and effective participation of the community in the tourism development
and related initiatives or activities. These could provide an opportunity for the project
managers to learn from the mistakes and successes of past and current projects,
thereby providing a basis for informed decision making.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND A POSSIBLE PLAN OF ACTION
The conclusions of the study are the basis for the recommendations that are made in
Chapter 8, and have been used to compile a suggested plan of action. This
suggested way forward has, however, not been based on participatory planning, and
before any further action is taken, it is will be necessary for the community to
participate in planning the way forward, and for the Trust to review these
recommended steps, in conjunction with other role-players. The following
recommendations are drawn from Chapter 9 of this report.
General guidelines for actions to be taken
• Improve community participation: Community members should be given
opportunities to become more involved in future initiatives. Community
participation should be increased towards levels of greater community ownership.
This increase in community participation should contribute towards achieving
sustainability of the tourism development project. For instance, interested
individuals should be given access to resources (e.g. training and information)
that will assist them in becoming more involved in the development process.
• Improve communication: For the purposes of effective participatory planning,
effective communication between all role-players and stake-holders is necessary.
Improved communication will also contribute towards improved decision-making,
and facilitate the dissemination of information between all l&APs. For instance, an
xviii

Executive Summary
open and transparent management style should be adopted by the SGRT.
Information regarding the management of the trust should be made accessible to
the community.
• Provide opportunities for improved community awareness: To improve
community understanding requires time and access to resources (funding, training
and expertise for example). The community should be given the opportunity to
understand the concepts of tourism and conservation, which are foreign to them,
at their own pace. This process, aimed at both individuals and the broader
community, can be achieved by using tools that will provide community members
with the opportunity to engage in the current development process. Such tools, for
instance, could include workshops where community members can address their
questions and issues.
• Undertake future planning towards sustainability: Future planning in the
Shewula community should be aimed at maximising community participation.
Improved communication and awareness among community members should
assist in this process. To attain sustainability, the planning should reflect the
principles of integration, participation and consideration of alternatives. This report
can be used as a baseline information document for the planning of future
developments.
• Limit outside intervention: To contribute towards the sustainability of the
project, outside intervention should be limited. Where outside intervention is
necessary, it is recommended that a principle of continuity be applied. This entails
that an outside party is kept in the process for an extended period, in order that
they may remain familiar with the situation. This will avoid 'snap-shot' input from
outside consultants, which is usually dislocated from the local development
process, is not participatory and avoids building capacity on a local level.
• Future project scheduling: The scheduling of development projects in Shewula
should take into account the local context and understanding of 'time', it is
important that community members and role-players familiar with the Shewula
context are involved in project scheduling, as they will best be able to attach time
expectations to project tasks.
• Future funding for planning and development: Funding for future development
planning should be directed at maximising capacity of local community members,
in order that they may take on more ownership of the project.
Specific actions
The specific actions that need to be implemented immediately, include the following: 1:
Support the local facilitator by providing access to resources e.g. Information and
knowledge relating to tourism and development.
2. Run a series of community awareness workshops that will address any queries
that the community members have, regarding the current tourism development
initiative.
3. Provide support and build individual capacity within the Trust to improve Iheir
participation in the current tourism development.
4. Use outside input to meet British Council deadlines:
• Environmental input - comply with Swaziland Environmental legislation.
• Marketing input - make use of marketing expertise (preferably from within
Swaziland).
XIX

Executive Summary
• Tourism input - use a local tour operator for knowledge and expertise.
5. Provide support to individuals from the community by implementing programmes
to build capacity.
Actions that should be undertaken on a more long-term basis include:
1. Improving the awareness of the Shewula community regarding tourism,
conservation and development initiatives. Possible tools that can be used to raise
community awareness around tourism and conservation include:
• A series of tourist trial runs can be implemented that will expose community
members to tourists.
• A code of conduct between the community and the tourist should be
developed by involving community members.
• A SWOT analysis of Shewula tourism opportunities with community members.
2. A strategy for tourism development in Shewula and a natural resource
management plan should be developed.
3. Developing a participatory planning process for strategic tourism development
and natural resource management by involving local community members
through exposure to other similar community developments.
xx

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 - Introduction
This chapter sets the scene for the study. It also includes the terms of reference for
the study, and defines the aims and objectives of the research. It includes a
discussion of the conceptual framework that informed the study and the assumptions,
on which the feasibility assessments are based. The research approach and
methodology are then described, followed by a discussion of the limitations of the
study.
1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.1.1. Introduction
The Shewula community is located in the north-eastern corner of Swaziland, on the
Lubombo mountains (see Maps 1 & 4). Together with a number of other interested
parties, the community has been involved in a process of establishing the Lubombo
Conservancy (see Map 3). The Conservancy, which was finally launched on 29 April
1999, includes a number of properties and is intended to facilitate the cooperative
management of a number of contiguous, but separately managed conservation areas
in the area. The Conservancy includes a portion of community land, called the
Shewula Game Reserve. Members from the Shewula Game Reserve Trust signed the
Lubombo Conservancy Constitution on behalf of the Shewula community. The
formation of the Lubombo Conservancy is a step towards the creation of a larger,
transboundary conservation area, the Maputaland TFCA (See Map 2).
In conjunction with the establishment of a nature reserve on the land of the Shewula
people, there was also an initiative to establish a community-owned tourism
development. The initial intention was to construct accommodation facilities for tourists
within the Shewula Game Reserve. It was intended that these facilities, which were
referred to as a 'lodge', were to be 'traditional' in nature, so that they would offer
guests an unique experience. The aim was to create an opportunity for tourists to
experience the rich natural history and traditional Swazi culture that is part of the
Shewula community and the Shewula area.
In November 1998, an application was made to the British Council, under its Poverty
Alleviation Programme, for funding for the project. The funding was granted. Funds
have also been made available by a number of other NGOs for skills training and
capacity-building. The aim is to equip the community to function effectively as a
partner in association with other role-players in the Conservancy, and to manage the
proposed tourism development in a financially feasible and environmentally
sustainable manner.
This report is the product of a study that was originally intended to be a feasibility
study of the proposed development. The study was initiated to establish the
environmental and financial feasibility of the project and to identify the requirements
for effective and focused capacity building in the community. It also included a
sociological assessment study that investigated community expectations with regard
to the Conservancy and the tourism development, and a component that focused on
the community's development needs and priorities.
The project and the study are part of a larger initiative to ensure the successful
preservation and sustainable utilisation of valuable biophysical and wildlife resources,
and as well as to protect and enhance the biodiversity and cultural heritage of the
area. The study was seen as part of Phase 1 of the proposed project, with the
implementation of recommendations to ensure feasibility and capacity building taking
2

Chapter 1 - Introduction
place in Phase 2 of the project. The Peace Parks Foundation, an Non-Governmental
Organisation (NGO) that has an interest in establishing Transfrontier Conservation
Areas (TFCA), funded the study. Some additional financial support was obtained
from Legambiente and the Italian Co-operation.
Throughout this document, the study that was undertaken is referred to either as 'the
study" or 'the research'. In accordance with the principle of community participation,
which informed the research process, the authors of this report deemed it necessary
to include members of the Shewula community in a 'study team' during the fieldwork
research period. References to 'the study team" in this report are an indication of their
involvement in the decision-making processes of the study.
This report also makes reference to the portion of Shewula community land that has
been included in the Conservancy. This land, which is generally known as the
'Shewula Game Reserve', is referred to in this report as the 'Shewula Reserve' (or
'the reserve'). The proposed 'lodge' is referred to as 'the proposed tourism
development', 'the Shewula Tourism Development' or 'the project'. The reasons for
these changes are that, given the recommendations of this study, and the context of
an incomplete planning process, the use of the terms 'Shewula Game Reserve' and
'lodge' would be inappropriate and misleading.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1.2. Description of the study area
The study area is located alongside the border with Mozambique in the north-eastern
corner of Swaziland. It is a pristine area in terms of both the natural and cultural
assets. Home to the people of Shewula, who continue to practice their traditional
culture, this area contains a high number of endemic plant and animal species and is
an internationally recognised region for biodiversity conservation.
The Shewula community lives along the escarpment of the Lubombo mountains,
which run north-south along the eastern side of Swaziland. The area set aside for the
reserve is not currently occupied and is used primarily for grazing cattle and
harvesting of natural resources. The proposed reserve extends from the top of the
Lubombo escarpment, down to the Umbuluzi River in the south-west and south, and
across to the Swaziland-Mozambique border in the east. It is bordered on the west by
Sisa Ranch.
1.2. TERMS OF REFERENCE
The Peace Parks Foundation (PPF) was the funding agency for this feasibility study.
The objectives of the study were defined in consultation with the Peace Parks
Foundation and agreed upon by the parties already involved in the planning process
for the proposed initiative. These parties include the Shewula-Mbuluzi-Mlawula Trust,
and the traditional leadership of the Shewula community. 1
The scope of the study was defined as follows:
1. Assess the feasibility and sustainability of the proposed Shewula tourism
development.
• Assess the environmental sustainability of the proposed Shewula tourism
development;
• Assess the environmental legislation in Swaziland and what is legally required
for the environmental assessment of the proposed tourism development; and
• Determine requirements for the effective management of the tourism
development and evaluate possible models for the operation of the tourism
development.
2. Identify the community's needs regarding capacity-building for the sustainable
operation of the Shewula tourism development and participation in the Lubombo
Conservancy.
3. Make recommendations for further action, based on the findings of the study,
which aim to ensure project sustainability through the effective implementation and
management of the Shewula Reserve as part of the Lubombo Conservancy, the
tourism development, and associated tourism activities.
It was agreed that the study would run for a period of 18 weeks, from mid January
1999 to 31 May 1999.
1
The traditional leadership structures in Shewula include Chief Mbandzamane Sifundza (the Chief of the community of
Shewula) and the Libandla (the inner council of advisers to the Chief).
__

adopted by this study because of the important links that exist between the proposed
tourism development in the Shewula area and the greater Lubombo Conservancy
area.
1.3.2. Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of the Shewula tourism
development, to recommend a way forward for the effective implementation of
planned conservation and tourism developments through integrated planning; and to
determine what capacity building was required for the community's effective
participation and ownership of the process.
1.3.3. Study Objectives
The research was guided by four primary objectives, which were defined prior to the
fieldwork being undertaken.
Objective 1:
To assess the sustainability of the proposed Shewula Reserve and tourism
development, as part of the Lubombo Conservancy.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
Objective 2:
To provide baseline information for an integrated and strategic tourism plan for the
proposed tourism development in the Shewula community, and the planned regional
tourism initiatives.
Objective 3:
To evaluate the capacity of the Shewula community to effectively participate in the
Lubombo Conservancy and sustainably manage the Shewula Reserve, the tourism
development in the Shewula area and associated tourism activities.
Objective 4:
To survey community perceptions, manage expectations where appropriate and
clarify information regarding conservation, tourism and community development
needs and priorities.
1.3.4. Specific aims relating to each Objective
A set of specific aims was formulated for each objective.
• To determine environmental legislation requirements for the environmental
assessment of tourism developments within conservation areas.
• To prepare a generic template for an initial environmental assessment of the
proposed Shewula tourism development.
• To identify and consider alternative sites for the tourism development in the
Shewula area.
• To assess the original concept plan of the proposed tourism development in the
Shewula area and make recommendations for changes where necessary.
• to investigate the complementarity of the proposed Shewula tourism development with
other existing and planned tourism developments in the area.
• To assess the potential of tourism in Shewula Reserve, and in the other
component areas of the Conservancy.
• To gather relevant baseline data that will assist in determining a market strategy
for the proposed tourism development in Shewula.
• To provide input towards formulating a marketing strategy that will promote
tourism for Shewula and the Lubombo Conservancy region.
• To consider appropriate ecotourism management models and recommend an
appropriate model for the Shewula Reserve and tourism development in
Shewula.
• To conduct a preliminary feasibility study of the proposed Shewula tourism
development, contributing towards a business plan for the development.

• To determine at a broad level, the existing level of capacity, the required capacity
and the capacity-building that is needed for effective community participation in
the Lubombo Conservancy, and the management of the Shewula Reserve, the
tourism development in Shewula and associated tourism activities. This includes
determining the level of understanding in the community about conservation and
tourism.
• To identify and consult with relevant institutions in the region, which could support
capacity-building in the Shewula community.
• To identify and assess the perceptions in the Shewula community regarding the
concepts of tourism and conservation.
• To determine community perceptions regarding tourism management in Shewula, and
the role of the community in the management structure.
• To create awareness in the community of the need for a legal institution, such as a
Trust, in the Shewula community.
• To identify the need for a community-based organisation in the Shewula
community.
• To determine and prioritise, through consultation, the development needs of the
community.
1.3.5. INTRODUCING THE NEED FOR TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT IN SHEWULA
The north-eastern corner of Swaziland is dominated by agriculture , in the form of
large scale sugar production. These enterprises, largely owned by foreign companies,
form an important part of the national economy.
Although these sugar estates provide a substantial number of job opportunities for
local people, it is evident that the current opportunities cannot meet the local demand
for employment. Many local people have to travel long distances or have relocated to
industrial centres in pursuit of employment.
It is therefore necessary to explore alternative options for development in the area.
The region has scenic and landscape diversity, and offers many recreational
opportunities within adjacent nature reserves. The cultural traditions and traditional
lifestyles of the Shewula community offer value to tourism. Shewula is also ideally
situated to benefit from the existing tourism traffic travelling between Mpumalanga
and KwaZulu-Natal, as well as that passing through Swaziland between Mozambique
and the RSA.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
It has become increasingly evident that community development through ecotourism
can fulfil a dual function. On the one hand, communities with a relatively insignificant
cash economy can broaden their livelihood options through involvement in tourism.
This offers community members more opportunities for development, both of
infrastructure and of human resources. On the other hand, ecotourism can also
contribute towards the conservation of natural and cultural resources.
Tourism, and especially ecotourism, is one of the fastest growing economic sectors
on a regional and global scale. This pattern of growth is being realised in southern
Africa, where ecotourism is being promoted extensively, especially at the community
level. Community-based ecotourism offers the potential for community
empowerment. Thus, community development through ecotourism is a good
opportunity to improve the local economy.
1.4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A conceptual framework for the study was defined before the fieldwork commenced,
and was based on a set of principles that are derived from several disciplines. The
conceptual framework was informed by a general literature review and
documentation of case studies of Community-Based Ecotourism and Natural
Resource Management projects, and by the application of the theoretical principles
of Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) to the planned tourism development
in Shewula.
Ecotourism
The proposed Shewula tourism development is essentially an ecotourism
development. The aims of this development are well aligned to the principles
underlying the Ecotourism Society's definition of ecotourism stated below:
'Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment
and improves the welfare of local people'. 2
The Ecotourism Society expands on this broad definition of ecotourism by explaining
ecotourism; '...in other words, [ecotourism] incorporates both a strong commitment to
nature and a sense of social responsibility'. 3
This illustrates a sense of sustainability that will contribute to the improvement of well
being of humans. This in fact is an underlying principle of development. Development
assumes growth in order that there is an improvement of human welfare. Historically
however, human welfare has been based on economic principles alone.
Ecotourism, which is often hailed as an avenue towards sustainable development,
faces many challenging realities. For example:
• Fundamentally, ecotourism provides an arena for the interaction of two world
views, those of the developing and the developed. This brings two sets of
differing perspectives and needs into direct contact with each other, providing
many opportunities for misunderstandings.
• Ecotourism development, challenged with having to deal with sustainable
ideology and the reality of economic poverty, highlights the complexities involved
with community development.
2
Lindberg, K. (ed.) 1993: Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers. Ecotourism Society, Vermont.
3
Ibid.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
• The differing perspectives of conservation and community development,
invariably create dynamic tensions regarding the distribution of limited
development resources.
Sustainability
The concept of sustainability has been debated from a range of different
perspectives. This research takes on the concept of sustainability that implies '...the
wise use of natural resources over generations, and not for the good of a single
lifetime'. The study team takes this definition further, in that 'sustainable' implies the
wise use of not only 'natural resources', but 'environmental resources', including
social, natural and economic aspects.
The concept of sustainability is well illustrated through looking at sustainable living.
'Sustainable livelihoods' have been defined as people's capacities to 'generate and
maintain their means of living, enhance their well-being and that of future
generations. These capacities are contingent upon the availability of and accessibility
to options which are ecological, socio-cultural, economic and political and are
predicated on equity, ownership of resources and participatory decision-making'. 5
Sustainability theory has therefore become necessary, in order that unsustainable
practices of the past can be avoided in the future. Unsustainable developments are
primarily based on economic growth as a measure of development. Nordberg-Hodge
gives her view on current development practice: 'The one dimensional view of
progress, widely favoured by economists and development experts, has helped to
mask the negative impact of economic growth.... This has led to the grave
misunderstanding of the situation of the majority of the world - the millions in the
rural sector of the Third World - and has disguised the fact that development
programmes, far from benefiting these people, have, in many cases served only to
lower their standard of living'. 6
This statement clearly illustrates the fact that in the past, development has been
based on economic foundations, and failed to take the social and biophysical aspects
into account. The 1998 World Report on Environmental Change and Human Health
states that'... economic growth alone does not guarantee human development. Wellfunctioning
civil institutions, secure individual and property rights, and a broad-based
health and education services are also vital to raising overall living standards'. 7
Whether environmental sustainability is achievable or not, the concept does provide
us with a clear set of principles guiding development away from unsustainable
practice.
The following set of principles provide a framework for sustainability:
• Cultural and biological diversity have value and should be protected.
• Intergenerational equity: Future generations have a right to existing natural and
cultural resources, therefore the present generation should ensure that the
environment is maintained and/or enhanced for future generations.
• A precautionary approach that undertakes a careful evaluation and assessment
of risks will allow for sensible development.
4
Yeld, J. 1997: Caring for the Earth: South Africa: A guide to sustainable living, CMYK Pre-Press, Cape Town.
''Community Adaptations and sustainable livelihoods' website:
8
Norberg-Hodge, H. 1992: Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, p.xv.
7
World Resources, 1998: A Guide to the Global Environment 1998-1999: Environmental Change and Human
Health. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 144.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Local participation contributes towards responsibility and accountability in
developments.
This allows the development perspective to become more holistic and aim for
sustainability. This is well illustrated in the following set of principles developed for
community-based tourism development.
Principles of Community-Based Ecotourism Development 8
• Contribute towards the conservation of cultural and biological resources.
• Contribute towards alternative sustainable livelihood strategies for communities.
• Ensure a transparent planning process that will provide access to information for
all interested and affected parties.
• Ensure participatory planning that will take the needs of all stakeholders into
account.
• Ensure co-operative relations among stakeholders.
• Ensure the optimal distribution of mutual benefits.
Principles of Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) 9
• Adopt broad definition of the term 'environment', which includes biophysical,
social, economic, historical, political and cultural aspects.
• Planning must be conducted in an open and participatory manner.
• Informed decision-making is essential for effective participatory planning.
• Individuals must be held accountable for decisions and proper information
dissemination.
• Consultation with interested and affected parties is essential throughout the
development process.
• There must be due consideration of all alternatives.
• Regard for the rights and obligations of individuals must be upheld.
• Opportunities for public and specialist input must be provided for.
These sets of principles are all founded within sustainability theory, and provide
useful guidance in development. They also provide a practical framework, within
which to develop mitigatory measures that will contribute towards the reduction of
negative environmental impacts.
Through current development practice, there exists a transfer of resources from
natural and cultural resource losses to that of economical resource gain. Impacts on
the biophysical environment have been well researched, and today many resources
exist that can contribute towards mitigation of these biophysical impacts. Social
sustainability, on the other hand, is a field that is attracting massive research
attention. Concepts of social sustainability and cultural tourism are currently being
researched in many parts of the world.
Research results indicate that there is no unique approach or model that can be
applied to avoid the negative impacts of tourism on the social environment. What has
been made clear however, is that minimal understanding of the 'other party' exists
between the tourist and local community member. Current research points in the
direction of creating better understanding through improved interaction between
these two vastly differing world-views. 10
8
Obtained from current research conducted by EcoAfrica Environmental Consultants.
9
Fuggle, R. 1992: 'Guideline document 1: The Integrated Environmental Management Procedure' in Integrated
Environmental Management Guideline Series, Department of Environmental Affairs, Cape Town.
10
Obtained from current research conducted by EcoAfrica Environmental Consultants.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
Local participation in development projects has been identified as a fundamental
prerequisite for sustainability. If local communities do not take ownership of a project
in the development stages, it is likely that interest will perish as soon as the
development agency withdraws. It is with this in mind that Drake formulates four
levels of local participation.
Drake identifies the lowest level as information sharing, where information is given to
the community. The next level, consultation, provides the community with the
opportunity to comment on the development. Following this, decision-making allows
local communities access to decision-making within the development process. The
highest level, initiating action, allows the community to take on the responsibility of
action and decision making. 11
Trends in community-based tourism development are showing that the highest form
of participation, which Drake refers to as initiating, contributes most beneficially
towards sustainable development.
It is clear from current research that community-based tourism development needs to
be approached in a precautionary manner, with role-players having open minds on
how to forge relations and promote open and easy communication between
individuals. This approach will contribute significantly towards an increase in
understanding of the concept of development, and how it should be approached in
the future.
1.4.1. Terms and definitions
Since the field of community-based tourism development is current and dynamic,
many paradigms are in the process of being challenged. This has resulted in much
debate over the definition of fundamental terms and concepts. The following
definitions are a synthesis, drawn from interaction with practitioners in the field and
from current literature.
Ecotourism
'Ecotourism' is a complex term, open to different interpretations and hence difficult to
define. However, for the purposes of this feasibility study ecotourism '...means
sustainable tourism development which recognises the interdependence between the
environment and the economy. The aim of ecotourism development is to produce net
benefits...while conserving the environmental and social resource base for future
generations of both residents and tourists' 2
Sustainable
The meaning of the term 'sustainable' is much debated. However, it is broadly
accepted that 'sustainable' implies '...the wise use of natural resources over
generations, and not for the good of a single lifetime' 3 For the purpose of this
report, however, 'sustainable' implies the wise use of not only 'natural resources', but
all environmental resources, including sociological, cultural and financial resources.
1
Drake, S. 1991: Nature Tourism - Managing for the Environment, Island Press, Washington, DC, p.132.
12
De Vletter, R. n.d: Africa in Microcosm : Towards the establishment of a transnational ecotourism zone: Swaziland
- Mozambique, p. 10.
13
Yeld, J., op cit.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
Sustainable livelihoods
The term "sustainable livelihoods' refers to people's capacities to 'generate and
maintain their means of living, enhance their well-being and that of future generations.
These capacities are contingent upon the availability of and accessibility to options
which are ecological, socio-cultural, economic and politic and are predicated on
equity, ownership of resources and participatory decision-making'
Community
The term 'community' refers to a social configuration of a group of individuals who
identify with each other as a community. 'Community' is characterised by solidarity (a
shared identity and shared code of conduct) and agency (the capacity of people to
order their world). 15
In the case of the 'Shewula community', the term 'community' describes a group of
people who share a common culture, and are under the jurisdiction of the same
traditional authority, namely the Chief of Shewula. These people may or may not
reside in the geographical area of Shewula on a permanent basis. 16
Culture
The term 'culture' refers to shared experience that is learned and/or accumulated. It is
characterised by socially transmitted patterns of behaviour that are definitive of a
particular social group. It includes the values, beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, skills,
language, and norms for behaviour that a person learns through socialisation.
Human Development
This refers to the 'creation and development of people's choices and capabilities'.
Such development can assist 'empowerment' through providing the opportunities,
capacity-building and skills training that are needed by the individual.
Empowerment
'Empowerment' refers to the process whereby an individual is able to implement,
challenge and justify their thoughts and beliefs. Steenkamp illustrates the
'empowerment' process: 'Engagement of external parties had to be structured in a
way that would promote, rather than undermine, the development of organisational
capacity at Makuleke'.' 16
Capacity
'Capacity' refers to the ability, skills, knowledge and know-how which a person or body
of persons possess' in order to perform or carry out certain tasks or undertake certain
activities or operations.
Capacity-building
'Capacity-building' is a tool to promote empowerment. It results in an increase in
people's abilities, skills, knowledge and know-how; is people-focused; allows for
access opportunities; and facilitates access to or ability to locate benefits.
14
Community adaptations and sustainable livelihoods, op cit.
15
Bhattacharyya, J. 1995: 'Solidarity and Agency: Rethinking Community Development', Human Organisation, 54(1),
p.61.
16
Refer to the following World Resources Institute webpage
17
Bhattacharyya, J. 1995:op cit.
18
Steenkamp, C. & Maluleke, L n.d: The Makuleke Conservation and Tourism Programme: A South African case study
of rural people and conservation, unpublished paper, p.2.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
Role-players
'Role-players' are individuals who have specific roles and responsibilities in the
development process. They may or may not have any vested interests in the specific
development.
Stakeholders
'Stakeholders' refers to individuals who have a vested interest in the development and
are going to be affected by the development in one way or another. Primary
stakeholders are those directly affected by a development. Secondary stakeholders
are indirectly affected by developments.
Ecosystem
A holistic concept of the plants, the animals habitually associated with them and all the
physical and chemical components of the immediate environment or habitat, which
together form a recognisable self-contained entity. 19
Environment
This study adopts an holistic definition of the term 'environment' which includes the
physical, biological, social, economic, cultural, historical and political components. 20
Environmental Resources
'Environmental resources' refer to the natural, cultural, historical, social, economic and
political resources of an area.
Biodiversity
The World Resources Institute refers to biodiversity as 'the variety of the world's
organisms, including their genetic diversity and the assemblages they form. It is the
blanket term for the natural biological wealth that undergirds human life and wellbeing.
The breadth of the concept reflects the inter-relatedness of genes, species, and
ecosystems. 21
Conservation
Conservation is not only about protected areas, but is about the people-centred
conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. This is promoted by the World
Conservation Union (IUCN), which has the following mission: To influence, encourage
and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of
nature, and ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically
sustainable.' 22 IUCN promotes the importance of people-oriented conservation and
the sustainable use of resources.
1.4.2. Assumptions
1.4.2.1. The goal of the development
The ultimate purpose of the proposed tourism development is the alleviation of
poverty of the Shewula community, and the wise use of natural and cultural resources
for the benefit of the Shewula community as well as the wider regional, national and
international community (including tourists).
19
Begon, M., Harper, J.L. & Townsend, CR. 1990: Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities. Blackwell
Science, Cambridge, USA. 20 Fuggle, R. 1992, op cit.
21
Refer to the following World Resources Institute webpage:
22
Refer to following IUCN webpage: < http://www.iucn.org/info_and_news/about_iucn/index.html>

Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.4.2.2. General criteria for feasibility
In order for the project to achieve the above goal, it is important to ensure the
feasibility of the project from a number of perspectives, including the sociological,
environmental and business perspectives.
a) Sociological criteria
The degree to which a community-based tourism development has the broad-based
support of the local community will influence its feasibility on sociological grounds.
Legitimate support for such a project can only occur, when the community has the
ability to make informed decisions regarding the desirability of such a venture. Such
informed decisions are dependent on general awareness about the proposed
development and an understanding of the benefits that such a development could
have for the community, as well as the nature and extent of the costs that the
community could incur. If a tourism development is to be sociologically feasible it
must provide the local community with significant benefits, which outweigh the costs
of the development to the community as a whole and its individual members.
Since the proposed project is touted to be a Shewula community initiative, the
community must have a sense of ownership about the project. The ability of the
Shewula community to effectively take part in all stages of the project is therefore
central to its feasibility. Inadequate participation of community, especially during the
planning stages could severely undermine the viability of the project.
The ability of the Shewula community to properly manage the distribution of benefits
resulting from the development, is an aspect of the sociological feasibility of the
development's beneficial economic impacts.
b) Environmental criteria
The environmental feasibility of a tourism development is dependent on the extent to
which the receiving environment (both natural and socio-cultural) is able to withstand
the impacts of the development without being significantly undermined.
c) Business criteria
The financial feasibility of the proposed tourism development will depend on and be
influenced by a number of factors, including:
• a suitable target market, and marketable assets that will appeal to the identified
target market;
• accessing the target market and successfully marketing the tourism product; and
• the financial outputs (eg. revenue, profits and turnover) exceeding, or in the
break-even scenario equating with, the inputs (eg. capital, labour, operating costs
and assets) that are associated with the tourism development.
1.4.2.3. Specific assumptions relating to Shewula
• That the Shewula community is a relatively poor community, 23 located within a
region that is characterised by higher rates of poverty than other areas of the
country 24 This situation has been exacerbated in recent years, with the
community suffering economic losses as a result of drought and cattle raids.
23
See original proposal, Appendix 5.
24
Ministry of Economic Planning and Development (MEP&D) 1997-.Swaziland Poverty Assessment by the Poor,
MEP&D.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
• That the Shewula community is a stakeholder in the tourism development, and
that therefore only those development scenarios which will allow for significant
community participation, management, and/or derivation of benefits, are
applicable to the envisaged tourism development.
• That planned community-based tourism development should take cognisance of
the existing and potential markets, and should be demand-driven in the long-term
but that supply-driven development (which utilises existing resources) is
appropriate in the short-term. In other words, if an enterprise can begin with
basic, low-cost services, then community capacity can develop, making it more
feasible to engage in a more intensive, upmarket development in the future.
• That project feasibility depends not only on the financial feasibility of a proposed
development, but also on the ability of the receiving environment to withstand
and/or facilitate the development, without incurring significant detrimental
impacts.
• That local objectives are most important in determining which model is most
appropriate for operations of the tourism development; and that these objectives
include increased quality of life, employment opportunities and income generating
activities being promoted in Shewula.
1.5. RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODS
This section describes how the study was conducted.
1.5.1. Research Approach
The study consisted of an initial set of tasks that were refined in an adaptive way as
the study progressed. The broad areas of study include the following:
Environmental feasibility
The assessment of environmental feasibility focused specifically on the biophysical,
socio-economic and cultural components that could impact on or be impacted by the
development.
Economic feasibility
The assessment of economic feasibility was carried out at a conceptual level. This
component included marketing, business and financial considerations.
Socio-cultural feasibility
The assessment of the socio-cultural feasibility focused on the existing capacity in
the Shewula community to successfully participate in / manage the proposed tourism
development, and identified the capacity-building requirements that would allow
community members to participate in this way.
The overall approach adopted for the study was rooted in the principles mentioned
above and included the following:
A flexible and iterative approach to the research. This allowed for adaptation of
the initial research plans and methodologies to accommodate information and
opportunities that arose during the fieldwork.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
A participatory approach to the research. This was reflected in the inclusion of
members from the Shewula community in the study team (for the duration of the
fieldwork) and the involvement of research volunteers from the Shewula community.
1.5.2. Research Methods
The methodology for the research included a literature review, six weeks of fieldwork
and a period of collation and analysis of data.
1.5.2.1. Literature review
The conceptual framework and terminology were clarified by conducting a general
literature review. A review of Swaziland's environmental policies and legislation was
also conducted.
1.5.2.2. Fieldwork
The majority of the fieldwork was carried out among the Shewula community, which
lives on the Lubombo plateau. The fieldwork included site visits and meetings within
the Shewula community, and meetings with other l&APs. Volunteer researchers
played an important role in the fieldwork.
a) Site Visits
Site visits were undertaken to the area being set aside as the proposed Shewula
Reserve. The area was also surveyed from the neighbouring properties of Mbuluzi
Game Reserve and Mlawula Nature. Visits were also undertaken to the neighbouring
Goba community in Mozambique and to the Makuleke region of the Kruger National
Park, where community-based initiatives similar to that envisaged in Shewula are
already being implemented.
b) Meetings within the Shewula community
The research was primarily qualitative in nature, and included meetings with many
people in the Shewula community. These can be divided into two categories, namely
group meetings and informal meetings.
Group meetings
Group meetings were organised by the study team. During these meetings
workshops, information sharing, and the screening of video material 25 to the general
community took place. Other organized meetings included those with the traditional
leadership (to keep them informed) and those with the volunteer researchers (to
obtain feedback regarding the findings of their research).
Informal meetings
Informal meetings were conducted within the community. Such meetings included
visiting the homesteads of Shewula residents, attending social gatherings, holding
impromptu discussions with residents in Shewula, and attending meetings to which
local residents invited the study team. These served the purposes of learning more
about the community, sharing information and gathering research data.
25
The video shown was called 'Wildlife Warriors'. It shows the effects of poaching on wildlife in Botswana and how the
government of Botswana has dealt with the problem of poaching in its reserves. The aim of showing this material was
to stimulate discussion around issues relating to conservation, wildlife and natural resource management, and
poaching.
_

Chapter 1 - Introduction
c) Meetings with other interested and affected parties
Many l&APs were consulted, in order to get a broad base of input into the research.
Interviews, group meetings and a workshop were conducted.
Interviews
Semi-structured and informal interviews were conducted with various role-players 26 .
Parties interviewed included members of the Shewula community, representatives
from Swaziland government departments, specialists and professionals in the fields of
conservation and tourism, representatives from neighboring properties and
representatives from donor agencies and NGOs.
Group meetings
Group meetings were held with a number of l&APs, including the Shewula Trust
Working Group, the Goba community in Mozambique; and the Makuleke Communal
Property Association leadership in Makuleke.
Workshop
A workshop was held at the end of the fieldwork research period. At the workshop the
preliminary findings of the study were presented to representatives from various
organisations and initiatives. The aim of the workshop was to inform those attending
of the strengths and weaknesses of the project that were identified by the study. In
addition, the opportunities that exist to further strengthen the proposed developments,
and the threats to the viability of the envisaged projects were identified. The
participants provided feedback and made comments during the presentation. The
information presented during the workshop, the issues raised, and the comments and
discussions that took place are contained in Appendix 1.
d) Volunteer Researchers
At the first group meeting held in the Shewula community, the study team decided
that given the current research constraints, volunteer researchers would be requested
to assist with information gathering. These volunteers gathered the general
community's perceptions of the proposal, and engaged their respondents in
discussion about the various focus topics of tourism, poaching, and the development
needs in Shewula.
Substantial feedback was received from five volunteer researchers during the
fieldwork period. The volunteer research method provided an opportunity for
residents to express their opinions and to voice their concerns to fellow community
members, and is believed to have enhanced the community's participation in the
planning process for the development process.
26
Refer to Appendix 4 for a list of role-players consulted.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.5.2.3. Interpretation and Analysis of Findings
The data obtained during the fieldwork was synthesised and analysed in order to
reach conclusions regarding the project's feasibility and to make the necessary
recommendations.
In compiling the responses of the Shewula community for analysis, the frequency
with which an issue was raised, was noted as an indicator of the significance which
the Shewula community attaches to a particular issue. All responses have, however,
been detailed in this report, whether they were an individual's comments or
responses repeatedly recorded throughout the study period. The sociological study
was conducted based on the assumption that the Shewula community is the primary
stakeholder in the development, and that a response from an individual is as valid for
the data gathering as numerous responses that are of a similar nature.
The environmental feasibility study was undertaken by consulting the relevant
legislation and with the administrators of the legislation so as to analyse what the
requirements were for the necessary permits for tourism development in Shewula.
Generic impacts were identified and assessed, as the specific impacts could not be
identified, due to the lack of a finalised site and concept plan.
The tourism and marketing feasibility study was undertaken by assessing the original
proposal from the tourism and marketing points-of-view. The literature and key
tourism and marketing personnel in Swaziland were consulted to guide the analysis
of the findings of the assessment. Because of the lack of statistical tourism data from
Swaziland, existing SATOUR data was used, from which assumptions were made
concerning the tourism trends in Swaziland. Data from neighbouring countries have
also been used to determine a more holistic tourism trend surrounding Swaziland.
1.6. LIMITATIONS AND STRENGTHS OF THE STUDY 1.6.1.
Limitations
The limitations of the study can be classified according to the following categories:
• Limitations resulting from the context within which the research took place.
• Limitations resulting from the research process.
• Limitations identified during fieldwork and through interaction with other people.
1.6.1.1. Limitations resulting from the context of the study
The development process is one that is dynamic and evolutionary in nature. The
research for this study was conducted within the context of a dynamic development
planning process and was therefore limited by an incomplete planning process
characterised by a lack of informed decision-making. This was further exacerbated
by time constraints on the project and the influence of the broader socio-political
context.
a) An incomplete project planning process
This feasibility study was undertaken at a time when the idea of developing a tourism
facility on Shewula land had already been initiated, and funding for the construction
of accommodation facilities had already been obtained from the British Council.
However, the planning process had not been completed adequately. It became
evident during the fieldwork period that there was no finality to the tourism

Chapter 1 - Introduction
development concept. This limited the intended research, and it became necessary
to take on a more strategic, pre-feasibility focus.
b) Time constraints
The six-week field research period made in-depth, continuous interaction with the
community impossible. As a result there was too short a period to build up strong
trusting relationships with community members as a whole. This had an affect on the
quality of the qualitative research. The sense of urgency to spend the British Council
grant, and meet project deadlines, also placed tremendous pressure on those
involved in the planning and development process to produce results, with the
potential that the findings of a feasibility assessment could become redundant or be
disregarded.
c) The broader socio-political and cultural context
There was a possibility that the potential advantages and benefits of the proposed
tourism development could raise expectations in the Shewula community to
unrealistic levels. To avoid creating unrealistic expectations a degree of 'intervention'
was required, which could arguably be seen as an impact of the study on the
community. While it was the intention of the study team that the research should not
have significant negative impacts on the Shewula community, the actions taken to
prevent high expectations could be interpreted as placing a limitation on the
objectivity of the study.
The resistance and negative responses of some members of the community to the
proposed project resulted in a degree of resistance to the study, and sometimes
resulted in a lack of co-operation with, or deliberate hindrance of, the researchers'
activities. 27 Resistance was also experienced because of criticism levelled at the way
in which the planning for the development was initiated, which some described as
'not people-driven'. 28 Such comments referred specifically to the contrast between
the role of the traditional leadership in initiating plans for the proposed project and the
lack of participation by other members of the community. This contrast reflects the
larger socio-political and cultural picture in Swaziland. The resistance encountered
when attempting to separate issues pertaining to the project from the broader sociopolitical
and cultural context, therefore created another limitation for the research.
1.6.1.2. Limitations resulting from the research process
The research process itself was limited by the social context in Shewula in terms of
the numbers of people involved, language barriers and lack of attendance at
meetings.
a) People contacted or involved in the research
Extensive consultation with all members of the community was not a viable option,
since time was a constraint and the whole population of 10,000 could not be
involved. However, the study team attempted to obtain opinions and perceptions
from as wide a range of people as possible and across as wide a geographical
area as possible.
b) Translation between English and seSwati
The use of translation to overcome the language barrier poses a possible threat to
data reliability, especially in terms of the level of detail contained in the translators'
interpretation of peoples' responses. Some nuances in what people are saying, for
example the linguistic jokes and profound meanings of some proverbs,
were
27
This was particularly the case when the issue of poaching was discussed.
28
Alfred Mabila, Shewula Community member, pers. comm.

inevitably lost. In some instances, the researchers' inability to communicate in
seSwati was accompanied by accusations or suspicions that they were not
trustworthy. This affected the extent to which the community members were willing to
interact 'truthfully' or in a forthright manner with the researchers.
c) Lack of attendance at meetings
Lack of attendance at meetings constituted a limitation on the effectiveness of
research procedures. Various community members identified several reasons why
people did not attend meetings, including:
• Rain, which discourages residents from walking to meeting places, especially
after heavy falls when the road and side paths are very muddy;
• Communication problems, some members simply were not informed that
meetings were to take place;
• Boycotts, some felt that those who were against the initiative organised boycotts
of meetings that were held to discuss issues relevant to the research;
• Time constraints, many people in Shewula farm their lands in the mornings,
making attendance at early morning meetings difficult. Also, the research period
overlapped with the Marula season, which often meant that the residents were
unavailable. This was either because they were away, collecting marulas and
brewing Marula beer, or because they had been savouring the products of these
labours, and were in no frame of mind to discuss seriously the issues at hand.
Therefore, most of the study team's meeting were scheduled in the afternoons or
over weekends. The latter meetings provided the opportunity for residents who
work further afield, but return to Shewula on weekends, to have input into the
research.
• Confusion, misunderstandings and a belief that meetings called at a venue other
than the Chiefs kraal, or at a venue in an area where people did not live, did not
concern them. (For example, the poor attendance of Bucucotfombi residents at
the Nduma information-sharing session).
• Transport, was a problem for those members of the community who lived some
distance from meeting areas.
A conclusion to be drawn from these experiences is that attendance at meetings
called cannot be guaranteed. This rapidly became an assumption for the subsequent
planned research activities, with greater emphasis being placed on alternative
methods for interaction with the community.
1.6.1.3. Limitations identified during fieldwork and through
interaction with other people
Limitations were also identified through interaction with community members and
other l&AP's. These include factors relating to the socio-political context in Shewula
and misunderstandings and misconceptions on the part of Shewula community
members.
a) Factors in the community politics, power relations and social context that
affected the research process The absence of authority figures at some
meetings sometimes created problems for the research. Past conflicts, rivalries and
disagreements, both within the community, and between the Shewula community
and other parties arose, and could have been better controlled by an authoritative
figure. In addition, some community members used the research process as a forum
for discussion about their personal opinions on various issues. While these
situations had the potential to hinder the research process, they also provided
useful opportunities to explore the thinking and

perceptions of individual community members on a range of issues that were
significant for the research.
b) Misunderstandings and misconceptions
In several instances the community expressed opinions based on incorrect
information and/or perceptions. These are reflected in assumptions that were made
about the 'Shewula Game Reserve' and about the study team.
The use of the term 'Shewula Game Reserve' generated certain expectations
regarding the presence of wildlife and types of tourist activities that were and/or are
not really expected, planned or appropriate.
Some of the community members held erroneous perceptions about the study team.
This was especially the case regarding the role and function of UCT researchers.
Some community members misunderstood the aims and intentions of the study,
although these were explained at the first formal group meeting, held in Shewula on
12 February 1999.
1.6.2. Strengths: Or Mitigation against limitations
Potential pitfalls that were to be avoided during the research process were identified
prior to and during the fieldwork period. These included the impact of the research
process itself, unreliable translation, and the possibility that individuals and/or groups
with hidden agendas could manipulate the research process. During the research
certain actions were therefore taken in order to minimise the possibility that these
occurred.
1.6.2.1. Limiting the impact of the research process
In order to guard against the possible impacts of the study on the social organisation
and authority structures in the community, the following steps were taken:
• It was emphasised to the general community that the study team respected the
existing social and political organisational practices in Shewula. The study team
also followed the standard procedures for community meetings and aimed at all
times to obtain the necessary approval from the relevant authorities before
undertaking activities in the community. The study team also observed the socially
defined differentiation's in gender-specific behaviour, when invited into the homes
of community residents, or when attending their public meetings.
• Issues that arose during discussions with the community that were unrelated to
the topic under discussion but influenced responses to these topics were noted
and then set aside with the assurance that they would be passed on to the
relevant parties for them to address.
• The study team worked closely with representatives from the traditional leadership
as well as members from the general community.
1.6.2.2. Improving the reliability of translation
The use of translators was essential during the fieldwork in the community, and there
were problems associated with translation, such as the possibility of misinterpretation
and a lack of trust influencing responses. However, the following characteristics of

the translation that occurred during the fieldwork can be seen as mitigation against
these problems:
• The translators involved in the research process were usually Shewula community
members. There were occasions when the translators were Swazi nationals,
originally from elsewhere in Swaziland, but are now intimately involved with local
initiatives in the Shewula area. All of the translators were well acquainted with the
community and in most cases were familiar to the audiences.
• In most instances there appeared to be a relationship of trust between the
community and translators. In addition, there were usually a significant number of
people, at each of the meetings held, who were bilingual and who acted as a
check on the quality of interpretation. The researchers liased extensively with
individuals who understood both languages, to clarify and double-check
information.
• Actions taken by English speaking study team members, to avoid or mitigate the
negative impact of the language barrier on the research included attempting to
learn the language, and using seSwati greetings and key words in interactions
with local residents. This was also intended to help overcome the exclusionary 'usthem'
distinction, a dichotomy that has the potential to impact the research
process.
1.6.2.3. Being aware of possible hidden agendas of community
members
The study team was well aware that those members who participated in the research
process and/or attended meetings, as well as those who originally began the initiative,
could have an alternative agenda. Examples include political agendas, personal gain
and social status. To avoid giving such agendas too much scope, the study team
involved as many people as possible, encouraged critical analysis of comments and
people's motives, and created opportunities for debate between different parties.

CHAPTER 2
SITUATIONAL
ASSESSMENT

2.1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides a description of the context within which the study took place. It
describes the geographical location and biophysical context of the proposed tourism
development at a national and regional level; summarises the role of the different
role-players involved in this and other similar or related initiatives; gives a breakdown
of the government institutions that are responsible for environmental, economic and
social development and planning in Swaziland; and provides general information
about the social, political and economic context of Swaziland in general, and the
Shewula community in particular.
2.2. GEOGRAPHY
2.2.1. Location
The landlocked Kingdom of Swaziland is situated in the south-eastern region of the
African continent (see Map 1). It is surrounded on the north and south by provinces
of the RSA (Mpumalanga and KwaZulu Natal respectively), and on the east is
bordered by Mozambique. The capital of Swaziland is Mbabane.
The study area is located in the north-eastern corner of Swaziland, in the Lubombo
region, and is approximately 90km from Maputo in Mozambique.
2.2.2. Size and natural resources
With an area of just over 17 000 square kilometers, Swaziland is the smallest country
in the Southern Hemisphere (comparable to the size of Wales in the United Kingdom,
and the state of New Jersey in America). Swaziland extends approximately 190 km
from north to south and 145 km from east to west. Within this limited area, the
country has a wealth of natural resources. Often referred to as the Switzerland of
Africa, 29 the Kingdom has magnificent mountain scenery, with ancient rock
formations, and it features many of Africa's diverse habitats. As a result of the
diversity of habitats in Swaziland, the country is characterized by high diversity of
both plant and animal species.
2.2.3. Agro-ecological regions
The country may be divided longitudinally into four topographical, climatic or agroecological
regions, ranging from 10 to 1800 meters in altitude. These include the
Highveld, Middleveld, Lowveld and Lubombo regions, (see MAP 7). The study area is
located in the Lubombo region.
2.2.3.1. Lubombo
The Lubombo Mountains and plateau run along Swaziland's eastern border at an
average altitude of 600m, rising steeply from the Lowveld plains. On the plateau and
on the east-facing slopes, sea breezes create a cooling effect, thus bringing about
Thompson, C.F. 1998: 30th Anniversary of Independence and His Majesty's 30th Birthday Celebration.
Official souvenir brochure of the Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland. Jubilee Printing, Mbabane, Swaziland;
and Thompson, C.F. 1999: Swaziland Business Year Book, Jubilee Printing, Mbabane, Swaziland.

Chapter 2 - Situational Assessment
vast temperature differences between the plateau and the west-facing slopes that
border on the Lowveld. The area consists of ryolite ridges interrupted by steep slopes
and deep river gorges. Soil is average to good for only about 12 % of the region. The
climate is similar to that of the Middleveld, with a subtropical element. Vegetation
includes various types of bushveld and mixed farming is the main activity. 30
2.2.3.2. Lowveld
The largest region, comprising some 40% of the country, or about 6 500 km 2 , is the
Lowveld. The zone is characterized by deciduous bush veld with an elevation ranging
from 10 - 500m. Small rocky knolls dominate the parts of the zone, which are not
under human habitation. The climate is generally subtropical, humid and hot in the
summer, and hot and dry in the winter. The temperatures range from 42°C
(midsummer - day) to -2.5°C (winter - night), with rainfall being between 217 and
850mm. Periods of contracted drought occur and crop failure is common, making dry
land farming a risky venture. Despite these conditions, peasant farmers continue to
grow maize as their primary crop, supplemented by groundnuts, melons and
sorghum. The alluvial soils provide an excellent basis for irrigated agriculture of the
large commercial farmers who grow cotton, rice, sugar cane and citrus. The
conditions of this zone are suitable for cattle. Malaria is prevalent. 31
2.2.3.3. Middleveld
The 5000 km 2 subtropical Middleveld is the most highly developed region
agriculturally. The climate has a subtropical element with a predictable annual rainfall.
Temperatures range from 37°C in midsummer (day) to -2.5°C in winter (night), with
the annual rainfall ranging between 444 and 1 380mm. The Middleveld is made up of
lush, fertile valleys where maize, fruit and other crops are widely grown. It adjoins the
eastern slopes of the Highveld, with broad valleys and modest hills varying in
elevation from 500-1000 meters. Soils are deep, fertile loam's, covered by tall veld
grass. With the best agricultural conditions in the country, there is substantial
agricultural production, this is where the large multinational firms (Lonrho) are growing
maize, sugar cane and citrus, as well as ranching. 32
2.2.3.4. Highveld
The mountainous Highveld to the west covers some 5 000 km 2 (some 29% of the total
land area) with an average altitude of 1300m. It is the northern part of a mountain
chain, which includes the Drakensberg mountain range in South Africa. The climate is
temperate and humid. Temperatures vary between a maximum 33.5°C during the day
in midsummer and -4.5°C at night in midwinter. Precipitation is predictable, most rain
falling during the summer months of October to February. Rainfall averages around
1000 to 1250 mm per annum.
There is little potential for agriculture (only 10% of the land is classified as having
good agricultural potential) in this region and serious overgrazing has caused soil
erosion in many parts. However, much of the region is under forestry, particularly
pines and gums. The zone is the second highest producer of maize in the country,
and the leader in tobacco production, mostly from commercial farms. Groundnuts are
also grown.
30
Ibid and MEP&D, op cit.
Ibid. 32 Ibid.
—

Chapter 2 • Situational Assessment
2.3. BIOPHYSICAL CONTEXT
This section describes the biophysical nature of the study area and of the region.
2.3.1. Geology
The geology of the Lowveld is about 200 million years old, with the Lubombo
Mountains forming at the time of the formation of the edge of the African continent.
Basalts make up the eastern Lowveld of Swaziland, with rhyolitic rocks forming the
Lubombo Mountains. Erosion has worked away at the weaker basalts, and has left
the harder rhyolites as escarpments. Basalt weathers into fertile soils, hence the
proliferation of sugar estates in the Eastern Lowveld. 33
The Lubombo region also has a number of interesting geomorphological formations,
in the form of closed depressions or pans which vary in diameter from 50m to 400m.
One of the largest of the 53 pans that have been identified in the region is called
Mangwenya. This pan is located within the Shewula area, where there are at least
another eight similar, but smaller closed depressions. 34
2.3.2. Ecology
No detailed assessment of the conservation status and of the species composition of
the Shewula area has been carried out. This study therefore relies on the data
available for the surrounding areas and the greater Lubombo region.
Swaziland lies within the Maputaland centre of plant diversity. 35 The physiographic
divisions of Swaziland into the Highveld, Middleveld, Lowveld, and Lubombo regions
provides a wide variety of habitats within a small area, enhancing the capacity for
biological diversity at the species and ecosystem levels. 36
2.3.2.1. Vegetation
The vegetation of the proposed Maputaland TFCA falls within the savanna biome,
and consists primarily of Subhumid Lowveld Bushveld and Natal Lowveld Bushveld,
with limited Coastal-Bushveld Grassland. The Subhumid Lowveld Bushveld is a
dense bushveld related to forest, and is composed of large trees with a dense shrub
layer and a poorly developed grass layer. The principal trees are flat crown (Albizia
adianthifolia), knob thorn (Acacia nigrescens), marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp.),
buffalo-thorn (Ziziphus mucronata), and tamboti (Spirostachys africana) amongst
others.
The Natal Lowveld Bushveld is a mix of scrub and savanna. The most common tree
species include umbrella thorn (Acacia tortillis), sweet thorn (Acacia karroo), bush
guarri (Euclea schimperi), and wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. africana) amongst
others.
33
Mlawula Nature Reserve, n.d.: Map of Mlawula with information, unpublished.
34
Watson, A. 1986: The origin and geomorphological significance of closed depressions in the Lubombo mountains
of Swaziland', The Geographical Journal, 152(1), 65-74.
35
This is an area reported to have one of the highest biodiversity counts in southern Africa, and world-wide.
36
Masson, P. 1996: A contribution to the Swaziland Environmental Action Plan on the conservation and sustainable
use of biological diversity, Forest Research Document 20/96, Usutu Pulp Company, Mbabane, Swaziland.
37

The vegetation of north-eastern Swaziland is diverse and includes many endemic
species such as the Umbuluzi cycad. The region is predominantly grassland with
thicker woodland along the river courses. These river forests include very old
leadwood trees, Combretum imberbe. This area of Swaziland is adjacent to the
tropical East African coastal plain that supports an unusually high biodiversity by
virtue of its position at the confluence of a number of biogeographic regions. 37
The area in which Shewula is situated covers a transitional area between the dry
thorn savannas of the west and the moister coastal thickets in the east. Because of
this, plants and animals common to both vegetation types could be expected to occur
in the area.
The Lubombo Mountains are steep on the western side, sloping gently to the east,
and are cut by numerous ravines filled with forests and thickets. These forests
include ironwoods and rare cycads. The Lubombo Mountains themselves have been
identified as a biodiversity corridor. 38 On the western edge of Shewula, the Lowveld
of Swaziland is comprised of Sweet Lowveld Bushveld, characterised by open tree
savanna.
2.3.2.2. Animals
The Maputaland Centre of Endemism is situated in the area, and is a zone of sharp
transition between east and southern African fauna, and therefore contains an
exceptional number of species (see Table 2.1). It also has a number of endemics in
its own right and coincides with the southern part of the south-east coast endemic
bird area.
Table 2.1.
Diversity of Fauna in the Maputaland Centre of
Endemism
uue to tne tact tnat tne area is in an ecological transition zone, ana inciuaes a
diversity of habitats, the proposed Shewula Reserve has the potential for high
biodiversity and endemism. The area could support a diversity of mammal and bird
species.

Although the reserve is relatively small (between 2 000 - 3 000 ha), it is contiguous
with other protected areas (including Mbuluzi Game Reserve, Mlawula Nature
Reserve, and further afield, the Hlane Royal National Park). It is also adjacent to
areas of natural vegetation in Mozambique.
2.4. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT AND RELATED INITIATIVES
This section focuses on the various initiatives and institutions that set the framework
within which this proposed tourism development will take place. These include:
• Protected areas and specifically the properties / role-payers in the Lubombo
Conservancy;
• Government departments, ministries and initiatives in Swaziland and
neighbouring countries;
• Non-governmental organisations and agencies; and
• The Shewula community's institutions and initiatives.
2.4.1. Protected Areas
A country's prime areas of natural and cultural interest are often assigned protected
area status at national and sometimes international level.
A protected area is defined as 'an area dedicated primarily to the protection and
enjoyment of natural and cultural heritage, to maintenance of biodiversity, and/or to
maintenance of ecological life-support services'. 40 The creation of such an area is a
means of conserving a natural ecosystem and/or cultural heritage for a broad range
of human values. However, some areas do not have legal protection status, but are
nevertheless under some form of conservation management.
In practice most countries find it advantageous to have several categories of
protected area, covering a range of management objectives and levels of use and
manipulation. 41 There is even the case where there may be different use zones
within a protected area, such as the wilderness areas in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park,
KwaZulu Natal.
The IUCN has defined various management categories, according to management
objectives. The categories provide the basis for incorporating conservation into
development, and vice versa, with each category having a role to play in meeting the
objectives of conservation and socio-economic development. 42
Current legislation in Swaziland does not recognise different levels of protection,
differentiated on the basis of conservation protection and resource use. Creating
conservation management zones outside of proclaimed areas is needed if a more
representative proportion of Swaziland's area is to be conserved. A possible solution
would be for the Nature Conservation authority to recognise levels of conservation
protection along the lines of the IUCN Conservation categories. 43
40
Ceballos-Lascarain, H. 1996. op cit,. p. 29.
4
' Ibid.
42
Ibid.
43
Masson, P. 1996, op cit.

2.4.1.1. The Lubombo Conservancy
The Lubombo Conservancy is considered to be a key area for both tourism and
nature conservation. It is strategically located for tourism in terms of being adjacent to
the border with Mozambique, and along the main border access roads, via
Lomahasha (and in the near future also via Mhlumeni). In addition it is strategically
placed in relation to the north-south transit route from Mpumalanga and Kruger
National Park in South Africa, through Eastern Swaziland to KwaZulu Natal /
Maputaland. It could also be seen to form part of an access route from South Africa
(Mpumalanga) through northern and eastern Swaziland to southern Mozambique.
The benefits of the Lubombo Conservancy include the preservation of biodiversity, the
maintenance of ecosystem integrity, and the potential to forge economic and
ecological linkages across the international border with Mozambique. This should take
place within the framework of a number of initiatives, such as the proposed
Maputaland Trans Frontier Conservation Area (TFCA), the proposed Lubombo Spatial
Development Initiative (LSDI), and the proposed Biodiversity Conservation and
Participatory Development (BCPD) initiative. 44 (See Section 2.4.5)
As mentioned already, this initiative will facilitate the more formal collaboration
between a number of separately managed conservation areas in North-eastern
Swaziland.
The goals of the Lubombo Conservancy include:
• Preservation of biodiversity in N-E Swaziland;
• Cooperative management of natural resources in the region; and
• A sustainable and equitable flow of benefits ensured for Conservancy
members. 45
Within the framework of these goals the following objectives have been suggested:
• A shared vision of a single 60 OOOha nature conservation area;
• Introduction of species which originally occurred;
• Management of the area for nature conservation and tourism, including Swazi
traditions, folklore and customs;
• Development of transfrontier cooperation;
• The realisation of the area's tourism potential;
• Creating and realising development opportunities;
• Employment;
• Improvement of the quality of life for people in the region;
• Reducing conflict between communities and wildlife; and
• People must benefit from wildlife.
There are numerous role-players that are part of the Lubombo Conservancy initiative.
2.4.1.2. Mbuluzi Game Reserve
Mbuluzi Game Reserve (Pty) Ltd. (MGR) is a private reserve which has a
shareholders system of ownership. The shareholders have rights of use, including the
right to build lodges in the reserve to approved standards. MGR has a management
contract with Tambankulu Sugar Estates to manage the reserve for tourism and
conservation. MGR is run according to strict business principles, although on a breakeven
basis. The shareholders derive benefits in the form of use
44
De Vletter, R. 1999: Proposal: Swaziland - Biodiversity Conservation and Participatory Development, unpublished.
45
Sand with, T. 1998: Report on the process towards establishing the Lubombo Conservancy, unpublished.

Chapter 2 ■ Situational Assessment
rights, and the contribution that the reserve makes towards the achievement of
nature conservation objectives. The future goals of the reserve include increasing the
use of the area, by both overnight and day visitors.
2.4.1.3. Mlawula Nature Reserve
Mlawula Nature Reserve is managed as a protected area by the Swaziland National
Trust Commission (SNTC). 46 The primary functions of the reserve are biodiversity
conservation and the use of the area for tourism and environmental education. In
addition, the reserve's Community Outreach department is involved in local
communities, through initiatives such as establishing permaculture projects and
beekeeping activities. There is a management plan guiding the conservation
management and development of Mlawula Nature Reserve. At present there is a
relatively low use of the reserve and the visitor facilities (which include a campsite
and a small, tented camp, walks and game-viewing roads).
2.4.1.4. Hlane Royal National Park
Hlane Royal National Park is run by Big Game Parks on behalf of King Mswati III. Big
Game Parks is a private concern running private sector nature conservation and
tourism operations in Swaziland. Hlane is land in the ownership of the King, and Big
Game Parks receives a subsidy from the King to manage the land. The tourism
development in Hlane includes camping and chalet facilities with opportunities for
self-guided game drives or guided game walks.
2.4.1.5. Slsa Ranch
Sisa Ranch is land owned by the state and under the control of the Department of
Agriculture where cattle are dipped against disease. There is also some form of
subsistence cultivation along the Mbuluzi River.
2.4.2. Government
The Kingdom of Swaziland is an independent state with a fully autonomous
government that falls under the monarch who is the Head of State. Swaziland's
constitution is a system designed to facilitate practice of both western and tinkhundla
traditional styles of government.

2.4.2.1. Swaziland Ministry of Economic Planning and Development
The Ministry of Economic Planning and Development has a vital role to play in the
implementation of Swaziland's National Development Strategy (NDS). The NDS is a
Government initiative designed to strengthen the country's planning system. It
attempts to address problems such as the high population growth rate, increasing
unemployment and poverty, and increasing fiscal and current account deficits. The
objectives of the NDS are mainly to explore the options for economic and social
development in Swaziland, taking into account the macro-economic situation, the
need to balance competing priorities, likely resource constraints and the key role
played by the private sector. A number of cross-sectoral issues are therefore
addressed by the NDS, such as employment creation, population and the
environment. Those sectors identified by the strategy as having significant growth
potential are agriculture, tourism and manufacturing.
There are various other initiatives that are in place to foster economic growth,
particularly that of the small and medium enterprises. These include the Enterprise
Fund, the Export Credit Guarantee Scheme, and the Small Business Loan Scheme.
In addition, the government has put in place initiatives that are intended to promote
efficient macro-economic management. These include the Economic and Social
Reform Agenda (ESRA) and the Public Sector Management Programme (PSMP).
The Government's budget is geared towards the development of infrastructure, with
the objective of improving Swaziland's road and rail networks, and linking up with the
Maputo Corridor and the LSDI. This should help to facilitate the movement of people
through the area of the proposed Lubombo Conservancy, as well as to the Shewula
area.
The Ministry of Economic Planning and Development is also one of the key roleplayers
in the Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative.
2.4.2.2. Swaziland Ministry of Tourism, Environment and
Communications
The Swaziland Environmental Authority (SEA) (Act of Parliament, No. 15 of 1992) was
established in an effort to provide a formal mechanism and institutional framework for
protecting the environment. The main functions of the SEA are as follows:
• To monitor environmental quality;
• To set environmental standards for air and water quality, and for noise pollution;
• To develop environmental policies; and
• To supplement and enforce mechanisms to ensure that environmental
considerations are taken into account in the planning and management of
developments.
One of these mechanisms is the Environment Audit, Assessment and Review
Regulations. These regulations were enacted by the Minister of Natural Resources
and Energy in 1996 (Legal Notice No.58 of 1996). Under these regulations,
environmental assessments are required for tourism developments such as the one
proposed for Shewula.
The Swaziland National Trust Commission (SNTC) (Act of Parliament No.9 of 1972),
vests under this Ministry as a parastatal body. Its major responsibilities are the
preservation and conservation of the cultural and natural heritage through the National
Museum, historical monuments and archaeological sites, and the national

parks and reserves. As SNTC oversees the management of Mlawula Nature Reserve,
a neighbor to Shewula, and has community outreach and environmental education
programmes, SNTC therefore has a major role to play in assisting the Shewula
community in its conservation management and tourism development objectives.
The Public Enterprises Monitoring Unit, under the Ministry of Finance, has developed
a program whereby the SNTC will be required to sign a performance contract with the
government, regarding the delivery of nature conservation products and services, and
the associated tourism products and services. The overall goal is to ensure that the
cost to government of nature conservation is reduced, while maintaining the key role
of nature conservation in providing a resource base for economic development,
particularly in rural areas.
2.4.2.3. Ministry of Agriculture
The Ministry is concerned with promoting household food security and increasing
agricultural productivity through the diversification and commercialisation of
agricultural activities, while ensuring community participation and sustainable
development of the country's natural resources. It also focuses on the integration of
veterinary considerations in the control of diseases that affect both the wildlife
management and the livestock farming industries. The ministry encourages and
promotes self-sufficiency in basic foodstuff production, with due consideration to the
conservation and development of soil and water resources.
Swaziland's agricultural sector may be divided into the formal commercial and
informal subsistence subsectors. Swazi Nation Land is acquired in terms of traditional
law and custom, with subsistence farmers carrying out agricultural activities in these
areas. There is now a move to encourage subsistence farmers to conduct their
activities on a more commercial basis, as is happening in the sugar cane, maize, and
livestock subsectors. This is intended to ensure food security and at the same time
broaden the employment base of the rural community.
Although the SDI considers the Lubombo region to be a priority area for agriculture,
the Ministry of Agriculture has agreed to incorporate part of Sisa Ranch into the
Lubombo Conservancy, thereby precluding it from being part of an agricultural
project.
2.4.2.4. Mozambique Direccao Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia
(DNFFB)
The DNFFB is the agency responsible for wildlife management in Mozambique.
Through the provincial authorities in the area adjacent to the Swaziland-Mozambique
border, the DNFFB promotes nature conservation and transfrontier cooperation. In
addition, the DNFFB is supported by the Global Environment Facility through the
World Bank to develop transfrontier conservation areas between Mozambique and its
neighbouring countries, including Swaziland, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
Considerable expertise is consequently being developed in the sub-region for these
initiatives, which will support newer initiatives such as the Lubombo Conservancy.
The DNFFB is also involved in a project in the Goba Community which lives in an -area
adjacent to the section of the Swaziland border where the Shewula community resides.
A project known as 'Support for Community Forestry and Wildlife
Management', is being implemented by the agency with support from the Food and

Agriculture Organisation. The main goal of this project is to establish a natural
resource management approach for the area. The aim is to conserve biodiversity and
to improve the standard of living of the community members through the sustainable
use of natural resources and through facilitating the development of alternative forms
of income to that of natural resource use.
2.4.3. Non-Governmental agencies
Various NGOs have played a vital role in assisting the Shewula community during the
initial stages of the proposed tourism development's planning process.
2.4.3.1. Umbuluzi Catchment Association (UCA)
The UCA was formed to facilitate the conservation, management, improvement, and
sustainable utilisation of the watershed of the Umbuluzi River by drawing various roleplayers
into an association which could address issues of common concern. The UCA
is a member of the Co-ordinated Assembly of NGO's (CANGO). The UCA is the NGO
that applied to British Council on behalf of Shewula community for funding for the
proposed tourism development. The Shewula community is an associate member of
the UCA.
2.4.3.2. Legambiente
Legambiente is an Italian environmental organisation, and is the largest in Italy.
Legambiente's activity focuses on the planning and implementation of environmental
strategies and policies with the purpose of protecting nature, and improving public
health and quality of life. Its philosophy's underlying principle is a 'scientific
environmentalism approach'. Legambiente aims to demonstrate that protected areas
not only help to conserve fragile ecosystems, but are also tools to create development
and employment in strategic sectors. This is especially important in the context of
rural development, and communities around protected areas. Legambiente has an
interest in assisting with capacity-building and natural resource management in
Shewula.
2.4.3.3. 'Cooperazione per lo Sviluppo dei Paesi Emergent!' (COSPE)
COSPE stands for 'Cooperation for the Development of Emerging Countries'. COSPE
is an Italian NGO that is dedicated to the support of sustainable natural and human
development, particularly in the area of urban and rural development projects,
community-based natural resources management, and training. Based in Florence,
COSPE is involved with community-based projects in many countries of Africa,
Central America, and Asia, and is recognised by the European Union and the Italian
Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
COSPE operates through close partnerships with local NGO's, and/or decentralised
governmental institutions in the recipient countries, and has been working in
collaboration with Legambiente on community-based projects within the framework of
the establishment of TFCAs.

2.4.3.4. British Council
The British Council, registered in England as a charity, is the United Kingdom's
international network for education, culture and development services. Central to the
Council's development work is investment in people.
The Council provides access to the wide range of development expertise in Britain. Its
field network of offices worldwide also enables the Council to build links between
development experts in neighbouring countries and regions. The Council's
development work supports British aid policies, funding long-term projects which
include a strong commitment to human resource development, skills transfer and
strengthening local institutions.
Areas of concentration for the Council include education and health, efficient markets,
good government, greater opportunities for women and environmental conservation.
The British Council's Southern Africa regional directorate is responsible for the British
Council's work in Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles,
Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.
The British Council aims to contribute towards sustainable economic and social
development through assisting people and institutions. This includes managing twelve
major projects to the value of over £18 million pounds funded by DFID (Department
for International Development) and other agencies. The application for tourism
development in Shewula to the British Council was awarded under the poverty
alleviation program of DFID, in the hope that it will stimulate the local economy and
assist in poverty alleviation in the Shewula area.
2.4.4. Community-related institutions and initiatives
The following is by no means an exhaustive discussion of the Shewula community's
socio-economic and political character, but is intended to serve as an indication of the
context within which the study took place, and to provide the necessary background to
readers unfamiliar with the community.
2.4.4.1. Local politics and organisations
The Existing Traditional Leadership structures include:
• The Chief of Shewula, Chief Mbandzamane Sifundza. (Chief Sifundza was
recently appointed by the King as a Senator in the upper house of parliament,
namely the Senate);
• The Chiefs inner council (Libandla);
• The Indvuna, and his inner council;
• 13 Headmen; 47
• 13 Land Allocators; 48 and
• Approximately 8 Chiefs runners. 49
Existing organisations and interest groups include:
47
See Appendix 8 for details.
48
Land allocators are in a position to allocate land to people in the community under the Chiefs authority.
48
The Chiefs runners are responsible, among other things, for accompanying community members to the necessary
institutions (such as a passport office) to certify that they are, indeed, members of the Shewula Community.

Those not based on membership, whose functions are the concern of the general
community
• The water committee;
• The road maintenance committee; and
• The development committee.
• The rural health motivators
Membership-based groups
• The Maize Farmers' Association
• The Cotton Farmers' Association
• Beekeepers
• Permaculture interest groups
• Fish breeders
• Cattle Farmers' Association (not recognised at the time of the study, but was in
the process of being finalised)
2.4.4.2. Livelihood characteristics and sources of income
The Shewula community is characterised by a high rate of unemployment, and an
exchange economy that includes, but is not limited to, cash. There is a lack of a
reliable and steady cash flow for most households, with the general population living
a subsistence existence.
The primary crops grown in the Shewula area are maize and cotton, although some
members also grow other crops, such as groundnuts, and various types of fruit and
vegetables. Maize is grown mainly for food and the manufacture of traditional brew,
although those with a surplus do store and/or sell some of their produce. Cotton is
the primary cash crop, and the Cotton Farmers Association handles the sale of the
produce to cotton buyers at Maphiveni.
There are some community members who are experimenting with other crops, such
as bananas and pineapples, which they then sell to local customers from the
community who can afford to buy the produce. Groundnuts are another such crop.
Aside from these subsistence and commercial agricultural activities, there are a
number of other means whereby members of the Shewula community earn their
livelihoods. Some residents have employment outside of Shewula (in centres such as
Mbabane, Manzini and Siteki) as well as further afield (such as in RSA, and
especially on the mines). Some remain in Shewula or obtain part-time and/or
seasonal employment with the local sugar companies (this is especially the case
during the harvesting season).
Others supplement their livelihoods by producing products for sale either within the
community or to outside buyers. Some of these alternative income sources include:
• Traditional beer, which is brewed and sold for approximately R1,40/litre.
• Natural resources that are harvested and sold, including firewood, grass,
herbs and wild fruit. Wild guavas, for example, are sold at a cost price of 5c
each, while a 25-litre container of boganu brew sells for R50.
• Some of the women in the community produce handicrafts that they then sell,
such as grass or reed mats and woven baskets. At the moment, the primary
market for these goods is Maphiveni, with some customers coming from
Vuvulani to buy products in Shewula. Shewula community members also
occasionally purchase such items.

2.4.4.3. Economic support structures in the Shewula community.
There is a working relationship between the Maize Farmers Association in Shewula
and representatives of the Chinese government in Swaziland. The Chinese provide
the necessary inputs for maize farming, on a repayment basis, whereby the farmers
have to "pay" the Chinese in the form of a certain number of bags of maize.
Some technical assistance with agricultural activity is provided to the community by
outreach programmes such as that offered by Mlawula Nature Reserve. The Mlawula
Community Outreach programme provides support and training for a number of
projects, including the establishment and upkeep of permaculture gardens. A
beekeeping programme has been established whereby honey is harvested and then
sold to the Ministry of Agriculture.
One of the community associations which aims to provide support for economic
activities of their members is the women's group Asitfutfuke Bomake Association.
Members of the group participate in an informal saving scheme, the luholiswano, in
which people contribute monies to a fund and then each month the accumulated
funds are received by one of the contributing members of the group. Money is used
to buy something that has been requested by the recipient, such as corrugated iron
for roofing, a radio or other items needed or desired by a household. The aim of
these groups is to help improve the quality of life of a household, usually by assisting
in the improvement of homesteads.
In recent months government spending has contributed to the economic
development of local communities. Funds that have recently been made available
for community development total E5.5 million, to be shared between 55 centres 50 .
Shewula is one of four areas that combine to form one such centre. The other three
are Mafucula, Lomahasha and Tsambonkulu. Each constituency could therefore
receive up to E100,000, but allocation would depend on the projects that the money
is needed for. E5 million has also apparently been made available for community
game reserves 51
2.4.4.4. Land tenure
In accordance with the traditional land allocation system in Swaziland, any
organisation or individual wanting to undertake an operation or use a portion of land
in Shewula must first apply to the traditional leadership and authority structures
(including the Chief, his Libandla, and land allocators) for permission to do so. (The
seSwati term for this is Khonto).
The chief of a community has the right to allocate land amongst the members of a
community under his jurisdiction. In some instances, insecurity in land tenure can
arise, such as when groups of people change their allegiance from one chief to
another.
2.4.4.5. Local good neighbourliness initiatives
In the past, disputes over land tenure have sometimes characterised relations
between the Shewula community and neighbouring properties, and have resulted in
some unhappy incidents of conflict and violence. One such incident resulted in the
death of a community member. This created and/or was exacerbated by a number of
50
These centres are part of the Tmkhundla system of governance in the country. See Section 2.5.2.
51
This was mentioned by Chief Sifundza, who said that the King stated this in his opening speech to parliament in
March 1999.

problems ranging from challenges to the Chiefs authority to disputes over the facts
of the case and a court hearing.
In order to address the negative relations between neighbours, a forum was created
between the various parties involved which has since grown into a body that is now
called the Shewula-Mbuluzi-Mlawula Trust. Members of this Trust have been
instrumental in helping to initiate, and provide support to, the initiative of establishing
a tourism development in Shewula. For ease of reference, this Trust was often
referred to as the Shewula Trust, and those involved with the proposed tourism
development the Shewula Trust Working Group (STWG). This Trust and the subcommittee
of the STWG are not to be confused with the Shewula Game Reserve
Trust (SGRT), which consists of Shewula community members only.
2.4.5. Economic development and biodiversity conservation
initiatives
Various initiatives are in place or are being developed to facilitate biodiversity
conservation and tourism development in Swaziland. These include the Lubombo
Spatial Development Initiative, the Transfrontier Conservation Areas initiative, and
Swaziland's Economic and Social Reform Agenda.
2.4.5.1. Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative
The Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSDI) is a trilateral program between
the governments of South Africa, Mozambique and Swaziland to secure investment
and enable developments in the key sectors of tourism and agriculture. A priority
focus is on transnational projects.
In Swaziland, the tourism sector has the potential to grow within the framework of the
LSDI, with the identification of anchor projects and with appraisals of tourism
potential having been conducted. The governments' role is to facilitate or fast track
development in six areas: conservation, borders/access, water resources
management, capacity building, infrastructure and malaria control. Swaziland's LSDI
task group, which facilitates the development process in Swaziland, consists of
representatives from the Ministries of Economic Planning and Development;
Tourism, Environment and Communications; and the Ministry of Agriculture. The
LSDI has high level political support in Swaziland, and provides a window of
opportunity for the Lubombo Conservancy and the Shewula Reserve and tourism
development project.
2.4.5.2. Transfrontier Conservation Area Initiatives
a) Maputaland TFCA
The Peace Parks Foundation (PPF) was established to promote and facilitate
regional cooperation, job creation and biodiversity conservation, primarily through
providing support to transfrontier conservation initiatives. These transfrontier
conservation initiatives can make an important contribution to the conservation of a
region's biodiversity and provide a basis for sustained peace and development by
getting countries to work together on such initiatives.

One of the transfrontier initiatives is the proposed Maputaland Transfrontier
Conservation Area (MTFCA). The aim is to create a TFCA that links the Lowveld of
Swaziland with the low-lying coastal plains of southern Mozambique and northern
KwaZulu Natal through the Lubombo Mountains. The establishment of the Lubombo
Conservancy can therefore be seen as the first step towards the formation of the
MTFCA. The area supports an unusually high biodiversity by virtue of its position at
the confluence of a number of biogeographic regions. Thus the proposed TFCA
should be situated at the core of the Maputaland centre of endemism and high
biodiversity, and thus has global significance.
The PPF is providing support to the Lubombo Conservancy, with the objective of
strengthening the initiative to enable it to contribute to transfrontier objectives. Within
the framework of supporting the formation of the Lubombo Conservancy, the PPF is
providing funding to the Shewula community to aid the establishment of a sustainable
and feasible tourism development.
b) Biodiversity Conservation & Participatory Development Project. This is a project
proposed by the World Bank, and is to be implemented by the Government of
Swaziland and the Swaziland Environment Authority, with initial financial support
from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF).
The aim of this project is to contribute to the development of a sustainable
biodiversity conservation management system for Swaziland's resources, with
particular emphasis on two proposed development corridors.
• An east-west corridor linking the coastal areas of Mozambique and South
Africa with the Drakensberg escarpment; and
• A north-south corridor along the Lubombo Mountains consolidating the
important ecosystems of the Maputaland Centre of Plant Diversity with the
Kruger Park In South Africa, and the newly formed Transfrontier Conservation
areas in Gaza and Maputo Province in Mozambique.
These two corridors are geographically linked in the east of Swaziland and would
be developed in a fully integrated way.
The project supports ideas presented in 1993 in Swaziland for a Biodiversity and
Tourism corridor linking South Africa through the Nkomati escarpment to the
Lubombo Mountains and the Lubombo SDI. 52 The project hopes to develop
existing high tourism potential along the two corridors by consolidating and
enhancing Swaziland's protected areas system. At the same time, local
stakeholders would be involved in economic opportunities consistent with
biodiversity conservation, such as community-based tourism ventures and
commercialisation of medicinal plants.
2.4.5.3. Economic and Social Reform Agenda: Tourism
The Economic and Social Reform Agenda (ESRA) was presented by the Prime
Minister at a time when economic growth had slowed considerably, direct foreign
investment had virtually stagnated, job creation was almost at a standstill, and social
services were seriously stretched.
52
Proceedings from a workshop held in August 1993 in Pigg's Peak entitled 'Swaziland-Mozambique Integrated
Environmental and Tourism Management, unpublished.

ESRA represented a short to medium term action program to complement the longer
term strategic vision of Government, which is known as the National Development
Strategy (NDS). At the core of the ESRA program are the overall objectives of
accelerating economic growth and improving social services in order to improve the
standard of living of the Swazi people, and achieving governance of a high quality,
based on transparency, accountability, discipline and the rule of law.
A tourism strategy is part of the ESRA, with a report on tourism development in
Swaziland being produced in October 1997. The report looked at the importance of
tourism to people, the economy, to the environment and to traditional values. An
analysis of the current status of the Swaziland tourism industry was undertaken, and
included an analysis of serious constraints to the tourism industry. The information
gathered enabled the Task Force 53 to draft a policy statement on tourism development
for Swaziland, as well as developing a Tourism Action Plan.
To date, few of the recommendations have been implemented.
2.5. SOCIAL SITUATION IN SWAZILAND
The population of Swaziland was approximately 900 000 in 1995, and has been
projected to be approximately 1 160 000 by the year 2000. 54 However, a population
policy is due to be put in place, which is aimed at reducing Swaziland's growth rate of
3.5% (one of the highest in the world). Swaziland's population is young with 60% of
the people aged below 21 years. The population distribution is divided into 76% in
rural areas and 24% in urban areas. 55
AIDS was first reported in Swaziland in 1987. Since then it has had an increasingly
negative effect on the economy and social services, especially as it mostly affects the
economically active people aged between 20 and 39 years. It is felt that the worst is
yet to come in that AIDS affects more than 30% of the population of Swaziland. The
true effects of this won't be known until the period 2005-2010. 56
2.5.1. The socio-cultural context
While many Swazi people have adopted western lifestyles and western-style business
practices, particularly in business centres, their traditions are deeply rooted. These
traditions are carefully guarded and upheld, and are manifested in the traditional
ceremonies that take place to mark specific occasions.
There are some visible signs of a complex and deep-seated social system in the
people that one comes across on a daily basis. Some Swazis will be wearing colourful
dress, featuring a toga-like garment - the mahiya.
The two most important traditional ceremonies, in the eyes of Swazi's and foreigners
alike, are the iNcwala in December and the Umhlanga in late August or early
September.
53 The Task Force members were drawn from a diversity of backgrounds (such as members of the private tourism
and travel industry, University of Swaziland, and the Ministry of Tourism) to create a forum for the analysis of tourism
trends and the formulation of tourism policies and action plans.
54 This increase in the population is expected to take place at a constant fertility, which is about 6.6 births per female.
55 Thompson 1998,1999, op cit.
58 Ibid.

The iNcwala or 'first fruits' ceremony is rich in symbolism and the most important and
sacred of Swazi ceremonies. There are various smaller rites, ceremonies and
journeys leading up to the main iNcwala ceremony. During the iNcwala, many
people, especially male, converge at the Royal Kraal at Ludzidzini for several weeks
of traditional dancing, which is known in Swazi custom as the sibhaca. The warriors
are joined by the King, who is traditionally known as the Ngwenyama, which
translated means 'lion'.
The Umhlanga or 'Reed Dance' is the second most important ceremony. It is
especially for the unbetrothed maidens to pay homage to the King and the Queen
Mother, who is known as the Ndlovukati (translated as 'she-elephant'). The young
maidens set out to collect reeds from selected areas that are used to build wind
breaks at the royal residence.
Another traditional Swazi custom is the sibhaca, or traditional energetic dancing.
Although influenced by the mines of South Africa, the rhythmic, vigorous style has
become Swaziland's own. Men and boys perform the sibhaca, donning bright
costumes and cow tails for the occasion which usually marks special events and
holidays.
Swaziland is traditionally a polygamous society and a dowry, known as lobola, is
normally paid to the bride's parents, usually in the form of cattle. However,
monogamous marriages in the western tradition are becoming increasingly common.
Swazi weddings are also a major occasion for celebration. The bride forms the centre
of attention during the ceremony known as kuteka, the equivalent of an engagement,
and only her side of the party performs the sibhaca dance. The final wedding or
umtsimba is a weekend celebration after the groom has completed his payment of
the lobolo or 'bride-price'.
2.5.2. The socio-political context
Until 1973, Swaziland's constitution was based on the Westminster system of
government, and since independence has been remodelled to facilitate the practice
of both western and traditional styles of government.
During recent years, however, a general feeling has emerged that the system should
be revised to create a more democratic climate and, as a result, the first review
commission commenced in 1992 to seek public opinion on how the Tinkhundla
should be revised. The issue is still being addressed by the Constitution Review
Commission (CRC). The first elections took place in Swaziland in 1993.
Power is vested in the King who appoints the Prime Minister. The King consults with
the Cabinet, which is headed by the Prime Minister and a bicameral parliament. The
bicameral parliament consists of two levels of governance. The Senate (Upper
House) comprises of 30 Senators of whom the King appoints 20 and the House of
Assembly elects 10 from members of the public. The House of Assembly (Lower
House) is made up of 55 members from the existing constituencies in Swaziland.

The Swazi National Council, known as the Libandla, is the traditional style of government.
This is headed by the King and Queen Mother in accordance with the dual monarchy
approach, with the Queen Mother's main role being to uphold the traditional and cultural
elements. All Swazi adult males are entitled to offer advice and council on matters
pertaining to traditional law and custom. This is played out at the local community level,
whereby the Libandla (Inner Council) is headed by the Chief and the Head Induna. 57 In
the traditional sector of the Swazi society, which accounts for nearly 80% of the
population, local authority is exercised by chiefs, through 200 chiefdoms. By tradition,
chiefs are males, with a few exceptions. 58 The . main functions of the chiefs, assisted by a
council of male elders, include the allocation of use rights to Swazi Nation Land, and the
settling of disputes according to traditional law and custom. 59
Swaziland's legal system also operates on a dual basis comprising both traditional
Swazi National courts as well as constitutional courts. The latter practice Roman-
Dutch law and comprise a High Court with various Magistrates Courts as well as an
Industrial Court. The Chief Justice is head over all these structures, including the
judges and magistrates. It is important to note that the constitutional courts have the
final ruling in the event of any contention arising between the two legal systems.
2.5.3. The socio-economic context
2.5.3.1. General socio-economic context of Swaziland
Swaziland traditionally maintains strong economic trading links with South Africa, as
well as maintaining close ties with the other SADC countries.
As a small land-locked country with limited domestic markets, Swaziland's economic
performance is dependent on export-orientated industries and is influenced by global
trends, commodity prices, capital, and aid flow. Swaziland's growth has been about
3% for the past couple of years.
About 20% of Swaziland's export products, including sugar and citrus, are sold
internationally, but in recent years, emphasis has been placed on developing new
markets and South Africa, with its diverse consumer profile, and close proximity is a
natural target in this respect. Due to Swaziland's economy already being closely
integrated with that of South Africa's, South Africa's performance is a major influence.
About 80% of Swaziland's import commodities, including consumer and petroleum
products, are from South Africa. 60
Living standards for the Swazi population have been adversely affected since 1990 by
two factors:
• Drought between 1991 and 1996 which has had a drastic impact on subsistence
agriculture, rendering two-thirds of the rural population eligible for food aid in
1992; and
• The political changes in neighbouring countries which have had the effect of
reducing public revenue and constraining the growth of the formal private sector
in Swaziland.
57
Thompson, 1999, op cit.
58
There are some female chiefs in Swaziland, Darren Raw, pers. comm.
58
Ministry of Economic Planning & Development, 1997, op cit.
60
Thompson. 1999, op cit.

These political changes have eroded Swaziland's comparative advantage in
attracting private investment. Growth of Swaziland's economy has declined to
below the very high population growth rate, while formal employment opportunities
are static or decreasing. Distribution of income is highly skewed, and human
development has lagged behind economic growth. The infant mortality rate is high,
as is the child malnutrition rate. However, the literacy rate is above 75%, although
the quality of primary education is a matter of concern, with public funding to
education skewed in the favour of the tertiary sector. 61
Public expenditure is also skewed towards urban areas, and within rural areas,
towards the commercial estate sector. Funding to the sectors of 'housing and
community amenities' and 'water resources management' is skewed to urban areas
and large scale commercial projects respectively.
Agriculture accounts for three-quarters of the country's labour force. Two forms of
land tenure co-exist in Swaziland. Individual Tenure Farms (ITF) or 'title-deed' land
reflects western principles of land ownership and is governed by Roman-Dutch
Law. Swazi Nation Land (SNL) vests in the King, is subject to customary land
tenure, and use rights are allocated by chiefs.
The rural economy is sharply divided between the following:
• Large scale, capital intensive, commercial farming, often using immigrant labour,
on ITF land (25 % of land area, and usually the best quality land), and
• Rain-fed, semi-subsistence farming by smallholders on Swazi Nation Land, with
few linkages between the two. Marketing channels, technical support and
finance are all geared to the needs of the large-scale commercial sector. 62
Recently there has been some progress made in committing funds to irrigation
schemes for subsistence farmers to enable their transition to commercial
farming. 63
Women head up more than one third of the rural households. In the traditional
sector, income from agricultural production, mainly maize and sometimes cotton, is
heavily supplemented by remittances from family members in paid employment in
the rest of Swaziland or in South Africa. With a rain fed farming system, a single
cropping season and a limited crop mix dominated by maize production, rural
households are vulnerable to production shortfalls and consequent 'hungry periods'
leading up to the harvest months of June/July. The impact of the 1992 drought was
to disable this already fragile livelihood system. 64
In responding to the challenges of recovery from the drought and of adapting the
economy to a rapidly changing competitive environment, Swaziland faces
institutional constraints related primarily to its dual governance system and the
minority status of women. The still important role of traditional authority in Swazi
society has tended to reinforce the rigidities of the dual economic structure.
Women's minority status under traditional law constrains their opportunities to
contribute to, or benefit from, the development process. The findings of the Poverty
Assessment in 1997 demonstrate that these institutional constraints also limit the
capacity of poor households and communities to take advantage of development
opportunities and assistance, and to adapt and cope during times of stress.
61
Ministry of Economic Planning & Development, 1997, op cit.
62
Ministry of Economic Planning & Development, 1997, op cit.
63
Thompson, 1998, op cit.
64
Ministry of Economic Planning & Development, 1997, op cit.

2.5.3.2. Regional socio-economic context of the Lubombo Province
The households in the Lubombo agro-ecological zone can be characterized as semisubsistence
agricultural households. Most are engaged in some agricultural
production with other income from off-farm sources. Generally, the livelihood strategy
of all the rural homesteads is centred on producing enough maize for domestic
consumption. In addition, the households engage in several income generating
activities.
a) Agriculture
Maize is the major crop, mainly for home consumption, but some for commercial use.
Other food crops include beans, ground nuts, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, jugo beans,
and sorghum. The main cash crop is cotton, while some communities have a few
homesteads involved in sugar cane, vegetable gardening and permaculture
cooperatives.
b) Off-farm income sources
Remittances are one source of alternative income. However, there is a concern from
some parents around the absence or irregularity of remittances from their children.
Other activities include handicraft production (sleeping mats, table mats, crocheting),
women's groups income generating activities, informal vending, hawking, piece jobs
(weeding and harvesting for others, construction jobs), beer brewing, healing
(traditional), selling firewood and thatching grass and collecting water. Women carry
out most of these activities.
c) Constraints to Agricultural production
• Drought
Rain-fed, subsistence agriculture is risky, and although there is large-scale
irrigation for sugar farming, local small-scale farmers require security of water
supply for their crops. This can often be difficult and/or expensive.
• Cattle theft
Cattle represent a form of wealth for Swazi people, and are also used in
agriculture for ploughing agricultural fields. Cattle theft is therefore a major
problem because it robs rural communities of a primary livelihood option. The
majority of the Shewula community's cattle have been taken by cattle thieves
who are believed to come from Mozambique.
• Tractor Hire
Tractor hire is expensive, and many of the poorer members in rural communities
are unable to pay the charges for hiring tractors. In addition, there are often long
queues to get access to government tractors, making it an inefficient service.
• Labour
With old age comes the loss of physical labour power. This, in turn, means a
decrease in agricultural production, with a possible increased vulnerability to
poverty.
d) Constraints / problems with off-farm income sources
The following problems are associated with off-farm income sources:
• Irregularity of remittances;
• Dwindling supply of materials needed for handicrafts;
• Seasonality of grass materials;
• Beer brewing has not much profit;

Chapter 2 - Situational Assessment
• Hawking - locals do not have much money;
• Traditional healing - unreliable source of income, no patients or patients with no
money; and
• Marketing outlets for handicraft and products of women's groups.
2.6. TOURISM IN SWAZILAND
2.6.1. Tourism policy and implementation in Swaziland
Tourism is the fastest growing industry in the world, and ecotourism, which includes
wildlife based tourism is the fastest growing component of the tourism industry (15%
growth compared to 8% for mass tourism). Swaziland has the potential to benefit from
the expected rapid development of tourism in South Africa and Mozambique. The
economic benefits derived from tourism include contributions to foreign exchange
earnings, government earnings, regional development stimuli, and creation of
employment and income. 65
It is however, necessary to remember that tourism is more than an economic activity.
Tourism has a multi-faceted nature in that it is a massive interaction of people,
demanding a wide range of services, facilities, and inputs which generate
opportunities and challenges to host countries, and regions within those countries.
The wide-ranging and complex nature of tourism is such that the economic benefits of
tourism cannot occur without the input and foundation of social, cultural and
biophysical sustainability. 66,67
Tourism is one of the few areas with major growth potential in Swaziland. Mineral
resources have largely been depleted, irrigated agriculture is limited by water access,
and manufacturing opportunities are not competitive with neighbouring countries. It is
for this reason that the Government of Swaziland needs to devote more resources to
institutional and policy development in tourism. One of these is the National
Development Strategy (NDS) which recognises that:
• Ecotourism is assuming prominence in the region,
• Swaziland has the potential to benefit from this industry by using its natural
resources to its advantage; and
• There is the need to develop capacity in natural resource management for the
country to compete regionally in tourism.
To date, tourism policy development has concentrated on improving Swaziland's
position as a 'transit country' and improving the country's capacity to 'capture' passing
tourism traffic for longer stays. However, bureaucratic visa restrictions are one of the
major constraints to achieving this goal. 68
Tourism brings about added value to rural development through creating
opportunities for small enterprise development, and through creating linkages with
Jenkins, CL. 1993: Strategic options for the development of tourism in Swaziland. World Tourism Organisation,
Madrid. 68 op cit.
67
Wight, P. 1997: Sustainability, profitability and ecotourism markets: what are they and how do they relate. In:
Proceedings of an international conference 'Ecotourism - Balancing sustainability and profitability, 22-23 September
1997, Parnu, Estonia.
88
Prime Minister's Tourism Task Force. 1997: Report on Tourism Development for the Economic and Social Reform
Agenda (ESRA)., unpublished report.
58

Chapter 2 • Situational Assessment
agriculture, handicrafts and with the service sector. However, Swaziland has yet to
define its tourism product, thus resulting in the marginalisation of the country as a
tourism destination. This could have major implications for the future of natural
resource management in the country. Without the added value that tourism brings to
rural development and conservation, the resources of agriculturally marginal areas
cannot be sustainable developed, and hence the country's biodiversity will be at risk.
2.6.2. Tourism promotion and trends in Swaziland
2.6.2.1. Tourism promotion in Swaziland
Swaziland is extensively promoted as a tourist destination within the Southern
African subregion and abroad, using the slogan 'Swaziland, the Royal Experience'..
The Hotel and Tourism Association is an active promotional arm of the industry, while
international and regional tourism fairs (such as the World Travel Market which is
held in London, and INDABA, which is held in Durban) provide further opportunities
for exposure. Swaziland is a member of the Regional Tourism Organization of
Southern Africa (RETOSA).
2.6.2.2. Tourism trends in the world
Tourism has now become the world's most important civil industry, with nature-based
tourism undergoing the fastest growth. This includes ecotourism, which has emerged
as a feasible option for both conserving the natural and cultural heritage of regions,
and for contributing to sustainable development. 70 Overall the tourism industry is
expected to double by the year 2005 from the figures in 1992. 71
This explosive growth in the ecotourism market has created the potential for
unprecedented development of the economic, social and infrastructure components
of the Southern African environment. The ecotourism market is, however, dependent
on the maintenance of biodiversity and ecological integrity that is aesthetically
pleasing and thus able to attract international markets. Thus, the rapid and
uncontrolled development of the tourism sector has placed significant pressure on
the environment in other parts of the world, and has placed the very reason for the
existence of ecotourism under threat, i.e. if the tourism product is impacted, tourism
to the area will be impacted.
2.6.2.3. Tourism trends in Swaziland
At present, the Swaziland tourism industry is largely stagnant, with little new
development over the past fifteen years and in many cases a noticeable decline in
the number and quality of hotel beds on offer. The market base of Swaziland has
slowly been eroded as the neighbouring countries have stabilised politically, and as
more diverse attractions in neighbouring countries have emerged. Thus declining
profitability and market contraction, fuelled by complacent government attitudes has
resulted in a growing lack of confidence between government and the private sector.
This tends to hinder fresh investment. 72
The local tourism industry tends to be characterised by short average stays of one or
two nights. Because Swaziland is too small to stand alone as an international tourist
destination, her tourism industry relies on being a transit market for South Africans
De Vletter, R. 1997: Annex 3. Sustainable Natural Resource Management: Sector Analysis, unknown citation.
70
Anonymous, 1998: Swaziland Tourism Potential Atlas, unknown citation.
71
WTTC, 1992: in Swaziland Tourism Potential Atlas.
72
Prime Minister's Tourism Task Force. 1997, op cit.
59

Chapter 2 - Situational Assessment
and foreign tourists travelling to Mozambique or on foreign and domestic tourists
travelling from Mpumalanga to KwaZulu-Natal or vice versa. The Maputo Corridor
Programme and the Lubombo SDI could provide a potential to boost the tourism
industry in Swaziland. 73
The indication is that just fewer than 10% of all visitors to South Africa include
Swaziland as a destination in their itinerary. Of the foreign visitors who prefer to
include Swaziland in their itinerary, most are from the European market, with the
Australians also showing interest.
Any marketing venture entered into must look to exploit the current situation of
benefiting from tourism trends in South Africa, and to look into a means of
incorporating the other markets that have not yet made Swaziland a preferred
destination choice. One way is for a marketing strategy to look to increase the ratio of
visitor-nights spent in Swaziland. 74
2.7. CONCLUSION
It is evident that Swaziland has tremendous potential for tourism, with numerous
natural and cultural assets that could make it an interesting and unique tourist
destination. However, significant institutional capacity at the national level is required
for ensuring that tourism development occurs within the framework of sensitivity to
the receiving environment and that it contributes to the economic development of the
country. In addition, significant constraints to tourism development in Swaziland, that
could impact the feasibility of tourism development at the local level, in the Shewula
area. Constraints, such as inefficient promotion of tourism in Swaziland and lack of
commitment to implementing recommendation of studies about tourism, would need
to be addressed, in order to create a more conducive environment that facilitates and
promotes tourism in Swaziland.
73 Thompson, C.F. 1998, op cit.
74 Anonymous, 1998, op cit.
60

3.1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains information that was presented in the Preliminary Report of the
feasibility study for the proposed Shewula tourism development. The preliminary
report was submitted by the study team to the Shewula Trust Working Group towards
the beginning of April 1999. The study team formulated this initial assessment soon
after leaving the field, with the intention of providing some much-needed input into the
development process.
The preliminary report has formed the basis of the current report, and its findings are
further dealt with and explained in subsequent chapters of this report. The information
is intended to highlight the main issues addressed in this report. It is included to give
readers an understanding of the original proposal and the study team's initial
assessment thereof. The recommendations that were made at this stage of the study
are also summarised below.
3.2. THE SHEWULA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL
SUBMITTED TO THE BRITISH COUNCIL
The original concept plan and proposal submitted to the British Council is summarised
below:
• Design - Accommodation in traditional style architecture, with the trimmings of a
comfortable dwelling;
• 4 Guest Rondavels, twin rooms;
• Communal guest ablutions - hot (gas) and cold water;
• 4 Staff Rondavels;
• Communal staff ablutions;
• Large Rondavel for kitchen / storeroom, full catering only;
• Open area for dining;
• Second boma as a living area;
• Rate @ R230pppd 75 (including 2.5 meals per day), unsure of what else included;
• Location - adjacent to Umbuluzi River on Shewula Conservation Area;
• Access - by boat (Mbuluzi Gate - Open Vehicle Transfer - Boats - Walk);
• Water - spring or river into a reservoir tank;
• Lighting - paraffin or gas;
• Kitchen - gas;
• Employment - temporary construction employment and small number of
operational employment opportunities;
• Activities - community trails, wilderness / birding trails, all with field guides;
• Market - undetermined, relying on Maputo Corridor and Lubombo SDI to supply
tourists.
• Model - Proceeds from the development to be put back into community
development. Local economic activity expected to be stimulated. Employment
during construction and operation.
75
"pppd"is an acronym for per person per day

Chapter 3 - An Initial Assessment of the proposed Shewula Tourism Development
3.3. ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSAL AND DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS
• Market research
There is insufficient market research about what the target market of the project
will be. There is too much reliance on the Maputo Corridor and the Lubombo SDI
to 'ensure a continuous flow of tourists'. 76
• Planning
There has been insufficient planning due to the constraints of submitting the
original application to the British Council in on time.
• Design
The design is intended to include elements of traditional Swazi culture, but the
details thereof have yet to be finalised. The site, which has yet to be selected, and
the target market, which is unknown at this stage, will also influence design.
• Management model
The management model for the project is not detailed enough. Decisions are
needed regarding how the tourism development would actually be operated, and
how the benefits of the tourism development would be maximised for community
development. There is also no indication of who would be responsible for
marketing or who would be responsible for the risks taken.
• Rates
The rate to be charged needs to be finalised. The rate would depend on a number
of factors, including the market aimed for, the running costs incurred, and what
would be included in the rate and what extras may need to be paid for.
• Size of the development and number of beds in accommodation facilities
An insufficient number of beds have been planned. Eight beds are potentially
unfeasible for the kind of accommodation planned for in the proposal. If 8 beds is
the target, then the upper segment of the tourism market should be aimed at so
as to reduce the risk of medium to long-term financial failure. However, the
original proposal does not adequately cater for such exclusive, upmarket tourism.
• Communal ablutions
Communal ablutions would be unfeasible, since most people prefer en-suite
ablutions, although this would depend on the target market for the project.
• Catering options
It would be advisable to provide facilities for full catering and self-catering, so as to
broaden the market base.
> Location
The location of the tourism development has yet to be defined. Deciding where it
should be must take cognisance of what assets are available in Shewula to offer a
unique experience in the area. These might include the river, scenery and / or
views, and unique cultural and ecological experiences.
6
See original proposal, Appendix 5.
—

• Access
The proposed routes for access to the tourism development could be both
dangerous (although boats could be a good option in the long-term for the
adventure tourist) and costly (building a bridge across the Umbuluzi River would
be expensive but remains an option in the long-term).
3.4. CONCLUSIONS
After extensive consultation and intensive participation with primary and secondary
role-players, it was felt that the original proposal was unlikely to be feasible in the
long-term, and had a high risk of failure.
The original concept for tourism development has not been properly conceptualised
and there is insufficient integration and broad-based participation in the planning
process.
There is a dire need for a strategic tourism and conservation plan for the Shewula
area to identify potential nodes for development, and undertake a detailed
assessment of these. Alternatives have been identified but require further
assessment (see Section 6.1).
A marketing plan needs to be drawn up in parallel with an integrated and strategic
tourism and conservation plan, so that a pro-active strategy is in place. This could be
carried out in conjunction with a private operator who could manage the lodge for the
community.
The private operator would determine the rates for the proposed tourism
development(s), as he/she is the one who must ultimately make the profit on the
tourism development. Factors to be taken into account in determining the rates are
varied.
• Firstly, one could determine at which rate the potential market diminishes. In
connection with this, one could determine what is the rate at which the tourism
development becomes unfeasible, due to the rate defining a market that is too
small to sustain the tourism development in the medium- to long-term.
• Secondly, the rate could be fully inclusive or it could only cover bed and
breakfast; or dinner, bed and breakfast. Extras to be charged for would then
include lunch and/or dinner, and activities (walks, game drives, etc). Tour
operators could often help to determine this. 77
The number of beds available will also help to determine the rate charged, as the
number of beds determines staffing costs. The number of staff needed per bed for 8
beds is greater than the number of staff per bed for say 20 beds. Therefore there is a
point where the best option for the number of beds will be determined by staff costs,
thus determining the rate.
More research would be required into what design would be best for the tourism
development, so as to ensure its complementarity with the receiving environment,
and with the market targeted.
77
Ruth Buck, Owner, Foresters Arms, Swaziland, pers. comm.

3.5. RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations made in the preliminary report may be summarised as follows:
• Establish an institution that will manage tourism development and conservation /
natural resource management associated with the project. Such an institution should
represent the interests of the Shewula community and should be involved in the
decision-making processes regarding developments in Shewula.
• Provide the necessary advice, capacity-building and skills training to those
responsible for such management.
• Assess and evaluate the alternatives for development; make a decision on what the
strategy for tourism development will be in Shewula; and finalise the concept plan.
This includes the following:
- Determining the target market for the Shewula tourism development.
- Finalising the design for the accommodation facilities that are to be built.
- Establishing how the tourist experience will be integrated with or separated from
the Shewula community.
• Ensure that the general community in Shewula has a basic understanding of tourism
and conservation / natural resource management.
• Ensure adequate communication between the various parties that are involved in the
project.
• Involve and co-operate with other parties who are working towards goals similar to
those of the project and/or who have something to contribute to the project.
• Undertake the necessary planning for integrated tourism development and
conservation management in Shewula, preferably within the broader context of local
and regional developments (both existing and planned).
• The possibility of undertaking a few trial or practice runs with backpackers and other
people should be considered (Contacts include Myxo Mduli with Woza Nawe, or
Darron Raw with Swazi Trails, or Sondzela Backpackers, Mlilwane). People could still
pay a minimal fee to cover the costs, but because of the trial nature of their stay
would not be expected to pay a large amount. The input of these people, and
feedback about their experiences, would provide useful information for the planning
phase of the project.
• Intensive financial planning, which should take into account the costs and benefits of
establishing a marketing strategy, tourism product, and target market, needs to be
undertaken. It should include the possibility of equity / collateral agreements with
private investors.

This chapter describes the socio-cultural findings of the study with respect to the
responses of the Shewula community to the establishment of a reserve on their land,
and the proposal for tourism development in the Shewula area. It also contains
information pertinent to a development needs analysis for the Shewula community.
4.1. INTRODUCTION
This section documents the reactions of the Shewula community regarding various
conservation, tourism and development issues facing the community. It is based on
the direct responses of Shewula community members. Quotes are therefore used to
illustrate and/ or substantiate the findings of the study.
The reactions of Shewula community members to the proposals for a Shewula
Reserve, and tourism development in the Shewula area as well as their responses to
the initiative of the Lubombo Conservancy included comments, criticisms, concerns,
and questions. These responses, together with feedback that was obtained regarding
the proposed management and operational models (of a trust and private operator)
have been classified in the following section into four categories, namely questions,
problems, opportunities and needs.
These responses are then analysed by highlighting the implications of the
community's perceptions and understandings for the future management of the
reserve and the implementation and operation of the proposed tourism development.
This analysis provides the basis for the conclusions reached regarding the sociocultural
feasibility of the conservation and tourism initiatives in Shewula and it informs
the recommendations made regarding the required capacity-building and other actions
that are necessary to ensure that the tourism is a viable land-use option in the
Shewula area.
It is important to note that there were several community-related issues which,
although not directly related to the proposed tourism development, nevertheless
influenced the responses of community members during the research period. These
issues are described in Section 4.7.
4.2. GENERAL REACTIONS
This section describes the general nature of reactions of the community to the
establishment of a reserve on Shewula land and the proposed tourism development.
4.2.1. Negative reactions
The way the projects were initiated and the lack of broad-based Shewula community
involvement in the formation of the Conservancy has been criticised. The way in which
the idea of establishing the Shewula Reserve was initiated and/or announced to the
people has left some members of the community dissatisfied. (These responses
could, potentially, reflect a broader dissatisfaction with the political status quo and the
way that decisions are made in Swaziland especially, in this case, at the local
community). These are significant to an evaluation of project feasibility, since the
actions of a few disenchanted residents could have the potential to undermine the
implementation of the proposed project.

4.2.2. Positive reactions
At two of the four information-sharing meetings Shewula community members
expressed gratitude for the donor funding that has been made available for the
tourism development. Several members expressed their hopes that the initiative of
tourism development would bring benefits to the community: 'People are happy that
Shewula will be developed'.
4.2.3. Mixed reactions
There were also mixed feelings about the proposal: 'some appreciate the
development..others feel there is no guarantee that they are safe in the community';
'some people appreciate the exercise initiated by the Chief and some of his
councillors. Others have mixed feelings'.
There is a degree of ambivalence regarding the cost-benefit ratio of the project and a
reluctance to approve and/or support the project until it has proven its worth. One
volunteer said that 'some people are questioning what the possible benefits could be'.
She added that, 'they're doubting Thomases', who say that they'll believe it when they
see if.
4.3. QUESTIONS
There were numerous questions from the members of the community during the
fieldwork research period. These may be the result of:
• Poor communication and/or lack of understanding about past and current actions
undertaken for the purposes of the project;
• Lack of clarity about the exact nature of the project; and
• Decisions that have yet to be made and issues that have yet to be finalised.
In cases where the study team had the necessary information to answer questions,
and was sure that the information was reliable, the questions were answered. Some
questions have also been answered by actions taken subsequent to the research
(such as the election and nomination of trustees to sit on a community Trust). The
rest have yet to be addressed. Providing answers to them, as well as ensuring that
the broader community is involved in reaching the answers, is essential.
The questions related to the following topics:
• The proposed Shewula Reserve;
• The proposed Shewula tourism development (this includes questions about a
'lodge');
• The proposed Trust; and
• The Lubombo Conservancy.

-to pel u ic Ul initial ^lupuoai, sec y-vppciiuiA ^/.
This question could be more broadly rephrased as: 'What concessions will an operator get' The extent of an
perator's rights, such as traversing rights and water rights, is another aspect that, although not directly queried by le
community, would have to be considered.
The advertisement referred to was placed by George White and Sikumbuzo Dlamini (see list of l&Aps, Appendix 4) i
the hope of finding someone who could take responsibility for ensuring that the necessary administrative and aison
functions are carried out for the projects.
This question was initially interpreted as a query about arbitration, but it was subsequently felt to be a question bout
the responsibilities, functioning, and composition of the Lubombo Conservancy Executive Committee. Both ueries
are noteworthy.
Again, there are different interpretations of this question, each equally important to note. The first relates to the
ossibility of withdrawal from the Lubombo Conservancy. The second could be restated as 'Can the constitution be
hanged

4.4. PROBLEMS
This section presents information about the problems which members of the
community perceive to be associated with the initiatives of conservation and tourism
in their area. The classification of the following information as problematic therefore
reflects the beliefs and/or opinions of Shewula residents that the various aspects dealt
with in this section are, indeed, problematic. It is therefore an indication of the
problems which the Shewula people believe they would face as a result of the reserve
and/or a tourism development, and is not a reflection of the researchers' opinions
about whether or not these issues are problems. In some instances, brackets
containing comments and/or responses follow the information that is presented.
These are intended to provide some clarification about certain issues.
The problems identified by the community relate to:
• The establishment of a reserve;
• The proposed tourism development;
• The proposal for an operational model that sees the involvement of a private
operator;
• The process of planning for both of these; and
• The Lubombo Conservancy.
4.4.1. Problems relating to the reserve
a) Incompatibility of cattle and wildlife being kept on the same portion of land The
belief that livestock and animals cannot stay together in the proposed reserve was
raised on numerous occasions. Several members expressed that they knew from
experience that cattle and wildlife 'don't mix' and 'can't go together well'.
b) Effects of poaching activities on the cattle
There is concern about the possible loss of cattle owing to hunting on the reserve.
People said that the cattle could be shot, either by mistake or deliberately (especially if
a hunt is not successful) or the cattle could get caught in snares set for catching wild
animals. Concerns were also expressed that if cattle and wildlife are kept together,
those going to fetch their cattle 'could be having other intentions'. In defence of actions
that could be construed as poaching, one man said that when fetching cattle, it would
be necessary to be accompanied by dogs (which are also used during hunts), so that
if livestock have been killed, the dogs can help to find carcasses.
c) Reintroduction of dangerous game
This is believed to be inadvisable at this stage, but possible in future (see Section
4.5.1). However, if cattle were to be kept in the proposed reserve it was felt that this
would pose a problem to the introduction of lion, since the cattle might be eaten.
d) Ineffectual rangers
Concern was voiced that rangers coming from the community would be ineffectual,
because they would be well known to those living in Shewula, and could be
outsmarted by those who would like to poach in the reserve: 'Even the rangers won't
be able to identify the snares laid by those pretending to collect cattle. They
[poachers/hunters] would fetch the meat and throw it through the fence and get it later:

k) Difficulties with controlling access
The vast number of paths that lead down into the proposed reserve could pose a
problem to controlled reserve access.
4.4.2. Problems relating to tourism
a) Obstacles to tourism
• Lack of infrastructure: The lack of hotels in the area was mentioned as a
problem, as was the lack of facilities such as toilets, which would be needed if
tourists come to Shewula.
• Lack of understanding and/or capacity to interact with tourists: People don't
know what a tourist is or what tourists like.
• Security problems: There is concern that tourists and their property, especially
their cars, would be at risk. This is exacerbated by experiences of cattle raids and
the fact that there are only two policemen stationed in Shewula.
• Laws: There is a law that prohibits bottle stores in rural areas, which would make
the sale of liquor to tourists a problem.
• The foot and mouth fence: It is felt that the fence needs to be removed and that
it could be moved to the border. Checking tourist's cars and buses is, however,
perceived to be problematic because they would be 'interfered with', which is not
good. Also, if tourists want to buy meat, this would be a problem if they were to
'try and take it back across the fence'.
b) Negative impacts associated with tourist-community interactions
The possibility of tourist behaviour that is disrespectful, disruptive and/or negative,
was seen as a problem that would have negative repercussions for the community in
a number of ways. Not only would this have a detrimental effect on the social fabric
of the community, but the reaction of the general community against such behaviour
would be so negative that it would deter further tourism in the area. Comments in this
regard were particularly concerned with the development of prostitution. One woman
commented that prostitution would result in the male members of the community
'going with their knobkerries to the lodge, to destroy everything.' She added that
toun'sts must behave themselves because otherwise they will be in trouble.'
The possibility of community behaviour that is negative and/or harmful to their image
was raised, such as drunkenness (especially during Marula season). There was an
understanding that this would discourage tourism to the area.
c) Ignoring the disadvantages and/or the possibility of disappointment
The lack of discussion about the disadvantages of the tourism development proposal
was highlighted as questionable. This was followed by a comment on the possibility
of disappointment (and disillusionment) resulting from unmet expectations and poor
investments. This was illustrated by way of examples such as time and money being
wasted on making crafts that tourists don't buy; or food going to waste because its
not liked by tourists.
4.4.3. Problems relating to the proposed private operator
There is a concern about signing a lease agreement with a private professional
operator because of the uncertainty about exactly how the lodge operator will benefit,

and therefore how the benefits to the community would be determined and ensured.
The need to monitor how money is generated and where it goes to, was identified.
There is also uncertainty about how the rent to be charged would be determined,
because if it is too little the operator 'reaps all the benefits', but if the rent is too much
(i.e. 'more than the operator will receive 1 ) the operator would not be able to meet
contractual obligations, such as rental. People also commented that if the latter
situation were to develop, the operator would have to close down operations, and also
that if there are no tourists, there will also be no rent coming from the operator.
4.4.4. Problems relating to the project planning process and
the initial stages of the tourism development
a) Lack of communication and/or consultation with the community
There is a sense of dissatisfaction that members of the community were excluded
from the initiative and the planning process: We shouldn't be left behind, because
we're part and parcel of the community.'
There are allegations that the Chief did not communicate his intentions to create the
game reserve. However, this has been countered by the argument that very few
people ever attend general meetings called by the Chief to discuss matters relating to
the project. (Approximately 60-80 people out of a population of 10,000 attend such
meetings). Some observers in the community noted that those who were against the
idea boycotted such meetings, even if they did not understand exactly what the
proposal was, but had just heard rumours.
There is concern regarding community input into the Constitution of the Lubombo
Conservancy. Some felt that the community should have been consulted during the
process of drafting the constitution, and that their comments were 'futile at this stage'
(i.e. during the research period), since the process is already complete. (However, it
should be noted that Trevor Sandwith, who drew up the first draft of the constitution,
has conducted several workshops with l&APs, including leaders of the Shewula
community, to identify what should be written into the constitution. Numerous
meetings have also been held at the Chiefs kraal to discuss the matter.) 84
b) Lack of communication and/or consultation with other authorities
There is concern that the initiative has been planned without the necessary authority
and/or consultation with the relevant bodies. For example, one person expressed
concern that 'we are abusing the King's authority, going there without consulting the
LSDI'. (This comment raises the need to clarify the exact nature of relationships
between the different role-players in the area, especially in terms of the power
relations and co-operation between the various initiatives and institutions that do and
could have a role to play in the area and the region.)
4.4.5. Problems relating to the Conservancy
There is a perception in the community that having no boundaries between properties
and/or no fences, means that the land is being taken away, and in the case of game
reserves such action is associated particularly with white people. The incorporation of
Shewula land into the Conservancy is therefore seen as a threat.
84
Trevor Sandwith, pers. comm.

There is also a concern that Shewula's cattle will move across to other properties in
the Conservancy if there are no fences between the different properties.
4.5. OPPORTUNITIES
There are numerous suggestions from Shewula community members about how
some of the problems which they identified could be solved, especially with regard to
problems relating to the reserve and obstacles to tourism development. The
possibilities that were identified for management of the proposed reserve and the
perceived opportunities arising from the proposed tourism development are discussed
below, followed by a section noting other, more general suggestions.
4.5.1. Opportunities for the management of the Reserve
a) Wildlife protection
• The possibility was raised that the community police could be responsible for
guarding the game and/or that they could act as scouts in the reserve.
• Some members of the community feel that wildlife protection is or should be the
responsibility of the whole community: 'People are saying that if this thing is going
to help them, then they have a responsibility to look after it, and then they insist on
no hunting and poaching.'
• The rangers should have guns because of the possibility of cross-border poaching
by Mozambicans. (There was general consensus that outsiders would definitely
carry guns and would use them, and that therefore the community needs to have
guns for wildlife protection.)
• Shewula rangers could swap positions with rangers from other reserves, in order
to prevent familiarity / loyalty from influencing the performance of their duties.
• Opinions about poaching varied, but some offered suggestions for what they saw
as appropriate penalties or punishments for poaching. There is a strong sense that
the issue of poaching would have to be dealt with by the traditional authorities:
'Poachers will have to be taken to the Chiefs kraal and the council must decide
what to do. They must not be shot. The law should take its course.'
b) Access control
• Access to the proposed reserve could be on a certain day (or days), and/or
permits issued to allow access to the area. The specifics of how such a system
might work were not discussed, but there was a suggestion made that permits
would have to be carried at all times while visiting the reserve.
• There was also a suggestion that those collecting cattle would need permission to
go through a gate.
• One person commented that if only those from Shewula were allowed access, this
would be possible because 'if people are seen beyond what is known to be the last
homestead in Shewula, this will arouse suspicion.' This person also implied that it
would therefore be possible to identify outsiders who could be poaching in the
reserve, and that they could then be shot by the rangers.
• There was also a suggestion that an electrified fence would prevent poachers from
entering the proposed reserve. Animals could, in turn, be prevented from
accessing the community by an electrified fence around the proposed reserve.
(The suggestion for an electrified fence seems to have quite a bit of support,
especially if permits are available to allow community access.)

c) Re-establishment of game
The belief that there would have to be game on the proposed reserve generated
speculation regarding how such game might come to be on Shewula property.
Animals that were identified as potential candidates for re-establishment included
'impala, warthog, baboons, and even leopards'. The following opinions were
expressed regarding possible sources for reintroduction of game:
• Game reserves such as Mlilwane and Mlawula could donate animals to the
community's game reserve. 85
• In contrast to this, others feel that the Shewula community should buy the game:
We shouldn't seize these animals, we should buy them'. One respondent felt that
'All the people must donate a little and all must watch [i.e. take responsibility for
protecting the game]. And anyone who doesn't will be taken to jail'.
• Still others mentioned that it should be those responsible for the initiative who
should purchase the game: 'The Libandla should buy the game, since they
initiated the process.' However, in some instances there was a lack of clarity as to
who had actually initiated the process: 'The whites who have asked authority to
erect the fences for the proposed reserve should buy the animals!'. (These
comments indicate a general lack of understanding that the proposal is intended
to create broad-based community ownership of the proposed reserve.)
• There was also a suggestion that the trust could use income generated by tourism
to buy game for the proposed reserve, and that a variety of game should be
bought 'so that the people coming after can see them.' This comment indicates
that some members of the Shewula community are aware of the importance of
intergenerational equity. It also indicates an understanding of the potential
benefits of the projects for the whole community (see also section 4.8 for a
discussion of the community's development needs).
However, it was felt that reintroduction of dangerous game could only happen in the
future, once the proposed reserve has been properly established. Elephant, it was
suggested, could be re-established, although they would need to be kept inside a
special camp within the proposed reserve. 86
4.5.2. Opportunities associated with tourism
a) Direct employment opportunities
Tasks that people cited when indicating their desire to gain direct employment from
the proposed development included working in an office at the tourism development,
cooking and cleaning for the tourists, carrying luggage, and being a game ranger
and/or guide in the proposed reserve. Indirect opportunities for employment included
the sale of curios, crafts and traditional Swazi food, as well as the possibilities of
having displays of traditional dancing and Swazi ceremonies. These are further
discussed below.

85 Ted Reilly, Owner and Manager of Big Game Parks (see Section 2.4.1.4.), has indicated the possibility of donating
wildlife to community game reserves, provided he feels there is enough commitment evident, which he measures in
terms of sacrifices made and collateral put forward by the community. His opinion is that each household should put
up one head of cattle because setting aside the land is not enough, since that land cannot be lost if the venture is a
failure. Ted Reilly, pers. comm.
86
The respondent who offered these comments appears to have something similar to those at Hlane Royal National
Park in mind.

) Indirect income generation
Suggestions in this regard include:
1) Products that could be sold to tourists;
2) Potential venues for the sale of goods to tourists;
3) Other activities whereby members could generate income because of tourism
development (such as ceremonial dancing); and
4) The possibility that the tourism development could act as a catalyst for
ancillary or secondary businesses to develop.
1) The sale of crafts, curios and food
The selling of crafts and curios was seen as an opportunity for enterprising
individuals to generate income for themselves. This includes handicapped
people, who could 'earn a living through this'. Examples of possible commodities
cited include brooms and grass mats. The importance of capitalising on the
potential for selling curios and crafts was emphasised.
The sale of traditional Swazi food is another avenue for such enterprise: A curio
shop is needed', said one woman, 'but this must include bananas, pineapples
and guavas.' Other possible foodstuffs include porridge, traditional Swazi Brew
(Tchwala) and boganu (when the Marula fruit is in season). 87 The possibility of
selling the tourists food stuffs 'which will not go rotten', such as maize meal to
make porridge, was also raised.
Some members indicated that making or learning how to make crafts that tourists
would like could improve the marketability of their products. They said that such
activities could be done both collectively and on an individual basis. The
possibility was raised of getting skilled individuals who could train the people of
Shewula to do sculpting, pottery and beadwork. It was felt that it would be
preferable if those who were to train residents produced these goods on a
commercial basis themselves.
2) Venues for the sale of goods produced
Various places were identified as potential sites for selling wares and produce.
These included along the roadside in Shewula, at the proposed tourism
development, at the entrance to the proposed reserve, and at a central place
other than the accommodation facilities for tourists. Some suggested that a
central place would be better, because if it was to take place along the main road
in Shewula, the places which tourists pass through first (such as Nduma) would
get all the customers. Others suggested that the operator could buy the crafts to
sell to tourists, or the community could sell them directly from a stall at or near
the tourism development or reserve entrance(s). One woman indicated that if the
goods were sold at the tourism development, this could mean better security and
fewer losses due to theft.
3) Traditional song and dance displays
The potential of using activities such as traditional dancing to generate income
was emphasised: 'After all, this is still an economic activity!' It was mentioned that
school children could be involved in such displays. Such dancing would have to
be organised; and people indicated that the location for such performances
should be chosen in accordance with what the tourists would like.

Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
4) Sp\n-off businesses
It was felt that there would be potential for other businesses to start up as a result
of tourism development, and that these would provide opportunities for
employment such as middlemen who might sell goods from a supermarket to the
tourists and even, perhaps, to the Shewula community. One community "member
indicated his intention to make an application to build a petrol station if the
development goes ahead.
Possible tourism activities identified by the community include:
• A visit to the home of the Chief;
• Visits to gardens where bananas, cassava and pineapples are grown;
• Game drives (both in the Shewula Reserve and in surrounding reserves); and
• Visits to the caves in the Shewula area.
c) Involving community organisations
The possibility was raised of involving existing community organisations, and
establishing new ones, so that people could learn more about tourism and be taught
skills that would help them to benefit from the tourism development. It was felt that
the community police could assist tourists and that the Rural Health Motivators
should be encouraged to get toilets built at homesteads, so that there will be 'clean
and proper toilets' available for tourists.
d) Community development
The income generated by the project could be used for community development. For
example roads could be improved: 'since the game reserve will be for the community,
the money [generated by the project] can be used for a road.' Such development
could also be the result of indirect benefits from tourism development. For example, it
was felt that increased tourism could result in more support from or funding by
government for the community: 'Tourism might motivate the government to renovate
the road.'
e) Opportunities for access to the tourism development
There is a strong belief that access to the camp should be via the main road through
Shewula and it should preferably be tarred. The reasons for advocating the road as
an access route include the following:
• It would increase the chance which the community has to sell their wares to
tourists. We want the tourist to pass through the community, because then we'll
be in a position to sell products.'
• It would give the tourist an opportunity to see Maputo from afar.
• It would also mean an improvement to the community itself, providing better
infrastructure for the people of Shewula.
4.5.3. Other opportunities
a) Improving security
Security could be improved if the army camp at the border was re-enforced, and if
there was quick and easy communication between the community police and the
army, such as if the community police had hand-held radios. Also, funding to improve
security, especially on the eastern border could be sought from donor agencies or
organisations. This could even mean that it would not be as necessary to put cattle in
the reserve to protect them. The rangers / community police would need guns if they
are to prevent thieves and raiders from attacking both the community and the
78

Chapter 4 ■ Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
proposed reserve, because at present they are unarmed. Security along the border
could also be improved if the various secondary roads were upgraded. 88
b) Another reserve
There could be an additional reserve established at the border between Swaziland
and Mozambique. Alternatively; the proposed reserve could be moved to that side,
and the portion of land in question reserved for livestock grazing. Linked to this, was
the comment that 'the livestock should be kept on the western area, and the wildlife
on the eastern area, because nothing has changed with the cattle raiders.' The
suggestion was made that the tourism development could be built, as proposed, on
the land earmarked for the proposed reserve, but that a 'game' reserve should be
established on the eastern side of the mountain. The western side of the mountain
was previously used by a white farmer to graze cattle, but Shewula people only used
the eastern side.
c) 'ln-house' Experience
One respondent, who had worked for Hlane Royal National Park, indicated that he
thought he could give advice and provide job training for ranger positions in
Shewula. 89
d) Further discussions about placing cattle in the reserve
The suggestion was made that further discussions should be held with people who
farm cattle, and that the dip kraals are a good venue for such discussions.
e) The role of the Chief
The Chief could be an arbitrator for the proposed trust. The Chief is an SNTC
commissioner, and he could act as an advisor to those managing the reserve.
f) Comments regarding the site for tourism development
• The tourists should be able to see Mbuluzi Game Reserve.
• It should not be near the river because the sound of running water might disrupt
tourists while they sleep.
• It should be built in a place where the rangers will be, because they will then go to
it, and will intercept people coming from Mozambique.
It can be concluded that there is an awareness of the potential benefits of tourism
development, and there is also creative thinking about how the obstacles to both
community development and the proposed tourism development could be overcome.
This is an important starting-point for the general community's participation in the
planning of the development, and it demonstrates the importance of local knowledge
for achieving an effective, efficient planning process.
This is further discussed in the Development Needs Analysis, see Section 4.8. 89 Currently in the employ of the
Department of Agriculture this man is responsible for monitoring the Foot and Mouth Disease situation along the
border. He indicated that he would not really want to be a ranger for the community's reserve, unless he felt the
'pastures are greener" in which case he might consider changing jobs again.
79

4.6. NEEDS RELATING TO THE PROPOSED TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
The people of Shewula identified the following needs relating to the proposed
development and held the following views regarding the capacity of their community
to engage in the proposed tourism development.
4.6.1. The need to manage the relationship between tourists
and the community
Several members of the Shewula community indicated that they felt it would be
essential to manage the behaviour of tourists and the community, and the relationship
between them. Community opinions regarding how tourists and the community
should behave include the following:
a) Tourists
• Tourists should behave themselves properly, show respect and always obey
or follow instructions.
• Tourists must know where to put their rubbish. 90
• Tourists should not take photos without first obtaining the consent of the
people and they should explain why they want to take the photograph.
• Tourists should pay people if they want to take their picture.
• Tourists should get accustomed to the people.
• Tourists should learn to speak seSwati.
• Tourists must not 'entice the girls'.
• When using the toilet at someone's house, tourists must not venture beyond
it. People want their privacy to be respected.
• Tourists should know that when travelling beyond Majembeni Dip, they must
first report to the army post, before proceeding.
• Tourists should know how to go about meeting with the Chief.
b) The Shewula community
• The community should not harass tourists, especially during Marula season
(This reflects an understanding that drunkenness is inappropriate when
coming in contact with tourists).
• The community should always be cleaned up (i.e. neat and tidy, without litter).
90
The comment was made that they should know 'where to litter'. This could be a misunderstanding of the negative
implication of the term litter, but nevertheless reveals an understanding that tourists need to be informed of how they
are to behave. Littering is, however, a potential problem; not only with regard to tourists but also the community's
behaviour.
—

4.6.2. Requirements for successful tourism development and
the need to build capacity of the people from Shewula
The following needs were identified by the people of Shewula.
• People in Shewula need training to deal with tourists, especially those who are
going to welcome tourists. It was felt that the character of these people would
have to be appropriate, that they must welcome visitors properly, and that they
would need to have a 'good heart and good manners' if they want to succeed.
• If tourists need something, such as water or their luggage to be moved, the
tourists would be able to get it if there is an 'experienced somebody' there to help
them.
• The importance of training people from Shewula, and providing them with the
theory' of the hospitality industry was emphasised, so that opportunities for the
community are not undermined by 'getting people from outside'.
• The need to build understanding about 'what they [tourists] do' and 'how they [the
community] will benefit'.
4.6.3. The need to ensure the functionality of the Trust
The need to ensure the accountability of the Trust was strongly emphasised in
discussions about the proposed Trust.
Factors identified by the community that would affect the functioning of the Trust
include:
• Intimidation;
• Corruption;
• Conflict of interests, especially with regard to trustees being employed by the
Trust;
• The capacity of the trustees to perform their duties;
• Having the right person or people with the best qualities and characteristics; and
• Relationship between the Trust and the traditional leadership structures and
authorities.
4.6.4. Information needs
• There was a request for existing examples of reserves which have both cattle and
wildlife.
• Several members of the community have expressed a desire to have access to
the Constitution of the Lubombo Conservancy when it becomes available.
• Depending on the model of operation adopted, it was indicated that the private
operator would need to say what kinds of skills would be needed before positions
for employment would be advertised.

Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
4.7. RESPONSES UNRELATED TO THE TOURISM PROJECT
There are a number of issues, which arose during discussions with the community,
that are not directly related to the proposed tourism development, but which could,
nevertheless, have implications for such a development, and in several instances
they affected the community's reactions to the proposals. Some of these issues are
very broad, while others are more specific.
4.7.1. General issues
There are several issues that are separate from the project, but nevertheless have the
potential to affect its feasibility. However, it must be borne in mind that they remain
separate to the projects, because they existed before the initiatives began, and are
likely to continue to exist, whether or not the projects go ahead. These issues include:
• Land disputes and land claims; 91
• Cattle theft and the need to re-establish Shewula's cattle population;
• Temporary settlement;
• Existing power relations in the community, the traditional authority structures,
issues of representativeness, and the relationship between the Chief and his
people;
• Government responsibilities;
• Development needs;
• Traditional hunting / poaching;
• Past conflicts. 92
4.7.2. Specific issues
In some instances comments were made about certain issues that were specifically
intended for a particular audience or which can only be dealt with by a particular
party/parties. These issues are therefore briefly described below, and are listed
according to the party/parties most likely to be able to address the issues raised.
4.7.2.1. The Chief of Shewula and/or the Shewula Community
• It was noted that the communities at Mafacula and Maphiveni, are as much
stakeholders in the project as those living on top of the Lubombo escarpment,
since they too are under the jurisdiction of the Chief of the Shewula Community. It
was suggested that these communities should be made aware of, and be involved
in, the initiatives.
• The suggestion was made that the Chief should use his political power, as a
Senator in the Swaziland government, to benefit the community and assist the
community's initiative. For example, the Chief could put forward a motion in
parliament to move the foot and mouth fence, which is currently a hindrance to
tourists coming to the Shewula area. Other suggestions for motions that the Chief
should make in parliament include:
- Compensation from the Government for the loss of Shewula's cattle.
81
Historical changes in land ownership have created a situation in which the extent of Shewula territory is perceived
differently by different parties. There is a perception among some Shewula Community members, that most of the •
area which is covered by the Lubombo Conservancy is, used to be, or should be part of Shewula territory. 92 Some
community members have expressed dissatisfaction with the Chief making agreements or co-operating with past
'enemies'. The previous conflict between Mbuluzi Game Reserve and members of the Shewula community is still an
issue for some people. There are also past conflicts between the people of Lomahasha and Shewula.
82

Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
- Changing the Game Act, so that game rangers should not have the right to
shoot people.
- Introducing pension schemes for the old aged and destitute.
• There was dissatisfaction with the lack of consultation when a water survey was
done and prospective borehole sites identified.
• There is a concern that the erection of a fence around the perimeter of the
proposed reserve would prevent access to fields that have been established in
areas close to or on the Sisa Ranch property. The legality of these fields is not
clear.
• People indicated that they felt the Chief should tell the people what he is doing
before anything is done. As one person said: 'The Chief should tell the people that
he is now aware that he needs to tell them more ...he must tell them what he is
doing'.
4.7.2.2. The Swaziland Government
• There was a suggestion that the Government should get involved, so that the
community can be convinced that there is security for the project, for themselves,
and for their cattle.
• Car and cattle smuggling, and the influx of Mozambican refugees across the
border are problems that the government should address more thoroughly.
• There was an enquiry regarding the possibility of using Sisa Ranch for grazing,
and obtaining permits to do so free of charge. Some community members
suggested that Sisa Ranch be done away with altogether, and that the land be
used to graze Shewula cattle.
4.7.2.3. The Shewula-Mbuluzi-Mlawula Trust Committee
• There are queries regarding the E15,000 from the Shewula-Mbuluzi-Mlawula
Trust and uncertainties or lack of information about what happened to that
money. There was also a request for financial reports and statements on the
Shewula-Mbuluzi-Mlawula Trust to be made available to the Shewula people.
There are also queries about the tractor and the E150,000 which were mentioned
in the newspaper recently, and which are believed to have been donated to the
Shewula community.
4.7.2.4. The Lubombo Conservancy
• The availability of the constitution for the Lubombo Conservancy to the general
community is important.
83

Chapter 4 • Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
4.8. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
During the first group meeting held in the community,- on 12 February 1999, a
development needs identification and prioritisation session was undertaken. The
results of this session -are presented below, together with the perceptions gathered
from individuals and during the group meetings that were held in the community. The
results reflect opinions about what Shewula's most pressing development needs are,
as well as a wish list of possible developments which could occur some time in the
future. It should be borne in mind that the development needs identified here could
change over time, and that the prioritisation of these was only done with the help of
those who attended the initial meeting or were contacted during the research. It is
therefore a snapshot in time, and further research is required to determine if priorities
for development have changed over time.
4.8.1. Needs identified
During the initial workshop, the following categories were identified as opportunities
for future development and community spending:
Water
Churches
Electricity & Telephones
Tractors
Roads
Beekeeping
Schools
Workshops and training
Clinics
Security
Markets
Bursaries / Study
Warehouses
Dipping Tanks
The destitute / old aged / widows
Silos
Loan Schemes
Home Economics / Nutrition
To this list the following may also be added, since although they were not initially
identified, they were mentioned during further research activities:
Toilets
A mortuary
A fence long the eastern border with Mozambique
Agricultural assistance
Curio shops / stalls / handicraft markets
A chemist
Soccer team sponsorship
Purchase of game for the Shewula reserve
Fencing for the Shewula reserve
Table 4.6 ranks the development needs mentioned above. The ranking is based on
the significance rating allocated to each need during a group focus session at the
initial meeting (i.e. high, medium or low) and the number of times each was
mentioned during subsequent interactions with the community (group meetings, oneon-one
interviews etc.) The table also includes the primary data of the significance
rating attached to the need at the introductory workshop by the different focus groups,
together with an indication of the frequency with which each need was mentioned.
84

Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
Table 4.6:
Development Needs Identified and Rated by the Shewuia
Community
Development Need
Roads (upgrading and building
of new roads)
Schools (including preschools
and colleges)
Significance ratings
attached to each at
first meeting
H
H
Frequency of mention at
meeting
Water H H
Security H VH
Curio shops & Making of
handcrafts
Community-based health care &
a health centre
Markets M M
Destitute / Old aged / Widows /
Handicapped
Electricity
Workshops
Bursaries / study M L
Loan schemes M L
Clinic M L
Agricultural assistance
Toilets
A fence on the eastern border
Church L L
Home economics / Nutrition
Telephones
Silos
A dipping tank at Nduma
Warehouses
Bee Keeper's workshop
A mortuary
A chemist
A soccer team
H
M
M
M
L
L
L
L
L
L
VH
H
H
H93
L
M
M
M
L
L
L
VH = Very High
M = Medium
H = High
L = Low
This could, however, have been influenced by a study that was conducted by the study team on behalf of the
Swaziland Ministry of health on this topic.
85

4.8.1.1. Specific comments on community development needs in
Shewula
These comments from the community were obtained via personal interactions and
feedback from volunteer researchers.
4.8.1.2. Roads
• Upgrading the road from kaMswati to HhwaHhwalala would facilitate access to
these areas, because 'sometimes the people here don't get visitors'. There is a
perception that tourism might motivate the government to upgrade the road.
• There is a perceived need for a road that leads directly from Shewula to Siteki:
'The road to Siteki is too far, because it goes via Maphiveni and Nduma. A new
road would be useful and lower the cost of transport'. 'A road from Nduma to the
Mhlumeni border gate is needed'. The road referred to would allow easier access
to the Mhlumeni border, and hence also to Goba, in Mozambique. The feasibility
of this suggestion is, however, questionable, since a bridge would need to be
built to cross the Black Umbuluzi River and the road would have to traverse
Mlawula Nature Reserve.
• All of the secondary roads that lead to Mangwenya, HhwaHhwalala, Mlangane
and Tincumatsini need improvement. This was reiterated numerous times, with
reference to the many roads 'joining the main road'.
• Improved roads would improve public transport, and there is a specific need for
reliable transport to Mangwenya: 'The road to Mangwenya needs to be improved
because then the buses will come here, rather than stopping at Majembeni Dip'.
• There is a perception that the Government will fund improvements to the road if
there is a tourism development or if the King was to visit the Shewula community.
'People in Government will want to visit the proposed reserve and will therefore
lend the Shewula Community the machines necessary to fix the roads.' This
comment captures the general response of the community in this regard.
• The current condition of the road is poor, and is believed to be detrimental to the
development that is proposed.
4.8.1.3. Water
• Water is an important issue.
• Clean water is an important need, especially for drinking.
• There is some funding available from a German source, for a water project.
• There was a suggestion that a big dam is needed, to get water for the community
and the proposed reserve, and that it should be near Majembeni Dip. There is a
history of proposals being sent to the Swaziland Government for building dams in
the Shewula area. 94

4.8.1.4. Schools
• Schools need to be upgraded. There is a need for better education and
classrooms. Shewula secondary school only provides education up to Form 3,
and people want it to be a high school, providing Form 4 and Form 5 education
as well. People currently go away for this education, but 'have to pay a lot of
money'. The costs incurred by families sending their children away for education
could be prevented if the school in Shewula provided high school education up to
Form 5. The costs of needing to 'buy many groceries are a problem for parents,
when children stay with parents it would be much better.'
• Pre-schools: Although there are at least two pre-schools operating in Shewula,
one of the development needs identified was to have pre-school of an acceptable
level. One comment made in this regard indicated dissatisfaction with the existing
facilities: 'There is no pre-school that is fit for human habitation here'. There is
also a perceived need to have more than just two or three pre-schools for all the
children. 'Shewula needs at least four or five pre-schools'.
• A Primary School is needed near Bucucotfombi.
4.8.1.5. Shops/Stores
• Butchery: A butchery is required to supply Shewula with fresh meat, including
game meat.
• Supermarket (envisaged to be larger than the existing stores): People would like
to see a supermarket in Shewula. A supermarket would also supply tourists with
the necessary commodities, and there was a suggestion that it be located next to
the proposed reserve to ensure easy access for tourists. One person said that
getting shops in Shewula was a matter to be decided upon within the community,
and did not therefore really qualify as a development need that concerns others,
such as government.
• A chemist: At a group meeting in Bucucotfombi, the lack of a store and a clinic
within easy walking distance prompted the suggestion that a chemist is needed,
particularly in that area.
• A shop is needed near Bucucotfombi, because it is expensive to go to the shops
near the Chiefs kraal.
• It was felt that a shelter would be needed at the place of sale for produce sold to
tourists in order to protect the goods and sellers from the elements.
4.8.1.6. Security
• Security needs to be improved, for the community's protection of cattle, and so
that rangers and tourists won't have a 'problem with people coming from
Mozambique'. 'The cross-roads should be dealt with, so that if a car is stolen, it
can be stopped there.' One volunteer mentioned that it is felt that a soldiers'
camp is needed at all of the entrances to Mozambique along the border. Another,
emphasised that people want soldiers to be 'next to the border fence' and that
they would need cars to check next to the fence.

• There is a suggestion that the community police require equipment to operate
more effectively, such as radios and bicycles (for better communication and
faster response time). 95
• There is some house-breaking in Shewula, although, as one volunteer
responded: 'Crime is everywhere, what we need to do is minimise it'.
4.8.1.7. Training
• Help is needed for agricultural purposes. The Shewula livestock have been taken
and they have nothing to use for farming. Tractors are therefore needed. Since
these tractors would belong to the community, they wouldn't be as expensive as
those from government or from local companies. Some people also requested
assistance with vegetable gardening.
• Financial assistance, support and training was requested by members of the
Asifutfuke Bomake Association, a women's association the name of which means
'Women Develop'. Individuals also asked for support. 96
• People need to be taught how to find employment.
• Training of community scouts to become nature conservation managers could be
undertaken in the neighbouring reserves. Both Sikhumbuzo Dlamini (Mbuluzi
Game Reserve) and Kim Roques (Mlawula Nature Reserve) have agreed in
principle that community members could get practical on-hands training in the
two reserves. Ted Reilly has communicated that Big Game Parks would be
willing to train community members, as long as their monthly salaries and
subsistence costs were covered.
4.8.1.8. Other
• One person expressed the opinion that more churches should be built because
this will reduce crime.
• The need to build toilets for tourists was emphasised, and money is needed to
build these.
• Sponsorship for a soccer team from Shewula, including buying a combi for the
team, was raised as a need by two individuals in the community.

Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
4.9. ANALYSIS OF THE COMMUNITY'S RESPONSES
4.9.1. An assessment of the general response trends
Overall, the general reactions recorded were primarily concerned with initiatives at
the immediate local level, i.e. the reserve and tourism development, and less so with
the Lubombo Conservancy. In general, these reactions appear to indicate that the
idea of establishing a reserve is problematic but that there is a qualified acceptance
of (and even some support for) the tourism development project. However, there is
not a significant level of broad-based community commitment to either of these
initiatives.
The positive reactions to the proposed tourism development could provide a
foundation on which further support for the project can be built, although at the same
time they could potentially result in high expectations, which may not be immediately
met or which might be unrealistically high.
Some of the negative reactions that have been documented by the study could also
be advantageous to the project, since they reflect real fears and doubts about the
costs and benefits of the project to the community. These reactions are an indication
that the community is aware of or will understand some of the pitfalls and problems
that have been encountered in other, similar, projects and which could very well be
associated with their own tourism development project. This is useful, since it allows
for forward planning in which anticipated negative impacts can be planned for and
mitigated against, while at the same time the expectations of potential benefits to be
derived from tourism development can be moderated and managed.
However, there are also some negative reactions which could be problematic for
the project. Some are based on misunderstandings or lack of information, and should
therefore be relatively easy to overcome, provided that the necessary clarity and
information is provided. Other negative reactions appear to be more deeply rooted,
and will require functional conflict resolution and management mechanisms if they
are hot to adversely affect the feasibility of the project. The sensitivity with which the
community's concerns are addressed and the degree to which intensely negative
reactions can be tempered, will therefore influence the ultimate feasibility of the
project.
In some ways it is the mixed reactions that are the most problematic for establishing
a tourism development, such as that proposed for the Shewula area. These
reactions, which appear to be predominant in the Shewula Community at present,
result in the problem of inertia that is a constraint encountered in many spheres of
development. The ambivalence of these responses is understandable, since the
benefits that such developments promise are enticing but they are accompanied by
costs and a fear of the unknown which prevents people from taking action, or
becoming involved in such a project. If the proposed development is to gain the
support of the people, then it must be demonstrated that the benefits of the project
for the community will outweigh the costs that will be incurred by the community. This
creates a situation in which the support necessary for the success of the project
depends on the project demonstrating its success.
This situation is far from ideal. There are, however, a number of ways in which this
situation can be overcome. One of these is by encouraging learning from
experiences in other similar projects, which can demonstrate the possibilities of
89

Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
benefits for the community as well as how problems associated with tourism
development have and/or can be dealt with. 97 In addition, a phased approach to
development, which produces some benefits but occurs at a pace suitable to
learning, will help to stimulate enthusiasm and build capacity about tourism and
related aspects such as business management, entrepreneurship and marketing.
These and other forms of access to information and capacity-building can help to
create the necessary awareness about tourism that is essential if local people are
going to be able and motivated to act on their own behalf.
4.9.2. What are the bases for the community's reactions
In order to understand why the people of Shewula have responded in a particular
way to the proposed development and to the reserve, and to identify what changes
are needed in order to ensure that there is a support for the tourism development, it
is necessary to analyse the thinking behind their reactions. To do so, it would be
useful to analyse the assumptions that have been made in formulating responses to
the initiatives, and then to determine the significance of these for the proposed
project.
However, before discussing the assumptions that have been made in formulating
reactions to the establishment of the reserve and the development of tourism in the
Shewula area, it is important to contextualise these against the background of the
assumptions originally made when the ideas for establishing the reserve and
developing tourism first arose.
The assumptions on which the original impetus for a combined conservation and
tourism initiative in Shewula was based included the following:
• That the land earmarked for establishing a reserve was lying idle and could be
better used.
• That it was and/or is necessary to conserve this piece of land, or manage it
sustainably, especially if this could occur in conjunction with alternative land-use
options such as tourism, which would generate benefits for the community.
• That the remaining cattle in Shewula could be protected by placing them in a
game reserve that could serve as a sanctuary for them.
• That the security of the cattle would be ensured because there would be rangers
to guard the game, who could then also guard the cattle.
• That it would be possible to have cattle and wildlife in the same area.
• That tourism would stimulate local economic activity and would help to improve
the livelihoods of the Shewula people, since it provides benefits in the form of
direct and indirect income, job opportunities and other benefits such as improved
infrastructure.
Many of these assumptions are evident in the comments of the general community
about the two initiatives. The responses documented in sections 4.3 to 4.5 above
reveal certain assumptions that have been made about the Shewula Reserve and the
proposed tourism development. These include assumptions regarding the purpose of
the reserve and how it will function, the nature of tourism and why it has been
proposed that a tourism development be established in the Shewula area, and the
reasons why those originally responsible for initiating these projects undertook to do
so.
87
Some of the Shewula Community members have already had exposure to some such projects. Several members
were taken on fact finding missions to community-based tourism developments in South Africa, where they saw the
potential benefits of tourism, and how other communities have endeavoured to generate benefits such as income for
community development from tourism to their area.
90

iome of these assumptions will have positive implications for the feasibility of
stablishing a tourism venture, and the sustainable management of the Shewula
leserve's natural resources. Others, however, will not. There are also some
ssumptions underlying the Shewula Community's responses which have prempted
decisions that must still be made on certain issues. The following table
escribes some of the numerous assumptions that have been made throughout the
rocess of planning and responding to the conservation and tourism initiatives in
ihewula. This table includes a discussion of each assumption, evaluates the validity
r appropriateness of the assumption and highlights the implication of that
ssumption for the project.
; should be noted that these assumptions could change with time, and that they are
educed from information gathered from a limited number of sources. There were
Iso diverse, and sometimes conflicting responses. This analysis is, therefore,
erived mainly from comments that were repeatedly made by community members,
Ithough there are some individual responses that are deemed significant for the
sasibility of the project that are therefore also included in this analysis.

Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
4.10. CONCLUSIONS
The key issues that have been identified by the Shewula community with respect to
the various initiatives which this study set out to investigate are:
The Lubombo Conservancy:
• Fears that the community's land is being lost, taken or given away to outsiders;
• A desire among certain members to have access to the Conservancy's
constitution.
The Shewula Reserve:
• The desire to use the reserve for the protection of cattle belonging to Shewula
residents;
• Fears about the costs that the community will incur because of the reserve being
established, including:
- Loss of access to resources on the reserve;
- Crop destruction by wildlife from the reserve;
- Lack of clarity about the function of the reserve, and how it will be managed.
The proposed Shewula tourism development:
• Concern about the lack of capacity in the Shewula community to cater for
tourists
• A desire to maximise the benefits and minimise the negative impacts of
tourism in the Shewula area.
• The importance of accountable and effective management of the tourism
venture.
The many questions, comments, criticisms and concerns that were documented
during the study indicate that there are many misunderstandings and unfounded
rumours circulating among the Shewula residents about a number of issues. In
addition, there is a general lack of understanding of tourism, and of nature
conservation or natural resource management, and the possible links between the
two.
These findings highlight the need for improved communication between community
representatives and the general community, and the need to ensure that there is
adequate communication in the future between the Lubombo Conservancy Executive
Committee and the Shewula community. They are also the basis for the following
conclusions regarding the requirements for capacity-building in the Shewula
community.
4.10.1. Capacity-building requirements with respect to tourism development
in Shewula
With respect to tourism, it is imperative that the general community in Shewula
community has an understanding of the following:
• The psychology of tourism and what are considered to be attractions or
deterrents to various categories of tourists.
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Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
• Tourists' likes and dislikes. Those members of the Shewula community who
want to engage in economic activities that will depend on tourism, need to be able
to answer the following questions: What does the tourist want What are a
tourists' main concerns What appeals to a tourist Why would a tourist spend the
time, money and effort to travel to Swaziland, and to Shewula
• The tourism industry. People in Shewula need to understand the temporary
nature of tourist's interaction with community, and that tourists are therefore
unlikely to directly 'invest' in Shewula. However, their presence could mean
indirect 'investments' such as purchasing of local produce and payment for
services rendered (such as employment for cooking, cleaning etc. or cultural
services such as dancing, story-telling, etc.).
The community also needs to be made aware of the benefits of tourism if they are to
support the initiative. At the same time, it is also vital that the community fully
understands the potential negative impacts which tourism could have, so that they
are prepared for, and can implement strategies to avoid or mitigate, the possible
negative effect of increasing numbers of visitors to their rural setting. The experiences
of others, and the lessons learnt from case studies of similar ventures, could provide a
useful foundation for such capacity building.
People in Shewula must also understand that the community cannot completely
determine tourists' behaviour, but can set standards and provide for acceptable and
unacceptable behaviour. The people of Shewula also need to realise that they cannot
demand or expect that tourists undertake certain activities, such as visiting the Chief,
or speaking seSwati.
The Shewula community needs to understand how it could co-ordinate its own
initiatives with others on a broader scale, and be aware of the benefits that creating a
network of contacts could have for their projects.
4.10.2. Capacity-building requirements with respect to
management of cultural and biophysical resources in
Shewula
'in order for resources to be managed adequately, local people must ultimately become the
managers of the resource base. m
In order to ensure the preservation of cultural diversity, which would be an attraction
for tourists, the difference between behaviour relating directly to tourism (and hence
determined more by preferences of tourists, e.g. food or location of performances),
and that not directly related (such as the how and where the Chief lives) must be
established and communicated to the general community. Such a differentiation would
guide an assessment of when it would be appropriate to maintain current behaviour
patterns, adjust them or introduce new ones.
To ensure conservation of biodiversity, the general community needs to have an
understanding of natural systems and ecosystem functioning. They need to
understand how scales of use affect the sustainability of a resource. Natural resource
management techniques, such as fire management are also required. Why resource
Brandon, K.E. and Wells, M. 1992: 'Planning for People and Parks: Design Dilemmas' in World Development, Vol
20, No 4, p.564.
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Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
management is necessary, and how it can be done, need to be clearly
communicated.
The community therefore needs to be exposed to alternatives to the traditional
exclusionary conservationist approach and isolationist game reserve model. The
people need to have awareness that the reserve's management does not necessarily
have to mean antagonism between those responsible for the reserve and rest of the
community; and that it is, in fact, possible for the community itself to be responsible
for natural resources. The community needs to be aware of models of communitybased
natural resource management and understand the possibilities of integrating
'community' with 'resource utilisation 1 so as to achieve a sense of community
ownership of the reserve.
The link between conservation of environmental resources (broadly defined) must be
clear to the people of Shewula if the diversity of these resources is to be maintained,
and hence contribute significantly to the community's wellbeing. In other words, it is
essential that the community members are aware of the objectives of conservation
and community-based tourism, and especially the ultimate benefits which achieving
these could have for them. The reasons for the reserve and the project therefore
need to be made clear.
The land-use patterns that will characterise the land designated as 'Shewula
Reserve' must be established and/or made clear to the community. Options include
the protection of cattle and grazing for cattle, conservation of existing natural
resources and reintroduction of lost species, tourism (including cultural, ecological
and/or eco-cultural tourism), or a combination of these.
4.10.3. Capacity-building requirements with respect to business
management in Shewula
In order for Shewula community to optimise the economic opportunities of tourism
development in the Shewula area, the community needs an understanding of
business principles and practice. Those responsible for contractual agreements must
have the necessary capacity to participate in negotiations and enter into contractual
agreements. For example, they would need to understand the legalities of their
actions and know the importance of reading documents properly before signing them.
The community needs to know about and understand the importance of marketing.
All members who might have interactions with tourists in Shewula would need to
understand the importance of projecting an image of Shewula to the outside world
that will attract tourists and investment.
4.11. RECOMMENDATIONS 4.11.1.
General recommendations
• Information: Information needs to be made available and explanations need to be
provided in order to dispel confusion and clarify misunderstandings. Answers to each
of the questions listed in section 4.3 need to be furnished.
• Communication: The contents and implications of decisions that have been or will
be made regarding the reserve and tourism development must be communicated to
everyone.
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Chapter 4 ■ Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
• Participation: The general community needs to be involved in (or at least consulted
during) the decision-making processes around conservation and the tourism
development.
• Knowledge: In order to participate effectively in the proposed developments, the
members of the Shewula community need to know more about tourism, natural
resource management and business.
4.11.2. Specific recommendations
These recommendations include requirements for immediate action as well as more
long-term, future activities.
1. Keep the community informed and clarify issues. Examples of specific issues
that need to be addressed in order to avoid confusion and allay fears include:
• The identity of those who started the initiatives of both the Shewula Reserve and
the Shewula tourism development.
• The process that led to the funding being granted by British Council, and who
was responsible for or involved in submitting the project proposal, as well as
where the project implementation stands at present.
• The difference between the UCA and Mbuluzi Game Reserve as an
organisation.
• The boundaries of the reserve.
• The relationship between the land of the Shewula people and the other
properties involved in setting up the Conservancy, and especially the rights of
ownership and use that are maintained by each of the signatories to the
Conservancy."
• The relationship between the Trust and other parties, such as the Lubombo
Conservancy Executive Committee, the Bush Camp Steering Committee, the
private operator and other initiatives, e.g. LSDI.
• Who the members of the Trust are and how to bring matters to their attention.
• How the Trust will be constituted and other matters relating to the constitution of
the Trust, such as what the tasks of the Trust are, and how they undertake to
fulfil their responsibilities.
• The criteria and procedures for site selection and/or reasons why a site was
chosen
2. Ensure that the Trust has the necessary capacity to properly undertake its
responsibilities. The following list provides recommendations on how each of the
problems highlighted by the community, with respect to the Trust, should be
addressed:
• Authority: The trust should have the necessary authority, or recourse to
authority, that will assist it in the carrying out of its duties.
• Corruption: Checks and balances need to be in place to ensure that the trustees
are accountable for the decisions made, and activities undertaken, by the trust.
• Conflict of interests: Trustees should not be eligible for employment by the trust
or by other parties which are directly associated with the trust, or with which the
trust does business (such as a private professional operator at the lodge).
Trusteeship and employment as a result of the trust (its decisions, activities.-or
This is especially important with respect to Sisa Ranch.
111

usiness contracts) should therefore be mutually exclusive. Applications for
such employment should be accompanied by resignation from the trust.
• Capacity of the trustees: The members of the trust should have at least a basic
understanding of the following:
- Tourism: Trustees need to know what tourists value and why they'd want
to come to Shewula, what tourists like / dislike and what attracts tourists,
how the tourism industry operates, how to handle tourists, the benefits and
pitfalls of tourism development, lessons learnt from other experiences
(especially tourism relating to community, culture and eco-cultural
experiences);
- Business management: Trustees will need to know how to handle
legalities, contractual agreements, relationships with others, eg. a private
operator etc. Trustees must also understand the importance of clear and
effective communication and be equipped with ways to ensure proper
transfer of the necessary information to the relevant parties; and
- Resource management and/or Conservation: What is sustainable use,
why it is important, what the benefits are of sustainable development,
sustainable living, sustainable natural resource management, and how
these can be achieved / implemented.
- It is recommended that the trustees should not stand to benefit personally
from involvement in the trust, other than through having the opportunity to
learn (eg. skills training in accounting) and then apply that which is learnt
for the benefit of the larger Shewula community.
3. Draw up a code of conduct (or codes of conduct) which will govern the actions
and activities undertaken by tourists during their visit to Shewula and by the
community during their interactions with tourists. Such a code could also be
provided to guide the behaviour of the Shewula community in relation to the
reserve, and could detail what are considered to be acceptable levels of resource
use as well as what would be considered acceptable and unacceptable activities
inside the reserve.
4. Establish a tour guide association, and provide training for members belonging
to the association. Such an association could, then, be responsible for ensuring
that acceptable standards of guiding for tourists are maintained, and for the
dissemination of information to those who would like to be guides for tourists
coming to Shewula.
5. Plan trial runs of tourists to come to Shewula. Such trial runs should be a
short-term activity, and would provide an opportunity for the community to learn
about tourism. The tourists could provide feedback about their experiences and
about how the tourism product on offer could be improved, so that this information
can be incorporated during the planning stage of the development.
6. Establish a resource management programme. The goal would be for a
Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) approach to be
implemented, not only for the Shewula Reserve but for the greater Shewula area.
The aim would be for the Shewula community to take more responsibility for the
sustainable management and use of natural resources in their area.
7. Explore the possibilities for the proposed tourism development with
potential partners, and ensure that there is adequate liaison with government
and the private sector. Also, establish and maintain contact with other

Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings and Analysis
communities which have been involved in their own community-based tourism ■
ventures, to share experiences and learn from past mistakes and successes.
8. Ensure that as large a proportion of the Shewula community as possible is
aware of the value of the assets in Shewula and why tourism development is a
suitable land-use option that could be beneficial to the community and, on a
larger scale, could make a contribution to broader initiatives working towards
biodiversity conservation and increased tourism in Swaziland.

Chapter 5 • Environmental Evaluation of the proposed Shewula Tourism Development
This chapter focuses specifically on the environmental 100 impacts of the proposed
tourism development.
5.1. INTRODUCTION
In approaching the assessment of the environmental feasibility of the proposed
tourism development, the following factors were taken into account:
• What is the legislation of the country of Swaziland for integrating environmental
issues into the project planning process
• What environmental norms and standards are relevant to the project
• What are the potential generic impacts of the tourism development on the
broader environment, and vice versa
• What recommendations can be made in order to ensure that the proposed
tourism development is environmentally sustainable and complies with the
necessary legislative requirements
In order to facilitate the implementation and operation of the proposed tourism
development in such a way that it does not impact the receiving environment
detrimentally, environmental considerations should be integrated into the planning
process. This chapter describes the findings of an initial scoping study, and provides
information that is pertinent to a more comprehensive environmental assessment.
Environmental Assessment (EA) is one of the most effective methods for determining
whether a tourism development in conservation areas will be sustainable, and for
determining mitigation actions to ensure its long-term sustainability. EA aims to
minimise the resource depletion, environmental degradation and social disruption
that have so often accompanied tourism development. In addition, EA can also
enhance the beneficial aspects of such a tourism development for the development
of local communities and for the conservation of biodiversity.
In order to ensure environmental sustainability of developments, it is essential that
environmental issues are integrated into the development planning process. An EA
can help to achieve this because:
• EAs can encourage an identification and assessment of alternatives for design,
location, and operation of a development;
• The EA process can help to identify relationships between the proposed
development and the environment;
• Measures can be developed so as to prevent or minimise negative impacts and
to maximise positive impacts;
• A monitoring programme can help to ensure compliance with proposed mitigatory
actions and can assess what the actual impacts of a development are so that
future developments can take these into account during the planning stage. 101
100
The environment is broadly defined as biophysical, socio-economic, cultural, historical & political.
101
Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1996, op cit.
115

Chapter 5 - Environmental Evaluation of the proposed Shewula Tourism Development
5.2. FINDINGS
5.2.1. Environmental legislation
Environmental legislation can guide the formulation and establishment of other
sectoral policies towards a sustainable future. It is intended to ensure that the
broader environment is adequately protected and sufficiently considered during
development planning. In the context of the present world economic order, which
does not promote voluntary protection of the environment, environmental legislation
is one of the tools available to ensure that the environment is not detrimentally
affected by human activities.
5.2.1.1. Legal and policy requirements
The Environmental Audit, Assessment, & Review Regulations (1996) (hereafter
referred to as 'the Regulations') promulgated in terms of Section 18 of the Swaziland
Environment Authority Act (No. 15 of 1992), provide for varying degrees of
environmental assessments to be carried out. These Regulations also establish
guidelines for environmental impact assessments and environmental audit reports in
Swaziland. The Swaziland Environment Authority (SEA) administers the Regulations.
In accordance with the Regulations, a project brief for the proposed tourism
development in Shewula was submitted to the SEA, together with accompanying
maps of the area. The SEA has subsequently classified the proposed tourism
development as a Category 2 development. 102 Category 2 projects, according to the
Regulations, are deemed likely to cause environmental impacts, some of which may
be significant unless mitigation actions are taken. Such projects are deemed to cause
impacts which are relatively well known and easy to predict, as are the potential
mitigation actions that may be utilised.
In terms of a Category 2 development, the project proponent (i.e. the person /
persons who are ultimately responsible for the project's implementation) must submit
an Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) and a Comprehensive Mitigation Plan
(CMP) to the SEA. The Regulations suggest a number of requirements for the
process to be following when drawing up an IEE. These requirements are
summarised in Box 5.1 and have been incorporated into a generic IEE document
(see Appendix 2). 103
5.2.2. Environmental norms and standards
5.2.2.1. International norms
To adhere to international environmental norms and standards, it is recommended
that the principles of Scoping in the Integrated Environmental Management (IEM)
process be applied to this IEE. The IEM procedure provides a framework for the
integration of environmental issues into the planning, design, decision-making and
implementation of plans and development proposals. In addition, the IEM procedure
lists a number of key principles, which are intended to ensure that negative
environmental impacts are maximised and positive benefits are enhanced.
102
Due to the fact the project was classified according to the original proposal, an updated project brief may need to
be submitted to the SEA. Mr. Steve Zuke of the SEA should be consulted on this matter.
103
This draft IEE provides a template that should be updated for submission to the SEA once the necessary
information is available.
116

Chapter 5 - Environmental Evaluation of the proposed Shewula Tourism Development
In December 1992, the Government of Swaziland passed an Act of Parliament that
provided for the setting up of the Swaziland Environment Authority. This action was
seen to be the result of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. In so doing the Government was
committing itself to adhere to international environmental norms and practices.
5.2.2.2. Public consultation and participation
One of the more important principles in IEM and in rural development projects is to
ensure that an in-depth participation process has been undertaken. This is often in
the form of a scoping study, so as to identify the issues that are relevant to the
proposed development. These are then assessed as part of the planning process if
they are relevant to the development.
The main aim of a participatory process is to ensure the involvement of the l&APs,
and especially the local community, in the planning and implementation process. A
public participation process was undertaken as a part of the larger study on the
feasibility of the proposed tourism development. Some members of the community
provided input towards the planning of the proposed tourism development.
The results of the community participation process have been integrated into this
report (See also Chapter 4).

Chapter 5 - Environmental Evaluation of the proposed Shewula Tourism Development
5.2.3. Identification and assessment of the impacts of the
proposed tourism development
The impacts identified during the scoping process and the literature review cannot
be formally assessed due to the lack of a finalised concept plan for the proposed
development. As a result this study could only identify and assess the potential
impacts from a generic point-of-view. 104 Some comments will be made about the
potential impacts of tourism development in the Shewula area.
5.2.3.1. Potential impacts of tourism
Overcrowding, misuse of natural resources, the construction of buildings and
infrastructure, and other activities associated with tourism, produce impacts on the
environment. These impacts may not only be physical, but may be cultural, biological,
ecological, social, political or historical in nature. 105
In general, the impacts of tourism vary according to the number and nature of tourists,
and the characteristics of the site. The individual tourist has a relatively small impact,
with problems arising if the number of tourists is large or the resource overused. 106 An
integrated planning approach, such as an EA in the form of an IEE, can help in the
management of tourism impacts on the receiving environment.
Tourism impacts can be broadly classified in two categories: direct and indirect. Direct
impacts are caused by the presence of tourists, and indirect impacts by the
infrastructure created in connection with tourism activities. Generally, tourism impacts
on the environment can be classified as follows:
Biophysical impacts
• geological exposures, minerals and fossils;
• soils;
• water resources;
• vegetation;
• animal life; and
• sanitation.
Socio-cultural impacts
• aesthetic impacts on the landscape;
• cultural and social environment; and
• socio-economic environment.
These are discussed in more detail in Appendix 2. Boxes 5.2 and 5.3 provide
examples of potential impacts of the proposed development on the environment and,
vice versa, of the environment on the proposed development. Box 5.4 discusses the
concepts of Carrying Capacity and Limits of Acceptable Change, and how they inform
the planning process and tourism policy development.
104
Appendix 2 shows a generic Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) which can be used as a template for the final
IEE to be submitted to the SEA.
105
Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1996, op cit.
106
Ibid.

5.3. CONCLUSIONS
The environmental legislation of Swaziland, in the form of the Environmental Audit,
Assessment and Review Regulations (1996), requires that an Initial Environmental
Evaluation be carried out to assess the significance of any impacts that the proposed
tourism development may cause. The Swaziland Environment Authority (SEA) will
evaluate the IEE, and a decision will be taken on whether the proposed tourism
development can proceed or not.
The natural qualities of a site provide amenity value for people, especially in the case
of the ecotourism ventures. If the resources that attract tourists to an area are
damaged or altered, then the reason for tourism to that area is undermined, and the
tourism venture is less likely to be feasible in the medium to long-term. In the same
way, if the people of Shewula are alienated by tourists or are negatively impacted by
tourism, then the project will not be feasible in the medium- to long-term.
It is therefore advisable to integrate environmental considerations early on in the
planning process, so that the development, the natural environment and the sociocultural
environment can be sustained in the medium- to long-term. In addition, this
early integration should facilitate the development process.
The Carrying Capacity or LAC for the Shewula area and for the Lubombo
Conservancy is yet to be determined. However, the initial assessment shows that the
proposed tourism development is expected to be well within the Carrying Capacity or
LAC for the Shewula area and for the Lubombo Conservancy. Any tourism
development in the Shewula area in the long-term needs to assess the CC or LAC for
the Shewula area and for the Lubombo Conservancy.
The details of the proposed development have yet to be finalised, thus no specific
comments can be made regarding the potential impacts of the tourism development
on the broader environmental context or of the environment on the tourism
development. However, some general comments can be made regarding the potential
impacts of the tourism development on the receiving environment. Overall, due to the
expected small scale of the development, there are unlikely to be impacts of medium
to high significance, especially if mitigation measures are implemented.
However, the following aspects of the receiving environment need particular attention:
• Water access and use: It is important to ensure that springs or boreholes do "
not dry up because of increased use from tourism development.
• Waste: Waste management should include the 3 R's (reduce, reuse
recycle). Waste can also be an input for permaculture gardens and
agriculture.
• Trail management: Trails will require proper management to prevent erosion
and excessive trampling of vegetation.
• Cultural and social environment: The relationship between tourists and the
community will need to be managed effectively, using tools such as a code
of conduct and community guides.
• Socio-economic environment: The benefits to the community will need to be
managed with the aim of maximising community development.
There is a need for a strategic tourism and conservation management plan for the
proposed Shewula Reserve. Such a plan could be the baseline information document,
which could inform the process of determining the best location for future

Chapter 5 - Environmental Evaluation of the proposed Shewula Tourism Development
tourism development(s) by identifying the areas of high conservation status in the
Shewula area, and by maximising the tourism product that Shewula has to offer.
With the expected scale of the development, there is unlikely to be significant
impacts on areas of high conservation status.
5.4. RECOMMENDATIONS
5.4.1. General recommendations
The following general recommendations can be made:
• The environmental legislation of Swaziland, in the form of the Environmental
Audit, Assessment, & Review Regulations (1996), should be adhered to, so as to
ensure that the relevant environmental issues are integrated into the planning
process for the proposed tourism development in Shewula.
• The generic Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) in Appendix 2 should be used
as a template for the final IEE to be submitted to the Swaziland Environmental
Authority (SEA), as per the process to be followed according to the Regulations.
• All environmental impacts and benefits identified and assessed, should be
evaluated once the concept plan has been finalised, so as to verify the direction
(positive or negative), magnitude (size), mitigation and significance of the impacts
of the proposed tourism development.
• When planning future tourism development in more detail, care should be taken
to determine the carrying capacity or limits of acceptable change at the three
levels of site, reserve and conservancy. Further research should also determine
whether or not the proposed tourism development would be to the detriment of
another established or planned tourism development in one of the other reserves
in the Lubombo Conservancy.
• A strategic assessment should be undertaken to determine the conservation
status and natural resource distribution within the proposed Shewula Reserve,
and in the greater Shewula area.
5.4.2. Specific recommendations
5.4.2.1. Recommendations for compliance with the reporting
requirements for the IEE and CMP
The Regulations recommend certain reporting requirements for the IEE and the CMP
in the Second Schedule of the Regulations. In addition, various environmental norms
and standards are in place regarding report-writing for environmental assessments.
5.4.2.2. Recommendations for the Initial Environmental Evaluation
The Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) should be undertaken in two main stages:
a) Scoping study
The purpose of the Scoping study is to identify any potential environmental impacts,
issues and concerns to be addressed in the Initial Environmental Evaluation. The
127

main element here is public consultation and participation, where the key l&APs are
identified and consulted. This has been carried out at a generic level, with some
specific initial assessments. Further work should be carried out once the concept for
the tourism development is finalised.
b) Integration of information
The findings of the Scoping study, and any other relevant information from a
literature review, should be integrated to produce the assessment component of the
IEE.
Based on the information obtained from evaluating the possible impacts on the
broader environmental components, the study team recommends that the final
evaluation should assess the potential impact in terms of the significance of the
identified impacts and their status. Box 5.2 contains a description of how the
significance and status of impacts could be described when assessing the tourism
development. The detail to be presented in the final IEE depends on the scale of the
development, and the resultant significance of the impacts on the receiving
environment.
5.4.2.3. Recommendations for the Comprehensive Mitigation Plan
A Comprehensive Mitigation Plan (CMP) for the construction and operational phases
of the project is required for Category 2 projects according to the Regulations. A CMP
could include all or a combination of the following, depending on the sensitivity of the
receiving environment and on the scale of the development:
• The plan for implementation of the CMP during the construction phase;
• Environmental training for the Contractors staff; and
• Environmental audits of the operational phase.

Chapter 5 - Environmental Evaluation of the proposed Shewula Tourism Development
The CMP should contain the controls for the contractor's staff on site, and should
contain the mitigatory actions identified during the IEE process. These controls for the
contractor should become part of the contract between the project proponent and the
contractor.
Besides incorporating the requirements for report-writing from the Second Schedule
of the Regulations, various aspects of the construction phase that need to be
managed include:
• Environmental awareness and education of contractors through information
distribution and training;
• Sites for each construction activity should be demarcated and fenced so as to
minimise the 'ecological footprint' of the impacts of construction;
• Such sites should be carefully located so as to stay away from environmentally
sensitive areas;
• This is especially applicable to material stockpiles which are always in the danger
of contaminating soil and water resources during wind and rain;
• Toilet facilities for the contractor's staff should be located away from
environmentally sensitive areas, and from water courses or from areas where
ground water can be easily contaminated in an emergency or accident;
• Water and soil resources should be protected at all times from pollution sources;
• The geology of the area, as well as the fauna and flora should be protected from
trampling, defacing, picking, poaching, etc.
• Refuse and litter from the construction site should be collected and disposed of in
appropriate places identified by an environmental control officer, or the equivalent
thereof;
• Fires should be allowed only in demarcated areas to prevent unnecessary
veldfires, especially during the dry winter season;
• Dust should be controlled by keeping any material stockpiles wet where feasible
or possible;
• Erosion should be prevented by ensuring the movement of labourers on
demarcated paths, and by preventing increased surface runoff from hardened
areas;
• The construction sites should be rehabilitated after construction has been
completed, as to be determined in the contract between the project proponent and
the contractor.
129

Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
6.1. FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT OF THE TOURISM AND
MARKETING STRATEGY FOR THE PROPOSED
SHEWULA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
This section considers the tourism and marketing strategy for the proposed Shewula
tourism development and what, if any, improvements can be recommended.
6.1.1. Introduction
Many of the world's countries now regard tourism as an important and integral aspect
of their development strategies. As the demand for tourism increases, opportunities
for tourism development will be created, as in the Shewula area. In order for these to
be identified and assessed, the planning process should determine the target market,
and the marketing strategy for getting the target market to the destination.
The tourism product which attracts visitors to Swaziland, can be described as the sum
total of all those facilities, amenities, and services including the natural environment.
These would include activities such as hotel-based gambling, game-viewing, cultural
events and experience, conferences and seminars, and activity pursuits. None of
these features in themselves are unique, as they are available to a greater or lesser
extent in neighbouring countries. 108 In marketing terms, these are secondary rather
than primary attractions. In other words, no one activity is sufficiently attractive to
motivate visitors alone, but these activities should all be promoted collectively, so as
to offer a variety of tourism options to visitors. 109
6.1.2. Findings
In assessing the original proposal for tourism development in the Shewula area, the
study team consulted extensively with secondary role-players (such as marketing
personnel in Swaziland) to determine the marketing feasibility of such tourism
development in Shewula. This included an assessment of the tourism and marketing
strategy proposed for the tourism development in the Shewula area.
From the qualitative data obtained in the research process, it seemed that the original
proposal would be unfeasible in the long-term, and had a high risk of failure. An
insufficient tourism and marketing strategy was deemed to be one of the reasons for
the findings of this initial assessment.
There were various reasons for the original proposal being deemed unfeasible from a
tourism and marketing perspective.
6.1.2.1. The target market was undetermined
Insufficient market research had been undertaken to determine which market should
be aimed at, what that market wants, and what the Shewula area has to offer that will
meet that target market's needs. In other words, there is no idea of what sector of the
107 Jenkins, CL. 1993, op cit.
,oa This is with the exception of the traditional Swazi culture. However, all African cultures could be seen to be very
similar to the undiscerning tourist, with their similar curios and traditional dancing.
,09 Jenkins, CL. 1993. op cit.
__

Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
market will be tapped into, or created to ensure that the right people come for the
right product in the Shewula area.
6.1.2.2. The marketing strategy was insufficient
Insufficient, planning has been undertaken to determine a marketing strategy that will
make the tourism product known in the travel industry in the Southern African
subregion, and across the world.
There was a questionable reliance on, and expectation for, the Maputo Corridor and
Lubombo SDI initiatives to 'ensure a continuous flow of tourists'. 110 This is not a
marketing strategy that will help build the foundation for the long-term success of the
proposed tourism development in the Shewula area.
The planning did not include a proposal on who would be responsible for determining
a marketing strategy for the proposed tourism development, and who would be
responsible for the marketing during the operational phase of the development 111 .
6.1.2.3. The tourism product has not been planned
Insufficient research has been carried out to determine what Shewula tourism
product would have to offer in terms of their unique resources. These could include
attractions such as scenery, biodiversity, game-viewing, and cultural experiences.
Research is also lacking in terms of assessing how this combination of attractions
can be marketed efficiently as an integrated tourism product. The lack of integration
of the proposed Shewula Experience with that of the rest of the reserves is also
perceived to be a potential weakness in the original proposal.
6.1.2.4. The lack of a tourism policy for the Shewula area
There is no tourism policy for the Shewula area to inform the planning for tourism
development and activities. Any tourism development being planned for the Shewula
area would be ad hoc in nature, with possible significant detrimental impacts for the
receiving environment.
In addition, poor planning as a result of the lack of a tourism policy could mean a
decrease in future opportunities for other tourism development or activities This can
be defined as an opportunity cost.
6.1.3. Analysis
The previous section has highlighted some of the pitfalls of the original proposal,
which would most likely have made the tourism development unsustainable from an
economic point-of-view. This section tries to work out a feasible way forward,
bearing in mind all of these pitfalls.
""First Proposal submitted to the British Council.
'"A solution for this concern is part of the proposed ecotourism model in Section 6.2, where a private operator is
recommended to be responsible for such operational aspects.
132~

Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
6.1.3.1. Current markets in Swaziland
First time travellers to Southern Africa generally come on a 7 - 14 day trip with the aim
of "getting a taste" of Southern Africa. As a result they tend to travel through
Swaziland on a day bus or with an overnight stop in the Ezulwini Valley. 112 There
could be an opportunity to tap into this market. Second time travellers to Southern
Africa would be from the main international market, but are not part of the mass
market as-most of the first-timers are. They generally are in the small group 113 or selfdrive
market, with more focused itineraries.
Generally, there are two categories of tourists that could be seen as a potential target
market for Shewula. Firstly there are the more general interest travellers (interested in
nature, adventure and culture, i.e. mostly first-time travellers), and secondly, there are
the more specialised, experienced ecocultural tourists who want focused specialised
tours (mostly second-time travellers). However, ecocultural tourists are overall
interested in more than one type of activity. 114 Thus tourism packages with a lot of
varied rural, mountain (and other scenery), conservation and strong cultural
components, would most likely be of interest to the more general ecocultural tourist to
the Shewula area.
The main market to tap into could be the adventure tourists and/or ecocultural tourists
from the lower to middle market travellers. It has been suggested that, from a
community perspective, focusing on the upmarket section of the tourism market is
potentially risky, as the gap between guest and community could be too big to bridge.
It is further suggested that, the simpler the concept, 115 the easier it is to understand
and the easier it is to get community buy-in. 116,117 Bearing this in mind, the proposed
tourism development, if at a small scale, could be used as training and capacitybuilding
tool, with the view to preparing the community for a larger tourism
development in the long-term.
6.1.3.2. The role of the private operator in the tourism and marketing
strategy
A private operator, who is proposed to manage the tourism development on behalf of
the Shewula community, 118 could manage the marketing approach and strategy of the
tourism development, as he/she will be market-driven when managing the proposed
tourism development(s). Therefore, the private operator should be involved in the
planning stages of the tourism development, in order to adapt the concept to the
market, as well as to the assets unique to the area.
To facilitate this input, the call for interest for the private operator should be in parallel
with the initial stages of the concept planning. Then the tender should go out, and the
contract awarded in parallel with the final stages of the concept planning, with the
contracted private operator then helping with the implementation of the tourism
development in Shewula.
1,2
Tess Proos, Marketing Manager, Royal Swazi Sun, Swaziland, pers. comm.
113
A small group can be identified as 6 - 20 people being transported in the variety of microbuses used by tour
operators.
" 4 Jenkins, C.L 1993. op cit.
1,5
This is especially so in terms of the degree of finishing touches required to satisfy the various sections of the
market.
1,8
Darron Raw. Owner, Swazi Trails, Swaziland, pers. comm, (Ceballos-Lascurain,1996, op cit.
1,7
This could be dependent on whether the tourism development constructed will be managed by the community or
by the private operator. If being managed by the private operator, there is possibility that the potential conflict
between the upmarket tourists and the poverty-stricken community members would not be realised. This would need
to be assessed in greater detail.
" 8 See Section 6.2 for further discussion on the proposal.
133

Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
The process towards determining the target market and marketing strategy, whether
carried out by the private operator or by the Bush Camp Steering Committee or by
the Shewula Trust, should include the following phases:
• inventory of existing attractions and activities;
• targeting of appropriate market segments of specific groups of tourists;
• evaluation of the appeal of the various attractions and activities for each
targeted group; and
• promotion.
If the tourism development in the Shewula area is proposed to be community-run and
managed, the expertise in the Bush Camp Steering Committee could be integrated
with that of an outside marketing professional to market the tourism development.
6.1.3.3. The Shewula experience or tourism product
The question to be asked in determining the tourism product for the Shewula area is:
'What does the area have that will interest tourists' In answering this, it is important
to identify both core attractions 119 and supporting attractions 120 as part of the tourism
product for a particular area.
The core attractions in the Shewula area were determined to be the scenery from the
edge of the Lubombo escarpment, the cultural experience within the Shewula
community, and the ecological wilderness of some of the area that the Chief is
setting aside as a game reserve.
Supporting attractions to the Shewula area include the activities that neighbouring
reserves have to offer as part of the greater experience. These would be seen as
supplementing the core experiences mentioned above.
These supporting attractions include:
Mbuluzi Game Reserve
• Guided game drives (including night drives) and self-guided game walks with a
variety of antelope (also giraffe, zebra, crocodiles and hippos) and birdlife to see.
Mlawula Nature Reserve
• Guided or self-guided game drives (including night drives) and self-guided nature
walks to a variety of features, such as Ndzindza Plateau, Khabane Cave, Rhino
Pools, and a variety of antelope and birdlife.
Hlane Royal National Park
• Self-guided game drives through a variety of herbivores, such as white rhino,
elephant, giraffe, and antelope;
• Guided game drives amongst predators, namely leopard, cheetah, and lions;
• Guided game walks amongst the herbivores.
Table 6.1 gives an indication of existing and planned tourism facilities already on
offer in the Lubombo Conservancy area, and should be used as a resource in
planning long-term tourism-development in the Shewula area.
" 9 The core attractions are the principal assets that a region or community can offer tourists.
' 20 Supporting attractions are minor in that they alone would not be of sufficient appeal to attract tourists, but
nevertheless supplement the main attractions.

Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
6.1.3.4. Tourism Policy for the Shewula Area
Tourism is more than an economic activity. It is a massive interaction of people,
demanding a wide range of services, facilities, and inputs that can generate
opportunities and challenges to local communities. 121 It is this wide-ranging and
complex nature of tourism that requires careful analysis and planning. Individual 'ad
hoc' responses to tourism opportunities and problems do not constitute a 'policy for
tourism', or 'planning for tourism'. 122
This has been the case for the proposed Shewula tourism development. A tourism
policy, in the form of a Shewula Tourism Development Strategy for the Shewula area,
should be required for the future large tourism developments. Whether a small scale
tourism development requires a tourism development strategy to be in place, should
be determined by the Bush Camp Steering Committee in consultation with the
Shewula Trust.
6.1.3.5. Alternatives for the tourism development
As a result of the inadequacies in the original proposal, the study team had to carry
out a pre-feasibility study. This entailed having a strategic look at ideas for tourism
development, involving a participatory approach to planning.
Various alternatives for tourism development have now been identified, but these
need more detailed assessment. The following aspects will be important in carrying
out this assessment: market, attractions, access, location, water-use, waste
management, accommodation rate, and options for activities.
The alternatives identified are as indicated in Table 6.2. Further details for each of
these are provided in Table 6.3. Each alternative is discussed with reference to
location, which market would be catered for, possible sub-alternatives for
development, attractions of the site, and assessment in terms of the pros and cons of
the site.

Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
6.1.4. Conclusions
The original proposal for tourism development in the Shewula area has been deemed
unfeasible, from a tourism and marketing perspective because of several
weaknesses in the approach adopted for tourism development planning. These
weaknesses stem from the lack of planning around the original proposal, and have
resulted in poor market targeting and a poor marketing strategy.
Alternatives for a possible tourism development in the Shewula area were identified,
with the two-phase alternative now being implemented by the relevant stake-holders.
This entails developing a small-scale tourism facility along the edge of the
escarpment, thus allowing sufficient time for planning of a larger tourism development
within the Shewula Reserve.
For the second phase of the proposed tourism development in the Shewula area, an
integrated planning approach would inform the project proponents and planners on
who the target market should be, and what the marketing strategy for the proposed
tourism development should be. Even with the best tourism product, if the right
people do not know about it (what it is and how it can be obtained), it will not sell.
These principles need to be adapted to the scale of the development.
The core attractions of the Shewula area could potentially be attractive to the
ecocultural tourism market. However, further research along community,
conservation, tourism and market lines will help to determine what the specifics of the
core attractions will be, and how they can be integrated to form a feasible tourism
product. The supporting attractions to the Shewula tourism product only serve to
enhance the tourism product that the Shewula area can offer, and thus to broaden
the market base that could be attracted to the area.
A Shewula Tourism Development Strategy, possibly within the framework of a
Lubombo Conservancy Tourism Policy, would integrate the benefits and impacts of
tourism into the planning process. Such a strategy could determine how the Shewula
tourism development(s) could be integrated into regional, national, and transfrontier
initiatives. 123 This would promote a far more efficient planning process for sustainable
tourism development and activities, and would facilitate the allocation and use of
resources as efficiently as possible, whilst mitigating the potential impacts of tourism
and maximising the benefits.
Having stated all of this, it must be noted that the above-mentioned top down .
analytical approach may seem daunting to members of the Shewula Trust and of the
Shewula Community. It would be advisable to adapt these recommendations to the
scale of the proposed tourism development. But the principles remain the same. In one
way or another, an efficient planning process is required. This applies even if the aims
of an initial development are a small scale development, with minimal profit-making,
sustainability, and the use of the tourism development as a training and capacitybuilding
tool for community members to learn more about tourism.
123
These includes the Lubombo SDI, Maputaland TFCA, and the proposed Biodiversity Conservation and
Participatory Development Initiative.
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Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
6.1.5. Recommendations
The recommendations below refer to a biodiversity conservation strategic
management plan, a tourism policy, tourism plan, market research, and a marketing
strategy. The scale and breadth of these studies, and the timing will be dependent on
the approach and alternatives adopted by the Shewula Trust (with possible advice
from the Bush Camp Steering Committee).
The concern is that yet another community-based tourism initiative will flounder if not
founded on an efficient focused participatory community-owned planning process and
on a capacity-building strategy that should prepare the community for tourism and for
its associated benefits and impacts.
The key elements to kick-start initial small-scale tourism developments are as follows:
• Community ownership of the tourism development through participatory planning
and/or assessment;
• Setting the aims of the tourism development at achievable levels, and thus
informing the community about these aims so as to manage expectations;
The key elements to sustain initial small-scale tourism developments are as follows:
• An efficient planning process to market the tourism development so that it is
sustainable;
• Capacity-building and training via interaction and consultation with marketing and
tourism professionals in Swaziland via the Bush camp Steering Committee;
• Capacity-building and training on tourism development management, if the
tourism development is community managed, so as to facilitate the efficiency and
sustainability of the small-scale development.
The aim of this assessment is not to impede tourism development in the Shewula
area, but to point out that efficient planning, community participation, community
ownership of process, capacity-building, and outside expertise are key elements to
enhance the potential of community-based tourism development succeeding in the
long term.
6.1.5.1. Immediate Actions (small scale tourism development)
• Those responsible for the proposed tourism development in the Shewula area
should consider using the services of independent professionals to develop and
possibly implement marketing strategies and a tourism plan for the Shewula area.
It would be advisable to use professionals who have a participatory approach to
their work, and who know the tourism situation in Swaziland. 124
• The tourism planning and marketing professional should also help to identify the
specific features of the tourism product, in terms of what the core attractions.and
supporting attractions of the Shewula area are.
• A marketing strategy should be determined with the aim of attracting sufficient
visitors to the area and to the tourism development. A possible focus, for
marketing, especially initially, could be a curio market, which if it made a name for
itself similar to Ngwenya glass or Swazi candles could become a major draw card
for the community and/or area.
124
One such person could be Darron Raw of Swazi Trails, Mbabane.

Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
6.1.5.2. Long-term Actions (large scale tourism development)
• A Tourism Development Strategy (TDS) for Shewula, which should embrace both
tourism policy formulation and implementation, should be determined. It would
need to reflect the current situation, in terms of concerns and opportunities, as
well as future aspirations. This should be the framework within which all planned
and future tourism development and activities occur-in the Shewula area. The
TDS should be informed by a Strategic Management Plan for Biodiversity
Conservation.
• The process towards determining a Tourism Development Strategy for the
Shewula area should be participatory in nature, in terms of integrating specialist
expertise with local community knowledge. This would thus facilitate efficient
planning and could contribute to the empowerment of the Shewula community.
• A detailed study should be carried out to determine existing and possible tourism
markets for the Shewula tourism development in order to determine what tourism
product would cater to a sustainable tourism market. This would include
establishing the nature of the present market in Swaziland, particularly with
reference to possible markets that do or would come to the Lubombo
Conservancy region, and how best to tap into these. The study should also
determine what new market(s) could be created. This would serve to inform the
process of finalising the tourism product, (i.e. what does Shewula have that no
one else has in the sub-region) and ensure that the product on offer in Shewula
is sufficiently attractive to ensure its marketability.
• Research should be undertaken to determine whether the tourism developments
should offer full or self-catering facilities or a combination thereof. 125
• Further research should include identifying the size of buses the tour operators
use, so as to determine the size of the tourism development.
• Research should be undertaken to determine if attracting tourists from the
upmarket section of the travel market would be feasible or not.
To summarise:
In order to maximise benefits from the proposed tourism development, to maintain
and possibly broaden opportunities for future development, and to minimise impacts
on the receiving environment, it would be desirable for the following to be achieved:
- A Strategic Tourism Development Strategy should be informed by a Strategic
Plan for Biodiversity Conservation ; and
- The Strategic Tourism Development Strategy should inform a specific tourism
development plan.
• The following factors should be included into a long-term planning process:
- A tourism policy, in the form of a tourism development strategy should inform
the process;
125
A combination approach would broaden the market base. If the two-phase alternative was implemented, it may be
more marketable in terms of exclusivity of experience to offer self-catering at the Hiker's Camp and full-catering
facilities at the Bush Lodge, or different full-catering experiences at each of the two lodges.
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Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
- the marketing strategy and the marketing itself should be implemented by the
private operator; or by members of the Bush Camp Steering Committee in
conjunction with marketing professionals in Swaziland;
- the marketing strategy should be determined in consultation with the Shewula
Trust.

Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
6.2. DISCUSSION ON THE BUSINESS FEASIBILITY AND
PROPOSED MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR THE
SHEWULA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
It was initially intended that a rigorous and detailed economic feasibility would be
carried out in order to assess the financial feasibility of the Shewula tourism
development. Due to the stage of the development process, it was decided to have a
conceptual look at the proposed development. This section looks into the planning
process and how it relates to business planning, and also discusses the proposed
management model.
6.2.1. Introduction
Ecotourism developments must be economically viable in order that they can aim to
bring financial benefits to local communities. It is therefore important that the
economic planning for the Shewula initiative be adequately conceptualized, in order to
achieve the goal of generating financial benefits from the venture for the community.
6.2.2. Discussion around the business planning
The original proposal is lacking thorough planning and has resulted in the following
problems:
• The details of the concept for the proposed tourism development have not
been finalised, and alternatives have not been explored in terms of design, site
location and materials available for construction.
• The detailed financial calculations 126 have been based on untested
assumptions. There are however decisions that have yet to be made regarding
the concept, before the financial calculations can be assessed in greater detail.
• There has been minimal market research, and it is unclear what market the
initiative hopes to attract, as well as how the marketing strategy will be
formulated.
• Factors affecting the evaluation of alternatives, such as available access routes
and infrastructure have also been underestimated in terms of their impact on
the long-term feasibility of each alternative. In addition, the site location has not
been analysed adequately. It is uncertain at this stage who could be
economically affected by the proposed tourism development.
Besides the concerns raised regarding the planning process, it has become evident
that the community does not have the capacity to manage and market the tourism
development. This highlights the fact that the community does not have a general idea
of the tourism concept and what it entails.
126
Refer to Appendix 5 for the original proposal
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Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
Despite the problems encountered in the original proposal, the potential of
establishing a lucrative tourism development in Shewula are good, as:
• A good market exists in Swaziland for tourist accommodation and services.
• The Shewula community is strategically located on two major routes between
Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal, and Swaziland and Maputo, providing access to
the market.
• The Shewula area has both rich cultural and natural diversity to offer the tourist
market.
6.2.3. Discussion around the proposed management model!
During the research period it became evident that no clear management model had
been established and discussed. To assist with the development planning process,
and enrich the research process, the researchers considered alternative models, and
proposed an initial management model that would be discussed with the community.
An initial model was formulated, with the assistance of Trevor Sandwith, 127 who was
able to draw on current expertise and practice.
6.2.3.1. Discussion of alternative management models
The Shewula tourism development will be located on communal Swazi Nation Land.
The British Council has awarded funding towards the construction of an
accommodation facility that will be community owned.
There are numerous approaches to community-based tourism development, and
various ecotourism management models. These are detailed in Appendix 3.
In view of the fact that the Shewula tourism development is intended to have
significant financial and social benefits for the Shewula community, the following
options have been deemed the most appropriate:
a) Community owned and community operated accommodation facility
This will allow the community to reap the maximum benefits from an accommodation
facility, as they will stand to receive all the profits. These benefits will however not be
immediate. The risk associated with this option is also high as the Shewula community
has a limited capacity and no experience to operate such an enterprise as a profitable
business. This will put them at risk of bankruptcy, which they cannot afford. This is
currently not a viable option.
b) Community owned and privately operated accommodation facility
This will allow the Shewula community an immediate and reliable benefit, in that the
accommodation site and facility can be leased to a private operator for a negotiated
lease period. Although this will not allow the community to receive the maximum
127
These included the lessons learnt from a failed ecotourism development in KwaDapha in the Kosi Bay Nature
Reserve. The reasons for the collapse of the project are detailed in the documents produced by GTZ/TRANSFORM.

The following model was formulated and discussed with the community. The main
institutions involved in this model are the Shewula community, the Shewula Game
Reserve Trust, an Advisory Body, the Donor Community and a Private Operator.
Chapter 6 • Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
benefit from such a development, it does allow them a reliable benefit at a low risk
level. Such a lease agreement can guarantee a monthly payment to the community
for the Deriod that the business is ODerational.
6.2.3.2. The proposed management model
Through discussion with community members, it was decided that a management
model that would allow the involvement of a private operator would be appropriate at
this stage. The nature of future developments would determine if any other model
would become more appropriate or not.

Chapter 6 • Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
a) The Shewula Game Reserve Trust (SGRT)
The SGRT has recently been established for the purpose of managing tourism and
preservation initiatives within Shewula. It was a signatory to the Lubombo
Conservancy. The purpose of this institution is to act as a community-based
organisation that will represent the interests of the community and facilitate
development within Shewula. The trust may fulfil the role of accepting funding from
donor agencies, for community development projects.
b) The SGRT and the Community
This relationship is unclear at this stage. In order that the proposed model works, it is
essential to clarify all relationships, especially the relationship between the SGRT
and the community, as this has shown to be the most complex in community
development. The Shewula community would be best to handle the specifics of such
a relationship on the local level themselves.
Specific issues that may need to be addressed are of how the SGRT will distribute
benefits to the Shewula community has not been established. This is an area in
community-based development that has faced many problems, as it is difficult to
distribute benefits from a common resource for the common good of all. Current
practice is to use common economic resources for the development of community
services, such as schools and clinics, for example.
Exactly how the SGRT will manage community development initiatives will have to
be discussed and decided upon on a local level at the appropriate time.
c) The SGRT and the Private Operator
This relationship has not been formalised, as a private operator still needs to be
identified. However, there appears to be general consensus in the community that a
private operator should lease the land and accommodation facility from the
community for a certain lease period.
This arrangement will ensure almost immediate benefits that can be received on a
monthly basis for example. This payment can take the form of a rent, or a rent and a
percentage of monthly turn over.
It is envisaged that a lease agreement between the community and the private
operator will define the roles and functions of each party, together with the terms of
the agreement and how much the lease amount will be.
Exact details of employment and future initiatives could also be discussed and
stipulated in the lease agreement.
d) The SGRT and the Advisory Body
The advisory body fulfils the role of providing advice and expertise when needed. This
function of such a body assumes that no member will have any vested interest in the
development. This is done to avoid any influence on community development that will
not be in keeping with the philosophy to benefit of the community as a whole.
At the moment the Bush Camp Steering Committee is fulfilling this temporary role of
providing advice and assistance to the community. A facilitator, working closely with

Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
this committee and with the community has taken on the role of guiding the tourism
development.
e) The SGRT and the Donor Agencies
The relation between the SGRT and Donor Agencies will have to be kept in check. Until
the trust has the capacity to deal directly with donor agencies, the advisory body can
fulfil a useful role in acting as middle-person between the SGRT and Donor Agencies.
6.2.4. Assessment
Despite the fact that there exists a good potential to establish a lucrative tourist
development in Shewula, from which the Shewula community could stand to benefit
financially, the long-term viability must be questioned. The project planning process
has, thus far, not given sufficient consideration to the following:
• Alternatives have not been identified and considered.
• There has been a lack of participatory planning, which raises issues of
whether adequate community support exists or not.
• There has been no integrated planning on a conceptual and strategic level,
which leaves the initiative without clear direction and support from all stakeholders.
• The management model is not clearly defined
6.2.5. Conclusions
Although the tourism development proposal shows a good potential to bring benefits
to the Shewula community, the development has not been thoroughly
conceptualized. Ecotourism development has shown many cases of potentially good
development going wrong due to inadequate planning and a lack of participation by
the community.
Since this pilot project has a high profile on both a national and sub-regional level, it
is imperative that it is not jeopardized by top-down, hasty decision-making. The
success of this project is key to the future prospects of ecotourism as a community
development option in the region.
Due to the inadequate exploration of alternatives, the lack of a finalized and
integrated concept for tourism development, and the lack of participatory planning, it
is unfeasible from a business point of view to implement this proposed tourism
development. Too many uncertainties exists, hence the risk attached to the proposed
development is high.
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Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and Business Planning for the proposed Tourism Development
6.2.6. Recommendations
It is therefore recommended that the proposed development should not be
implemented as originally conceptualised.
It is recommended that a planning process be implemented to ensure that the
proposed tourism development has a better potential to be a long-term success, by
increasing community participation.
The recommended actions that can be taken during future planning activities include:
• Improve communication with the community and inform them of what planning
is occurring, and how it affects them.
• Undertake a participatory planning process. Take alternatives into account,
and clarify exactly what can be done to ensure that there will be optimal and
mutual benefits for all concerned role-players.
• Bring a private operator on board who can provide valuable tourism business
and planning expertise. A call for interest could be made to test the markets
interest in the development, especially concerning the concept of participatory
management and operation of the accommodation facility.
• Ensure that planning is based on the principle of integration; integration of the
planning around marketing, finances and tourism.
• Develop a strategic tourism and conservation plan for the Lubombo
Conservancy, to co-ordinate development initiatives in the area.
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions
7.1. INTRODUCTION
This study has assessed the feasibility of the proposals for conservation and tourism
development in Shewula. In so doing, the study team has sought to determine the
extent to which the proposed tourism development, which was proposed to be
situated in the unofficially proclaimed 'Shewula Reserve", would be viable.
At present, there are a number of factors that are affecting the project. There are, in
particular, several constraints which are influencing the timeframe for planning,
construction and implementation, and operation of the project, and ultimately, also, its
long-term viability. The following discussion details the conclusions of the study, and
provides an assessment of the way in which the project has been undertaken to date
(the project planning process), the type of project envisaged (the • conceptualisation of
the development), and the project status for the interested and affected parties (the
community). This analysis also identifies the opportunities that could significantly
enhance the project in its various stages (planning, implementation, operation etc.),
and the threats, or problem areas that could seriously affect the viability of the project.
7.1.1. CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES / STRENGTHS
OF THE PROJECT
7.1.2. The Project Planning Process
7.1.2.1. Constraints arising from the project planning process
There are two key process-related constraints that have affected the viability of the
project to date, and may continue to do so if they are not addressed. These are:
1. Incomplete project planning and insufficient information for informed decisionmaking
2. Ineffective communication, lack of access to information and lack of
participatory planning
The process whereby the initial impetus for the project proposal was achieved, and
the subsequent actions which led to the allocation of funding from British Council is
flawed, because it took place without sufficient planning and strategic assessment of
the opportunities for development in Shewula. There have been (and still are)
constraints associated with the manner in which the above-mentioned funding was
obtained and the constraints that govern the project as a result of the funding
agreement. These include the lack of preparation time available for in-depth planning
before the project proposal was submitted and, as a consequence, deadlines which
were set and could not be met. The effects of the constraints arising from the planning
process are further discussed in the section dealing with 'Concept'.
Poor communication and consultation and the lack of access to information that have
been identified as problematic for the project refer specifically to circumstances
existing within the Shewula community, and these are therefore discussed in further
section 7.1.4. However, this also applies more generally to the project planning
process itself. The decision-making processes have taken place in isolation, without
significant input from sources of valuable information (such as marketing, business,
the local residents) and without adequate feedback being obtained from or given to
the relevant interested and affected parties. Should this situation continue, it could
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions
pose significant impediments to achieving efficient and effective project planning,
implementation and operation.
7.1.2.2. Project strengths arising from the planning process to date
The fact that there is significant commitment from the leadership in Shewula to see
the project become a reality, and that there has been intensive involvement of a few
members of Shewula (notably those represented on the Shewula-Mbuluzi-Mlawula
Trust) in the planning of the proposed projects is a significant strength of the project.
So too, is the involvement of local l&APs and neighbouring properties. There is also
government support for the initiative, and a degree of interest has been expressed by
some representatives in the private sector.
In order to undertake the necessary research for the current study a more
participatory planning process was implemented, which encouraged greater
participation of the Shewula community. During the fieldwork, feedback was obtained
and relayed between the various l&APs. To some extent, the problems of lack of
communication and lack of access to information were, therefore, partially overcome;
and the positive responses of willingness and enthusiasm that were expressed to
continue this participation, is an opportunity to strengthen the project.
7.1.3. Issues related to the envisaged tourism product
7.1.3.1. Constraints
There are several problems related to the conceptualisation of the project, which are
pertinent to an assessment of the projects' feasibility. These include:
1. The lack of a finalised concept plan (including the details of the project design
and the operational model)
2. The lack of a strategic planning process. This has resulted in the lack of a
number of essential planning and management tools, including:
• A strategic plan for the area as a whole (such as might be required by
the Lubombo Conservancy for tourism development and conservation
management);
• A management plan for the Shewula area in particular (encompassing
both the conservation / natural resources management and the tourism
management components);
• A marketing study, which would help to pinpoint the requirements that
must be met by the project for it to be a feasible business venture, and
would provide the necessary input required for the finalisation of the
concept plan, thereby eliminating some of the problems that have
contributed to the situation developing as described in bullet 1 above.
The finalisation of the concept plan is a prerequisite for effective project
implementation. The current assessment of the project's feasibility, particularly in
terms of financial and business feasibility, has been impeded by a lack of specifics on
the exact project plan. Of greater significance, however, is the possibility that the
concept plan could be finalised without due consideration of the broader context of
the project and without the necessary market analysis, natural resource management
and tourism planning. This could pose a serious threat to the feasibility of the project.
Although it may seem necessary, in view of time constraints, hasty decision-making
could have the potential to negatively impact the project's ultimate long-term
feasibility.
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions
7.1.3.2. Positive factors
There is significant potential for the project to offer a unique tourism experience and
to create an environment conducive to the sustainable use of Shewula's natural
resources; and the fact that the project has arisen out of an awareness of the
opportunities for more effective and beneficial use of the Community's assets is, in
itself, a strength of the project.
Furthermore, there are numerous resources that have already been identified as
assets for the project, including:
• The unique location of Shewula,, with its spectacular views and appealing
natural and socio-cultural character;
• The establishment of the Lubombo Conservancy and associated opportunities
for co-operative management, planning and marketing;
• Funding, for both the tourism development itself and strengthening the
community's capacity to undertake the development;
• Numerous possibilities for tourism activities, of both a cultural and ecological
nature;
• Local inhabitants who could be employed for the construction and operation
phases of the project;
• Building materials, from local and nearby regional sources;
• Local skills and expertise in conservation, tourism and business management.
Opportunities for obtaining resources that will further strengthen the project include:
• The possibility of obtaining further funding from government and other
initiatives;
• Possibilities for establishing relationships with other parties, which could
facilitate:
• co-operative management;
• learning from others involved in similar exercises elsewhere;
• borrowing the necessary equipment and machinery for the construction
phase of the project.
7.1.4. Community-related factors affecting the project
The status of the Community members as primary stakeholders, and their role in /
involvement with the project in its various phases is a key component of this
assessment of the project's short-and long-term viability. With regard to the strengths .
and weaknesses of the proposed project, the fact that it is based within the Shewula
community, makes its viability heavily dependent on the response of this community to
the project, and the attitudes and behaviour of local residents towards the project.
7.1.4.1. Constraints
There are several community-related constraints that have the potential to negatively
affect the feasibility of the project. These include:
• Lack of awareness, lack of understanding and uncertainty
• Lack of participation
• Lack of access to information
a) Lack of awareness, lack of understanding and uncertainty At present, the
understanding in the Shewula community, about tourism especially, but also
conservation, natural resource management, and business, is insufficient to sustain a
dramatic influx of tourists, contractually binding agreements with private operators or
extensive nature conservation initiatives in the Shewula reserve.
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions
There is a general lack of awareness and/or understanding regarding the processes
that have been undertaken to establish the project, the reasons for the project, the
nature of the tourism industry, and the possible benefits as well as the possible costs
of introducing tourism to Shewula. There is also a degree of uncertainty regarding the
specifics of the development, such as how the tourism development could / should
operate, and hence an apprehension / suspicion regarding the benefits of such
development for the community.
b) Lack of participation
The lack of participation and lack of motivation to participate in the various stages of
the project, is associated with a lack of broad-based support for the project among the
general community members. There is, however, some qualified support for the
project, but it remains dependent on the proven success of the project. The concerns
raised during interaction with the community about the possibility of having their land
taken away, and of corruption in the institutional body that would manage the
projects, reflect the fact that the general community does not feel a sense of
ownership about the project.
c) Lack of information.
The above-mentioned limitations stem, in part, from the situation described in section
7.1.2, namely lack of access to information. The community's ignorance regarding the
content of the proposal and the processes that have resulted in the project's initiation,
have contributed to both a lack of understanding and misunderstandings about the
proposed development. This has, in turn, been accompanied by a lack of enthusiasm
to become involved in the project, a limitation further impeded by the process-related
limitations of an non-participatory planning approach.
7.1.4.2. Strengths and Opportunities
Despite the above-mentioned limitations, there is tremendous potential for these
constraints to be addressed. There is a desire on the part of the community to
participate more fully in the planning of the project, and to be kept informed of its
progress. There is also a degree of willingness, on the part of some community
members, to make sacrifices (especially in the form of time spent planning for it).
There was also interest expressed in utilising the opportunities for associated
business development and tourism activities that could result from / be associated
with the tourism development.
- The formation of a Community Trust is also a positive factor that could serve to
strengthen the project. Many of the decisions that still have to be made before the
project's ultimate implementation could be taken by this trust.
7.1.5. Additional constraints to the project
Apart from the above-mentioned weaknesses, threats, limitations and/or obstacles to
the project, there exist a number of factors which are not directly related to the
project, which could nevertheless significantly influence the project's feasibility. These
are further discussed below.
The existence of several checkpoints that tourists would be obliged to make en route
to and from Shewula, poses a significant threat to the tourism experience that would
be encountered by tourists travelling from Maphiveni, along the road to Lomahasha,
and into Shewula. This is of particular importance with regard to the sense of security

Chapter 7 - Conclusions
and well-being that tourists might expected to experience while on such a journey. It
reduces the convenience of access to the Shewula area along this route. These
checkpoints, which include the search by a veterinary department official for meat in
vehicles crossing the foot and mouth fence (located a few kilometres outside of
Maphiveni) and an army checkpoint stationed at Maphiveni. Here vehicles are
scrutinised for contraband goods and illegal firearms entering Swaziland from the
Mozambican border. This situation is most incompatible with tourism development.
Also, the socio-political climate and cultural context within which the project is located
could, potentially, influence the project. There is the potential for the existing status
quo of social power structures and cultural norms, to be less than conducive to the
adequate planning and efficient implementation of the project. This could also
influence the cost-effectiveness of the tourism operations. The possibility exists that
there are socio-cultural norms of conduct within Swaziland, relating to such concepts
as time, authority and gender roles and/or status, which would be incompatible with
the norms and standards that are prerequisite for running a business in the tourism
industry.
157

Chapter 8 - Recommendations
This chapter summarises the recommendations arising from the study.
8.1. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
The following is a list of requirements believed to be essential ingredients to any future
actions that are taken regarding the project:
• Information: Information should be made available to the Shewula community
and explanations about many issues provided, in order to dispel confusion and
clarify misunderstandings. Answers to each of the questions listed in section 4.3
need to be furnished. Information is also required for informed decisionmaking
about aspects of the project such as the target market and a marketable tourism
product.
• Communication: Effective and efficient communication between all parties
involved in the project is essential. The community members must be aware of
the decisions that have been made about the reserve and tourism development
and how these affect them. These decisions must be communicated to ail
interested and affected parties.
• Participation: The general Shewula community should participate in the project
process. Members should be involved in and/or consulted during the decisionmaking
processes around conservation and the tourism development
• Knowledge: In order to participate effectively in the proposed developments,
the members of the Shewula community need to know more about tourism,
natural resource management and business management.
• Policy: A Tourism Development Strategy (TDS) for Shewula, which should
embrace both tourism policy formulation and implementation, should be
determined for long-term development planning. It would need to reflect the
current situation, in terms of concerns and opportunities, as well as future
aspirations. This should be the framework within which all planned and future
tourism development and activities occur in the Shewula area. The TDS should
be informed by a Strategic Management Plan for Biodiversity Conservation.
• Planning: Planning for integrated tourism development and conservation
management in Shewula, should be undertaken, preferably within the broader
context of local and regional developments (both existing and planned) and in a
participatory manner. The planning process for the proposed tourism
development should consider the various alternatives for the tourism
development in the Shewula Reserve. Such planning should include involvement
of and co-operation with other parties who are working towards goals similar to
those of the project and/or who have something to contribute to the project; 128 and
should be based on the principle of integration. The information contained in this
report should be used as baseline information for the integrated tourism and
conservation plan for the Reserve.
• Decision-Making: The alternatives for development must be assessed and
evaluated. A decision should be made on what the strategy for tourism
development will be in Shewula; and this should be based on market research. The
design for the accommodation facilities that are to be built must be finalised and it
128
Such as the Biodiversity Conservation and Participatory Development Project.
159

Chapter 8 • Recommendations
should be established exactly how the tourist experience will be integrated witl
separated from the Shewula community.
8.2. SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS
8.2.1. Community capacity-building
• The Trust, as an institution responsible for managing the tourism development and
conservation / natural resource management associated with the project should
represent the interests of the Shewula community and should be involved in the
decision-making processes regarding developments in Shewula. Advice, capacitybuilding
and skills training should be provided to those responsible for such
management.
: • The general Shewula community must be made aware of the potential benefits and
costs of tourism development in the Shewula area, and should be informed about the
psychology of tourism and the nature of the tourism industry.
• The general Shewula community should be informed regarding specific issues
listed in Section 4.11.2.
8.2.2. Environmental planning
• The environmental legislation of Swaziland, in the form of the Environmental
Audit, Assessment, & Review Regulations (1996), should be adhered to, so as to
ensure that the relevant environmental issues are integrated into the planning
process for the proposed tourism development in Shewula.
• The generic Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) in Appendix 2 should be
used as a template for the final IEE to be submitted to the Swaziland
Environmental Authority (SEA), as per the process to be followed according to the
Regulations.
• When drawing up the IEE, all environment impacts and benefits that have been
identified, and assessed should be verified to determine their relevance for the
proposed tourism development.
• A strategic assessment should be undertaken to determine the conservation
status and natural resource distribution within the proposed Shewula
Reserve, and in the greater Shewula area.

Chapter 8 - Recommendations
8.2.3. Tourism planning
The key elements of tourism planning should include efficient planning, community
participation, community ownership of the process, capacity-building and outside
expertise to facilitate the long-term feasibility of the project.
Market research
• Market research should be conducted in order to determine the target market for
the Shewula tourism development and to provide input for a marketing strategy.
This should include research about:
a) If attracting tourists from the upmarket section of the travel market to
Shewula would be feasible or not;
b) Whether the tourism devejopment should offer full or self-catering facilities
or a combination thereof; 129
c) Which section of the market uses the microbus (4-7 seater) or Mercedes
Microbus (i.e. is it the bottom, middle or upmarket or a combination
thereof).
• The possibility of undertaking trial or practice runs with tourists to Shewula, should
be considered. Such trial runs would require intensive management and sensitivity to
the preliminary nature of the visits. 130
Professional input
• The planning process should integrate specialist expertise with local
community knowledge.
• Potential private operators should be contacted, with a view to getting input
into what market(s) the proposed tourism development could tap into, or even
create, in order to be sustainable.
• The services of independent professionals should be considered for developing
and possibly implementing marketing strategies and a tourism plan for the
Shewula area, as well as formulating a tourism product.
. Marketing strategy
• A marketing strategy should be determined with the aim of attracting sufficient
visitors to the area and to the tourism development.

Chapter 8 - Recommendations
8.2.4. Financial planning
• The compatibility of the proposed project with the pre-requisites. for costeffective,
financially feasible business operations must be thoroughly
considered and assessed. If deemed incompatible, the steps necessary for
making adjustments that will ensure that the project is both financially feasible
and social acceptable must be identified, and the possibility that they could be
implemented in this case determined.
• The options of seeking a percentage equity with as private operator or else
having 100% ownership of the proposed tourism development with a private
operator possibly operating the lodge, and paying revenue to the community
should be weighed up.
• The possibility of a joint venture between the Shewula community and a private
entrepreneur should be further investigated. (To find collateral for equity, the
Trust could seek funding, on behalf of the community, from the Biodiversity and
Tourism Corridor Initiative, or from the King's Community Development Fund.)
• Alternative funding options and sources should be explored.

Chapter 9 • The Way Forward
9.1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter outlines a way forward for tourism and conservation development in the
Shewula area. The chapter deals with the following aspects:
• The development process since the fieldwork period ended in mid-March 1999 is
briefly described.
• An alternative development approach that differs from what has occurred in
Shewula is introduced, with the specific aim of improving community participation.
• Some guiding statements have been formulated with the aim of assisting a
transition into this suggested alternative development approach.
• A sequence of discrete activities has been suggested, with the aim of assisting
the implementation of the suggested alternative development approach.
9.2. WHAT HAS HAPPENED SINCE THE END OF THE
FIELDWORK PERIOD, MID-MARCH 1999
This section deals with the some important events that have occurred in the
development process in Shewula since mid-March 1999.
1. A workshop was held on the 15 March 1999, drawing the fieldwork to a close. At
this workshop, attended by some key role-players, it was suggested that a twophase
development be investigated. The first phase would include a smaller
tourism development be located on the Lubombo escarpment, followed by a
second more extensive tourism development close to the Umbuluzi River 131 .
2. A submission to the British Council, substantiating why an extension would be
required for the Shewula tourism development. It was recommended that a three
to six month period would provide more time to address capacity building needs
within the Shewula community. This was reflected in the revised proposal
submitted to British Council (refer to point 4).
3. The study team undertook an initial assessment of the original project
proposal 132 , which concluded that the proposed tourism development was not
feasible. The reasons for this conclusion included a lack of ownership of the
proposed development and the minimal amount of financial, marketing or tourism
planning that had been completed by those driving the process. It was felt that an
unnecessarily high level of risk was being taken. It was intended that this
assessment would guide subsequent project developments.
4. Members of the UCA submitted a revised proposal to BC 133 . Due to deadlines set
by the British Council, this revised proposal was submitted before the BCSC
could consider the comments from the study team regarding the original
Refer to Appendix 1 for the proceedings of this workshop held at the Tambankulu Club. " 2
Refer to Chapter 3 for a summary of the original proposal submitted to the British Council. 133
Refer to Appendix 6 for the revised proposal submitted to the British Council.
164

Chapter 9 - The Way Forward
proposal. Upon receiving the second proposal, the study team replied by
formulating comments 134 for the attention of the BCSC. It was evident that the
recommendations from the initial assessment in the field and from the workshop
on 15 March 1999 had not been taken into account during the formulation of the
revised proposal to BC. The study team expressed concerns that the problems
identified in the original proposal had not been addressed and were still evident in
the revised proposal. There was still a lack of integrated, participatory or strategic
planning and capacity building.
5. At the end of May the Shewula tourism development process seemed to be picking
up speed, after limited local resources had been directed at the launch of the
Lubombo Conservancy on 29 April 1999. At this point, Bhekisisa Ginindza had
been nominated as the 'community facilitator' for the Shewula tourism
development. Legambiente, in collaboration with master students at the University
of Cape Town, had started planning community-based natural resource
management and capacity building programs for Shewula.
At the beginning of June it seems that the revised proposal is being implemented,
despite the concerns raised by the study team. It seems that little attention is being
given to marketing and financial planning, and it must be questioned whether the
community will become equipped to operate a community-based tourism facility within
the period that is currently being allowed. The following section will outline an
approach that should be implemented immediately with the primary aim of
empowering the community. An important point to make is that this approach is by its
very nature, adaptive and flexible, and as a result this suggested process may be
adapted according to the changing local context.
9.3. OUTLINING AN APPROPRIATE DEVELOPMENT
APPROACH
The conclusions from this study reflect that the community desires to become more
involved in tourism and conservation development. This holds good potential for
further development in the Shewula community, bearing in mind that it is now
generally accepted that increased community participation contributes towards a
better chance of project sustainability. The following recommendations are therefore
made, aiming to increase community participation in the development process.
" An approach defined in the following three points, aims at increasing the level of
community participation in the Shewula community:
• Improve the general level of community awareness on the concepts of tourism
and conservation.
• Identify individuals who are interested in becoming more involved in the current
process.
• Provide the necessary support and capacity-building requirements for
individuals and interest groups.
This approach strives to transfer skills by increasing local capacity, while gradually
decreasing outsider input. The following general guiding statements will assist in
developing the above approach.

Chapter 9 - The Way Forward
9.4. GENERAL GUIDING STATEMENTS
• Improve community participation: Community members should be given
opportunities to become more involved in future initiatives. Community
participation should be increased towards levels of full community ownership. This
increase in community participation should contribute towards achieving
sustainability of the tourism development project. For instance, interested
individuals should be given access to resources (eg. training and information) that
will assist them in becoming more involved in the development process.
• Improve communication: For the purposes of effective participatory planning,
effective communication between all role-players and stake-holders is necessary.
Improved communication will also contribute towards improved decision-making,
and facilitate the dissemination of information between all l&APs. For instance, the
relationship between the SGRT and the Shewula community must be clarified, in
order that channels exist for accountability and good communication.
• Provide opportunities for improved community awareness: To improve
community understanding requires time and access to resources (eg. funding,
training and expertise). The community should be given the opportunity to
understand the concepts of tourism and conservation, which are foreign to them,
at their own pace. This process, aimed at both individuals and the broader
community, can be achieved by using tools that will provide community members
with the opportunity to engage with the current development process. Such tools,
for instance, could include workshops where community members can address
their questions and issues.
• Undertake future planning towards sustainability: Future planning in the
Shewula community should, be aimed at maximising community participation.
Improved communication and awareness among community members should
assist in this process. To aim for sustainability, the planning should reflect
integration, participation and consideration of alternatives. This report can be used
as a baseline information document for future developments.
• Limit outside intervention: To contribute towards the sustainability of the
project, outside intervention should be limited. Where outside intervention is
necessary, it is recommended that a principle of continuity be followed. This
entails that an outside party is kept in the process for an extended period, in order
that they may remain familiar with the situation. This will avoid 'snap-shot' input
from outside consultants, which is usually dislocated from the local development
process, is not participatory and avoids building capacity on a local level.
• Future project scheduling: The scheduling of development projects in Shewula
should take into account the local context and understanding of 'time'. It is
important that community members and role-players familiar with the Shewula
context are involved in the formulation of project scheduling, as they will best be
able to attach time expectations to project tasks.
• Future funding for planning and development: Funding for future development
planning should be directed at maximising capacity of local community members,
in order that they may take on more ownership of the project.

Chapter 9 - The Way Forward
Notes on the 5 steps in Table 9.1:
1. The facilitator will play a co-ordinating role, and will need the co-operation and
support of all role-players. Providing the facilitator with the necessary resources
to fulfil his/her function is essential, if there is any wish to pursue successful
development in Shewula. The facilitator fulfils a vital function as a source of
information for both community members and other role-players. Internet access
is a useful resource that will put the facilitator in a position to keep contact with
key informants and other similar developments in Southern Africa.
2. The study highlights a number of community issues in Chapter 4. Workshops can
aim to address these issues, and clarify any questions that community members
have with the current initiative. Informal discussions in the community can also
form an important part of this step.
3. Capacity building in the SGRT can take the form of formal training courses,
informal participation in the planning process or experiential training sessions
with other community initiatives.
4. Resources contained within this document will give guidance as to how the
environmental legislation should be adhered to. Marketing and tourism input can
be obtained from experienced operators in Swaziland e.g. Darren Raw. Lungile
de Vletter and Myxo Mdluli have useful expertise regarding cultural tourism in
Swaziland.
5. Individuals who show interest in becoming involved in tourism and conservation
development should be supported and encouraged through small business and
entrepreneurial development for example. It is intended that these individuals will
involve other community members as the development initiative progresses. It is
suggested that the duration of 6 to 12 months will be required for this capacity
building. This is however dependant on many factors, for example the nature of
the individual, the quality and relevance of training, etc. A situation could arise
where more time is required for capacity building, and this flexibility must be
allowed for.
169

Chapter 9 - The Way Forward
9.5.2. Actions for further development
The following table reflects actions that address further development in Shewula, with
more detailed notes on each step following the table.
1. These workshops will be most effective if aimed at a specific interest group. The
aim of these workshops would be to address broader conservation and tourism
issues, as well as engaging in information sharing and capacity building.
2. Techniques that will contribute towards capacity building in the Shewula
community:
• Tourist trial runs - a series of tourist trial runs are effective in preparing relevant
community members for the tourism industry. These trial runs consist of a group
of tourists, who are aware of the current context and stage of tourism
development in Shewula and are accompanied by a facilitator. The trial runs will
provide a useful forum in which an exchange of ideas and information can occur
between the tourist and community members, under a facilitation process. As
further trial runs are implemented, the aim would be to improve on relevant trial
run criteria, such as community participation and benefits flowing to the

Chapter 9 - The Way Forward
community. Local guides should be trained during such trial runs, as they will fulfil
an important function at the interface of the tourist and community member.
• Code of conduct - this code of conduct will be a useful tool in which community
members will come to grips with the relations that should exist between the
tourist and the community. Such an exercise will provide useful capacity building
and understanding of the tourism business.
• SWOT analysis - a SWOT analysis will identify the strengths (S), weaknesses
(W), opportunities (0) and threats (T) of an initiative. This exercise will be useful
in engaging community members in the consideration of alternatives for tourism
development and will improve their participatory planning skills.
3. All the above initiatives will contribute towards the formulation of a strategic
tourism and resource management plan for Shewula. It is necessary for the
sustainable future of such initiatives, that community participation be maximised.
Exposure to similar community initiatives elsewhere will be a useful technique for
capacity building.
9.6. SUMMARY
The Shewula community has not had a high level of participation in the initial phases -
of tourism and conservation development. They have, however expressed the desire to
become more involved in such developments, and higher levels of participation will
contribute towards a better chance of sustainability. However the community has a low
level of capacity regarding tourism and conservation. It is thus essential to engage
interested individuals and groups from the community in capacity building
exercises that will prepare them for the implementation and operation phases of
tourism and conservation development.

References
Books and journal articles
Begon, M., Harper, J.L. & Townsend, C.R. 1990: Ecology: Individuals, populations
and communities, Blackwell Science, Cambridge, USA.
Brandon, K.E. and Wells, M. 1992: 'Planning for People and Parks: Design
Dilemmas', World Development, 20(4), pp.557-570.
De Vletter, R. 1997: Annex 3. Sustainable Natural Resource Management: Sector
Analysis, unknown citation.
De Vletter, R. 1999: Proposal: Swaziland: Biodiversity Conservation and Participatory
Development, unpublished.
Drake, S. 1991: 'Local Participation in Ecotourism Projects' in Whelan, T. Nature
Tourism: Managing for the Environment, Island Press, Washington, DC.
Prime Minister's Tourism Task Force. 1997: Report on Tourism Development for the
Economic and Social Reform Agenda (ESRA), unpublished report.
Sandwith, T. 1998: Report on the process towards establishing the Lubombo
Conservancy, unpublished.
Bhattacharyya, J. 1995: 'Solidarity and Agency: Rethinking Community
Development', Human Organisation, 54(1).
Fuggle, R. 1992: 'Guideline document 1: The Integrated Environmental Management
Procedure' in Integrated Environmental Management Guideline Series, Department of
Environmental Affairs, Cape Town.
Gelderblom, C, van Wilgen, B.W. & Rossouw, N. 1998. Proposed Transfrontier
Conservation Areas: Preliminary data sheets and financial requirements, unpublished
report prepared for Peace Parks Foundation, Somerset West, Cape Town, South
Africa.
Jenkins, C.L. 1993: Strategic options for the development of tourism in Swaziland,
World Tourism Organisation, Madrid.
Lindberg, K. (ed.) 1993: Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers,
Ecotourism Society, Vermont.
Masson, P. 1996: A contribution to the Swaziland Environmental Action Plan on the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, Forest Research Document
20/96, Usutu Pulp Company, Mbabane, Swaziland.
Ministry of Economic Planning and Development (MEP&D) 1997'.Swaziland Poverty
Assessment by the Poor, MEP&D.
Murdoch, G. 1968: Soils and Land Capability in Swaziland, Swaziland Ministry of
Agriculture.
Norberg-Hodge, H. 1992: Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh, Sierra Club Books,
San Francisco.
173

References
Obua, J. 1997: The Potential, Development and Ecological Impact of Ecotourism in
Kibale National Park, Uganda', in Journal of Environmental Management, 50 (1),
pp.27-30.
Roe, D; Leader-Williams, N. & Dalai-Clayton, B. 1997: Take only Photographs, leave
only footprints: the environmental impacts of wildlife tourism, Wildlife and
Development Series No. 10. The International Institute for Environment and
Development, London.
Steenkamp, C. & Maluleke, L. n.d: The Makuleke Conservation and Tourism
Programme: A South African case study of rural people and conservation,
unpublished paper.
Thompson, C.F. 1998: 3& h Anniversary of Independence and His Majesty's 3tf h
Birthday Celebration, Official souvenir brochure of the Government of the Kingdom of
Swaziland. Jubilee Printing, Mbabane, Swaziland.
Thompson, C.F. 1999: Swaziland Business Year Book, Jubilee Printing, Mbabane,
Swaziland.
Vletter, R. n.d; Africa in Microcosm: Towards the establishment of a transnational
ecotourism zone: Swaziland - Mozambique, unpublished paper.
Watson, A. 1986: The origin and geomorphological significance of closed depressions
in the Lubombo mountains of Swaziland', The Geographical Journal, 152(1), 65-74.
Whelan, T. 1991: Nature Tourism: Managing for the Environment, Island Press,
Washington, DC.
Wight, P. 1997: 'Sustainability, profitability and ecotourism markets: what are they
and how do they relate' in Ecotourism: Balancing sustainability and profitability,
Proceedings of an international conference held in Parnu, Estonia, 22-23 September
1997.
World Resources, 1998: A Guide to the Global Environment 1998-1999 -
Environmental Change and Human Health, Oxford University Press, New York.
Yeld, J. 1997: Caring for the Earth: South Africa: A guide to sustainable living, CMYK
Pre-Press, Cape Town.
Swaziland: Biodiversity Conservation and Participatory Development, proposal for
review submitted by the Government of Swaziland, and Swaziland Environmental
Authority to the World Bank.
Maps
Mlawula Nature Reserve, n.d.: Map of Mlawula with information, unpublished.
Low, A.B. and Rebelo, A. (eds.) 1996: Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and
Swaziland, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, South Africa.
—_

References
Laws of Swaziland
The Environmental Audit, Assessment, & Review Regulations (1996)
Websites
Community Adaptations and sustainable livelihoods' website:
World Resources Institute webpage:
IUCN webpage: < http://www.iucn.org/info and news/about iucn/index.html>
175

The four questions that the study team introduced the workshop with, were:
1. What are the relationships between the different role-players (This question
applies to the existing and potential relationships between role-players at
numerous levels, and involved in various activities or initiatives)
2. What resources are already in place to help the project to succeed
3. What is still needed
4. How can the relationships contribute to achieving project success or optimising the
project
1. Relationships and role-players
The different parties that are or could be involved in the proposed tourism
development were identified, and the existing and potential relationships and/or
interactions, between them were discussed. The role-players include:
The Shewula Community, including:
• The community as a whole
• The traditional leadership structures (such as the chief, the indvuna, the
libandla, etc.)
• Existing organisations and organised groups (such as the maize farmers
associations, schools associations, permaculture and beekeeping groups
etc.)
• The Trust (or some such similar institution)
Local Neighbours
• Mbuluzi Game Reserve management and, indirectly, shareholders
• Mlawula Nature Reserve management (including Swaziland National Trust
Commission)
• Hlane Royal National Park (Hlane RNP) (managed by Big Game Parks)
• Sisa Ranch and the Ministry of Agriculture
Broader Initiatives and Organisations
• Biodiversity Conservation and Participatory Development Project
• Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCA), i.e. Maputaland TFCA
• Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative
• The tourism industry, including:
- Operators
- Tourists
- Tourism Associations
• Government, including:
- The Ministry of Tourism, Environment & Communications
- The Ministry of Economic Development and Planning
- The Swaziland Environmental Authority
- The Swaziland National Trust Commission (SNTC)
• The Umbuluzi Catchment Association (UCA)
The relationships between some of these role-players can be graphically represented
as in Figure I.
ii

2. Resources
The necessary resources that already exist and are available or could contribute
positively towards the project were listed, and the possibility was raised of accessing
other resources that have not, until now, been considered resources for the project.
The resources that are currently available to achieve the project include:
Funding
• There is R310,000 funding from the British Council for constructing the tourism
development.
• There is R30.000 funding from COSPE (an European Union block grant) for
community capacity-building.
Unique Tourism Experience
The views, setting and potential tourism activities available, (including culturally and
ecologically oriented activities) could provide a unique tourist package.
The Lubombo Conservancy
The possibilities of co-operative management, planning and marketing coula be
explored.
Human Resources
• Local skills and expertise in conservation, tourism and community development
are available and should be used.
• There is the possibility of employing members of the Shewula Community for the
construction and operational phases of the project.
• Institutions exist which could provide support for the project, especially in the longterm.
For example, UNISWA could conduct research and monitor the progress of
conservation management and tourism development practices \r. the Shewula
Reserve.
Existing markets
• Transit
• Eco-cultural tourism
Building materials
• In Shewula - stones, fewer costs, attractive.
• From Mozambique - wood, reeds, relatively cheap, low transport costs.
Local companies
The local sugar companies are able to provide expertise and training for capacity
building, infrastructure and equipment / machinery
iv

3. Requirements
The resources that are still required to make the project viable were described, and
possible means of making them available were discussed.
In order to enhance the feasibility of the project, the following aspects need more
attention:
Optimal site
• Capitalise on the assets that Shewula has to offer (such assets include
magnificent views, the river, unique cultural assets, wilderness).
• The location should cater for / appeal to the target market.
• Access should be a consideration.
• The relationship between tourists and the community should be effectively
managed.
Optimal design
• Avoid or mitigate negative visual / environmental impacts.
• Functionality and comfort are important.
• Must be attractive to tourists.
• Must be acceptable to the community.
• Must be cost-effective.
• Should aim to realise the concept of traditional Swazi accommodation.
Optimal operation
• Ensure financial feasibility.
• Ensure tourism satisfaction.
• Ensure benefits to the community.
• Avoid or minimise negative environmental impacts.
• Ensure good relations, especially between the private operator &
community, and between tourists & community.
Marketing
• Required for the region, the Lubombo Conservancy and the Shewula area.
• Identify and formulate the tourism product to attract tourists.
Optimal tourist experience
• Can be achieved through ensuring:
- Variety
- Options
- Efficiency
- Meeting expectations
• Will require:
- Planning
- Co-operation
- Communication
v

Community Capacity-Building
Capacity building for the community is required in the following areas:
• Institutional capacity for management, including the following areas:
- Legal
- Financial
- Administration
- Communication & Liaison
- Marketing
• Managing the relationship between the tourist and the community:
- Behavior of tourists in Shewula must be appropriate
- Behavior of community towards tourists must be appropriate
• Understanding the psychology of tourism
- Tourists' likes and dislikes
- Tourists' needs
• Realising the potential of the development with regard to:
- Small business enterprises
- Associated tourism activities
- Catalyst for community development
• Managing the distribution of financial income from the ventures, e.g. rent
from a private operator managing the tourism development.
• Managing the reserve: Ensuring that it remains / becomes an asset to the
community, and to tourists
4. Opportunities
The potential that exists for improved partnerships, resource sharing, co-operation
and communication was highlighted.
Possibilities for further strengthening of the project include:
Partnerships
Formation of partnerships between bodies, such as already exists between the UCA
and the Shewula community could be set up. The establishment of the Lubombo
Conservancy is an ideal opportunity to form such relationships, the functions of which
could include giving advice, sharing expertise & experiences, pooling resources, and
co-operating on natural resource management and tourism.
Co-operation
Agreements between various parties that would provide for co-operation on activities
such as strategic planning, marketing, management etc.
Expertise
There could be sharing of expertise, especially in the construction phase, the
operational phase, and during the capacity building process. The Community
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Outreach programme at Mlawula could be involved, and could provide support for the
development
Training and Human Resources
Training could be provided via courses and while in the field. The Environmental
Education Centre at Mlawula is an important resource that could provide valuable
input in this area. The Ministry of Tourism is another potential source for such
resources. There has been an indication from the management of Hlane RNP that it
would be willing to provide rangers in training with experience in the field, although
their subsistence and accommodation costs would have to be covered.
Funding
Sources of funding which could provide further inputs into the development include
the E5 million available for community conservation projects (mentioned by the King
in his speech to Parliament) and the $26 million funding perceived to be necessary for
the feasibility of the Biodiversity Conservation and Participatory Development project.
Funding could also be obtained from sources such as Legambiente, COSPE and the
Peace Parks Foundation.
Operation
• There is the opportunity for involvement in the project as a private operator.
• An Nguni breeding programme could be set up. This could contribute to the tourist
experience, would discourage snares being placed in the reserve area, and would
allow for controlled grazing of community cattle in the area. It is envisaged that
this would require a donation to the herd from the community, with monetary
returns to the community in the long-term. There is an opportunity for involvement
of the Veterinary Department from the Ministry of Agriculture.
COMMENTS FROM THE FLOOR
There was a suggestion that the study team look at the different initiatives that are
currently under way in the region, and to undertake an assessment of their
approaches and identify the problems that each approach encounters in trying to
achieve its goals.
Markets
The market, which the tourism development in Shewula is aiming for, was discussed.
The different, potential markets identified include:
• Self-drive vs. Microbus, domestic vs. international, transit vs. destination (e.g.
People from Maputo).
• The transit markets include people travelling on the following routes:
- Mpumalanga - KwaZulu Natal
- Mpumalanga - Mozambique
- KwaZulu Natal - Mozambique
The importance of easy access for transit tourists was emphasised, and the possibility
of providing parking facilities for boats and caravans was raised, should the distance
to the tourism development or the condition of the road prevent them reaching the
tourism development. The access that tourists staying in the Shewula area will have
to the rest of Swaziland was discussed.
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Rate
The rate that would be charged was discussed. The original proposal to British
Council indicated a rate of about E200. It was put forward that the limit for the South
African tourism market would be about R250. Economies of scale were discussed,
and the opinion expressed that a lodge charging a rate of E200+ must have at least
30-40 beds in order to be sustainable.
Services and Activities
Questions were raised about what kinds of services would be offered, the types of
finishing touches for the tourism development, and whether the rate would be inclusive
or exclusive of certain charges or additional expenses. The self-catering and catering
(restaurant) options were also discussed. No final decision was taken.
The planning of the tourism development and related activities was discussed.
Possibilities for related activities were raised, and included visits to traditional healers,
and learning about the social structures in Shewula.
The importance of the link between community and nature, as a selling point and
marketable asset for the Shewula tourism development, was emphasised.
Access, especially the road
The access for the tourism development was discussed. The expense of extending
the main road in Shewula to the tourism development site was noted, although the
road could be upgraded, depending on where the site is. The costs of improvernents
to and maintenance of the road was raised, and the importance of putting in better
drainage along the main road in Shewula was noted. There was a query as to whether
access costs were included in the original proposal. The time that it takes to travel by
road from Maphiveni to the centre of Shewula was established to be about 45
minutes.
There was a query regarding the possibility of providing access to the Shewula area
from the road that goes past Mbuluzi and Mlawula. The idea of having a gateway to
the Lubombo Conservancy on this road was raised, together with the possibility that
entrance fees that allow access to all Conservancy reserves be charged at this
gateway.
The choice of access is, however, very much dependent upon the site selected for the
development.
Site
The assets of the proposed site, including scenery, views and proximity to the river,
were discussed, and the need to look at alternative sites highlighted. The importance
of avoiding direct competition with other reserves, such as Mbuluzi, was noted.
The bottom site was discussed. It was estimated that it would take approximately one
and a half-hours to climb to the top of the escarpment, to the Shewula community.
This could be one of a number of hiking trails and circular routes on Shewula Reserve.
The possibility of driving around, from a site near to river, up to the top of the Shewula
community was raised as an alternative.
It was suggested that if the chosen site for the tourism development was to be the
bottom site, then the only feasible market would be upmarket, in which case is there
enough funding, and are the assets attractive enough
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If the tourism development site were to be on top, it was felt that the tourism
development could have a more 'rustic' feel, appealing to a more 'relaxed' market,
such as backpackers and/or eco-cultural tourists. The appeal of such a development
was identified as the opportunity to live in and with the community.
Tourism development facilities
The issue of power and its provision was discussed. No final decision was taken.
Water provision
The possibility of using boreholes was raised, although the problem with boreholes in
the Shewula area is the rapid calcification that occurs. Springs are another possibility.
The size of the camp, and occupancy rates, were raised as factors that would affect
the water consumption at the lodge.
Private Sector involvement
The possibility of private sector involvement in the project was raised. Issues
discussed in this regard include obtaining input from the private sector into the design
and planning for the tourism development, while providing the social parameters that
must be respected and at the same time not pre-empting private sector creativity. The
possibility of putting the project out to tender, or inviting interest from the private
sector for partnership was discussed. In this regard, the possibility of the community
having 50% equity in such a venture was put forward. Such equity would comprise:
• The E310,000 available from the British Council;
• The community's land;
• Access to the tourism development.
Another alternative that was raised, was to use a portion of the British Council
funding, say E100,000, to develop a backpackers lodge, and then to invest the
remainder which could be used as a financial incentive / collateral for a larger tourism
development in future. In this regard, the time constraints for development and the
importance of lowering the risk of failure as much as possible were emphasised, with
the opinion being expressed that this alternative could be a solution to the existing
constraints.
General
• The possibility of having zones in the Shewula Reserve was raised. These zones
would represent different forms of land use, such as grazing, tourism
development, wilderness, etc.
• There was a question as to whether the tourism development was expected to
support the Shewula Reserve, and if so whether this was a viable option.
• The possibility of inviting interest from and/or involving the LSDI in such plans was
raised.
• The turn around time that is required before a private operator can make a profit
was discussed.
• The importance of spatial planning, and using a stakeholder participatory process
for planning was emphasised.
• The possibility of extending the strategic tourism development plan that has been
carried out for Hlane RNP or a plan for the Conservancy to include the Shewula
area was raised.
• The need for a conservation management plan was noted.
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