Citrograph_JanFeb2013 - Citrus Research Board
Citrograph_JanFeb2013 - Citrus Research Board
Citrograph_JanFeb2013 - Citrus Research Board
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<strong>Citrograph</strong><br />
January/February 2013<br />
<strong>Citrograph</strong><br />
Grower Profile:<br />
Leavens Ranches<br />
family values<br />
CITRUS RESEARCH BOARD, P.O. Box 230, Visalia, CA 93279<br />
Address Service Requested<br />
PRSRT STD<br />
U.S. POSTAGE PAID<br />
PONTIAC, IL 61764<br />
PERMIT 125
THAT’S HOW MOVENTO MAKES ORANGES FEEL.<br />
Movento ® ’s powerful two-way systemic action makes it unique among insecticides.<br />
Its chemistry allows it to move within plants and spread throughout the entire system.<br />
This results in long-lasting, reliable protection against Asian citrus psyllid and red scale.<br />
So you’ll have stronger, healthier plants that produce a healthier crop year over year.<br />
For more information, visit www.Movento.us.<br />
Bayer CropScience LP, 2 TW Alexander Drive, <strong>Research</strong> Triangle Park, NC 27709. Always read and follow label instructions. Bayer, the Bayer Cross, and Movento are<br />
registered trademarks of Bayer. For additional product information, call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at www.BayerCropScience.us.<br />
CR0512MOVENTA018V00R1
<strong>Citrograph</strong><br />
JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2013 • Volume 4 • Number 1<br />
Cover photo by Steve Osman, Stephen Osman<br />
Photography, Ventura<br />
SUBSCRIPTIONS<br />
U.S.<br />
Single Copies: $1.50<br />
1-Year Subscription: $15.00<br />
2-Year Subscription: $28.00<br />
Send Subscription Requests To:<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong><br />
P.O. Box 230, Visalia, CA 93279<br />
PUBLICATION OFFICE<br />
P.O. Box 230<br />
Visalia, CA 93279<br />
Phone: 559-738-0246<br />
Louise Fisher, Managing Editor<br />
Dr. MaryLou Polek, Chief Science Editor<br />
EDITORIAL BOARD<br />
Dr. Mary Lu Arpaia<br />
Ted Batkin<br />
Richard Bennett<br />
Franco Bernardi<br />
Dan Dreyer<br />
Dr. Ben Faber<br />
Jim Gorden<br />
Julia Inestroza<br />
Dennis Laux<br />
Canadian & Foreign:<br />
1-Year Subscription: $30.00<br />
2-Year Subscription: $56.00<br />
FAX: 559-738-0607<br />
Web Site:<br />
http://www.citrusresearch.org<br />
SCIENCE REVIEW PANEL<br />
Dr. Mary Lu Arpaia<br />
James A. Bethke<br />
Dr. Abhaya Dandekar<br />
Dr. Akif Eskalen<br />
Dr. Stephen Garnsey<br />
Dr. Joseph Smilanick<br />
Editorial services provided by Anne Warring,<br />
Warring Enterprises, Visalia, CA 93277<br />
PRODUCTION INFORMATION<br />
Judy Brent<br />
Dale Hahn, Design<br />
Production Manager Phone: 630-462-2308<br />
255 38th Avenue Suite P dhahn@farmprogress.com<br />
St. Charles, IL 60174<br />
Phone: 630-462-2919<br />
jbrent@farmprogress.com<br />
ADVERTISING INFORMATION<br />
Sandy Creighton<br />
Cherie Averill<br />
Ad Sales Manager<br />
Ad Sales Representative<br />
Phone: (559) 201-9225 Phone: 402-489-9334<br />
screighton@farmprogress.com caverill@farmprogress.com<br />
ADVERTISING RATES<br />
Rates B/W 2/C 4/C<br />
Page....................................... $690........ $860.......$1025<br />
2/3 Page Vertical................. 540...........700........... 875<br />
1/2 Page Vert/Horiz.............410.......... 580........... 750<br />
1/3 Page Square/Vert........ 285.......... 455...........620<br />
1/4 Page................................. 200 ..........370...........540<br />
1/6 Page Vertical..................140...........310...........480<br />
1/8 Page Horizontal.............140...........310...........480<br />
*Frequency discounts: 2X–5%, 3X–7%, 4X–10%<br />
Above rates are gross; 15% discount to recognized agencies.<br />
An Official Publication of the <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong><br />
IN THIS ISSUE<br />
4 Editorial<br />
6 Industry Views<br />
8 CDFA’s response to Tulare County<br />
Asian citrus psyllid finds<br />
10 Monitoring methods for<br />
Asian citrus psyllid<br />
18 The development of an ACP biological<br />
control program for California<br />
22 Profile: Counting their blessings<br />
and giving back<br />
32 Development of a pathogen dispenser to<br />
control Asian citrus psyllid in residential<br />
and organic citrus<br />
38 Founder lines for improved citrus<br />
biotechnology<br />
40 Metabolites may reveal attack strategy<br />
of the microbe causing HLB<br />
44 <strong>Citrus</strong> Roots: California <strong>Citrus</strong> Spurred<br />
Colonization<br />
50 Celebrating <strong>Citrus</strong><br />
<strong>Citrograph</strong> is published bimonthly by the <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong>, 217 N. Encina, Visalia, CA 93291. <strong>Citrograph</strong> is sent to all<br />
California citrus producers courtesy of the <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong>. If you are currently receiving multiple copies, or would like<br />
to make a change in your <strong>Citrograph</strong> subscription, please contact the publication office (above, left).<br />
Every effort is made to ensure accuracy in articles published by <strong>Citrograph</strong>; however, the publishers assume no responsibility<br />
for losses sustained, allegedly resulting from following recommendations in this magazine. Consult your local authorities.<br />
The <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong> has not tested any of the products advertised in this publication, nor has it verified any of the<br />
statements made in any of the advertisements. The <strong>Board</strong> does not warrant, expressly or implicitly, the fitness of any product<br />
advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein.<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 3
EDITORIAL<br />
BY TED A. BATKIN, President, <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong><br />
It is time to “keep our eyes on the prize”<br />
The common goal<br />
of all our industry<br />
programs is to keep<br />
California citrus free<br />
from the invasion of<br />
HLB disease.<br />
My good friend Jim Gorden is always reminding us to keep<br />
our eyes on the prize, or as many of us translate, keep our<br />
focus on the “goal”. Now, more than ever, we must remember<br />
that the common goal of all of our industry programs<br />
is to keep the California citrus industry free from the invasion of huanglongbing<br />
(HLB) disease. We already know that the threat is real and that<br />
there are reservoirs of HLB in California. The challenge now is to keep<br />
the populations of Asian citrus psyllid contained to their current locations<br />
and to find and remove the trees that are carrying the bacteria.<br />
The reason that I bring this up again is that the industry has been<br />
faced with new challenges in ACP population control in a wider range<br />
of locations throughout the state. Each time a new find or a new area is<br />
added to the list, there is some level of activity that causes a great deal of<br />
concern. It also causes growers, regulators, and any other groups in the<br />
chain to react to the new developments in different ways.<br />
“Why am I having to do ____” is usually the question asked. The answer<br />
lies in the worldwide history of the insect and the spread of the disease.<br />
We are constantly pointing to Florida and Brazil as examples of how<br />
ACP and HLB have taken hold, expanded, and caused devastating damage.<br />
The lessons learned the hard way by producers in those other areas<br />
have impressed upon us how vital it is to react swiftly to keep populations<br />
of ACP as low as possible and not let ACP or HLB become established in<br />
a grove setting. Sometimes the reactions required may seem harsh and restrictive,<br />
but they truly are necessary if we are going to survive the overall<br />
threat from this problem.<br />
Eventually, we will have more tools available to us to fight this valid<br />
fight. The CRB has been investing your dollars in programs that will<br />
help with issues such as early detection of HLB in trees that do not<br />
yet show the symptoms. Also, the <strong>Board</strong> has invested in projects to<br />
improve the Asian citrus psyllid trapping system with attractants and<br />
lures. New tools developed through this research are working through<br />
the regulatory approval process, and some are now close to deployment.<br />
Please watch future issues of <strong>Citrograph</strong> for articles describing<br />
how these various programs will work together to improve your ability<br />
as growers to keep your investments safe for many years to come.<br />
One of the tools coming soon will be the use of biological control<br />
agents in conjunction with IPM programs. The article in this<br />
issue points out some of the preliminary work underway to be able<br />
to release large numbers of Tamarixia radiata in urban areas and commercial<br />
groves. This will add another tool to the box for ACP population<br />
reductions.<br />
Well, the race is on!! Everyone is working as rapidly as possible to<br />
reach the goal. And now more than ever is the time for cooperation within<br />
the industry while all of us “Keep Our Eyes on the Prize” l<br />
4 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
The Mission of the <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong>:<br />
Develop knowledge and build systems for grower vitality.<br />
Focus on quality assurance, clonal protection, production research,<br />
variety development, and grower/public education.<br />
CITRUS RESEARCH BOARD MEMBER LIST BY DISTRICT 2012-2013<br />
District 1 – Northern California<br />
Member<br />
Alternate<br />
Allan Lombardi, Exeter Justin Brown, Orange Cove<br />
Donald Roark, Lindsay Dan Dreyer, Exeter<br />
Jim Gorden, Exeter<br />
Dan Galbraith, Porterville<br />
Joe Stewart, Bakersfield Franco Bernardi, Visalia<br />
Etienne Rabe, Bakersfield John Konda, Terra Bella<br />
John Richardson, Porterville Jeff Steen, Strathmore<br />
Kevin Olsen, Pinedale Tommy Elliott, Visalia<br />
Richard Bennett, Visalia Dennis Laux, Porterville<br />
District 2 – Southern California – Coastal<br />
Member<br />
Alternate<br />
Earl Rutz, Pauma Valley Alan Washburn, Riverside<br />
Joe Barcinas, Riverside John C. Gless, Riverside<br />
District 3 – California Desert<br />
Member<br />
Mark McBroom, Calipatria<br />
Public Member<br />
Member<br />
Ed Civerolo, Kingsburg<br />
Alternate<br />
Craig Armstrong, Thermal<br />
Alternate<br />
Steve Garnsey, Fallbrook<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong><br />
217 N Encina, Visalia, CA 93291<br />
PO Box 230, Visalia, CA 93279<br />
(559) 738-0246<br />
FAX (559) 738-0607<br />
E-Mail Info@citrusresearch.org<br />
CALENDAR<br />
March 7 2013 <strong>Citrus</strong> Showcase, Visalia Convention<br />
Center, Visalia, CA. For Information, contact<br />
California <strong>Citrus</strong> Mutual at (559) 592-3790.<br />
March 26-28 CRB <strong>Research</strong> - Review of Projects and CRB<br />
<strong>Board</strong> Meeting, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, CA.<br />
For information, contact the <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong><br />
<strong>Board</strong> at (559) 738-0246.<br />
April 4 <strong>Citrus</strong> and Date Palm <strong>Research</strong> and Information<br />
Seminar, Yuma Agriculture Center, Yuma, AZ. For<br />
information, contact the Center at (928) 782-5876.<br />
April 25 CRB-UCCE <strong>Citrus</strong> Postharvest Seminar, Exeter<br />
memorial Building, Exeter, CA. For information,<br />
contact the <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong> at<br />
(559) 738-0246.<br />
June 27 CRB <strong>Board</strong> Meeting, Four Points by Sheraton<br />
Ventura Harbor, Ventura, CA. For information,<br />
contact the <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong> at<br />
(559) 738-0246.<br />
DO YOU KNOW...<br />
Why would someone want to put oranges on<br />
display as part of their home décor<br />
(Go to page 20 for the answer.)<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 5
INDUSTRY VIEWS<br />
<strong>Citrograph</strong> asks:<br />
How are you dealing with the actions imposed as<br />
a result of the Asian citrus psyllid finds<br />
Cooperatively. We had our first psyllid find a little over three years ago here in the Desert,<br />
and each year since we have been dealing with and adapting to many different protocol<br />
and quarantine boundary changes. We have mechanically “de-leafed” our fruit, at a cost of<br />
$6 - $8 per bin; we have lost 10% to 15% grade doing this, costing growers over $700/acre.<br />
We have signed hundreds of compliance agreements, had thousands of load inspections, and<br />
spent millions of dollars doing so. We are still, unfortunately, faced with many new commercial<br />
grove finds and thousands of residential finds in our nearby cities and Mexico. I think<br />
Southern California growers that have lived this the last three years are quickly moving ahead,<br />
understanding that what we are really dealing with is a very prolific mobile pest that we are<br />
currently unable to successfully trap or treat with 100% cooperation from our neighbors.<br />
We are dealing with large psyllid populations ¼ to ½ mile away from our groves, knowing<br />
we must try to maintain the lowest numbers possible. We are optimistic for biocontrol, but<br />
currently we are adding additional nutritional sprays and incorporating suppressive psyllid<br />
materials with them in both our conventional and organic groves, hoping that preemptive<br />
efforts within our control will yield more positive solutions than what have been imposed so<br />
far. – Craig Armstrong, Owner, Thermiculture Management LLC<br />
Booth Ranches, LLC owns citrus groves located in the Strathmore and Terra Bella ACP<br />
restricted areas. As such, our company has sought to adhere to the new CDFA and USDA<br />
regulations through various means and methods, including completing required documentation<br />
and logistics to participate in field cleaning or pretreatment to insure fruit marketability, as<br />
well as cooperating on a volunteer basis with areawide winter treatments for ACP. The grower<br />
meetings in late 2012 clarified the restrictions that growers with affected groves now strive<br />
to conform with. Our company acted quickly, first by registering through the Tulare County<br />
Agricultural Commissioner to move field-cleaned fruit and later by registering for the preharvest<br />
field treatment program as a means of ensuring the ability to move and market fruit<br />
from groves in the ACP restricted areas. In addition, we recently have utilized the option of<br />
outsourcing fruit within a restricted area to a packinghouse within that area, as a means of<br />
compliance with regulations. Booth Ranches, LLC has also opted to cooperate with the areawide<br />
treatments for ACP, although we have no groves within the current mandatory treatment<br />
zone. Through discussions with areawide treatment coordinators, our company decided that<br />
involvement in the preventative treatments to assure the eradication of any undetected overwintering<br />
ACP in the area would be the plan of action most benefitting the industry at large.<br />
– Melissa O’Neal, Agricultural Entomologist/Pest Control Advisor, Booth Ranches LLC<br />
Until recently, ACP finds in Ventura County have been found (with a few exceptions)<br />
mostly in residential settings in the eastern portions of the county, away from commercial<br />
groves. As of December 2012, we have seen more finds, again in residential settings but much<br />
closer to commercial groves. These new finds have commercial groves within the 800-meter<br />
treatment zone requiring treatments. In one recent find, 17 different commercial operations<br />
were identified and required to treat. Locally, Ventura County citrus growers have been very<br />
proactive preparing for this threat. With the formation of the Ventura County ACP-HLB Task<br />
Force over two years ago, Ventura County growers readied themselves for ACP treatments.<br />
The Task Force organized growers, packers and PCAs to assure treatments were done timely<br />
and all growers complied. To that end, the Ventura Task Force was the first in the state to<br />
hire a treatment coordinator to assure timely and accurate treatments in commercial groves.<br />
Ventura County growers remain confident that with the ongoing efforts of the <strong>Citrus</strong> Pest and<br />
Disease Prevention Committee, Ventura County Agricultural Commissioner, Ventura Task<br />
Force and local PCAs, we will remain profitable for many years to come. – Gus Gunderson,<br />
Director of Farming – Southern Ranches, Limoneira Company<br />
6 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
The Climate Stress Solution<br />
Anti-Stress<br />
550®<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong><br />
Use as a foliar spray to insulate trees<br />
& fruit prior to FROST & FREEZE events<br />
Apply to new plantings and young trees too!<br />
Request Anti-Stress 550®<br />
by name from your local chemical dealer<br />
Polymer Ag, LLC<br />
800.678.7377 • www.polymerag.com • info@polymerag.com<br />
Helping Growers for Over 20 Years
CDFA’s response to Tulare County<br />
Asian citrus psyllid finds<br />
Marilyn Kinoshita<br />
In November, two Asian citrus psyllids were identified on<br />
traps deployed in commercial citrus in Tulare County,<br />
one in an orchard northeast of Strathmore and the other<br />
in a grove south of Terra Bella. There had been an earlier<br />
discovery of a single specimen on a trap in the Lindsay area<br />
in December of 2011.<br />
In response, the California Department of Food and<br />
Agriculture (CDFA) took a new approach, as opposed to a<br />
typical quarantine. They believe that these ACP finds were<br />
isolated hitchhikers, and so instead of quarantining a typical<br />
20-mile radius area around the trap finds, CDFA used their<br />
statutory authority to create smaller 5-square-mile Restricted<br />
Areas.<br />
For assurance that these ACP finds were an isolated incident,<br />
CDFA will deploy and inspect hundreds of additional<br />
traps and perform visual surveys through May to confirm<br />
there is not a breeding population of psyllids here.<br />
Something else unique to the Tulare County project is<br />
the establishment of Eradication Areas within 800 meters of<br />
each ACP detection which instituted mandatory treatments<br />
of all ACP host plants in both commercial and residential<br />
properties.<br />
!(<br />
CDFA emergency project crews applied mandatory<br />
United States<br />
Department of Agriculture<br />
Legend<br />
o<br />
USDA, APHIS, PPQ<br />
KINGS CO<br />
Corcoran<br />
!(<br />
0 2 4 6 8 10 Miles<br />
GIS Specialist<br />
650 Capitol Mall, Suite 6-400<br />
Sacramento, CA 95814<br />
Coordinate-System:<br />
CA Teale Albers, NAD83<br />
Date Printed: 1/22/2013<br />
Time Printed: 08:06 hrs PT<br />
8 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013<br />
Tulare !(<br />
UV 63<br />
UV 137 UV 43<br />
UV 99<br />
Data Source:<br />
CA Dept of Food & Agriculture<br />
USDA, APHIS, PPQ<br />
USDA, APHIS, IS<br />
TeleAtlas Dynamap<br />
!( !(<br />
Asian <strong>Citrus</strong> Psyllid Cooperative Program<br />
Restricted Area & Eradication Zone, Tulare County, California<br />
Eradication Zone for ACP, Tulare, CA (800 m buffer)<br />
Restricted Area for ACP, Tulare Co, CA (12/6/2012) 115 sq miles<br />
Commercial <strong>Citrus</strong> in CA_2012<br />
treatments to residential properties with citrus trees. Prior<br />
to these treatments, CDFA held outreach meetings so concerned<br />
residents could have their questions answered. These<br />
informational meetings were sparsely attended, which I attribute<br />
to folks understanding the importance of the citrus<br />
industry to the local economy.<br />
Additionally, grower treatments within the Eradication<br />
Areas were facilitated by a trained Grower Liaison to ensure<br />
that treatments were properly timed and in accordance<br />
with University of California Integrated Pest Management<br />
recommendations.<br />
The 5-mile Restricted Areas still act much like a quarantine<br />
to assure that ACP will not move out of the area. To<br />
move fruit to locations outside of the Restricted Area, growers<br />
have two options. For fruit to leave a Restricted Area<br />
without limitations, it must be commercially cleaned so it is<br />
free of stem and leaf trash prior to departure. To ship fruit<br />
from inside the Restricted Area to a packing facility outside<br />
the Restricted Area requires a compliance agreement and an<br />
approved pre-harvest treatment of the grove with fruit harvested<br />
and shipped within 7 days of treatment.<br />
In a collective sigh of relief for the industry, our commercial<br />
citrus nurserymen learned that this type of regulatory<br />
action did not affect their ability to sell nursery stock since<br />
there were no nurseries in the Restricted Areas. Also, the<br />
UV 190 UV 65<br />
!( Lindsay<br />
TULARE CO<br />
!(<br />
Porterville<br />
Animal and Plant<br />
Health Inspection Service<br />
Lake<br />
Success<br />
These data, and all the information contained therein, have been collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS),<br />
or by its cooperators on APHIS’ behalf, for restricted government purposes only and is the sole property of APHIS. Data may be disseminated on a need-to-know basis<br />
only and must be used for their intended government purpose(s). All information contained within these data are subject to required Federal safeguards and shall only<br />
be shared and/or used consistent with the Trade Secrets Act [18 U.S.C. 1905], the Privacy Act of 1974, as amended [5 U.S.C. 552a], the Freedom of Information Act<br />
[5 U.S.C. 552], the confidentiality provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985 [7 U.S.C. 2276], Section 1619 of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008<br />
[7 U.S.C. 8791], and other applicable Federal laws and implementing regulations, as well as with the confidentiality or non-disclosure provisions of any other<br />
agreement entered into between APHIS and a cooperator.<br />
smaller 5-mile Restricted<br />
Areas meant that we had<br />
fewer growers who faced<br />
the expense of removing<br />
leaf trash from harvested<br />
citrus bins or treating<br />
with an insecticide.<br />
Our staff continues<br />
to support efforts made<br />
by CDFA to educate affected<br />
growers and others<br />
involved in citrus<br />
processing while using<br />
precautions that will help<br />
protect their livelihood.<br />
For further information,<br />
see the CDFA information<br />
page at www.cdfa.<br />
ca.gov/plant/PE/Interior-<br />
Exclusion/acp_restrictedareas.html.<br />
Marilyn Kinoshita is<br />
the Agricultural Commissioner<br />
of Tulare County.l
The Yara Complete<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Crop Program<br />
Early<br />
Vegetative<br />
Growth/<br />
Flush<br />
Flowering<br />
Fruit<br />
set<br />
Fruit<br />
fill<br />
Post<br />
harvest<br />
YaraMila ®<br />
15 - 15 - 15<br />
20% of<br />
total N /<br />
10% of<br />
total K2O<br />
30% of<br />
total N /<br />
15% of<br />
total K2O<br />
YaraLiva ®<br />
CN-9 ® / Tropicote ®<br />
20% of<br />
total N<br />
30% of<br />
total N<br />
SQM<br />
0 - 0 - 51<br />
20% of<br />
total K 2<br />
O<br />
30% of<br />
total K 2<br />
O<br />
25% of<br />
total K 2<br />
O<br />
YaraVita ®<br />
Correction of nutrient deficiencies based on tissue analysis<br />
For more information, please contact:<br />
Ron Naven, Northern California: 916 632 3120<br />
Jon Collison, South Central Coast: 661 589 8796<br />
Leonard Hammer, Central California: 559 834 4616<br />
Andy Hancock, Southern California: 928 345 2276<br />
Scan for citrus<br />
crop advice
Monitoring methods for<br />
Asian citrus psyllid<br />
Beth Grafton-Cardwell<br />
In areas of commercial citrus in<br />
California where Asian citrus psyllid<br />
has not become established, it is<br />
critical for citrus industry personnel to<br />
keep a watchful eye out for it so that it<br />
can be aggressively treated and locally<br />
eradicated.<br />
In areas where the psyllid has become<br />
firmly established, monitoring<br />
psyllid numbers will help determine if<br />
treatments are effective.<br />
There are several methods for<br />
monitoring Asian citrus psyllid including<br />
yellow sticky cards, visual sampling<br />
of new flush, and tap sampling. Knowledge<br />
of these methods and an understanding<br />
of the biology of the insect<br />
can aid your search for this pest.<br />
Asian citrus psyllid is a very small<br />
insect, about the size of an aphid.<br />
The adults are attracted to both color<br />
cues and volatile organic compounds<br />
(odors) that plants emit. This is how<br />
they find the young shoots of citrus and<br />
closely related plants where they lay<br />
their eggs.<br />
The young nymphs that hatch from<br />
those eggs are very tiny and delicate<br />
and need newly developing stems and<br />
leaves in order to survive. The adults<br />
can feed on both new flush and mature<br />
leaves and stems.<br />
Yellow sticky cards<br />
Like many insects, adult Asian citrus<br />
psyllids are attracted to yellow. As<br />
funded by the <strong>Citrus</strong> Pest and Disease<br />
Prevention Program (CPDPP), California<br />
Department of Food and Agriculture<br />
(CDFA) field personnel place<br />
yellow sticky traps in citrus orchards in<br />
a density of one per 1/2 mile of perimeter<br />
(one trap every 40 acres) to monitor<br />
Asian citrus psyllid (Figure 1).<br />
When psyllids are found, the trap<br />
density is increased (delimitation<br />
trapping). The traps are hung in trees<br />
on the outside rows of the orchard to<br />
take advantage of the tendency of the<br />
psyllid to move between edges of orchards.<br />
Yellow sticky traps are changed<br />
and examined using a magnifying lens<br />
every two weeks. Personnel checking<br />
the traps look for a small insect, with a<br />
brown pattern on the wings that has a<br />
clear area (Figure 2).<br />
These traps can help determine<br />
if the psyllid is found in a new region<br />
or monitor densities before and after<br />
treatments in areas where they are established.<br />
However, yellow sticky traps<br />
are only moderately effective in detecting<br />
psyllids. If a psyllid is given a choice<br />
between a yellow sticky trap with a color<br />
cue and a leaf that has both a color<br />
cue and volatiles, the psyllid will tend<br />
to choose the leaf. Thus, when there is<br />
no new flush on the trees, the sticky<br />
cards are more attractive to psyllids<br />
than when there is new flush present.<br />
When the psyllid population is very<br />
low, the likelihood of the yellow sticky<br />
cards attracting the few psyllids that<br />
are in the orchard is very low. <strong>Research</strong><br />
is underway to find chemicals that are<br />
attractive to psyllids to add to the yellow<br />
sticky cards and improve the functionality<br />
of the trap.<br />
I am often asked if the grower<br />
should add additional yellow sticky<br />
traps to the orchard, above and beyond<br />
what the CPDPC/CDFA/County are<br />
doing, to improve the level of detection<br />
of psyllids. My answer is no, because<br />
Fig. 1. (left) Yellow sticky card used<br />
by the CPDPP to monitor Asian citrus<br />
psyllid adults in a citrus orchard.<br />
Photo by Brian Taylor.<br />
10 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013<br />
Fig. 2. (above) Asian citrus psyllid adult<br />
stuck to a yellow sticky card showing<br />
the brown pattern on the edge of the<br />
wings with a clear break in it.<br />
Photo by E. Grafton-Cardwell.
there are additional methods growers<br />
and Pest Control Advisors (PCAs) can<br />
use to monitor for Asian citrus psyllid<br />
that at times are more effective than<br />
yellow sticky cards.<br />
Additional monitoring<br />
techniques<br />
Because yellow sticky cards are not<br />
highly attractive to psyllids, it is important<br />
for growers and PCAs to conduct<br />
visual and tap sampling of psyllids, especially<br />
during periods of flushing, in<br />
all of their orchards. The current protocol<br />
is to sample 10 trees each on the<br />
north, east, south, and west borders<br />
(rows/trees) of the orchard and in the<br />
center of the orchard for a total of 50<br />
trees (Figure 3).<br />
The psyllid prefers borders and<br />
so monitoring is concentrated on the<br />
outside edges of orchards. Edges are<br />
defined as breaks in citrus plantings,<br />
generally the width of a road.<br />
In filling out the sampling sheet,<br />
the stage of the leaf growth on the tree<br />
If you find<br />
ACP<br />
• Prepare alcohol vials with 70%<br />
alcohol to have on hand in your<br />
vehicle.<br />
• Use a fine point artist brush to<br />
move the nymphs or adult psyllids<br />
into the vial.<br />
• If an artist brush is not available,<br />
moisten your finger and gently<br />
touch the insect to stick it to your<br />
finger and then touch the liquid<br />
to wash it into the vial.<br />
• Label the vial with the date, location<br />
of the find (block, row, tree,<br />
city, county) and your name.<br />
• Field staff should use flagging<br />
tape to identify the tree where<br />
psyllids were detected and immediately<br />
notify their County<br />
Agricultural Commissioner.<br />
as feather flush, growing flush or fully<br />
expanded leaves should be noted. This<br />
provides a record of whether the flush<br />
is in a suitable state for immature stages<br />
of the psyllid.<br />
Visual sampling<br />
Visual sampling is especially important<br />
for detecting the nymphal<br />
stages of the psyllid but can also be effective<br />
in finding adults since they are<br />
attracted to flush for egg laying.<br />
The first step in visual sampling is to<br />
know what to look for. Eggs are deposited<br />
only on tiny new flush leaves and<br />
stems (Figure 4). The eggs are yellow to<br />
orange in color, tear drop shaped, and<br />
they are very difficult to see because<br />
they are very small and tucked between<br />
the newly developing leaves.<br />
The first instar nymphs that hatch from<br />
these eggs are equally small in size.<br />
When monitoring, pick off a new<br />
flush stem with a group of leaves and<br />
use a hand lens to look for the eggs and<br />
nymphs. As they grow, the nymphs will<br />
Asian <strong>Citrus</strong> Psyllid Sampling plan<br />
Monitored by: ___________________<br />
Date: ___________<br />
Orchard name: __________________<br />
Leaf status (circle one): feather flush/growing flush/fully expanded<br />
Block name or number: _______________ Variety: ___________ GPS: ___________<br />
W<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
North<br />
trees<br />
#ACP/<br />
tap<br />
N x x x x x x x x x x<br />
#ACP/<br />
flush<br />
E/N/A<br />
C<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
S x x x x x x x x x x<br />
East<br />
trees<br />
#ACP/<br />
tap<br />
E<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
X<br />
#ACP/<br />
flush<br />
E/N/A<br />
Instructions:<br />
1. Sample 10 trees on the north, east, south, west borders<br />
rows/trees of the orchard and in the center of the orchard.<br />
2. Hold clipboard with white paper under a branch and strike<br />
the branch 3 times, counting the total number of winged<br />
adult psyllids per 3 taps.<br />
3. Examine one young flush per sample tree. Count and<br />
record the number of eggs, nymphs and adults found on<br />
each flush examined (E/N/A).<br />
South<br />
trees<br />
#ACP/<br />
tap<br />
#ACP/<br />
flush<br />
E/N/A<br />
West<br />
trees<br />
#ACP/<br />
tap<br />
#ACP/<br />
flush<br />
E/N/A<br />
N1 E1 S1 W1 C1<br />
N2 E2 S2 W2 C2<br />
N3 E3 S3 W3 C3<br />
N4 E4 S4 W4 C4<br />
N5 E5 S5 W5 C5<br />
N6 E6 S6 W6 C6<br />
N7 E7 S7 W7 C7<br />
N8 E8 S8 W8 C8<br />
N9 E9 S9 W9 C9<br />
N10 E10 S10 W10 C10<br />
Center<br />
trees<br />
#ACP/<br />
tap<br />
#ACP/<br />
flush<br />
E/N/A<br />
Fig. 3. Sampling sheet showing the trees that are to be monitored for Asian citrus psyllid and the information that is to be gathered.<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 11
Fig. 4. Yellow to orange eggs deposited on new flush. In this photo, you can see<br />
both eggs and newly hatched nymphs. Photo by M. Rogers, University of Florida.<br />
Fig. 5. Asian citrus psyllid nymphs with<br />
red eyes and yellow, flattened bodies<br />
producing white waxy tubules. Photo<br />
by M. Rogers.<br />
Fig. 6. When the nymphs first develop,<br />
they are tucked inside leaves and<br />
difficult to see without detaching the<br />
flush and examining it with a hand<br />
lens. Photo by E. Grafton-Cardwell.<br />
Fig. 7. As the populations grow and develop, the leaves of the citrus expand<br />
revealing the nymphs and the long curly waxy tubules they produce. Note that<br />
other pests like new flush, including citrus leafminer and aphids and ants like to<br />
farm the honeydew produced by the psyllids and aphids. Photo by M. Rogers.<br />
produce waxy tubules that help them<br />
to keep the honeydew off of their bodies<br />
(Figure 5). Asian citrus psyllid is the<br />
only insect in citrus that produces these<br />
waxy tubules – so this is a clear sign you<br />
have the psyllid if you see them.<br />
The nymphs will have red eyes and<br />
yellow to orange colored bodies. They<br />
will grow larger as they molt four times.<br />
When the new flush leaves are very<br />
young and closed, the waxy tubules will<br />
be hard to see (Figure 6), and so it is<br />
important to pick the flush and open<br />
the leaves and look with a hand lens.<br />
As the leaves expand and the<br />
nymphs produce longer and longer<br />
curly strings of waxy tubules, the populations<br />
will become more obvious (Figure<br />
7). Note in this picture that nymphs<br />
and adults can be seen on both stems<br />
and leaves. Also, ants can be seen farming<br />
the honeydew that the psyllids are<br />
producing. <strong>Citrus</strong> leafminer and aphids<br />
like these new leaves and can be found<br />
mixed in with psyllid colonies.<br />
Feeding by the nymphs causes the<br />
same kind of curling of the leaves that<br />
aphids cause. The Asian citrus psyllid<br />
injects a toxin when it feeds and so it<br />
can sometimes kill the new leaves, leaving<br />
burned tips.<br />
Adult psyllids like to feed on stems<br />
(Figure 8) or leaves (Figure 9). When<br />
found on leaves, they prefer to line up<br />
on the edge of the leaf or on leaf veins.<br />
The adults have a very characteristic<br />
posture, in that they tilt their rear ends<br />
into the air at about a 45 o angle (Figure<br />
10). This is the only insect found in<br />
California citrus that has this posture.<br />
With a hand lens, you should also<br />
be able to see the brown band in the<br />
edge of the wing with the clear break<br />
in it that is diagnostic for this psyllid.<br />
Remember that the psyllid is extremely<br />
small (2-4 mm) (Figure 11) and best<br />
seen with a hand lens.<br />
To conduct the visual sampling<br />
method for Asian citrus psyllid, simply<br />
remove a leaf flush if present, from<br />
each of the 50 trees and examine the<br />
stem and leaves with a hand lens for<br />
any psyllid stages, including eggs,<br />
nymphs, and adults. Write the numbers<br />
of psyllids found on the sample sheet<br />
by stage. Example; 1/0/3 denotes 1 egg,<br />
0 nymphs and 3 adults were found.<br />
Tap sampling<br />
The tap sampling method is only<br />
useful for detecting adults. It has the<br />
12 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
Fig. 8. Adult psyllids like to feed on leaves and stems of new flush or old, but they<br />
are attracted to new flush when it is available for egg laying. Photo by M. Rogers.<br />
Fig. 9. Adult psyllids prefer to line up on leaf veins for feeding. Photo by M. Rogers.<br />
Fig. 10. The adult psyllids tilt their rear end up in the air, and with a hand lens you<br />
can see the brown band in the wing with the clear break in the pattern. Photo by<br />
M. Rogers.<br />
advantage that it can be done any time<br />
of the year, even when new flush is not<br />
present. Remember that adult psyllids<br />
can feed on either young or mature<br />
leaves or stems and so they can be present<br />
year-round.<br />
For tap sampling, you will need<br />
a hard plastic surface such as a white<br />
plastic clipboard, or white paper attached<br />
to the bottom of a translucent<br />
plastic clipboard, or laminate a white<br />
sheet of paper and lay it on top of a<br />
clipboard.<br />
Spray the plastic surface of the<br />
clipboard or laminated paper with a<br />
squirt of Dawn detergent mixed in a ½<br />
liter of water. Psyllids that are knocked<br />
onto the clipboard will stick in the solution,<br />
giving you time to see, identify,<br />
and count them.<br />
Hold the clipboard under a branch<br />
and strike the branch 3 times with a 12”<br />
section of PVC pipe (or other device).<br />
Then count the number of winged<br />
adult psyllids collected on the clipboard.<br />
If you draw a grid on the clipboard<br />
or paper, it will help you count<br />
the psyllids more quickly. Remove the<br />
psyllids from the clipboard after each<br />
count and re-apply the liquid as needed.<br />
To see a video demonstration of this<br />
procedure, go to http://ucanr.edu/sites/<br />
KACCItrusEntomology/Home/Asian_<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong>_Psyllid/Monitoring.<br />
Frequency of sampling and<br />
response to a psyllid find<br />
In areas where psyllids are not<br />
established<br />
Sticky cards, visual sampling and<br />
tap sampling should be conducted<br />
monthly. If psyllids are found in a new<br />
region, it is very important to contact<br />
the local County Agriculture Commissioner<br />
(CAC) as quickly as possible. If<br />
adult psyllids are found, collect them<br />
into a vial of 70% alcohol and report<br />
them. If you find immature stages, it<br />
is better to flag the tree the population<br />
was found on and alert the CAC<br />
to come make a collection so that they<br />
can officially document the location of<br />
the population.<br />
In areas where psyllids are<br />
established<br />
If psyllids are found in an area<br />
where they are known to be established,<br />
it is still important to collect<br />
psyllids into vials of 70% alcohol by<br />
14 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
Plant Food Systems’ products<br />
are certified as using only<br />
pure, virgin materials, with no<br />
byproducts or downstream<br />
contaminants for consistent<br />
safety, performance & results.<br />
Plant Food Systems, Inc.<br />
2827 Union St. P.O. Box 775<br />
Zellwood, FL 32798<br />
800.343.7775<br />
EPA Reg. No. 73806-1<br />
EPA Est. No. 73806-FL-001<br />
IN A CLASS<br />
BY ITSELF<br />
K<br />
®<br />
PHITE 7LP<br />
SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE BACTERICIDE<br />
Product Information:<br />
A systemic fungicide bactericide for the control of<br />
downy mildew, phytophthora, pythium, and various<br />
other diseases on agricultural crops and turf.<br />
Active Ingredients<br />
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:<br />
Mono- and dipotassium salts of Phosphorus Acid*<br />
.........………………....................................... 56.0%<br />
OTHER INGREDIENTS:.…….…………….. 44.0%<br />
TOTAL:……..…………………………………..100%<br />
*Contains 7.03 lbs./gallon of active ingredients,<br />
mono-and dipotassium salts of Phosphorus Acid.<br />
Equivalent to 4.41 lbs. Phosphorus Acid/gallon.<br />
MANUFACTURED BY:<br />
NET CONTENTS:<br />
2½ Gallons<br />
30 Gallons<br />
55 Gallons<br />
0711<br />
K<br />
®<br />
PHITE 7LP<br />
SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE BACTERICIDE<br />
Totally unique in its area of chemistry, K-PHITE 7LP’s unequalled level of<br />
efficacy sets it apart from all competitors. As the only EPA labeled fungicide and bactericide,<br />
K-PHITE is a registered crop protection material that does more than any other phite for plant<br />
health and greater profits. Providing optimal performance and control of phytopthora and<br />
pythium, K-PHITE 7LP supports new root growth and expansion of vascular bundle, enhancing<br />
overall plant efficiency while maximizing the plants ability to utilize nutrients. Higher efficacy,<br />
higher yields and fruit quality – K-PHITE 7LP is in a class by itself.<br />
TO FIND A DISTRIBUTOR OR LEARN MORE ABOUT OUR PRODUCTS,<br />
VISIT WWW.PLANTFOODSYSTEMS.COM | 800.343.7775
lock and submit them to the CAC so<br />
that they can be tested for the HLB<br />
bacterium.<br />
Conventional orchards: It is recommended<br />
that visual and tap sampling<br />
be conducted monthly throughout the<br />
year. Monitoring after insecticides are<br />
applied will help to document the efficacy<br />
of the treatments. Conventional<br />
insecticides may last from one to many<br />
months, especially if more than one<br />
chemical is applied.<br />
Organic orchards: In organic situations,<br />
the insecticides are weakly effective<br />
and so must be applied every<br />
10-14 days. It is recommended that tap<br />
and visual samples be conducted every<br />
2 weeks throughout the year in organic<br />
orchards.<br />
Summary<br />
Three methods of Asian citrus<br />
psyllid monitoring should be employed<br />
in commercial citrus orchards: yellow<br />
sticky cards, visual monitoring of flush,<br />
and tap sampling.<br />
In areas where the psyllid is not<br />
established, early detection and quick<br />
Fig. 11. Remember that the psyllid<br />
is extremely tiny and best seen with<br />
a hand lens. Photo by L. Duka, UC<br />
Riverside.<br />
response with insecticides by the growers<br />
could result in local eradication of<br />
the pest.<br />
In areas were the psyllid is established,<br />
monitoring populations will<br />
provide important information about<br />
the relative efficacy of insecticide treatments<br />
and aid in the development of<br />
better treatment guidelines for citrus<br />
growers. This will become especially<br />
important when huanglongbing begins<br />
to spread in California.<br />
No one method should be relied<br />
upon as each method has its own<br />
strengths and weaknesses. Yellow sticky<br />
cards only attract adults, and they are<br />
weakly attractive when flush is present.<br />
Visual sampling of flush is dependent<br />
on flush being present but is useful for<br />
detecting any stage of psyllid and can<br />
provide psyllids to test for HLB. Tap<br />
sampling only monitors adults, but it<br />
can be conducted at all times of year<br />
and so is a good tool for both detecting<br />
psyllids and monitoring the effects of<br />
insecticides.<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> growers and PCAs are encouraged<br />
to add these methods to their<br />
regular citrus pest monitoring program.<br />
Dr. Beth Grafton-Cardwell is a University<br />
of California IPM Specialist and<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Entomologist with the Department<br />
of Entomology at UC Riverside.<br />
She also serves as Director of the Lindcove<br />
<strong>Research</strong> and Extension Center. l<br />
Tier 4 Available!<br />
New LectroBlast Tower – Increase your<br />
total coverage and efficiency.<br />
Progressive Ag Inc.<br />
1336 McWilliams Way, Modesto, CA 95351<br />
209-567-3232 • www.proaginc.com • 800-351-8101<br />
16 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
Meet the faces of Dandy®citrus.<br />
For 85 years, Duda Farm Fresh Foods has been providing farm fresh fruits and vegetables to businesses and consumers.<br />
Our commitment to quality and availability holds true today now more than ever, as we aim to provide our customers<br />
with a year-round supply of the most sought after citrus products. With a trusted network of growers, both domestic<br />
and international, Duda Farm Fresh Foods provides a consistent and high quality citrus supply all year long.<br />
Phone 559-627-1337<br />
Fax 559-627-3665<br />
www.DudaFresh.com<br />
JOIN OUR COMMUNITY.<br />
Dandy Fresh Fruits and Vegetables<br />
@Dandy_Fresh<br />
dudafreshproduce
The development of an<br />
ACP biological control program<br />
for California<br />
Ted Batkin<br />
The <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong> has<br />
been supporting the development<br />
of biological control tools<br />
for use in California against the Asian cit<br />
rus psyllid for the past five years.<br />
The results thus far have been reported<br />
in several issues of <strong>Citrograph</strong><br />
with information on the work of Dr.<br />
Mark Hoddle and his team in bringing<br />
in promising strains of parasitoids<br />
for release in California climates. This<br />
explorative activity led to additional<br />
studies and developmental efforts by<br />
Dr. Richard Stouthamer and others at<br />
the University of California Riverside<br />
to rear the parasites and release them<br />
for evaluation.<br />
The success of this early work has<br />
now led the industry to draw up a for-<br />
mal action plan for the development of<br />
the process to raise and release large<br />
volumes of parasites in parts of California<br />
where ACP populations have<br />
continued to spread.<br />
This is the first of a series of reports<br />
to the industry on the plan and the procedures<br />
that will take place over the<br />
next two years to establish both public<br />
and private rearing programs for widescale<br />
releases of biocontrol agents.<br />
Background<br />
ACP populations in certain urban<br />
areas of Southern California currently<br />
exceed the levels for chemical control.<br />
The California Department of Food<br />
and Agriculture, with funding support<br />
from the citrus industry through<br />
the <strong>Citrus</strong> Pest and Disease Prevention<br />
Committee (CPDPC), carried out<br />
a valiant effort to chemically treat<br />
the find sites and a 400-meter radius<br />
around the sites. But the populations<br />
have overrun the treatment areas and<br />
threaten to find and distribute the causal<br />
agent for huanglongbing (HLB).<br />
This HLB-associated bacteria has<br />
been detected in Hacienda Heights, a<br />
community in Los Angeles County. It is<br />
suspected that other areas of the county<br />
also have the bacteria, and most likely<br />
the ACP populations will soon find<br />
these other sites and begin to spread<br />
HLB throughout L.A. county and adjacent<br />
counties with citrus producing<br />
areas. This has been the typical pattern<br />
of dispersal in other parts of the world<br />
including Florida and now Texas.<br />
The California <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong><br />
<strong>Board</strong>, CDFA, and the CPDPC have<br />
funded various stages of research<br />
through the University of California<br />
to search for parasites in parts of the<br />
world with climates similar to California.<br />
Currently UCR is rearing 17<br />
strains of Tamarixia radiata for release<br />
in the Los Angeles Basin.<br />
So far, over 25,000 wasps have been<br />
released at 120 sites, and now the team<br />
is beginning to recover populations<br />
from the initial efforts, sometimes as<br />
far as 8 miles from the release sites.<br />
DNA tests indicate that the recoveries<br />
are from the original releases and not<br />
from natural populations. The test colonies<br />
are now being increased to provide<br />
base populations for mass rearing<br />
facilities.<br />
Prototype of field insectary for the mass rearing of Tamarixia radiata. Photo by<br />
Anna Soper. Used courtesy of Center for Invasive Species <strong>Research</strong>, UC Riverside.<br />
The basic plan<br />
Field insectary rearing of Tamarixia<br />
radiata will be one of the first efforts<br />
of the plan. Currently the University<br />
of California members of the team lead<br />
by Dr. Stouthamer have placed field<br />
18 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
Tamarixia radiata stalking ACP. Photo<br />
by Mark Hoddle, courtesy of the Center<br />
for Invasive Species <strong>Research</strong>, UC<br />
Riverside.<br />
cages in a location in Southern California<br />
to start the testing of cage types<br />
and methods of rearing and collection.<br />
This program will then feed additional<br />
information to the APHIS-funded program<br />
being started now.<br />
The APHIS program will provide<br />
staffing and resources to conduct<br />
“Methods Development” activities for<br />
large-scale field insectary programs<br />
that will be expanded throughout the<br />
Southern California area over the next<br />
2 years. As the ACP expands and moves<br />
to new areas of the state, the field rearing<br />
can be increased in any geographic<br />
area as appropriate. The beauty of field<br />
cages is their rapid deployment capabilities<br />
and their efficiency during certain<br />
times of the year.<br />
Insectary rearing of Tamarixia radiata<br />
will commence as soon as possible<br />
with the construction of a facility<br />
on the Cal Poly Pomona campus. This<br />
will include the construction of greenhouses<br />
and mobile lab facilities that<br />
This photo taken at one of the release sites in the L.A. Basin shows ACP mummies<br />
from which Tamarixia has emerged. Photo by Mark Hoddle used courtesy of the<br />
Center for Invasive Species <strong>Research</strong>, UC Riverside.<br />
can be used for insectary cage rearing<br />
on a year-round basis.<br />
The Cal Poly facility will also be<br />
used as a “Methods Development”<br />
location for the study and development<br />
of rearing systems that can be<br />
duplicated in other areas as necessary<br />
and feasible. Several sites have been<br />
identified as possible rearing locations<br />
throughout the Southern California<br />
area. Also, the systems developed will<br />
be available for use by private insectaries<br />
as the ACP populations expand<br />
into other geographical areas of the<br />
state. Cal Poly will also use the facility<br />
as a teaching unit for students inter-<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 19
Go<br />
CAT Less<br />
Simplify Your Life<br />
[without Catalytic Converter]<br />
★ Lower initial purchase price<br />
★ Lower maintenance cost<br />
★ Easier to diagnose and service<br />
★ No more CAT burn injuries<br />
★ Increased return on investment<br />
★ Reduced theft losses, eliminate costly CAT replacements<br />
★ Eliminates need for oxygen sensors<br />
EPA Certified V-10 Engine<br />
[without catalytic converter]<br />
FORD<br />
TRITON<br />
V-10<br />
Introducing<br />
our newest dealer<br />
John’s Crane Service<br />
Tulare, CA<br />
559-686-3096<br />
Call for a dealer in your area!<br />
H.F. HAUFF<br />
COMPANY INC.<br />
2921 Sutherland Park Dr.<br />
Yakima, WA 98903-1891<br />
Toll Free 1-855-855-0318<br />
509-248-0318 • fax 509-248-0914<br />
hfhauff@gmail.com<br />
www.hfhauff.com<br />
ested in biological control programs as<br />
part of their studies at the University.<br />
The goal for the first phase of the<br />
Biocontrol Program is to produce<br />
4,800,000 wasps for release in the<br />
Southern California urban areas to<br />
reduce the populations of ACP. The<br />
use of chemical control in urban areas<br />
has been discontinued as strategy by<br />
the <strong>Citrus</strong> Pest and Disease Prevention<br />
Program in order to concentrate<br />
their efforts on protecting commercial<br />
groves where ACP populations<br />
have started to increase. For the urban<br />
areas,biological control now becomes<br />
the best and the only strategy that will<br />
reduce the populations of ACP and<br />
lower the threat of the movement of<br />
HLB, which is the primary focus of the<br />
whole CPDPC program.<br />
This report is the first of several<br />
reports that we will bring to you over<br />
the next year. This is an evolving program<br />
that will add more elements as<br />
the technology moves forward. The<br />
research efforts of the University of<br />
California Riverside along with the<br />
collaborations with Cal Poly Pomona<br />
and the two government agencies will<br />
provide the citrus industry with many<br />
new options for ACP management and<br />
control. As we are seeing the ACP populations<br />
continually increase in wider<br />
areas of the state, new techniques will<br />
be required to keep the industry free<br />
from the bacterial agent that causes<br />
HLB disease.<br />
Ted Batkin is President of the California<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong>. l<br />
THE ANSWER<br />
Why would someone want to put oranges<br />
on display as part of their home décor<br />
(Do You Know, page 5.)<br />
Toronto-based interior designer Laura<br />
Miller, who gives clients advice on color<br />
theory and placement for Feng Shui (pronounced<br />
Fung Shway), promotes the idea<br />
of placing a bowl of oranges or a dwarf<br />
orange tree in living areas of the home to<br />
increase “yang”. She says Feng Shui practitioners<br />
use oranges, peel, and orange oil<br />
in a variety of ways to boost vitality and<br />
positive energy.<br />
<strong>Citrograph</strong> issues back to January/February<br />
2010 are on the <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong><br />
<strong>Board</strong> website at www.citrusresearch.org.<br />
20 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
Seduce in. Pests out.<br />
www.neudorffpro.com<br />
Seduce<br />
SPINOSAD INSECT BAIT<br />
®<br />
Treat your young citrus trees for easier control of<br />
earwigs and cutworms.<br />
Introducing Seduce. A new insect bait that makes your<br />
job easier. Seduce has a 4-hour reentry. No posting<br />
requirements. And an environmentally responsible profile<br />
that allows your citrus crops to be sustainably grown.<br />
Growing made easier: By Seduce.<br />
[<br />
]<br />
©<br />
2012 Certis USA<br />
1-800-250-5024 • www.CertisUSA.com
Profile<br />
Counting their blessings<br />
and giving back<br />
Anne Warring<br />
All across agriculture, there are<br />
producers willing to work very<br />
hard for the common good.<br />
They serve on committees, sit on boards,<br />
and volunteer for special projects. They<br />
do all that needs doing in their own<br />
operations and then find the time to do<br />
the other on the side.<br />
We are fortunate in California<br />
citrus to have many growers who are<br />
actively involved in industry service including<br />
some who are very active, like<br />
Link Leavens and his sister Leslie and<br />
their cousin Dave Schwabauer.<br />
It’s obvious from looking at their<br />
resumes that these three don’t hesitate<br />
to shoulder some heavy responsibility.<br />
Link is serving on the <strong>Citrus</strong><br />
Pest and Disease Prevention Committee<br />
(CPDPC), Leslie chairs the Ventura<br />
County ACP-HLB Task Force,<br />
and Dave just came off an eight-year<br />
stretch as the District 4 representative<br />
on the board of the California Farm<br />
Bureau Federation. And that doesn’t<br />
begin to tell the story.<br />
Leavens Ranches managing partners<br />
Link, Leslie and Dave are the managing<br />
partners in their family’s business,<br />
Leavens Ranches, growing lemons<br />
and avocados in Ventura County<br />
and in Monterey County where they<br />
also have some wine grapes.<br />
In all, Leavens Ranches farms<br />
1,200 acres spread over a dozen ranches.<br />
In Ventura County, their orchards<br />
are in the Santa Clara River Valley – in<br />
the Santa Paula/Saticoy/Ventura area<br />
– and over the hill in Moorpark. In<br />
Monterey County, their acreage is near<br />
Gonzales on a bench above the Salinas<br />
River.<br />
Link is the general manager, Dave<br />
is the manager of their Moorpark oper-<br />
The managing partners of Leavens Ranches, Link Leavens, left, his cousin Dave Schwabauer, and Link’s sister Leslie. Photo<br />
by Steve Osman.<br />
22 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
Leavens Fairview Ranch in Moorpark. Photo by Anne Warring.<br />
The headquarters office for Leavens<br />
Ranches is this beautifully restored<br />
Victorian-era house just west of Santa<br />
Paula. There are desks in the front room<br />
close to the spot where Anne and Paul J.<br />
Leavens, Sr. always put their Christmas<br />
tree. Photo by Steve Osman.<br />
ations, and Leslie is the office manager.<br />
The business has a very complex<br />
ownership structure – too complex to<br />
go into here in any detail, but the basics<br />
are that ownership is currently<br />
shared by 26 members of the family,<br />
with each member holding a certain<br />
number of “units” and with each of the<br />
four branches of the family bestowing<br />
their units differently. All blood relatives<br />
who are 18 years and older are<br />
part owners but with different stakes.<br />
They govern it all with a board that<br />
has several outside directors, people<br />
they can count on for their objectivity<br />
and a broader perspective.<br />
They also rely heavily on several<br />
outside advisors, consultants in the field<br />
of strategic thinking and strategic planning,<br />
who have specialized expertise in<br />
working with family-owned businesses.<br />
Their headquarters is a restored<br />
Victorian house that was once their<br />
grandparents’ home – which is very fitting<br />
because family is the foundation<br />
for everything that gets done in that<br />
office.<br />
And that’s because their purpose<br />
for being in agriculture is a little different<br />
than what you might expect it to<br />
be. While they obviously have financial<br />
goals for their farming operations, their<br />
reason for farming is the family itself.<br />
Leslie likes to explain it by saying,<br />
“We are committed to remaining<br />
a family in farming, and the ranch<br />
provides a means for us to continue to<br />
gather together as family.”<br />
Shared vision for a far-flung family<br />
They can trace their Leavens ancestry<br />
all the way back to 1581 to a<br />
John Leavens born in Essex County,<br />
England, who immigrated to Massachusetts.<br />
But for their history in ag, they<br />
start with Joseph G. Leavens (born in<br />
1870) and his wife, Mary Louise Phelps<br />
Leavens, who arrived in California from<br />
New England in 1900. To Link, Leslie<br />
and Dave, they’re “great-grandpa” and<br />
“great-grandma,” and on the family tree<br />
they’re referred to as “generation 0.”<br />
Joseph G. and Mary Louise had<br />
son Paul Joseph Leavens, Sr., who married<br />
Anne Oberhelman, and Paul Sr.<br />
and Anne (“generation 1”) had four<br />
children: Mary, Dorothy, Paul Jr., and<br />
Sarah (“generation 2”).<br />
In “generation 3,” Link and Leslie<br />
and their sisters Tina and Heather are<br />
the children of Paul Jr. and Carolyn<br />
(Douglass) Leavens, and Dave (C. David)<br />
is the only child of Mary (Leavens)<br />
and Charles Schwabauer.<br />
In that “cousin generation” as they<br />
call themselves, there are nine members<br />
in all but only Link, Leslie and<br />
Dave are hands-on in Leavens Ranches.<br />
The others are in non-ag careers and<br />
are scattered across the country.<br />
And that’s where the need for the<br />
“glue” comes in. It’s a far-flung family,<br />
and farming is how they maintain their<br />
ties.<br />
They bring the entire group together<br />
twice a year at company expense for<br />
family retreats that include lengthy and<br />
in-depth discussions about everything<br />
going on in the business and the challenges<br />
they’re facing. For one of those<br />
gatherings, they converge on their family’s<br />
Ventura beach house and rent the<br />
two houses next door so they can all<br />
stay together.<br />
Their objective with these retreats<br />
is to always come away with a shared<br />
vision.<br />
They do a lot of other things to<br />
make sure the “glue” is holding. They<br />
even go to the extent of producing a<br />
monthly newsletter for family and a<br />
few close associates.<br />
For the youngest generation, they<br />
organize “Camp Mary” (after Dave’s<br />
mother, a retired teacher) so while<br />
they’re in grade school and junior high<br />
the kids learn about the business by doing<br />
things like picking lemons and visit-<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 23
ing Brokaw Nursery and watching the<br />
color sorter at Saticoy Lemon.<br />
“That way, when they’re participating<br />
in family conferences, they know<br />
what a rootstock is, they know what a<br />
scion is, they’ve seen the irrigation systems,”<br />
Dave says.<br />
As Leslie points out, “When the 12-<br />
16 year-olds reach 18, we’ll have 30 in<br />
the ownership group. The eldest of the<br />
five G5s is only 18 months behind the<br />
youngest G4, so another crop will be<br />
coming along shortly thereafter.”<br />
Back row, left to right: Paul J. Leavens, Sr., Dorothy Leavens (Carlson), and Paul J.<br />
Leavens, Jr. Front row: Anne Oberhelman Leavens, Sarah Leavens (Gilmour), Mary<br />
Leavens (Schwabauer), and Joseph G. Leavens. Leavens family album.<br />
The “G3s” at a “cousins dinner”. Back row, left to right: Dave Schwabauer, Heather<br />
Leavens August, Paul Carlson, Andy Gilmour. Front row: Maureen Gilmour Cook,<br />
Tina Leavens Cullenberg, Leslie Leavens, Helen Carlson, and Link Leavens.<br />
Courtesy of Leavens Ranches.<br />
The “G4s” stair-stepping down, left to right: Jimmy Cook, James August, Katie<br />
August, Carl Cook, Jonathan Gilmour, Elizabeth August, Alex Nicholson, Will<br />
Carlson, Erin Cook, Emily Carlson, Timothy Gilmour, Brianne Schwabauer, and Elly<br />
Nicholson. Courtesy of Leavens Ranches.<br />
24 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013<br />
The Leavens Ranches backstory<br />
Their backstory isn’t quite the<br />
same as it is with many of the other citrus<br />
families in California because they<br />
haven’t been farming in earnest for<br />
three or four generations. It wasn’t until<br />
Paul Jr. came home from the Navy<br />
that they really got going.<br />
The history is that Joseph G. (“generation<br />
0”) was a chef by trade who,<br />
once he’d settled in Santa Paula made<br />
his living mainly in the insurance business,<br />
although he also worked for a<br />
time in a dry goods store and as an<br />
apricot buyer for Del Monte.<br />
Over the years, he acquired some<br />
property, but a lot of it was dry land in<br />
Moorpark that he ended up with after<br />
a friend for whom he’d co-signed a note<br />
was struck and killed by a car. He had a<br />
few acres of oranges but was “more of a<br />
gentleman farmer,” Dave says.<br />
Paul Sr. wasn’t really interested<br />
in agriculture because his path was as<br />
a Presbyterian minister. But his wife,<br />
Anne, believed that farming would be<br />
the key to success for their only son,<br />
Paul Jr., and she did everything she<br />
could to encourage him.<br />
When he was a boy, she sent him to<br />
Kansas every summer to visit relatives<br />
who lived on a farm and raised corn,<br />
wheat and livestock. As he says today,<br />
“I guess it kind of grew on me, seeing<br />
what it’s like to live on the land and appreciate<br />
what it produces.”<br />
By the time he went to high school,<br />
he’d made his decision. He got a B.A.<br />
degree in business management at<br />
Whitworth College in Spokane but also<br />
took a year of citriculture at Cal Poly<br />
Pomona (in those days, the Voorhees<br />
unit of Cal Poly San Luis Obispo).<br />
He was an officer on a U.S. Navy<br />
destroyer escort from 1952 to 1954, and<br />
then he came home to Santa Paula.<br />
“We had only 10 acres of citrus
Leavens Family Mission Statement<br />
We have received a rich legacy from our parents and theirs. We are grateful<br />
to God for the blessings of life, good health, and loving family. With perseverance<br />
and flexibility, we will pass on these values:<br />
• Integrity<br />
• Respect for others and service to the community and the world at large<br />
• Good stewardship of our heritage<br />
• Willingness to work hard and learn throughout all our lives<br />
• Support and love each member of our family<br />
Gratefully remembering our past, we dedicate ourselves to growing the<br />
good fruit of family.<br />
then,” Paul says, “but the family had<br />
other land. I could hardly wait to get<br />
out of the service because I knew I had<br />
all that opportunity in farming.”<br />
With his mother’s encouragement<br />
and the full support of his sisters – including<br />
their financial support, as they<br />
allowed their interests to be put up as<br />
security – he set out to develop ranches.<br />
Paul was a risk-taker, and he had a<br />
vision.<br />
“Dad recognized,” Link says, “that<br />
for this family farming operation to<br />
work, everybody was going to have to<br />
benefit, and so the operation would<br />
have to grow to the point where it had<br />
critical mass.”<br />
Paul’s sisters were totally committed<br />
to what he wanted to do, and<br />
they’ve stayed committed -- even Dot<br />
and Sarah who left California when<br />
they married and have never been directly<br />
involved in operations.<br />
His sister Mary, on the other hand,<br />
has always been close to operations because<br />
husband Charles is a local boy,<br />
and almost immediately after they got<br />
married he came on-board with the<br />
family business.<br />
Dave describes his dad as a behindthe-scenes<br />
person who played a critical<br />
role. He was an incredibly skilled mechanic<br />
who “held everything together<br />
with chewing gum and baling wire.”<br />
Charlie was Paul’s right-hand man, and,<br />
Paul says, “In those early days, building<br />
ranches, we were able to make do with<br />
a lot of used equipment.”<br />
Early missteps, then smart moves<br />
What mistakes have they made<br />
along the way Paul smiles when he<br />
mentions early tries with oranges and<br />
grapefruit and even limes before sticking<br />
with lemons and avocados.<br />
He also says with the benefit of<br />
hindsight that while he wouldn’t have<br />
done it any differently at the time, he<br />
probably expanded a little too much<br />
and a little too fast.<br />
Paul explains that for a time they<br />
had a substantial amount of nonbearing<br />
acreage, representing a major portion<br />
of their total plantings, and that<br />
happened to be the case at a particular<br />
point when problems in ag in the Midwest<br />
prompted the Farm Credit System<br />
to make policy changes.<br />
“They refused to allow us to convert<br />
some of our shorter term borrow-<br />
Order Now<br />
for<br />
2014<br />
800-992-2304<br />
The<br />
SOURCE<br />
for all your<br />
citrus tree<br />
needs<br />
www.citrustreesource.com<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 25
ings to Land Bank loans, which we<br />
really needed to do.” They had to sell<br />
off a few blocks, most of which they’ve<br />
since repurchased.<br />
Today’s three managing partners<br />
say one of the smartest moves – if not<br />
the smartest move – Paul ever made<br />
was adding Monterey County. “There<br />
are years when Monterey represents a<br />
significant portion of our total lemon<br />
income,” Link says.<br />
“The lemons thrive up there. They<br />
come off four to six weeks later, at a<br />
peak time of consumption. The characteristics<br />
of that fruit (are that) the<br />
quality gets better as the year progresses.<br />
They start out really crappy,<br />
but they get really good in June, July,<br />
August.”<br />
“We have been blessed so many<br />
times by the fact that we were geographically<br />
diversified,” he says.<br />
Dave adds, “In our lifetimes we’ve<br />
seen it. In the 1990 freeze, the whole<br />
Santa Clara Valley got froze out, but we<br />
survived because of Moorpark.”<br />
Link is especially proud of the fact<br />
that through the years they’ve done<br />
some things that were unconventional,<br />
At the Leavens Fairview Ranch in<br />
1962. Back row, left to right: Charlie<br />
Schwabauer, Mary Leavens Schwabauer,<br />
Paul Leavens, Jr., and Carolyn Douglass<br />
Leavens. Front: Tina, Heather, Link, and<br />
Leslie Leavens. Leavens family album.<br />
that prompted coffee shop talk: “What<br />
is Leavens doing this time”<br />
For example, “We were some of the<br />
first to go to the ‘Prior’ lemon, and we<br />
made some good money doing it because<br />
it was 10-15% higher in quality.<br />
We also found a ‘Limco 8-A’ that was<br />
incredibly more productive.” They also<br />
went to 11 x 22 spacing for a lot of their<br />
blocks.<br />
‘I got to be right there with Dad’<br />
Link says he knew from the time<br />
he was a little kid that farming would<br />
be his life.<br />
He can actually remember walking<br />
the furrows behind his dad on their Saticoy<br />
ranch when he was five years old,<br />
and when he was nine and ten he had<br />
“summer projects” at Brokaw Nursery.<br />
“I got to plant trees when I was 12, 13.”<br />
When it was time for college, he<br />
went to Cal Poly Pomona, earning a<br />
bachelor of science degree in plant and<br />
soil science in 1973.<br />
He has been with Leavens Ranches<br />
ever since – which means it’s now 40<br />
years, and that’s if you don’t count the<br />
summers and the spring vacations and<br />
the weekends as a teen. At Cal Poly,<br />
“I was the only one on my water polo<br />
team who wasn’t an ocean lifeguard every<br />
summer because I was busy driving<br />
tractors and developing ranches.”<br />
His time and attention are split fairly<br />
evenly between citrus and avocados.<br />
26 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
He has served on the board of Calavo<br />
Growers since 1985 and has been<br />
Calavo’s vice chair since 1994.<br />
In citrus, he was a board member<br />
and president of an association of<br />
Sunkist-affiliated packinghouses in the<br />
area known as the Ventura County <strong>Citrus</strong><br />
Growers Committee.<br />
When he isn’t focusing on citrus<br />
and avocado issues, he’s working on<br />
land use and water. In 1976, just three<br />
years out of college, he became board<br />
president of Hardscrabble Water Company<br />
– a post he held for nearly 20<br />
(Both he and Link have since added<br />
MBAs from Cal Lutheran University.)<br />
His first job with Leavens Ranches<br />
was as the on-site assistant manager in<br />
Moorpark, and in 1998 he became the<br />
manager of that 760-acre Moorpark<br />
operation.<br />
Most of Schwabauer’s work in<br />
industry service has been with Farm<br />
Bureau. At the county level, he was<br />
in Young Farmers and Ranchers and<br />
chaired the <strong>Citrus</strong> and Avocado Committee<br />
before becoming a director-atlarge<br />
and then moving up the ranks<br />
from treasurer. He was president from<br />
2003 to 2005.<br />
At the state level, as the director<br />
from District 4, he represented<br />
more than 2,700 members in Ventura<br />
and Santa Barbara counties. He was<br />
the liaison to the <strong>Citrus</strong> and Avocado<br />
Committee for eight years, served on<br />
the CFBF finance committee for four<br />
years, and chaired the strategic planning<br />
committee from 2006 to 2008.<br />
Metarex ® 4% * Snail and Slug Bait<br />
Protect <strong>Citrus</strong> Quality and Grade<br />
with<br />
• Superior palatability and attraction<br />
promotes early feeding and faster control.<br />
• Maximum weatherability—holds up to moisture<br />
and rehardens for longer-lasting control.<br />
At the beach house between Ventura<br />
and Santa Barbara, Paul J. Leavens Sr.<br />
and Anne with their four children, Mary<br />
and Dot in the back and Sarah and Paul<br />
at front. Leavens family album.<br />
years – and after 35 years he’s still serving<br />
on that board.<br />
He was a founding board member<br />
of the Ventura County Agricultural<br />
Trust Conservancy, something he did<br />
for nearly a decade, and was on the<br />
Ventura County Open Space Advisory<br />
Committee. He also served for 20 years<br />
as a director of the Ventura County Resource<br />
Conservation District.<br />
Link has been a Ventura County<br />
Farm Bureau member for 40 years and<br />
sat on the board for a dozen years from<br />
1975-1987 including a term as president<br />
in 1986-87. He was also a founding director<br />
of the University of California<br />
Thelma Hansen Trust.<br />
Farm Bureau and water<br />
Like his cousin Link, Dave also<br />
went to Cal Poly Pomona where in<br />
1986 he got his bachelor’s degree in<br />
fruit industries with a minor in ag business<br />
management.<br />
• Highest pellet count per pound<br />
for superior coverage and maximum control.<br />
Outlasts and outperforms.<br />
Snail damage to orange<br />
The Power is in the Pellet!<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 27
A legacy of leadership…<br />
Are leaders made or are they born Is leadership primarily a matter of<br />
individual choice or parental example-setting<br />
There are various theories about what prompts a person to become<br />
a leader, but with Link, Leslie and Dave and their service to California agriculture,<br />
in addition to their own very personal and deeply felt commitments, there<br />
has been some serious role-modeling at work in their lives.<br />
Dave’s dad, Charlie Schwabauer, was on the board of Ventura County Farm<br />
Bureau, serving two years as president in the mid-1970s and chairing the building<br />
committee when they needed a new headquarters. He was also instrumental<br />
in getting the Soil Conservation Service established in the area.<br />
Link and Leslie’s dad, Paul, has been a fixture in Ventura County agriculture<br />
for decades. He’s held numerous top-level leadership positions in both the citrus<br />
and avocado industries.<br />
He served 16 years on<br />
the boards of both Sunkist<br />
Growers and Fruit Growers<br />
Supply Company (including<br />
nine as a vice-chairman),<br />
and for 15 years he was<br />
chairman of the board of<br />
Ventura County <strong>Citrus</strong> Exchange.<br />
He was also on the<br />
board of the Ojai-Tapo <strong>Citrus</strong><br />
Association for 18 years,<br />
including 15 years as chair,<br />
Paul and Carolyn Leavens, in Costa Rica in 2002,<br />
celebrating their 50th anniversary and 70th<br />
birthdays. Carolyn passed away in April 2011.<br />
and served for 22 years as a<br />
director of Saticoy Lemon<br />
Association.<br />
Paul is also a past chair<br />
of Calavo Growers, serving<br />
on the board from 1960 to 1978. He was a member of the board of the Ventura<br />
Production Credit Association for 15 years including seven years as president,<br />
and he is also a past president of the Ventura County Farm Bureau.<br />
And then you have Link and Leslie’s late mother, Carolyn Leavens, who<br />
was an absolute powerhouse. As anyone who ever worked with her will attest,<br />
she had tremendous drive and sense of purpose, she was a gifted and persuasive<br />
communicator, and she was a dynamo when it came to advocating for ag.<br />
For starters, she was founding president of the Ventura County chapter of<br />
California Woman for Agriculture and served as CWA’s state president in 1981.<br />
She was also a long-time member of CWA’s affiliated organization, American<br />
Agri-Women, serving in the early 80s as their national media spokesperson, then<br />
as president for two years, and then finally as their international outreach chair<br />
from 1991 to 1997.<br />
She was a member of the California State <strong>Board</strong> of Food and Agriculture<br />
from 1978 to 1982. Then for 16 years, she was active in USDA’s Agricultural<br />
Women’s Leadership Network, serving on its board for a year and participating<br />
in its European Economic Community (EEC) Tour as an ambassador of American<br />
agriculture. She also co-chaired USDA’s Farm Women’s Forum.<br />
Carolyn also served on the board of Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative<br />
Assistance, which chose her to be a delegate to the first International Women in<br />
Agriculture Convention. For five years in the mid-1990s, she served on the board<br />
of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, an independent agency of the<br />
U.S. government that mobilizes private-sector investment in new and emerging<br />
markets overseas.<br />
In addition to all of that, she kept a full calendar of community, civic and political<br />
activity. She received numerous awards for her civic work, including being<br />
named the California legislature’s Woman of the Year in 1988.<br />
As proud as they are of her service to agriculture, her family says it was<br />
her “tireless involvement in the decades-long campaign that culminated in the<br />
establishment of California State University Channel Islands that may be her<br />
most lasting local legacy.”<br />
Dave’s service has included the<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong>. For six seasons,<br />
from 1997 to 2003, he was an alternate<br />
member representing District 2. But<br />
along with Farm Bureau, his other real<br />
passion has been water.<br />
He represents Ventura County<br />
Farm Bureau on the board of the<br />
County Association of Water Agencies,<br />
and for over 20 years he has represented<br />
ag on the advisory committee of<br />
Ventura County Waterworks District 1.<br />
He has been active with the Fox<br />
Canyon Groundwater Management<br />
Agency, serving as either a member or<br />
an alternate since 1997, and since 2001<br />
he’s been very involved with the Las<br />
Posas Uses Group.<br />
With Las Posas, “there are overdraft<br />
issues and salinity issues, and<br />
multiple entities – municipalities and<br />
water districts and individual ranches<br />
–all pulling from the same aquifer, with<br />
increasing demands coming from an<br />
urban population. You’ve got effluent<br />
that’s coming down from waste water<br />
treatment plants, changing the chemistry<br />
of the water.” The group meets every<br />
two weeks in a roundtable format.<br />
He describes the Las Posas work<br />
as “very demanding but also one of<br />
the most satisfying things, too, because<br />
coming up with answers is so critical to<br />
the preservation of ag.”<br />
‘I got involved gradually’<br />
In contrast to her brother’s experience<br />
of practically living in the orchard,<br />
Leslie says that while she was growing<br />
up, the idea that one day she’d be<br />
working at Leavens Ranches “never<br />
occurred to me.”<br />
She loves the performing arts, and<br />
through her high school and college<br />
years she’d found herself following<br />
a path toward theatre as a career, in<br />
stage management or lighting design.<br />
She studied at Whitworth College<br />
as her parents had done, then transferred<br />
to UCLA for a fine arts degree<br />
with an emphasis in theatre, “but by<br />
the time I graduated from UCLA, I<br />
was living on Maalox and realized that<br />
theatre was really not what I should be<br />
doing with my life, it was so stressful.”<br />
For several years, she was an assistant<br />
sales manager at Brokaw Nursery,<br />
and she also worked for a time in administration<br />
and customer service at<br />
Twyford Plant Laboratories in Santa<br />
Paula.<br />
28 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
“Dad asked me if I wanted to work<br />
for the ranch on a part-time basis, to<br />
replace an employee who was leaving,”<br />
she recalls, “and for a number of years<br />
it was three days a week doing bookkeeping<br />
and administrative assistant<br />
sorts of things, and then it was four<br />
days a week, and the amount of work<br />
got bigger, and I gradually got involved<br />
in industry affairs.”<br />
Leslie’s industry service includes<br />
being a director of Saticoy Lemon Association,<br />
which she has done since<br />
2003, and for the past two years she<br />
has been the board secretary. In 2010<br />
and 2011, she sat on the boards of Fruit<br />
Growers Supply Company and Sunkist.<br />
In 2009, she became the fifth member<br />
of the family to serve as president<br />
of Ventura County Farm Bureau, just<br />
recently stepping away from that board<br />
after 12 years because she needed to<br />
free up some time for her highest priority,<br />
the ACP-HLB Task Force.<br />
But she hasn’t totally stepped away<br />
from Farm Bureau – far from it – because<br />
in place of the local activity, she<br />
has taken on the chairmanship of the<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> and Avocado Commodity Advisory<br />
Committee of the California Farm<br />
Bureau Federation, and at the national<br />
level she chairs the citrus committee of<br />
the American Farm Bureau Federation.<br />
And, like both Dave and Link, she<br />
works on water issues, sitting on the<br />
boards of Farmers Irrigation Company,<br />
Alta Mutual Water Company, and<br />
the Santa Paula Basin Pumpers Association.<br />
Half agriculture, half urban<br />
Asked about the challenges that<br />
they’re having to deal with these days,<br />
Link quickly rattles off a list of the<br />
problems that all growers in Ventura<br />
County are facing, then says about<br />
their own situation, “Our expenses<br />
tend to be higher than average because<br />
so much of our operation is in Moorpark.”<br />
“We have to pump from deep aquifers,<br />
the fertilizers are less effective. It’s<br />
tougher over there, which means we<br />
have to be really good at what we do.”<br />
Leslie adds, “One of the things about<br />
Ventura County that’s unique among<br />
coastal counties is that other than the<br />
parts that are Los Padres National Forest,<br />
the land is half in ag production and<br />
half in urban uses. There are places all<br />
over the county where agriculture is immediately<br />
adjacent to houses.”<br />
Link mentions that among the<br />
special skills Dave brings to the mix is<br />
his ability to build relationships. This<br />
knack Dave has for forging friendships<br />
is something Link believes has<br />
been the key to maintaining such positive<br />
interactions with their neighbors<br />
in Moorpark. There are horse ranches<br />
and hobby farms and non-ag people<br />
in close proximity. “We are very careful<br />
with everything we do in our pest<br />
control.”<br />
“He knows every one of those people<br />
individually, and when I make the<br />
determination to run helicopters, he<br />
goes through that community and talks<br />
with them all.”<br />
And speaking of community, it<br />
seems that service to community and<br />
philanthropy come as naturally to this<br />
family as industry service.<br />
Dave thinks “it’s just ingrained in<br />
our family” because of the examples<br />
set by their great-grandparents, grandparents<br />
and parents.<br />
Link quotes from scripture, paraphrasing<br />
“to whom much is given, much<br />
will be required”, and Dave adds the<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 29
Rotary motto, “Service Above Self.”<br />
Both Dave and his father Charlie<br />
are past presidents of the Moorpark<br />
Rotary Club, and Link and his grandfather<br />
Paul Sr. were both members of<br />
Santa Paula Rotary.<br />
Dave’s mother Mary is truly invested<br />
in giving back to her community.<br />
She has long been a strong supporter of<br />
the Ventura County Museum, and since<br />
her retirement from teaching she has<br />
also been very active with the Ventura<br />
County Community Foundation.<br />
She is the immediate past chair of<br />
the Foundation board and serves on<br />
six committees, including one she finds<br />
especially fulfilling -- the scholarship<br />
advisory committee.<br />
30 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013<br />
Acknowledgements and gratitude<br />
Link specifically asked that this article<br />
mention how important they think<br />
it’s been to their lemon success to be<br />
members of Sunkist and a co-op packinghouse.<br />
“Dad has always felt very, very<br />
strongly about the cooperative concept,<br />
about collaborating and working<br />
together, the importance of having a<br />
voice in setting policy. Sunkist has been<br />
front and center in all our 50 to 60 years<br />
of growing lemons.”<br />
Something else they wanted emphasized<br />
was how their staff has their<br />
backs. Dave says about his Farm Bureau<br />
work that he could make all<br />
those trips to Sacramento and D.C.<br />
because he knew that things would be<br />
taken care of at home. “The foreman<br />
in Moorpark is someone my Grandpa<br />
hired in 1970.”<br />
“The loyalty factor is huge,” Link<br />
says. “We have a very low turnover<br />
rate, and there’s been only one person<br />
we’ve had to fire in 45 years.” It’s<br />
a tight-knit group, and “there’s selfpolicing<br />
that goes on. When somebody<br />
notices something is off, they’ll get it<br />
corrected.”<br />
The company provides their workers<br />
with housing and pays the utilities.<br />
Their benefits package includes a retirement<br />
plan, and they see to it, Link<br />
says, that “when we have a good year,<br />
they have a good year.”<br />
They also talk about how fortunate<br />
they are to be doing what they’re doing,<br />
and how grateful they are to each<br />
other and to their family for the leeway<br />
they have to do the industry work on<br />
the side.<br />
Leslie comments, “We are so fortunate<br />
to work for a family and a business<br />
that allows it and even encourages it,<br />
because there are so many who don’t.”<br />
Heeding the call to action<br />
So how has it happened, that all<br />
three are involved in so many organizations<br />
For Link and Leslie, having gone<br />
through the Ag Leadership program is<br />
a part of it, they say, because “opportunities<br />
just flow from that experience.”<br />
(Link was in Class 11, 1980-1982,<br />
and Leslie in Class 34, 2003-2005. Leslie<br />
has been on the CALF Alumni Council<br />
since 2006 and is still active.)<br />
Generally, says Link, “People who<br />
know us just ask if we’d be willing to<br />
do something because they think we’d<br />
be a good fit, and we end up saying yes<br />
because it’s something we’re already<br />
interested in. It isn’t like we’re standing<br />
around with our arms in the air saying<br />
‘I’m here’.”<br />
Sometimes they get drafted for<br />
jobs, like the time, Leslie laughs, “Chris<br />
Taylor called me and said ‘We’re putting<br />
you on the ballot at Farm Bureau’<br />
and there wasn’t a question mark at<br />
the end.”<br />
Other times it’s been their own call<br />
to action, like Leslie’s experience with<br />
the Ventura County ACP-HLB Task<br />
Force.<br />
As she tell it, “In the early months<br />
of my Farm Bureau presidency at the<br />
end of 2009, the psyllid was 40 miles<br />
from Ventura County, the infestation<br />
in L.A. was exploding, and HLB was in<br />
Mexico 750 miles south of the border.<br />
Industry experts expected ACP to show<br />
up in our county sometime in 2010.<br />
“We knew treatments with pesticides<br />
were inevitable and that residents<br />
needed to understand why treatments<br />
would be imperative to save their backyard<br />
trees, our county landscape and<br />
the local citrus industry.<br />
“Armed with Farm Bureau CEO<br />
John Krist’s prodigious communication<br />
skills, we pulled together a coalition of<br />
industry and community members and<br />
formed the Ventura County ACP-HLB<br />
Task Force to educate the public about<br />
the threat posed by Asian citrus psyllid<br />
and huanglongbing disease, and to mobilize<br />
support for efforts to exclude, detect<br />
and ultimately eradicate the pest.<br />
“ACP was detected in the county<br />
in December of 2010, but it didn’t start<br />
popping up with any frequency until<br />
the fall of last year. By that time, we<br />
had expanded the mission of the Task<br />
Force to include coordination of treatments<br />
for ACP in commercial orchards,<br />
and we had had a grower treatment<br />
and communication coordinator in<br />
place for more than a year.<br />
“I believe the work that we did<br />
early-on laid the foundation for the relatively<br />
few treatment refusals CDFA<br />
has encountered in residential areas.”<br />
And, she states, “While those first<br />
detections of ACP last fall felt like<br />
a physical blow to the gut, having a<br />
grower coordinator in place with established<br />
lines of communication locally<br />
and statewide prevented a feeling<br />
of utter panic and hopelessness. We<br />
were prepared.<br />
“I believe it’s made a difference,<br />
and with ACP detections increasing in<br />
the county, the work of the Task Force<br />
continues because the real battle – the<br />
one against HLB – is yet to come.”<br />
Anne Warring is a freelance writer<br />
and editor based in Visalia. l
Best in class.<br />
Only REGALIA ® will make you go back to the blackboard when choosing your best fungicide program.<br />
It offers the same top-notch disease control as old-school chemistry, but with all the benefits of a newschool<br />
biological solution. Soil or foliar – it all adds up to best-in-class for fruit, nuts and vegetables.<br />
See your retailer today. Go to www.marronebio.com/regalia for more.<br />
Always read and follow label directions. ©2013 Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc. All rights reserved. Regalia, the Regalia logo, Marrone Bio Innovations, and the<br />
Marrone Bio Innovations logo are registered trademarks of Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc. U.S. Patent No. 4,863,734 and 5,989,429. Additional patents pending. 12/12-19203
CRB Funded <strong>Research</strong> Reports<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Project Progress Report<br />
Development of a pathogen dispenser to control<br />
Asian citrus psyllid in residential and organic citrus<br />
Andrew Chow, Christopher Dunlap, Daniel Flores, Mark Jackson, William Meikle, Mamoudou Sétamou and Joseph M. Patt<br />
Background<br />
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri, transmits<br />
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterium that<br />
is associated with citrus greening disease or huanglongbing<br />
(HLB) worldwide. Presently, there is no cure for HLB, and<br />
infected citrus trees gradually decline, become non-productive,<br />
and eventually die. ACP and HLB are serious threats to<br />
the citrus industries of Florida, Texas, and California.<br />
The detection of HLB in Texas and California has made<br />
prevention of its spread by ACP a high-priority issue. Validation<br />
tests of areawide management programs designed<br />
for Texas and Florida have shown that ACP can be effectively<br />
controlled on commercial citrus. These programs rely<br />
on insecticide sprays that target adult psyllid populations<br />
during the dormant winter season and prior to major flush<br />
cycles during the active growing season.<br />
Unfortunately, control measures for ACP in noncommercial<br />
citrus and organic groves lag behind insecticidebased<br />
strategies available to commercial groves.<br />
The citrus industries of Texas and California share a<br />
pressing problem with ACP spreading in urban neighborhoods<br />
near commercial citrus groves. In Florida, the industry<br />
is more concerned about ACP spreading in abandoned<br />
groves because much of their commercial citrus is relatively<br />
distant from residential areas.<br />
Many citrus varieties that are hosts to both ACP and<br />
HLB are planted as fruit trees in the yards of Texans and<br />
Californians. Because ACP also feeds and reproduces on a<br />
broad range of ornamental citrus relatives, such as ‘orange<br />
jasmine’ Murraya paniculata, this pest can rapidly spread<br />
into residential areas, parks, and commercial properties.<br />
ACP adults are highly mobile, and they could easily disperse<br />
from residential areas to commercial groves. In fact,<br />
Texas studies found a greater tendency for adults to move<br />
from dooryard citrus to commercial groves than the converse.<br />
If left uncontrolled, ACP populations in residential citrus will<br />
stymie the effectiveness of areawide management programs<br />
aimed at containing the spread of HLB in commercial citrus.<br />
Outreach programs in both California and Texas are educating<br />
the public on HLB and ACP. Public awareness has<br />
greatly facilitated both survey and chemical treatment programs<br />
for ACP in residential areas. Unfortunately, implementation<br />
of chemical treatment programs is currently challenged<br />
by the lack of state or federal funds. As ACP becomes more<br />
widespread, it may become impossible to chemically treat every<br />
infested plant in every yard near a commercial grove.<br />
It is generally accepted that control of ACP and HLB in<br />
urban settings will need to rely heavily on biological control<br />
by native or introduced predators, parasitoids, and pathogens.<br />
Biological control is the use of natural enemies to suppress<br />
pest populations. ACP, like people, can be infected by<br />
pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Under the<br />
right conditions, these disease-causing organisms may multiply<br />
to cause disease outbreaks or “epizootics” that can decimate<br />
psyllid populations.<br />
The goal of this project is to develop a novel and sustainable<br />
system for inoculating ACP with a native pathogenic<br />
fungus and use these infected psyllids to instigate epizoot-<br />
Key Terms<br />
Biological control – the use of living natural enemies<br />
to suppress pest populations. Natural enemies of insect<br />
pests, also known as biological control agents,<br />
include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens.<br />
Epizootic – an ecological event involving a pathogen<br />
that causes widespread disease among susceptible<br />
individuals and cumulates in a population crash.<br />
Mycosis – visible signs of infection by a pathogenic<br />
fungus.<br />
Sporulation – the formation of spores.<br />
Fig. 1. Dispenser for Isaria fumosorosea spores.<br />
32 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
Fig.2. Array of Isaria fumosorosea dispensers, orange jasmine plants, and ACP release cage used for greenhouse trials.<br />
ics and rapidly reduce ACP populations in residential citrus,<br />
thus significantly lowering the risk of immigrating adults<br />
spreading HLB to commercial groves.<br />
<strong>Research</strong> focus<br />
More than 750 species of naturally occurring fungi are<br />
known to infect insects. These fungi are very specific to insects,<br />
frequently to particular species, and do not attack<br />
plants.<br />
Fungi infect susceptible insects by means of spores that<br />
attach to and penetrate the cuticle or “skin” of the insect.<br />
Once inside the insect, the fungus multiples<br />
and quickly spreads throughout<br />
the body. Death results from nutrient<br />
depletion, tissue destruction, and,<br />
sometimes, by toxins produced by the<br />
fungus. When conditions are favorable,<br />
the fungus emerges from the<br />
insect’s body to produce more spores<br />
that spread by wind, rain, and contact<br />
with other insects.<br />
The use of pathogenic fungi for<br />
control of insect pests is attractive because<br />
they usually have less adverse<br />
effects than conventional insecticides<br />
on human health or the environment.<br />
ACP is susceptible to a number of<br />
pathogenic fungus species that are native to the U.S., some<br />
of which show potential as control agents for ACP and can<br />
be mass-produced. The fungus we are evaluating is a strain<br />
of Isaria fumosorosea (Ifr) originally isolated from sweet potato<br />
whitefly in southern Texas. The southern Texas strain of<br />
Ifr is a particularly virulent pathogen of ACP, and lab studies<br />
have shown that 94% of adults or nymphs are killed within<br />
four days of infection.<br />
For the first part of our project, we were interested in<br />
The southern Texas strain<br />
of Ifr is a particularly<br />
virulent pathogen of ACP,<br />
and lab studies have shown<br />
that 94% of adults or<br />
nymphs are killed within<br />
four days of infection.<br />
developing an “autodispenser” as a means of spreading Ifr<br />
spores into ACP populations. The idea was to develop a device<br />
to attract ACP adults and efficiently infect them with Ifr<br />
spores so that the psyllids would subsequently infect other<br />
ACP after they returned to the foliage of host trees. These<br />
pathogen dispensers were designed to be hung in dooryard<br />
citrus trees.<br />
Dr. Joseph Patt of the USDA Agricultural <strong>Research</strong><br />
Service Laboratory in Fort Pierce, Florida developed our<br />
prototype dispenser (Figure 1), which has several features to<br />
enhance ACP attraction, retention, and spore transfer.<br />
First, it is colored bright yellow<br />
and has pleated ridges running lengthwise<br />
across its surface. ACP adults are<br />
attracted to the yellow color and prefer<br />
to crawl along edges. The ridges<br />
increase ACP retention on the device<br />
and their likelihood of picking up<br />
spores.<br />
Second, the inner portion of each<br />
pleat is coated with a thin line of<br />
SPLAT (ISCA Technologies, Inc.),<br />
a waxy substance used to dispense<br />
scent that is attractive to ACP adults.<br />
The SPLAT contains a mixture of<br />
synthetic aromatic compounds that<br />
replicate the odors emitted by flushing<br />
foliage of host plants favored by ACP in southern Texas,<br />
namely Mexican lime, orange jasmine, sour orange, and kaffir<br />
lime.<br />
Third, the dispenser is coated with fungal spores mixed<br />
into a carrier powder made from pulverized cotton burrs.<br />
This material does not irritate psyllids and has the advantage<br />
of supporting two types of spores: blastospores, which<br />
are highly infective, and conidiospores or conidia, which are<br />
resistant to UV light and desiccation.<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 33
The Ifr spore formulation was developed by Drs. Mark<br />
Jackson and Christopher Dunlap, with the USDA Agricultural<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Laboratory in Peoria, Illinois, who are producing<br />
and supplying the fungus for this project.<br />
Greenhouse trials of pathogen dispenser<br />
During the summer of 2011, we conducted four trials<br />
to evaluate our dispenser under greenhouse conditions. We<br />
used a setup consisting of eight dispensers, 12 pots of orange<br />
jasmine infested with ACP nymphs, and a centrally located<br />
ACP release cage (Figure 2). For each trial, 1,200 ACP adults<br />
were released from the cage and permitted to fly to the dispensers<br />
and plants.<br />
For our first and second trials, we were interested in<br />
whether immature ACP (nymphs) could be infected by ACP<br />
adults inoculated with Ifr spores from dispensers. Over three<br />
days, we marked all the orange jasmine sprigs infested by<br />
nymphs and visited by at least one adult (sentinel clusters)<br />
(Figure 3). For these trials, a “cluster” was a group of nymphs<br />
occurring closely together on a sprig.<br />
After three days, all ACP adults were recovered from<br />
the plants, and a subsample of these adults was killed and<br />
then inspected over several weeks for infection by Ifr (mycosis<br />
and sporulation). Over ten days, we inspected each sentinel<br />
cluster and recorded the total numbers of healthy psyllids<br />
and infected psyllids. In the first trial, 44% of the adults<br />
Fig.3. “Sentinel” clusters of ACP nymphs on orange jasmine<br />
sprigs were flagged after visitation by ACP adults infected<br />
with Isaria fumosorosea spores. A “cluster” was a group of<br />
nymphs occurring closely together on a sprig.<br />
Fig.5. Production of ACP adults from “control” nymphs<br />
and nymphs on orange jasmine plants exposed to adults<br />
inoculated with Isaria fumosorosea spores.<br />
Fig.4. Insect cage used to contain orange jasmine plants<br />
infested by ACP nymphs.<br />
Fig.6. A platform of parafilm wax supporting a cadaver of an<br />
ACP adult infected by Isaria fumosorosea.<br />
34 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
and 34% of the nymphs became infected with Ifr. Similarly,<br />
in the second trial 35% of the adults and 27% of the nymphs<br />
became infected.<br />
For our third and fourth trials, we were interested in<br />
whether Ifr dispensers could reduce ACP populations. We<br />
repeated the experiment but also kept another group of<br />
infested plants (controls) in a greenhouse without dispensers<br />
or released ACP adults. Instead of monitoring sentinel<br />
clusters, we caged each plant (Figure 4) and collected all the<br />
adult psyllids that developed in each cage. After two weeks,<br />
we found that plants exposed to dispensers produced up to<br />
34% fewer adults than control plants (Figure 5).<br />
Infection of ACP by sporulating cadavers<br />
The effectiveness of Ifr for biological control of ACP<br />
depends not just on its capacity to directly infect and kill<br />
psyllids but also the fungus’ capacity to produce infectious<br />
spores on the psyllid cadavers (sporulation) and thereby<br />
compound its killing action.<br />
During the fall of 2011, we conducted a greenhouse trial<br />
to determine whether sporulating cadavers could infect<br />
nymphs. To obtain sporulating cadavers, we transferred ACP<br />
adults to small plastic tubes filled with Ifr spore formulation,<br />
rotated each tube to coat the psyllids with spores, and held<br />
the insects in humid petri dishes until their bodies were covered<br />
with conidiospores.<br />
For our trial, we used orange jasmine plants that were<br />
each infested with approximately 200 nymphs. The nymphs<br />
on each plant were evenly distributed among three different<br />
clusters. (Again, for this trial, we defined a “cluster” as a<br />
group of nymphs occurring closely together on a sprig.)<br />
We caged each plant and pinned either one or two sporulating<br />
cadavers next to each cluster (Figures 6 & 7). Five<br />
plants were treated with one cadaver per cluster, and five other<br />
plants were treated with two cadavers per cluster. After 19<br />
days of exposure to the sporulating cadavers, we found that<br />
50-83% of the psyllids in the clusters became infected (Figure<br />
8). Doubling the number of cadavers did not increase infection<br />
levels. This trial demonstrated that Ifr conidiospores are<br />
highly contagious and can decimate nymph clusters.<br />
Infection of ACP nymphs by Ifr-dusted adults in<br />
residential citrus trees<br />
The recent detection of HLB in Texas and California<br />
has underscored the need for rapid deployment of biological<br />
agents into residential areas. For the second part of our project,<br />
we are also evaluating the use of ACP adults “dusted”<br />
with Ifr spores.<br />
While the “dispenser” remains a good idea, it has to<br />
compete with real citrus trees for the psyllids’ attention. Use<br />
of “dusted” psyllids solves this problem because they will fly<br />
directly to ACP infestations in dooryard citrus or other host<br />
plants such as orange jasmine. In this scenario, ACP adults<br />
will be obtained from HLB-free colonies, mass-inoculated,<br />
and released in residential areas. Studies have shown that inoculated<br />
individuals don’t feed, reducing the possibility that<br />
these psyllids would further spread the disease.<br />
During April and May of 2012, we conducted a field trial<br />
in Mexican lime trees at the Victoria Palms Resort, a trailer<br />
park community in Donna, Texas. Ten ACP adults were dusted<br />
with Ifr spore formulation and released into nylon mesh<br />
bags placed around shoots with nymph clusters (Figures 9,<br />
10, 11). A total of 15 clusters on 10 trees were exposed to<br />
dusted psyllids. Fifteen nymph clusters were not exposed to<br />
dusted psyllids (controls) and used to measure background<br />
levels of Ifr infection. The trial was conducted during a period<br />
of high daily temperatures (98ºF daily high) and low<br />
relative humidity (23% daytime low).<br />
In the control clusters, we found few dead individuals<br />
and no Ifr-infected individuals. In clusters exposed to dusted<br />
adults, a mean of 39% of the psyllids were infected.<br />
For a follow-up field trial at the Victoria Palms Resort<br />
during July and August of 2012, 100 ACP adults were dusted<br />
and then released into a single bag on the northwest and<br />
southeast canopies of four Mexican lime trees and eight<br />
grapefruit trees. The bags were taken off the following morning<br />
to permit dispersal of the dusted adults among nymph<br />
clusters infesting the trees. Identical numbers of “control”<br />
trees were used to measure background levels of Ifr infection.<br />
After three weeks, we inspected two nymph clusters<br />
from both sides of each tree and found no Ifr-infected indi-<br />
Fig.7. Sporulating cadaver pinned near a cluster of ACP<br />
nymphs in an orange jasmine plant. A “cluster” was a group<br />
of nymphs occurring closely together on a sprig.<br />
Fig.8. Infection levels of ACP nymph clusters infesting<br />
orange jasmine plants after exposure to either one or two<br />
sporulating cadavers per cluster. Ifr = infected, clean =<br />
uninfected. A “cluster” was a group of nymphs occurring<br />
closely together on a sprig.<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 35
viduals on control trees, no effect of canopy side on infection,<br />
a mean of 16% infected individuals on lime trees and 6% on<br />
grapefruit trees (Figure 12). This second trial was conducted<br />
during a period of even higher daily temperatures (110ºF)<br />
and lower relative humidity (22% daytime minimum). These<br />
two trials demonstrated that dusted ACP adults could infect<br />
nymphs on residential citrus trees even during extreme Texas<br />
summers.<br />
Project’s benefits to citrus industry<br />
Large acreages of commercial citrus in both Texas and<br />
California are currently interspersed with neighborhoods<br />
containing a wide variety of “dooryard” citrus that may<br />
become infested by ACP and infected with HLB. If left unmanaged,<br />
ACP from these<br />
neighborhoods pose a direct<br />
threat to the effectiveness of<br />
areawide management programs<br />
aimed at containing<br />
the spread of HLB in commercial<br />
citrus.<br />
In Texas and California,<br />
it is widely believed that<br />
biological control will be<br />
Fig.12. Infection levels of ACP<br />
nymphs in dooryard lime<br />
trees and grapefruit trees<br />
following release of ACP<br />
adults dusted with Isaria<br />
fumosorosea spores.<br />
the most practical and acceptable<br />
method for ACP<br />
control in noncommercial<br />
citrus. In addition, this strategy<br />
may be useful in organic<br />
farming operations.<br />
Results from this ongoing<br />
project will enable us to develop and implement a system<br />
for inoculating ACP with Ifr and use these psyllids to “autodisseminate”<br />
the pathogen to ACP populations in dooryard<br />
citrus. Ifr-dispensers and Ifr-dusted psyllids could be<br />
used either separately or together as a system for instigating<br />
epidemics of the pathogen that would rapidly reduce ACP<br />
populations. Our system could also be used to manage ACP<br />
in organic citrus or even abandoned groves.<br />
The system will benefit the U.S. citrus industry because it<br />
will be designed to be effective, safe, and acceptable to regulatory<br />
agencies, homeowners, and organic growers.<br />
Presently, we are conducting trials to determine whether<br />
Ifr-inoculated ACP can be used synergistically with Tamarixia<br />
radiata, a parasitoid wasp that is being mass-reared<br />
and field-tested in Texas and California as a biological control<br />
agent for ACP on dooryard citrus. There are plans to<br />
also mass-rear and field-test different strains of this wasp<br />
in California.<br />
Ifr is distributed worldwide and is currently being used<br />
to control mites in grapes in California. In the near future,<br />
biological control strategies using both T. radiata and Ifr<br />
could become important components of management programs<br />
in California for ACP in noncommercial citrus and<br />
organic production.<br />
Fig.9, Fig.10, Fig.11. Field trials of ACP adults dusted with<br />
Isaria fumosorosea spores were conducted on dooryard<br />
citrus trees in the Victoria Palms Resort, Donna, TX.<br />
Inoculated adults were released into mesh bags placed<br />
around shoots infested by ACP nymphs.<br />
36 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
The authors are very grateful to the California <strong>Citrus</strong><br />
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong> and the Texas <strong>Citrus</strong> Producers <strong>Board</strong> for<br />
their funding and support of this research. We also thank Ms.<br />
Karen Pike and the Victoria Palms Resort for providing cit-
us trees and trailer lots for our field trials. The SPLAT for<br />
this project was provided by ISCA Technologies.<br />
References<br />
Avery, P.B., W.B. Hunter, D.G. Hall, M.A. Jackson, C.A.<br />
Powell, and Rogers, M.E. 2009. Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera:<br />
Psyllidae) Infection and dissemination of the entomopathogenic<br />
fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)<br />
under laboratory conditions. Florida Entomologist 92: 608-618.<br />
Avery, P.B., V.W. Wekesa, W.B. Hunter, D.G. Hall, C.L. McKenzie,<br />
L.S. Osborne, C.A. Powell, and Rogers, M.E. 2011. Effects<br />
of the fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)<br />
on reduced feeding and mortality of the Asian citrus psyllid,<br />
Diaphorina citri (Hemiptara: Psyllidae). Biocontrol Science and<br />
Technology 21: 1065-1078.<br />
Halbert, S.E. and Manjunath, K.L. 2004. Asian citrus psyllids<br />
(Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae) and greening disease of citrus:<br />
A literature review and assessment of risk in Florida. Florida<br />
Entomologist 87:330-353.<br />
Jackson, M.A., Clinquet, S., and Iten, L.B. 2003. Media and<br />
fermentation processes for the rapid production of high concentrations<br />
of stable blastospores of the bioinsecticidal fungus<br />
Paecilomyces fumosorosea. Biocontrol Science and Technology<br />
13: 23-33.<br />
Patt, J.M., and Sétamou, M. 2010. Responses of the Asian<br />
citrus psyllid to volatiles emitted by the flushing shoots of its<br />
rutaceous host plants. Environmental Entomology 39: 618-624.<br />
Patt, J.M., Meikle, W.G., Mafra-Neto, A., Sétamou, M., Mangan,<br />
R., Yang, C., Malik, N. and Adamczyk, J.J. 2011. Multimodal<br />
Cues Drive Host-Plant Assessment in Asian <strong>Citrus</strong> Psyllid (Diaphorina<br />
citri). Environmental Entomology 40: 1495-1502.<br />
Sétamou, M., Flores, D., French, J.V., and Hall, D.G. 2008.<br />
Dispersion Patterns and Sampling Plans for Diaphorina citri<br />
(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in <strong>Citrus</strong>. Journal of Economic Entomology101:<br />
1478-1487.<br />
Sétamou, M., da Graça, J., and Prewett, R. 2012. HLB in Texas:<br />
Steps and challenges to curb this threat. <strong>Citrograph</strong> 3: 32-38.<br />
Tiwari, S., Lewis-Rosenblum, Hl, Pelz-Stelinski, K., and Stelinski,<br />
L.L. 2010. Incidence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus<br />
infection in abandoned citrus occurring in proximity to commercially<br />
managed groves. Journal of Economic Entomology<br />
103: 1972-1978.<br />
Wenninger, E.J., Stelinski, L.L., and Hall, D.G. 2009. Roles<br />
of olfactory cues, visual cues, and mating status in orientation of<br />
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to four different<br />
host plants. Environmental Entomology 38: 225-34.<br />
Zimmermann, G. 2008. The entomopathogenic fungi Isaria<br />
farinosa (formerly Paecilomyces farinosus) and the Isaria fumosorosea<br />
species complex (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus):<br />
biology, ecology, and use in biological control. Biocontrol<br />
Science and Technology 18: 865-901.<br />
Dr. Andrew Chow is a project director and Dr. Mamoudou<br />
Sétamou is an associate professor of entomology at the Texas<br />
A&M University-Kingsville <strong>Citrus</strong> Center in Weslaco, Texas. Dr.<br />
Christopher Dunlap is a chemist and Dr. Mark Jackson is a microbiologist<br />
at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural<br />
Utilization <strong>Research</strong> in Peoria, Illinois. Dr. Daniel Flores is<br />
an entomologist with the USDA-APHIS PPQ Center for Plant<br />
Health Science and Technology, Mission Laboratory in Edinburg,<br />
Texas. Dr. William Meikle is an insect pathologist at the USDA-<br />
ARS Subtropical Agricultural <strong>Research</strong> Center in Weslaco, Texas.<br />
Dr. Joseph M. Patt is a research entomologist at the USDA-ARS<br />
Horticultural <strong>Research</strong> Laboratory in Fort Pierce, Florida.<br />
CRB research project reference number 5500-188.l<br />
When was the last<br />
Time you<br />
Reviewed your<br />
Farm Insurance<br />
We Specialize in Agriculture<br />
Related Business Insurance<br />
Crop - Farm - Spray<br />
Commercial Ag<br />
Workers Comp<br />
Group Medical<br />
Call David or Bill<br />
559-594-5500<br />
Visit Our Website<br />
NielsenInsurance.net<br />
502-A North Kaweah (Hwy 65)<br />
Exeter CA 93221 Lic # 0705090<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 37
CRB Funded <strong>Research</strong> Reports<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Project Progress Report<br />
Founder lines for improved citrus biotechnology<br />
James G. Thomson<br />
On October 1, 2011, the CRB<br />
chose to fund a unique research<br />
project: the development of<br />
citrus cultivars specifically for genetic<br />
modification (GM). The objective of this<br />
research is to develop GE citrus “Founder<br />
Lines” containing a gene sequence<br />
that will allow the precise insertion of<br />
desired traits using biotechnology.<br />
This precise insertion has several<br />
major benefits. The carefully selected<br />
Founder Lines will insure that any inserted<br />
transgene is in a region of the<br />
citrus genome that provides high and<br />
consistent transgene activity, with a<br />
single gene copy, and that does not interrupt<br />
desirable genes.<br />
In addition to allowing the targeted<br />
integration of transgenes, the proposed<br />
system also enables the removal of unneeded<br />
sequences such as antibiotic<br />
resistance marker genes, allowing the<br />
generation of “clean” (marker-free)<br />
GE citrus plants and fruit. These features<br />
will reduce the cost and time<br />
required to insert transgenes for new<br />
traits and may also facilitate the approval<br />
of new transgenic cultivars after<br />
initial federal approval of Founder<br />
Line cultivars.<br />
The initial Founder Line will contain<br />
a recombinase recognition site<br />
target platform or “TAG” inserted into<br />
the Carrizo genome. ‘Carrizo’ was chosen<br />
due to its importance as a rootstock<br />
and its ease of transformation.<br />
The TAG platform consists of two<br />
recombinase enzyme recognition sites,<br />
one for DNA integration upstream<br />
of a selectable marker and one down<br />
stream of the selection system for<br />
DNA excision.<br />
Precise mode of action<br />
Recombinases are enzymes that<br />
can facilitate the insertion or removal<br />
of DNA flanked by their own specific<br />
recognition sites, such as in the platform<br />
we are using. These enzymes are<br />
very precise in their mode of action, so<br />
specific that not a single unintentional<br />
nucleotide is lost during the integration<br />
or excision process.<br />
The antibiotic kanamycin, which<br />
generally suppresses plant growth, is<br />
used in the tissue culture medium for<br />
selection of transgenic citrus shoots<br />
containing the TAG platform which<br />
carries the kanamycin resistance gene.<br />
A second selectable marker gene is<br />
also present in the TAG platform allowing<br />
the plant to grow on a special<br />
media.<br />
Following (1st Step - Figure 1) targeted<br />
integration of an incoming exchange<br />
“EXCH” construct, (2nd Step<br />
- Figure 1) recombinase-mediated excision<br />
removes both the selection genes,<br />
enabling the plants to grow on the special<br />
plant media.<br />
Taken together, this whole process<br />
is termed “Recombinase Mediated<br />
Cassette Exchange” (RMCE, Figure<br />
1). This process allows the delivery of<br />
Fig. 1. Generalized schematic of Recombinase Mediated Cassette Exchange.<br />
AttP/attB and Res are the recombinase recognition sites. AttP/attB are used to<br />
integrate the EXCH vector and the Res pair are used to excise the marker genes.<br />
Recombinase genes not shown.<br />
38 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013<br />
A transgene is any gene brought into the<br />
genome that isn’t possible through typical<br />
breeding programs.<br />
Recombinases are enzymes that can facilitate<br />
the insertion or removal of DNA<br />
flanked by their own specific recognition<br />
sites.
desired transgenes on the<br />
EXCH cassette into a predetermined<br />
region of the genome.<br />
Completion of RMCE<br />
removes all unwanted DNA<br />
at the end of the process such<br />
as the recombinase genes<br />
and selectable markers.<br />
Finally, the strategy allows<br />
for repeating the process<br />
in a technique termed<br />
gene stacking. This means<br />
that a highly desirable transgenic<br />
‘Carrizo’ with a trait<br />
like resistance to huanglongbing<br />
(HLB) could be efficiently<br />
re-engineered to also<br />
have another trait such as resistance<br />
to Phytophthora.<br />
The initial constructs for<br />
production of the Founder<br />
Lines have been sent to the<br />
USDA/ARS Stover lab in<br />
Fort Pierce, Florida. ‘Carrizo’<br />
has been transformed,<br />
and to date more than 1,000<br />
explants have been treated. Seven potential<br />
lines have been micrografted<br />
onto plants maintained in the greenhouse,<br />
and many potentially transformed<br />
shoots are in development.<br />
These will provide a large population<br />
for the selection of an ideal Founder<br />
Line individual.<br />
As soon as CRB funding was approved,<br />
the search began and an experienced<br />
and energetic postdoc was<br />
identified to conduct the transgenic<br />
research at Fort Pierce. Dr. Maria<br />
Luiza Oliveira (Figure 2), who has<br />
worked extensively with citrus transformation<br />
in the Federal University<br />
of Viçosa of Brazil, the University of<br />
Florida and the Brazilian National<br />
Fig. 2. Maria Luiza Oliveira transforming ‘Carrizo’ in Stover<br />
lab, USDA, Fort Pierce, FL.<br />
PEARSON REALTY Farm Sales Specialists for California’s Central Valley<br />
1.44± acs Exeter Commercial Building......................................$250,000<br />
1.98± acs Cold Storage Facility, Orange Cove (Sale Pending).....$385,000<br />
2.62± acs Exeter Cold Storage Facility, High Quality...............$2,295,000<br />
6.48± acs TurnKey <strong>Citrus</strong> Packing/Cold Storage ....................$1,950,000<br />
6.48± acs Porterville Area Ranchette and Homes......................$235,000<br />
8.4± acs Oak Lined Home Site..................................................$325,000<br />
9.72± acs Cutler Area Cold Storage/Offices............................$2,399,000<br />
15.98 ± acs. Lindsay Development Potential (In Escrow)............$260,000<br />
18.96± acs Early Navel Ranch, Lindsay.....................................$175,000<br />
19.63± acs Porterville Area Open/Residences...........................$225,000<br />
20± acs Easton Cherry Ranch (Price Reduced)..........................$280,000<br />
20± acs Porterville Ranch & Home............................................$465,000<br />
20.18± acs Sanger <strong>Citrus</strong>/Residence........................................$875,000<br />
28.02± acs Atwood Navels Hwy 65 (SOLD)...............................$185,000<br />
39.91± acs South Valley Pasture...............................................$180,000<br />
Biosciences Laboratory, was on the job<br />
as of April 23, 2012, and the project is<br />
well on its way.<br />
Tools for a targeted approach<br />
Efforts are now underway to complete<br />
the construction of the EXCH vector,<br />
which will be used to deliver both<br />
recombinases (for RMCE) and genes of<br />
interest (for genomic insertion).<br />
Completion of this research will provide<br />
tools for researchers involved with<br />
the CRB to generate modified citrus genomes<br />
in a targeted manner. Why is this<br />
important Simply put, this technology<br />
offers the advantage of producing fewer<br />
plants for the purpose of studying the effect<br />
of a specific gene in a living tree.<br />
For example if a disease<br />
resistance gene for HLB was<br />
added to the citrus genome<br />
in a random way (current<br />
technology), analysis of the<br />
resistance must include a<br />
fudge factor due to “where”<br />
in the genome the gene ends<br />
up. This will determine if it is<br />
a super active site or a dud.<br />
Unfortunately, this requires<br />
dozens of trees to determine<br />
– and the time, effort and<br />
money to produce.<br />
This technology greatly<br />
increases the efficiency<br />
of improving citrus trees<br />
through genetic engineering,<br />
saving time and money! An<br />
already proven transgenic<br />
cultivar can be further improved<br />
quickly. This system<br />
also has the potential of reducing<br />
the time and effort<br />
required for APHIS deregulation<br />
due to continuous targeting<br />
of a single genomic position. The<br />
production of marker-free transgenic<br />
citrus may improve public acceptance,<br />
which can benefit producers in the<br />
marketplace.<br />
Project leader Dr. James G. Thomson<br />
has been a molecular geneticist<br />
with the USDA’s Agricultural <strong>Research</strong><br />
Service since 2004. Dr. Thomson is<br />
based at the ARS Western Regional <strong>Research</strong><br />
Center in Albany, California, in<br />
the Crop Improvement and Utilization<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Unit. His current work is focused<br />
on the development of novel sitespecific<br />
recombinase systems for precise<br />
modification of crop plant genomics.<br />
CRB research project reference<br />
number 5200-140A. l<br />
59.98±acs American Ave <strong>Citrus</strong> & Olives...................................$900,000<br />
62.90± acs Orosi Area <strong>Citrus</strong>.....................................................$754,800<br />
80.18± acs Navel Oranges & Olives north of Reedley................$965,000<br />
80.59± acs Ducor Open Land (In Escrow) .................................$280,000<br />
90.30± acs Cutler Area Navels...............................................$1,080,000<br />
94.81± acs Porterville Area Walnuts & Open...........................$1,500,000<br />
110.00± acs <strong>Citrus</strong>, Pistachios & Almonds (SOLD)).................$1,530,000<br />
127.33± Orange Cove <strong>Citrus</strong> Ranch with Custom Home.........$2,500,000<br />
160 ± acs. Visalia Area Navel & Open (SOLD).........................$1,650,000<br />
171.08± acs Stone Corral Area Open – Price Reduced...........$1,625,260<br />
498± acs Antelope Valley Ranch near Woodlake.....................$3,200,000<br />
For Brochure Contact:<br />
Roy Pennebaker #0845764 (559)737-0084 or<br />
Matt McEwen #01246750 (559)280-0015 • www.citrusboys.com<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 39
40 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013<br />
CRB Funded <strong>Research</strong> Reports<br />
Metabolites may reveal attack strategy<br />
of the microbe causing HLB<br />
Background<br />
The microbe known as<br />
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus<br />
(CLas) is the cause of<br />
huanglongbing (also known<br />
as “HLB” or <strong>Citrus</strong> Greening<br />
Disease [CGD]) and is a major<br />
threat to citrus worldwide.<br />
In commercial citrus,<br />
CLas is spread primarily<br />
through an insect called the<br />
Asian citrus psyllid (ACP),<br />
which acquires CLas from an<br />
infected tree and injects the<br />
bacterium into the phloem of<br />
the plant while it feeds on the<br />
tree. The bacteria can also be<br />
spread through grafting with<br />
infected budwood.<br />
Since there is no cure, infection<br />
ultimately results in<br />
death of a tree, though it can<br />
take several years before the<br />
tree finally succumbs. During<br />
the course of the disease, fruit<br />
produced by the tree steadily shifts from asymptomatic fruit<br />
to symptomatic fruit. Symptomatic fruit are characteristically<br />
small, misshapen, and green, and not suitable for consumption<br />
due to their terrible bitter, and sometimes metallic<br />
flavors.<br />
Symptomatic fruits are easily identified and can be removed<br />
from packaging or processing lines, whereas asymptomatic<br />
fruits from infected trees are not easily distinguished<br />
from fruit from healthy trees.<br />
Although these asymptomatic fruit are generally as<br />
appealing in appearance as fruit from healthy trees, some<br />
asymptomatic fruits suffer from the same off flavors found<br />
in symptomatic fruits, and the unintentional introduction of<br />
these fruits into the fresh fruit market has the potential of<br />
negatively impacting consumer desirability of fresh citrus.<br />
Fortunately, we have found major differences in the<br />
chemical fingerprint between healthy, asymptomatic, and<br />
symptomatic fruits. The discovery of key compounds such<br />
as amino acids and sugars will help development of a new<br />
strategy to prevent the spread of HLB and investigate new<br />
treatments for infected trees.<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> is an important part of a healthy diet due to a<br />
large number of biomolecules within the fruit. In addition<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Project Progress Report<br />
Carolyn M. Slupsky, Andrew P. Breksa III, and Mark Hilf<br />
to sugars that directly provide<br />
energy, citrus contains a variety<br />
of organic acids including<br />
ascorbic acid (or vitamin C),<br />
choline (required for optimal<br />
health), as well as essential<br />
and non-essential amino acids.<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> also contains molecules<br />
such as synephrine, a<br />
naturally occurring molecule<br />
that can help relieve the<br />
symptoms of colds and allergies<br />
and increase overall metabolism<br />
(which is why it is often<br />
used in weight loss products).<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> is one of the most<br />
consumed fruits in the United<br />
States, and its loss could well<br />
be catastrophic to our health.<br />
Measurement of<br />
biomolecules<br />
Whether studying a single<br />
Ph.D. student Elizabeth Chin, top, and staff research<br />
associate Darya Mishchuk with the NMR spectrometer.<br />
leaf, or juice from the fruit,<br />
each contains hundreds of<br />
chemical compounds. Historically, researchers have only<br />
looked at a handful of these molecules, and their measurement<br />
in citrus has traditionally been accomplished through<br />
methods that either approximate their concentrations (such<br />
as total titratable acid, or total sugar content (%Brix)), or<br />
more time-consuming and demanding techniques such as<br />
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas<br />
chromatography (GC), when greater precision and accuracy<br />
was required. These methods cannot simultaneously measure<br />
all the compounds present in a citrus sample.<br />
Major advances in computing technology over the past<br />
decade are allowing researchers to turn to analytical methods<br />
such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy<br />
to find unique molecular fingerprints that are characteristic<br />
of a specific type of sample.<br />
NMR is based upon a property called spin that the nuclei<br />
of certain atoms possess. By placing a sample into a magnetic<br />
field and subjecting it to radiofrequency pulses, a molecule’s<br />
identity and concentration can be determined (since each<br />
molecule has a unique magnetic signature, and the strength<br />
of the measured signal is proportional to the concentration<br />
of the compound). Thus, NMR is able to very quickly identify<br />
and quantify many molecules simultaneously within a sample
without the need for separation techniques such as HPLC.<br />
Current advances in NMR automation allow screening<br />
of multiple samples quickly and easily, and with new methods<br />
that we have developed, we are able to quickly identify<br />
and quantify more than 90% of an NMR spectrum of juice<br />
or leaf sample. This makes NMR a powerful tool for accurate,<br />
rapid, and relatively inexpensive measurement of compounds<br />
in a sample (Figure 1).<br />
We have comprehensively characterized the profiles of<br />
citrus fruit and its relationship to factors such as rootstock,<br />
grove elevation, or fertilization and pesticide use. This analysis<br />
has revealed key markers for nutrient content and flavor.<br />
The combination of these molecules gives rise to the specific<br />
taste profile that is unique to each variety of citrus, and<br />
can be altered depending on growth conditions of the tree.<br />
Changes related to growth conditions are likely important<br />
for plant defense, survival, growth, and development.<br />
Successful attack strategy of CLas<br />
One might ask, does the pathogen responsible for HLB<br />
cause havoc with a tree’s ability to use these molecules for its<br />
defense against the pathogen<br />
Indeed, we have observed such a phenomenon. Juice<br />
from oranges grown on trees infected with the HLB pathogen<br />
contained significantly less of the amino acid proline and<br />
significantly more of the amino acid phenylalanine when<br />
compared to juice from oranges grown on healthy trees.<br />
It is known that when a plant is under stress from the<br />
environment or from infection, proline accumulates in<br />
plant tissues. However, in the presence of the pathogen that<br />
Trees<br />
Available!<br />
causes HLB, proline levels are actually lower than normal.<br />
On the other hand, phenylalanine concentrations are expected<br />
to decrease when a plant is under stress as phenylalanine<br />
is converted into cinnamic acid, a precursor to many biomolecules<br />
important to a plant’s defense system. The inability<br />
of the tree to convert phenylalanine to cinnamic acid suggests<br />
that this pathway may be blocked directly by the pathogen.<br />
These changes to specific plant-defense pathways -- effectively<br />
turning them off -- may allow the pathogen to remain<br />
in the tree for years, living quietly and undetected.<br />
By the time a grower notices that the tree is infected, it<br />
can be too late, and the pathogen could have been systematically<br />
spread from tree to tree, affecting not only the grower’s<br />
grove, but adjacent groves as well.<br />
Early detection and counterattack<br />
With further research, we are studying not only the fruit<br />
response to infection but also pathogen-induced changes in<br />
the plant as a whole. This research may lead to the development<br />
of a rapid and reliable method that provides an early<br />
indicator of the presence of the HLB pathogen whether in<br />
the orchard or in an urban setting.<br />
Early indicators from our research funded by the <strong>Citrus</strong><br />
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong> have suggested that specific changes in<br />
plant metabolism are observable months prior to detection<br />
of CLas by nucleic-acid (i.e. PCR) based methods, providing<br />
hope that this rapid method may fulfill the need for early<br />
(pre-PCR) detection of infection.<br />
Moreover, these results have provided clues to the mechanism<br />
underlying the microbe’s mode of attack, which may<br />
This Year<br />
2013<br />
– de Nules CRZ<br />
– Tango C35<br />
– Cara Cara R16<br />
Next Year<br />
2014<br />
– de Nules CRZ<br />
– Tango C35<br />
– Miho Wase CRZ<br />
– Gold Nugget C35<br />
...and many more!<br />
The Burchell<br />
Nursery INc.<br />
559-834-1661<br />
www.burchellnursery.com<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 41
e valuable for starting a tightly focused counterattack strategy.<br />
This ongoing research has been accomplished through<br />
collaboration between UC Davis scientists and USDA Agricultural<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Service scientists in California and Florida.<br />
Suggested reading<br />
Slisz, A.M., A.P. Breksa, 3rd, et al. (2012). “Metabolomic<br />
analysis of citrus infection by ‘candidatus liberibacter’ reveals<br />
insight into pathogenicity.” J. Proteome Res 11 (8): 4223-4230.<br />
Zhang, X., A.P. Breksa, et al. (2011). “Elevation, Rootstock,<br />
and Soil Depth Affect the Nutritional Quality of Mandarin Oranges.:”<br />
J. Agric. Food Chem.<br />
Zhang, X., A.P. Breksa III, et al. (2012). “Fertilisation and<br />
pesticides affect mandarin orange nutrient composition.” Food<br />
Chemistry 134(2): 1020-1024.<br />
Dr. Carolyn M. Slupsky is an Assistant Professor with<br />
a joint appointment in the Department of Nutrition and the<br />
Department of Food Science & Technology, University of<br />
California Davis. Dr. Andrew Breksa is a research scientist<br />
at the USDA-ARS Western Regional <strong>Research</strong> Center in Albany,<br />
California, and Dr. Mark Hilf is a research scientist<br />
with the ARS Horticultural <strong>Research</strong> Laboratory in Fort<br />
Pierce, Florida.<br />
CRB research project reference number 5300-150. l<br />
PACIFIC DISTRIBUTING, INC<br />
Distributor for<br />
Orchard-Rite®<br />
wind machines for<br />
frost protection &<br />
Tropic Breeze®<br />
original parts<br />
Sales<br />
Service<br />
New<br />
Used<br />
Portable<br />
Stationary<br />
24 Hour<br />
Emergency<br />
Service<br />
559-564-3114<br />
Woodlake, CA<br />
www.orchard-rite.com<br />
Randy Quenzer, Sales<br />
559-805-8254<br />
randyquenzer@pdi-wind.com<br />
Jeff Thorning, Sales<br />
559-972-9937<br />
jeffthorning@pdi-wind.com<br />
42 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
Please support the Harry Scott Smith<br />
Biocontrol Scholarship Fund<br />
at UC Riverside<br />
A special message from<br />
invasive species researcher Mark Hoddle<br />
Invasive species are an ever-increasing problem in California agriculture, and<br />
obviously citrus is no exception. One tool that can be used to combat invasive<br />
species is biological control. The science of biological control – the use of a<br />
pest’s natural enemies to suppress its populations to less damaging densities – was<br />
pioneered in Southern California. This new discipline in entomology was in large<br />
part driven by the citrus industry’s need to control invasive species, especially the<br />
cottony cushion scale which was devastating citrus in the late 1880s.<br />
The phrase “biological control” was first used by Harry Scott Smith in 1919 at<br />
the meeting of Pacific Slope Branch of the American Association of Economic<br />
Entomologists at the Mission Inn in downtown Riverside. In 1923, Smith, who<br />
had been working on the biological control of gypsy moth with USDA, moved to<br />
the University of California Riverside to form the Division of Beneficial Insect<br />
Investigations, a unit separate and distinct from the Department of Entomology.<br />
Prof. Smith, affectionately known as “Prof. Harry”, went on to create and<br />
chair the Department of Biological Control at UCR, which offered the only<br />
graduate degrees in biological control in the world. He is considered the “father”<br />
of modern day biological control. Prof. Harry brought recognized entomological<br />
training in biocontrol to California for the first time, encouraging work on the<br />
applied and practical aspects. Under Prof. Harry’s supervision, the science of<br />
biological control was developed in Southern California, and, naturally, a major<br />
research focus was the biological control of citrus pests.<br />
The Harry Scott Smith Biological Control Scholarship Fund in the Entomology<br />
Department at UCR was started with a small gift from Prof. Harry, and regular<br />
fundraising is necessary to maintain and grow the fund. The sole purpose of the<br />
fund is to attract the brightest students to UCR to study biological control. To<br />
do this, awards are made annually to provide assistance to students studying<br />
biocontrol so they can attend conferences to present the results of their research<br />
or to participate in training workshops.<br />
With an ever-increasing number of production challenges facing the citrus<br />
industry, biological control is still one of the best tools available for reducing<br />
economic damage from invasive pests, and projects on Asian citrus psyllid and<br />
Diaprepes root weevil are attempting to do this.<br />
If you are interested in supporting the Harry Scott Smith Biological Control<br />
Scholarship Fund at UCR, tax deductible donations made payable to the “UC<br />
Foundation” can be mailed to Mark Hoddle, Department of Entomology, University<br />
of California, Riverside, CA 92521. More information on the Scholarship,<br />
past awardees, and a list of donors can be reviewed at http://biocontrol.ucr.edu/<br />
hoddle/harrysmithfund.html.<br />
Any level of financial support you can provide for the Harry Scott Smith<br />
Biological Control Scholarship Fund at UCR will be greatly appreciated.<br />
Thank you,<br />
Professor Harry Scott Smith<br />
Mark Hoddle collecting Asian citrus psyllid<br />
natural enemies in the Punjab of Pakistan.<br />
Dr. Mark S. Hoddle<br />
Director, Center for Invasive Species <strong>Research</strong><br />
UC Riverside<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 43
<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots<br />
Preserving <strong>Citrus</strong> Heritage Foundation<br />
If you have found our articles of value<br />
and engaging, Please Support Your<br />
Foundation. Let’s face the reality that<br />
for the entire year<br />
of 2012, growers<br />
gave to the <strong>Citrus</strong><br />
Roots Foundation<br />
a total of<br />
$250 in cash donations.<br />
We receive<br />
no financial<br />
support from any organization, relying<br />
entirely on contributions from individuals.<br />
Even though we are a volunteer organization,<br />
we cannot continue to exist on that<br />
thrifty amount. We look forward to working<br />
with you!<br />
Buy our books, crate labels, make a cash contribution<br />
...Or give to <strong>Citrus</strong> Roots Foundation your<br />
crate labels, books, citrus memorabilia ...you will<br />
save FED and CA taxes to the full extent allowed.<br />
Our website is a reference center<br />
www.citrusroots.com<br />
Our “Mission” is to elevate the awareness<br />
of California citrus heritage through<br />
publications, education, and artistic work.<br />
We are proud of our accomplishments as a volunteer<br />
organization, which means each donated dollar works<br />
for you at 100% [for we have no salaries, wages, rent,<br />
etc.]. All donations are tax deductible for income tax<br />
purposes to the full extent allowed by law.<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots – Preserving <strong>Citrus</strong><br />
Heritage Foundation<br />
P.O. Box 4038, Balboa, CA 92661 USA<br />
501(c)(3) EIN 43-2102497<br />
The views of the writer may not be the same as this foundation.<br />
California<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Spurred<br />
Colonization<br />
The first direct saturated<br />
marketing campaign in<br />
selling consumer goods,<br />
adding greater wealth…<br />
Richard H. Barker<br />
Before we start, let us look back to where we commenced<br />
telling this story. In the <strong>Citrograph</strong> issue of Jan/Feb<br />
2011 under the “<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots” column, we introduced<br />
William Wolfskill through Judy Gauntt Lieback. This was in<br />
a two-part series. Then, in the issue of Sept/Oct 2011, we corrected<br />
history regarding the donation of land, a donation that<br />
was made so as to assure that Los Angeles was on the “main<br />
line” of the Southern Pacific.<br />
In the Nov/Dec 2011 and Jan/Feb 2012 issues, <strong>Citrograph</strong><br />
featured the work of Chester N. Roistacher who covered the<br />
parent Washington navel orange, and in this latter issue under<br />
the “<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots” column we published the “Building Boom<br />
of 1887.”<br />
We have covered the transition from men and women<br />
powering the sizing machines to the use of electric energy<br />
modernizing the citrus industry. Now we will focus on how<br />
the titan Southern Pacific Company, in a paternal way, urged<br />
the California Fruit Growers Exchange to modernize the way<br />
in which this young unsophisticated company conducted its<br />
marketing.<br />
As the region’s largest corporation with an annual revenue<br />
far in excess of the tax revenue of the individual states<br />
within its territory, the railroad took seriously its responsibility<br />
for the overall good of the area. Further, it promoted<br />
colonization of California. It also carried the obligation to<br />
provide a sustainable income for its colonist residents.<br />
It was for this reason the company stepped into the<br />
corporate forum regarding the inexperienced board of the<br />
California Fruit Growers Exchange to provide some outside<br />
leadership regarding the powerful potentials of advertising.<br />
Further, the rail company viewed the emerging California<br />
44 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
1873 Original Booklet Pamphlet<br />
citrus industry as an answer to its need for nearly yeararound,<br />
long-haul business.<br />
But before we go on with our story, let’s look at Southern<br />
Pacific Company’s advertising program regarding attracting<br />
additional immigrants to California.<br />
In 1872, Collis P. Huntington commissioned Charles<br />
Nordhoff to write a book on California, since it was the slowest<br />
growing state in the West. This writer was popular on the<br />
East Coast. The title of Nordhoff’s book was “California for<br />
Health, Pleasure and Residence”. It was well received, and<br />
as you can observe it was reprinted, condensed to a booklet,<br />
and summarized again to a pamphlet, which was printed in<br />
the multiplex of thousands. This was the source of the paraphrased<br />
slogan used abundantly as “Oranges For Health –<br />
California For Wealth”.<br />
With the source of the slogan understood, let us move to<br />
our emerging California citrus industry. Excerpting from the<br />
book I co-authored with Thomas M. Pulley, “<strong>Citrus</strong> Powered<br />
the Economy of Orange County for over a half century – Induced<br />
by ‘a Romance’” pp. 8,9:<br />
“In 1905 a sum of not to exceed $250 was authorized by<br />
the board of directors of California Fruit Growers Exchange<br />
for the advertising of oranges sent to England and Europe.<br />
This was their sole and only advertising expenditure for the<br />
year. ‘Did not the Exchange market only about one half of the<br />
California orange crop and would not such advertising benefit<br />
the outside shippers nearly as much as Exchange members’<br />
The directors thought ad programs would benefit California<br />
rather than the California Fruit Growers Exchange oranges<br />
and especially the aggressive California <strong>Citrus</strong> Union.<br />
“On the supply side, citrus was planted during and after<br />
the ‘Boom of the Eighties’ at such a speculative velocity that<br />
production was far ahead of the marketing potential. Previously,<br />
the oversupply undercut prices, and each year more<br />
fruit would be spilling into the undeveloped market as the<br />
trees continued to develop.<br />
Southern Pacific Company recognized the problem of this<br />
emerging industry and recognized urgent help was needed to<br />
stimulate this overly conservative yet distinguished cooperative.<br />
For if they did not take immediate overt action, the rail<br />
company thought there was a very good chance that this present<br />
organization could fail as prior attempts had in the past.<br />
“In 1907 Southern Pacific vice president E. O. McCormick<br />
called on his friend Francis Q. Story, President of the<br />
‘Exchange’. McCormick had a plan and he was strongly convinced<br />
that a massive, organized sales program would expand<br />
sales and stabilize the price relative to this unpredictable supply<br />
issue. He proposed that for every dollar the Exchange<br />
expended in advertising, the railroad would spend an equal<br />
amount not to exceed $10,000.<br />
“Armed with this generous offer, Story broached the subject<br />
to the directors. It passed, though some thought this to be<br />
dreadfully extravagant (see “Selling the Gold” p.30 [compiled<br />
and edited by R. H. Barker]). The test experiment was for five<br />
months. Iowa was selected as the experimental area with Des<br />
Moines as the center. Fruit went forward in special bannered<br />
trains, accompanied by a messenger who telegraphed the arrival<br />
of the train at various stations en route. This was blazed<br />
through the state with newspaper ads. “Ask for California Oranges<br />
in This Style Box.”<br />
“(The trademark ‘Sunkist’ was used the following year<br />
earmarking the best in appearance and in quality.) Displays,<br />
posters and ‘California Fruit Special trains’ all promoted the<br />
virtues of eating a California orange. The slogan ‘Oranges for<br />
Health -- California for Wealth’ was advertised on billboards<br />
throughout the state by the railroad. Anticipation was developed<br />
to a very high level! Prizes were offered for articles that<br />
could be used in advertising California oranges and lemons.<br />
A prominent lecturer toured the larger cities illustrating the<br />
advantages California had to offer with particular reference<br />
to the citrus industry.<br />
“The Los Angeles Times reported on April 3, 1908, ‘One<br />
of the biggest single excursions ever sent out of Southern California<br />
will leave Los Angeles tomorrow for Iowa [via S.P.].<br />
It is to be a solid train of oranges - nearly 10,000 boxes ...<br />
and should reach its destination within a week. Each of the<br />
twenty-five cars will be decorated on either side with a banner<br />
sixteen feet long and six feet high, words in green and orange<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 45
46 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
telling of the origin and destination of the cargo [shipment of<br />
the choicest fruit grown valued at $25,000]. For six months<br />
the California Fruit Growers Exchange had been advertising<br />
oranges extensively throughout the East including the rich agricultural<br />
region of Iowa ... and this train goes forward to meet<br />
the demand ...’<br />
“By 1908 the ‘Oranges for Health -- California for Wealth’<br />
campaign had raised orange sales in the U.S. by 17.7 percent;<br />
the state of Iowa alone showed a gain of 50 percent. Such results<br />
demonstrated expanding this program to include those<br />
states adjoining Iowa for 1908-09, and for 1909-10 the entire<br />
country north of Oklahoma, Arkansas and the Ohio River.<br />
Pioneering consumer products advertising<br />
In Richard J. Orsi’s book “The Sunset Limited - The<br />
Southern Pacific Railroad and the Development of the<br />
American West 1850-1930”, he wrote that some historians<br />
and marketing experts consider the aforementioned work<br />
of the “Exchange” and Southern Pacific to be the first example<br />
of saturating, consumer-products marketing, paving<br />
the way for others to establish brand names through massive<br />
ad campaigns.<br />
The Southern Pacific and the railroad industry reaped<br />
rich rewards from its decades-long support of citrus marketing<br />
which explains why the Southern Pacific Company was<br />
eager to enter into promotional partnership with others.<br />
“Further, at the conclusion of this joint advertising campaign<br />
during the 1910-1911 season, the Southern Pacific<br />
Company and the Exchange were each expending $100,000<br />
per year,” Orsi wrote.<br />
Relative to the aforementioned, the real test of a successful<br />
undertaking would be that each party, although working<br />
together, must have a common desire so that reciprocally<br />
both feel mutually benefited. This was the situation between<br />
the Exchange and the rail company; they continued to work<br />
together, but there was another interesting circuit to their<br />
route.<br />
In the very beginning, the Exchange naturally did not<br />
have an advertising agency, and the railroad was very pleased<br />
with the firm they were using. The growers elected to use the<br />
same, Foote, Cone, and Belding Worldwide (today’s name).<br />
This agency created ideas that benefited clients -- ideas that<br />
effected sales and built overall brand value.<br />
At the inception, they recommended selling under a<br />
brand name and not under the name of the cooperative. The<br />
brand name “Sunkist” evolved from this discussion, and in<br />
April of 1908 the board approved “Sunkist” as its trademark.<br />
Also rooted to the very beginning of the cooperative was<br />
the concern of the vendors co-mingling their competitors’<br />
lower quality fruit with that of the Exchange’s higher graded<br />
fruit. The agency heard and came back with a solution: sell<br />
the fruit with the tissue wrapper enveloping each orange.<br />
The tissue wrapper of each Sunkist (premium) and Red Ball<br />
(next best) stayed on the fruit, and this shut out any attempt<br />
to mix brands or grades.<br />
‘Sunkist blossom’ flatware<br />
Now, here is the brilliant, “best of the best”! They proposed<br />
a promotional gift of “Sunkist Blossom” patterned silverware<br />
in exchange for the trade tissue wrappers.<br />
Between 1910 and 1917, the California Fruit Growers<br />
Exchange became the single largest purchaser of flat silver-<br />
The ad “Ask for California Oranges in This Style Box” appeared<br />
in many sections of each newspaper of the spherically<br />
focused area. This was arranged well before the target<br />
date of March 2, 1908. It was a “heads up” or “look for”<br />
momentum-building promotional piece. Remember, this<br />
was a first in saturated direct marketing. The “blockbuster”<br />
ad (facing page) ascended off the press in three colors into<br />
the hands of the reader. Think of the impact this ad had on<br />
the provincial Des Moines, Iowa area. It was overwhelmingly<br />
impressive, and the consumer responded accordingly. (In<br />
the early 2000s, the newspapers were very proud of themselves<br />
for publishing in color; history does repeat itself!)<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 47
Volume I of III<br />
Including a fold out<br />
time line chart of<br />
by Marie A. Boyd and Richard H. Barker<br />
Volume III of III<br />
$ 15 00<br />
ware in the world! The campaign was a stunning<br />
success, and made the “Sunkist” trademark a<br />
household name not only for the quality of the<br />
fruit. The table setting of the “Sunkist Blossom”<br />
was a constant reminder or reinforcement to the<br />
“Sunkist” brand when in use or view. Further, the<br />
flatware became popular for wedding gifts, etc., to<br />
which we will return. These accomplishments all<br />
explain why the market for California citrus east<br />
of the Rockies climbed sevenfold. The price and<br />
earnings to the grower dramatically increased.<br />
This high trademark awareness was allowed<br />
to slip even before the 1930 Depression years.<br />
The generation waves erased most of the awareness<br />
and identity of the flatware.<br />
Here are two recent positive experiences regarding<br />
the utensils. When we (the <strong>Citrus</strong> Roots<br />
-- Preserving <strong>Citrus</strong> Heritage Foundation) installed<br />
a large exhibit on citrus heritage at Cal<br />
Poly Pomona, Special Collections, we kept increasing<br />
the collection over the eleven months<br />
on display. Due to the hour we arrived on one<br />
occasion, we were escorted in by the building<br />
manager. He spotted the display and was so surprised,<br />
for all during his youth, he had used the<br />
silverware and didn’t know its identity or story.<br />
When the head librarian of the Special Collections<br />
observed the display, she was elated to<br />
learn about the pattern because she had inherited<br />
from her grandmother a set of many place<br />
settings, and she had no idea of the background<br />
or the pattern. She brought in a spoon to illustrate<br />
the beauty. The writer is a generation older<br />
Postcard<br />
than the two people mentioned, and he had no idea of the<br />
significance of the flatware.<br />
All of this brings to mind and strengthens the conclusion.<br />
The heritage behind the trademark is the “bedrock”<br />
supporting the value of the trade name. To phrase it differently,<br />
the historical worth is really the “store of value” of the<br />
trademark. Without the heritage awareness, the value erodes.<br />
That is why Gerber uses a vintage image and Ford Motor<br />
Co. keeps in the spotlight the “Model T” and the “Model A”.<br />
The aforementioned stories strongly support this observation.<br />
History is the root or foundation of each trade name.<br />
Without historical depth, it is superficial.<br />
Richard H. Barker is the founder and president of the<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots-Preserving <strong>Citrus</strong> Heritage Foundation. For a<br />
number of years, he has been leading a drive to bring about a<br />
higher awareness of the role citrus played in developing California.<br />
Dick is a retired investment banker and was a third<br />
generation Sunkist grower. He has published four volumes on<br />
citrus heritage.<br />
The author wishes to credit the following: The Huntington<br />
Library, San Marino; Los Angeles Times; Sherman Library,<br />
Corona del Mar; Sunkist Growers, Inc. l<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots Series...<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots<br />
Preserving <strong>Citrus</strong> Heritage Foundation<br />
Keeping citrus heritage alive in the minds of those living in California through publications, educational exhibits and artistic works<br />
48 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013<br />
GIFT IDEAS!!<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots...Our Legacy - Volume IV<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Powered the Economy of Orange County<br />
for over a half century Induced by a “Romance”<br />
All donations are tax deductible for income tax<br />
purposes to the full extent allowed by law.<br />
For ordering information<br />
visit our website<br />
www.citrusroots.com<br />
Selling the GOLD<br />
History of<br />
Sunkist ® and Pure Gold ®<br />
CITRUS ROOTS . . . OUR LEGACY<br />
By: Rahno Mabel MacCurdy, V.A. Lockabey and others...<br />
compiled and edited by R.H. Barker<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots...Our Legacy - Volume I<br />
Selling the Gold - History of Sunkist®<br />
and Pure Gold®<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots...Our Legacy - Volume II<br />
Citriculture to <strong>Citrus</strong> Culture<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Roots...Our Legacy - Volume III<br />
Our Legacy...Baldy View Entrepreneurs<br />
- 25 men & women who left a legacy<br />
Our Legacy:<br />
Baldy View<br />
ENTREPRENEURS<br />
American Business Cycles from 1810 to 1978<br />
vs. the Life Span of Twenty-Five Entrepreneurs<br />
CITRUS ROOTS ... OUR LEGACY<br />
(Fed. Tax ID # 43-2102497)
Celebrating <strong>Citrus</strong><br />
Time-honored, wonderful, world-class desserts<br />
When Saveur magazine was<br />
launched in 1994, its stated<br />
mission was to “capture the<br />
world for those who see it ‘food first’”.<br />
Now nine years and many awards<br />
later, their goal is the same as it was at<br />
the start: to inspire cooks everywhere<br />
– and home chefs especially – not just<br />
by writing about and photographing delicious<br />
food but also by “celebrating the<br />
cultures in which dishes are created and<br />
the people who create them.”<br />
This past October, Saveur marked<br />
the milestone of its 150th issue with a<br />
special collection of 150 classics, presenting<br />
101 recipes in the print edition<br />
and posting the others on its website.<br />
What constitutes a “classic” in<br />
Saveur’s view Editor-in-chief James<br />
Anne Warring<br />
Oseland, appearing on NBC’s “Today”<br />
show, said, “A real classic just absolutely<br />
stands the test of time. It’s a perfect dish<br />
that doesn’t need any tricking out; it’s<br />
just fantastic food.”<br />
Among the “supremely delicious”<br />
renditions in the desserts category were<br />
Crêpes Suzettes (with the recipe calling<br />
for three oranges), and a Lemon Soufflé<br />
recipe touted on the cover as “foolproof”.<br />
By the way, when editor Oseland<br />
made that “Today” appearance, out of<br />
the 101 recipes he had to pick from for<br />
his on-air demo, he chose the Crêpes.<br />
The magazine’s publisher, Bonnier<br />
Corporation, graciously agreed to allow<br />
<strong>Citrograph</strong> to reprint the recipes complete<br />
with their introductory notes and<br />
original photography. l<br />
Crêpes Suzette<br />
Credit for inventing crêpes Suzette is<br />
claimed by French restaurateur Henri<br />
Charpentier, who in 1894, at age 14,<br />
while an assistant waiter, accidentally<br />
set a sauce aflame when serving dessert<br />
to the Prince of Wales. Once the<br />
fire subsided, the sauce was so delicious<br />
that the prince asked that the<br />
dish be named for a young girl in his<br />
entourage, Suzette. – Mindy Fox, from<br />
“Blazin’ Pancakes” (Saveur, January/<br />
February 2000).<br />
For the crêpes:<br />
• 6 tbsp. flour<br />
• 6 eggs<br />
• 6 tbsp. milk<br />
• 3 tbsp. heavy cream<br />
• Unsalted butter, as needed<br />
For the sauce:<br />
• 3 oranges<br />
• 16 tbsp. unsalted butter, softened<br />
• 10 tbsp. sugar<br />
• 7 tbsp. Cointreau<br />
• 1 tbsp. kirsch<br />
• 1 tsp. orange flower water<br />
• 5 tbsp. cognac<br />
For the crêpes: Whisk together flour<br />
and eggs in a medium bowl. Add milk<br />
and cream, and whisk until smooth. Pour<br />
through a fine strainer into a bowl, cover,<br />
and refrigerate for 2 hours or overnight.<br />
For the sauce: Use a vegetable peeler to<br />
remove rind from 2 of the oranges, avoiding<br />
pith; mince rind and set aside. Juice all the<br />
oranges and set juice aside. In a medium<br />
bowl, beat butter and 1/2 cup sugar on high<br />
speed of a hand mixer until light and fluffy,<br />
about 2 minutes. Add rind to butter and<br />
Landon Nordeman/Saveur magazine<br />
beat for 1 minute. Gradually drizzle in juice,<br />
2 tbsp. of the Cointreau, kirsch, and orange<br />
flower water, beating constantly until very<br />
light and fluffy, about 2 minutes more.<br />
Heat a seasoned crêpe pan or small<br />
nonstick skillet over medium-high heat until<br />
hot. Grease pan with a little butter, then<br />
pour in 1/4 cup batter. Working quickly,<br />
swirl batter to just coat pan, and cook until<br />
edges brown, about 1 minute. Turn with<br />
a spatula and brown other side for about<br />
30 seconds. Transfer to a plate and repeat<br />
with remaining batter, greasing pan only<br />
as needed.<br />
Melt orange butter sauce in a 12” skillet<br />
over medium heat until bubbling. Dip both<br />
sides of one crêpe in sauce, then, with<br />
best side facing down, fold in half, then in<br />
half again. Repeat process with remaining<br />
crêpes, arranging and overlapping them<br />
around the perimeter of the pan. Sprinkle<br />
with remaining sugar. Remove pan from<br />
heat, pour remaining Cointreau and the<br />
cognac over crêpes, and carefully ignite<br />
with a match. Spoon sauce over crêpes until<br />
flame dies out, and then serve immediately.<br />
Serves 6.<br />
Recipe, introduction and photograph<br />
reprinted from the October 2012 issue of<br />
Saveur magazine, ©2012 Bonnier Corporation,<br />
used by permission.<br />
50 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
Todd Coleman/Saveur magazine<br />
Lemon Soufflé<br />
There is something unforgettable<br />
about a soufflé. I remember my first,<br />
at the magnificent Le Perroquet restaurant<br />
in Chicago in 1978. It was in<br />
that hushed dining room that I actually<br />
swooned, not only for the soufflé – a<br />
magical blending of eggs, air, and acid<br />
– but for my profession, too. Under<br />
duress (amounting to a lot of begging),<br />
Le Perroquet’s owner, Jovan Trboyevic,<br />
hired me, putting me to work on the<br />
pastry station, where I made dozens<br />
of soufflés every night, never tiring of<br />
their delightful ascent in the oven and<br />
their faint wobble as waiters whisked<br />
them out to the dining room at just the<br />
right moment. – Mary Sue Milliken,<br />
co-chef-owner of Los Angeles’ Border<br />
Grills and Truck.<br />
• 2 tbsp. unsalted butter, plus more<br />
for greasing molds<br />
• 1/2 cup sugar, plus more for molds<br />
• 3 tbsp. flour<br />
• 2 tbsp. lemon zest<br />
• 8 eggs, separated, plus 1 egg white<br />
• 1 cup milk<br />
• 1/2 cup fresh lemon juice<br />
• Confectioners’ sugar, to garnish<br />
Heat oven to 375˚. Grease eight 6-oz.<br />
ramekins and then coat with sugar, tapping<br />
out excess; set aside on a baking<br />
sheet. Whisk together 1/4 cup sugar,<br />
flour, zest, and egg yolks in a 2-qt. saucepan;<br />
add milk and stir until smooth.<br />
Place pan over medium heat; cook,<br />
stirring often, until thickened, about 12<br />
minutes. Pour through a fine strainer<br />
into a large bowl; stir in butter and juice.<br />
Place egg whites in a bowl; whisk until<br />
soft peaks form. Add remaining sugar;<br />
beat until firm peaks form. Add 1/3 of<br />
the whites to lemon mixture; stir until<br />
smooth. Add remaining whites; fold<br />
until combined. Divide batter among<br />
ramekins; bake until risen and golden<br />
brown, about 18 minutes. Immediately<br />
transfer to serving plates, and dust with<br />
confectioners’ sugar. Serves 8.<br />
Recipe, introduction and photograph<br />
reprinted from the October 2012 issue<br />
of Saveur magazine, ©2012 Bonnier<br />
Corporation, used by permission.<br />
“GREAT NEWS”<br />
Metropolitan Water District<br />
will help pay for your Ecoflow System!<br />
• MWD recognizes all the tests and studies that we’ve done.<br />
• MWD will pay 50% of the cost, including installation of the Ecoflow and related irrigation parts and equipment.<br />
Installed in 100+ avocado/citrus groves !<br />
Typical installed results have been:<br />
• 25% Water Usage Reduction • 40% Root Zone Chlorides Reduction • 15% Additional Yield<br />
FOR MORE INFORMATION & HOW TO APPLY FOR THE MWD SUBSIDY<br />
Contact Earl Coleman at 951-587-8375 or earlcoleman288@msn.com<br />
Manufactured exclusively in the U.S.A. by Morrill Industries, Inc.<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 51
Glossary of Ag Acronyms<br />
ACP<br />
Asian <strong>Citrus</strong> Psyllid – An insect that can carry and spread<br />
huanglongbing (HLB) disease.<br />
http://www.californiacitrusthreat.org<br />
http://www.saveourcitrus.org<br />
AECA Agricultural Energy Consumers Association (California) –<br />
Non-profit agricultural consumer advocacy association which<br />
represents the energy interest of CA growers, the state’s<br />
leading agricultural associations and over 45 agricultural<br />
water districts.<br />
http://www.aecaonline.com<br />
AFF<br />
ALRB<br />
APHIS<br />
AQIS<br />
ARS<br />
Alliance for Food and Farming (National) – Non-profit<br />
organization made up of farmers and farm groups to provide<br />
a voice for farmers to communicate their commitment to food<br />
safety and care for the land.<br />
http://www.foodandfarming.info<br />
Agriculture Labor Relations <strong>Board</strong> (California) – Created in<br />
1975 to ensure peace in the fields of CA by guaranteeing<br />
justice for all agricultural workers and stability in agricultural<br />
labor relations.<br />
http://www.alrb.ca.gov<br />
Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA) – Multifaceted<br />
Agency with a broad mission area that includes protecting<br />
and promoting U.S. Agricultural health, regulating genetically<br />
engineered organisms, administering the Animal Welfare Act<br />
and carrying out wildlife damage management activities.<br />
http://www.aphis.usda.gov<br />
Australian Quarantine and Inspections Service – Provides<br />
quarantine inspection services for the arrival of international<br />
passengers, cargo, mail, animals and plants or their products<br />
into Australia. It also provides export certification for a range<br />
of agricultural, fisheries and forestry produce exported from<br />
Australia<br />
http://daff.gov.au/aqis<br />
Agricultural <strong>Research</strong> Service (USDA) – Purpose is to find<br />
solutions to agricultural problems that affect Americans every<br />
day, from field to table.<br />
http://www.ars.usda.gov<br />
CARB<br />
CASS<br />
CASS<br />
CBP<br />
CBS<br />
CCAC<br />
CCM<br />
CCNB<br />
California Air Resources <strong>Board</strong> (aka ARB) – Part of the CA<br />
EPA; Mission is to promote and protect public health, welfare<br />
and ecological resources through the effective and efficient<br />
reduction of air pollutants while recognizing and considering<br />
the effects on the economy of the state.<br />
http://www.arb.ca.gov<br />
California Agricultural Statistics Service – Prepares and<br />
distributes statistics on CA agriculture.<br />
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics<br />
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/<br />
index.asp<br />
Cooperative Agricultural Support Services – A local public<br />
agency that partners with state and county agencies and<br />
the agricultural industry to provide flexible and cost effective<br />
services for agricultural project needs throughout California.<br />
http://www.agsupport.org<br />
Customs and Border Protection (Department of Homeland<br />
Security) – Secures the homeland by preventing the illegal<br />
entry of people and goods while facilitating legitimate trade<br />
and travel.<br />
http://cbp.gov<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Black Spot – A disease caused by the fungus Guignardia<br />
citricarpa.<br />
http://www.citrusresearch.org/citrus-black-spot<br />
California <strong>Citrus</strong> Advisory Committee – Advisory committee to<br />
CDFA.<br />
California <strong>Citrus</strong> Mutual – Non-profit grower-based trade<br />
association formed to work on issues and programs that will<br />
improve their members’ bottom line.<br />
http://www.cacitrusmutual.com<br />
California <strong>Citrus</strong> Nursery <strong>Board</strong> – Marketing order authorized<br />
to carry on or support a program of variety improvement<br />
to assure the continued freedom of citrus nursery stock<br />
from pathologically harmful viruses and other economically<br />
undesirable citrus diseases and mutations.<br />
http://ccnb.info<br />
BMPs<br />
CAA<br />
CALF<br />
Best Management Practices – Generic: Methods or<br />
techniques that have consistently shown results superior<br />
to those achieved with other means. Best practices are<br />
used to maintain quality as an alternative to mandatory<br />
legislated standards and can be based on self-assessment or<br />
benchmarking.<br />
Clean Air Act (Federal) – Defines EPA’s responsibilities for<br />
protecting and improving the nation’s air quality and the<br />
stratospheric ozone layer.<br />
http://www.epa.gov/air/caa<br />
California Agricultural Leadership Foundation – Non-profit<br />
public benefit corporation committed to leadership training<br />
and transformational learning experiences in partnership with<br />
four CA universities.<br />
http://www.agleaders.org<br />
CCNS<br />
CCOGC<br />
California <strong>Citrus</strong> Nursery Society – A voluntary-membership<br />
organization working for the betterment of the citrus nursery<br />
industry in CA by facilitating the exchange of information<br />
on relevant issues, and by licensing and importing patented<br />
proprietary varieties.<br />
Central California Orange Growers Cooperative.<br />
CCPDPC California <strong>Citrus</strong> Pest & Disease Prevention Committee (aka<br />
CPDPC) – Legislated committee created to advise Secretary<br />
and the agricultural industry about efforts to combat serious<br />
pests and diseases that threaten the state’s citrus crop.<br />
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/citruscommittee<br />
CPDPP<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Pest & Disease Prevention Program – Supporting<br />
programs created to implement strategies as directed by<br />
CPDPC.<br />
52 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
CCPN<br />
CCPP<br />
CCQC<br />
CCTEA<br />
CDFA<br />
CEQA<br />
CLM<br />
CHRP<br />
CNRA<br />
CPM<br />
CRB<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Clean Plant Network (NCPN) – Committee created to<br />
provide expertise, advice and recommendations, including<br />
prioritization of funding, to the Governing <strong>Board</strong> of the National<br />
Clean Plant Network relative to the development, maintenance,<br />
and distribution of pathogen-tested citrus propagative<br />
materials.<br />
http://nationalcleanplantnetwork.org/<strong>Citrus</strong>_CPN<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Clonal Protection Program – Provides safe mechanism<br />
for the introduction into CA of citrus varieties from any citrusgrowing<br />
area of the world for research, variety improvement,<br />
or for use by the commercial industry of the state.<br />
http://ccpp.ucr.edu<br />
California <strong>Citrus</strong> Quality Council – Objective is to ensure<br />
that CA citrus production meets domestic and international<br />
regulatory standards.<br />
http://www.calcitrusquality.org<br />
Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency – Charged with<br />
the survey, detection and eradication of citrus tristeza virus<br />
(CTV) within participating Pest Control Districts.<br />
California Department of Food and Agriculture – Regulatory<br />
agency whose mission is to serve the citizens of CA by<br />
promoting and protecting a safe, healthy food supply, and<br />
enhancing local and global agricultural trade, through<br />
efficient management, innovation and sound science, with a<br />
commitment to environmental stewardship.<br />
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov<br />
California Environmental Quality Act (CNRA) – A statute that<br />
requires state and local agencies to identify the significant<br />
environmental impacts of their actions and to avoid or mitigate<br />
those impacts, if feasible.<br />
http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Leafminer – An insect whose larvae mine beneath the<br />
surface of new flush leaves.<br />
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r107303211.html<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Health Response Program (USDA-APHIS) – Goal is to<br />
sustain the United States’ citrus industry, to maintain growers’<br />
continued access to export markets, and to safeguard the<br />
other citrus growing states against a variety of citrus diseases<br />
and pests.<br />
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/<br />
citrus/index.shtml<br />
California Natural Resources Agency – Purpose is to restore,<br />
protect and manage the state’s natural, historical and cultural<br />
resources for current and future generations using creative<br />
approaches and solutions based on science, collaboration and<br />
respect for all the communities and interests involved.<br />
http://resources.ca.gov<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Peelminer – An insect whose larvae feed beneath the<br />
surface of fruit or young stems causing cosmetic damage that<br />
devalues fruit grade.<br />
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r107303111.html<br />
California <strong>Citrus</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Board</strong> (aka CRB) – Grower-funded<br />
and grower-directed program established under the CA<br />
Marketing Act as the mechanism enabling the state’s citrus<br />
producers to sponsor and support needed research.<br />
http://www.citrusresearch.org<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 53
CRS<br />
CTV<br />
California Red Scale – An armored scale.<br />
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r583300811.htm<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Tristeza Virus – a viral species of the Closterovirus<br />
genus that can cause decline, stem-pitting, and seedling<br />
yellows.<br />
http://www.apsnet.org/apsstore/shopapspress/Pages/43788.<br />
aspx<br />
CVRWB Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control <strong>Board</strong> (Cal-EPA) –<br />
One of nine regional water boards in CA.<br />
http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley<br />
CWA<br />
CWA<br />
DPR<br />
EIR<br />
EIS<br />
EQIP<br />
ESA<br />
California Women for Agriculture – Non-profit organization to<br />
promote agriculture and support interest in agriculture through<br />
education and scholarship programs for women.<br />
Clean Water Act (US-EPA) – Establishes the basic structure for<br />
regulating discharges of pollutants into the water of the United<br />
States and regulating quality standards for surface waters.<br />
http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/lcwa.html<br />
Department of Pesticide Regulation (California) – Mission is<br />
to protect human health and the environment by regulating<br />
pesticide sales and use and by fostering reduced-risk pest<br />
management.<br />
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov<br />
Environmental Impact Report – A study of all the factors which<br />
a land development or construction project would have on the<br />
environment in the area, including population, traffic, schools,<br />
fire protection, endangered species, archeological artifacts,<br />
and community beauty.<br />
Environmental Impact Statement – Under United States<br />
environmental law, a document required by the National<br />
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for certain actions significantly<br />
affecting the quality of the human environment.<br />
http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/projdev/docueis.asp<br />
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (USDA) – A<br />
voluntary program that provides financial and technical<br />
assistance to agricultural producers to help plan and<br />
implement conservation practices that address natural<br />
resource concerns and for opportunities to improve soil, water,<br />
plant, animal, air and related resources on agricultural land<br />
and non-industrial private forestland.<br />
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/<br />
programs/financial/eqip/<br />
Endangered Species Act (US Fish & Wildlife Service) – Was<br />
designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction<br />
as a consequence of economic growth and development<br />
untempered by adequate concern and conservation.<br />
http://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/index.html<br />
FSA<br />
GAP<br />
GHGs<br />
GWSS<br />
HLB<br />
ILRP<br />
LBAM<br />
MFF<br />
MRL<br />
through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco<br />
products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-thecounter<br />
pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines,<br />
biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices,<br />
electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), and<br />
veterinary products.<br />
http://www.fda.gov/default.htm<br />
Farm Service Agency (UDSA) – Administers farm commodity,<br />
crop insurance, credit, environmental, conservation, and<br />
emergency assistance programs for farmers and ranchers.<br />
http://www.fsa.usda.gov<br />
Good Agricultural Practices – Specific methods which, when<br />
applied to agriculture, produce results that are in harmony<br />
with the values of the proponents of those practices.<br />
Greenhouse Gases – Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere<br />
are called greenhouse gases. Primary gases include water<br />
vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.<br />
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html<br />
Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter – An insect that can carry and<br />
spread the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of<br />
several plant diseases including Pierce’s disease of grape and<br />
<strong>Citrus</strong> Variegated Chlorosis.<br />
http://cisr.ucr.edu/glassy_winged_sharpshooter.html<br />
Huanglongbing – Also known as citrus greening, a devastating<br />
citrus plant disease spread by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP).<br />
http://www.californiacitrusthreat.org<br />
http://www.saveourcitrus.org<br />
Irrigated Lands Regulatory Program – Regulates discharges<br />
from irrigated agricultural lands with the purpose to prevent<br />
discharges from impairing the waters that receive the<br />
discharges.<br />
http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/<br />
Light Brown Apple Moth – An insect known to damage a wide<br />
range of crops.<br />
http://cisr.ucr.edu/light_brown_apple_moth.html<br />
Melon Fruit Fly – An insect whose larvae tunnel into fruit or<br />
plant parts providing a wound where decay organisms can<br />
enter leaving the fruit a rotten mass unfit for consumption.<br />
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/pdep/target_pest_disease_<br />
profiles/melon_ff_profile.html<br />
Maximum Residue Level (US-EPA/US-FAS) – Limit of how<br />
much pesticide residue can remain on food and feed products<br />
or commodities.<br />
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/food/viewtols.htm<br />
http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/mrl.asp<br />
EWG<br />
FAS<br />
FDA<br />
Environmental Working Group – The mission is to use the<br />
power of public information to protect public health and the<br />
environment.<br />
http://www.ewg.org/<br />
Foreign Agricultural Service ((USDA) – It serves to link U.S.<br />
agriculture to the world to enhance export opportunities and<br />
global food security.<br />
http://www.fas.usda.gov/<br />
Food and Drug Administration (US) – The agency is<br />
responsible for protecting and promoting public health<br />
NAPPO<br />
NASS<br />
North American Plant Protection Organization –The<br />
phytosanitary standard setting organization recognized by the<br />
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).<br />
http://www.nappo.org/en/<br />
National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA) – Conducts<br />
hundreds of surveys every year and prepares reports on<br />
ag productions, prices paid and received, farm labor and<br />
wages, farm finances, chemical use, and changes in the<br />
demographics of U.S. producers.<br />
http://www.nass.usda.gov/index.asp<br />
54 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013
NEPA<br />
NRLB<br />
NOx<br />
NRCS<br />
NRDC<br />
OEHHA<br />
OSHA<br />
PACA<br />
PANNA<br />
PEIR<br />
PHPPS<br />
PM<br />
National Environmental Policy Act (US-EPA) – The Act<br />
establishes national environmental policy and goals for the<br />
protection, maintenance, and enhancement of the environment<br />
and provides a process for implementing these goals within<br />
the federal agencies.<br />
http://www.epa.gov/compliance/nepa/index.html<br />
National Labor Relations <strong>Board</strong> – An independent federal<br />
agency that protects the rights of private sector employees to<br />
join together, with or without a union, to improve their wages<br />
and working conditions.<br />
http://www.nlrb.gov/<br />
Nitrogen Oxides – Group of highly reactive gasses composed<br />
of nitrogen and oxygen.<br />
http://www.epa.gov/air/nitrogenoxides/<br />
http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.phpid=19<br />
Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA) – Works with<br />
landowners through conservation planning and assistance<br />
designed to benefit the soil, water, air, plants, and animals that<br />
result in productive lands and healthy ecosystems.<br />
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/site/national/home/<br />
National Resources Defense Council – Mission Statement is to<br />
safeguard the Earth: its people, its plants and animals and the<br />
natural systems on which all life depends.<br />
http://www.nrdc.org/<br />
Office of the Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (CA-<br />
EPA) – Mission is to protect and enhance public health by<br />
scientific evaluation of risks posed by hazardous substances.<br />
http://oehha.ca.gov/<br />
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (US-Dept of<br />
Labor) – Mission is to assure safe and healthful working<br />
conditions for working men and women by setting and<br />
enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach,<br />
education and assistance.<br />
http://www.osha.gov/<br />
Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (USDA)– Regulates<br />
the buying and selling of fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables<br />
to prevent unfair trading practices and to assure that sellers<br />
will be paid promptly.<br />
http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/overviews/<br />
perishablecommodities.html<br />
Pesticide Action Network North America – Group works to<br />
replace the use of hazardous pesticides with ecologically<br />
sound and socially just alternatives.<br />
http://www.panna.org<br />
Programmantic Environmental Impact Report – An EIR<br />
prepared on a series of actions that can be characterized as<br />
one large project.<br />
http://www.ucop.edu/ceqa-handbook/chapter_02/2.3.html<br />
Plant Health & Pest Prevention Service (CDFA) – Purpose is<br />
to protect California’s food supply from the impact of exotic<br />
pests, its environment and natural resources from direct pest<br />
impact and increased pesticide use, the public from pests<br />
that pose threat to human health, and its position in the global<br />
economy.<br />
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/acp<br />
Particulate Matter – Tiny pieces of solid or liquid matter<br />
associated with the Earth’s atmosphere.<br />
http://www.epa.gov/pm/<br />
PMA<br />
PPA<br />
PTI<br />
RMA<br />
SCFBA<br />
Produce Marketing Association – Mission is to connect,<br />
to inform, and to deliver business solutions that enhance<br />
members’ prosperity.<br />
http://www.pma.com/<br />
Plant Protection Act (USDA) – Statute relating to plant pests<br />
and noxious weeds which consolidated related responsibilities<br />
that were previously spread over various legislative statutes.<br />
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/pdf/PlantProtAct2000.pdf<br />
Produce Traceability Initiative – Designed to protect public<br />
health by making it possible to track produce from its point of<br />
origin to a retail location where it is purchased by consumers.<br />
Risk Management Agency (USDA) – Mission is to promote,<br />
support, and regulate sound risk management solutions to<br />
preserve and strengthen the economic stability of America’s<br />
Ag producers.<br />
http://www.rma.usda.gov/<br />
Specialty Crop Farm Bill Alliance – A national coalition of<br />
more than 140 specialty crop organizations representing 350<br />
specialty crops.<br />
http://www.unitedfresh.org/assets/files/GR/SCFBA_<br />
Recommendations__Executive%20Summary_.pdf<br />
SENASICA Mexico’s equivalent of Department of Food and Agriculture<br />
http://www.senasica.gob.mx/<br />
SITC<br />
Smuggling Interdiction and Trade Compliance (USDA-APHIS)<br />
– Mission is to detect and prevent the unlawful entry and<br />
distribution of prohibited and/or non-compliant products that<br />
may harbor exotic plant and animal pests, disease or invasive<br />
species.<br />
SJVAPCD San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District – Air district<br />
committed to improving the health and quality of life for all<br />
Valley residents through effective and cooperative air quality<br />
programs.<br />
http://www.valleyair.org/Home.htm<br />
SK<br />
SOS<br />
SWRCB<br />
UFPA<br />
VOC<br />
WGA<br />
Sunkist – A citrus cooperative that supplies citrus<br />
internationally.<br />
http://www.sunkist.com<br />
Sweet Orange Scab – A disease caused by the fungus Elisinoe<br />
australis. The disease results in scab-like lesions that develop<br />
primarily on the fruit rind.<br />
http://www.saveourcitrus.org/index.php/sweet-orange-scab<br />
State Water Resources Control <strong>Board</strong> – Addresses water<br />
quality and rights regulation.<br />
http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/<br />
United Fresh Produce Association – Trade association<br />
committed to driving the growth and success of produce<br />
companies and their partners.<br />
http://www.unitedfresh.org<br />
Volatile Organic Compounds – Gases emitted from certain<br />
solids or liquids.<br />
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html<br />
Western Growers Association – Association representing local<br />
and regional family farmers growing produce with philosophy<br />
that there is strength in numbers.<br />
http://www.wga.com/<br />
January/February 2013 <strong>Citrograph</strong> 55
CLEAN CITRUS<br />
Clonal<br />
Containerized<br />
Certified<br />
You have new options:<br />
• Containerized citrus is cleaner, more flexible and secure<br />
• Clonally propagated rootstocks increase uniformity<br />
and expand your options.<br />
• Professional field service from experienced horticulturists:<br />
Ed Needham (559)977-7282<br />
Steve Scheuber (209)531-5065<br />
John Arellano (559)804-6949<br />
1-800-GRAFTED<br />
www.duartenursery.com • Hughson, Ca.<br />
Clonal Avocados Coming Soon<br />
56 <strong>Citrograph</strong> January/February 2013