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Information nformation and<br />
Communication<br />
ommunication<br />
Technologies<br />
echnologies<br />
<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Tourism</strong>
Agenda<br />
1.<br />
1.1<br />
1.2<br />
2.<br />
2.1<br />
2.2<br />
2.3<br />
2.4<br />
2.5<br />
3.<br />
3.0<br />
3.1<br />
3.2<br />
3.3<br />
3.4<br />
3.5<br />
3.6<br />
3.7<br />
<strong>ICT</strong> and tourism – <strong>in</strong>troduction<br />
<strong>Tourism</strong> as <strong>in</strong>formation bus<strong>in</strong>ess<br />
e<strong>Tourism</strong> – <strong>ICT</strong> usage <strong>in</strong> tourism<br />
<strong>ICT</strong> usage <strong>in</strong> tourism – overview and case studies<br />
<strong>Tourism</strong> stakeholders and <strong>in</strong>terfaces<br />
<strong>Tourism</strong> suppliers and e<strong>Tourism</strong><br />
Intermediaries and e<strong>Tourism</strong><br />
Dest<strong>in</strong>ation organisations and e<strong>Tourism</strong><br />
<strong>Tourism</strong> management and e<strong>Tourism</strong><br />
Trends and future applications<br />
Social Media & Web 2.0<br />
Website optimisation<br />
Interoperability and semantic web<br />
Software agents<br />
Recommender systems<br />
Dynamic packag<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Mobile services & ambient <strong>in</strong>telligence<br />
Onl<strong>in</strong>e auctions <strong>in</strong> tourism<br />
2 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
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2.3 Intermediaries and e<strong>Tourism</strong><br />
�� CRS / GDS<br />
�� Case study Amadeus<br />
�� <strong>ICT</strong> usage by tour operators<br />
�� <strong>ICT</strong> usage by travel agencies<br />
�� Case study Bistro<br />
�� Case study WebMAIL<br />
3 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
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2.3 Intermediaries and e<strong>Tourism</strong><br />
�� CRS / GDS<br />
�� Case study Amadeus<br />
�� <strong>ICT</strong> usage by tour operators<br />
�� <strong>ICT</strong> usage by travel agencies<br />
�� Case study Bistro<br />
�� Case study WebMAIL<br />
4 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
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CRS / GDS<br />
�� Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs ( CRSs)<br />
Global Distribution Systems (GDSs ( GDSs)<br />
�� CRS/GDS are product of the 1960ies<br />
�� Ma<strong>in</strong> electronic <strong>in</strong>terface <strong>in</strong> the travel and tourism<br />
market<br />
�� “switch switch” between suppliers and <strong>in</strong>termediaries on<br />
one side and travel agents on the other side<br />
�� Shareholders have ma<strong>in</strong>ly been airl<strong>in</strong>es, airl<strong>in</strong>es,<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
management of airl<strong>in</strong>e seats and their<br />
distribution constitute their orig<strong>in</strong><br />
�� Aimed at organis<strong>in</strong>g airl<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong>ternally and provided tools<br />
for improvement <strong>in</strong> productivity & efficiency<br />
�� Acted as backbone of the digital airl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
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E-Intermediaries<br />
Intermediaries<br />
(Fuchs/Höpken 2004; Fuchs et al. 2009)<br />
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Dis-Intermediation<br />
Dis Intermediation<br />
TrC > PrC<br />
but also… also<br />
Re-Intermediation<br />
Re Intermediation<br />
TrC = PrC and Value Added
Computer reservation systems (CRSs CRSs)<br />
�� CRSs assist tourism enterprises<br />
�� Handle their <strong>in</strong>ventories profitably<br />
�� Facilitate the tourism product distribution<br />
�� Normally operated by airl<strong>in</strong>es, airl<strong>in</strong>es,<br />
hotels & tour operators<br />
�� Distribute products nationally or globally<br />
�� Use ma<strong>in</strong>frames & extensive networks to support<br />
remote term<strong>in</strong>als <strong>in</strong> travel agencies (nowadays also<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternet and web applications)<br />
applications<br />
�� Advantages<br />
�� Support reservation/confirmation/purchase of a wide<br />
range of tourism products<br />
�� Reduce transaction costs<br />
�� Disadvantages<br />
�� High <strong>in</strong>stallation and usage costs<br />
�� Lack of flexibility and user friendl<strong>in</strong>ess<br />
�� Bias <strong>in</strong> favour of their suppliers<br />
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Global distribution systems (GDSs GDSs)<br />
�� GDSs<br />
�� Horizontal and vertical <strong>in</strong>tegration of multiple CRSs<br />
�� Emerged from CRSs as a one-stop one stop customer service<br />
�� Effectively became travel supermarkets, supermarkets,<br />
offer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation & reservation capabilities for all products<br />
�� Control and distribute most airl<strong>in</strong>e seats<br />
�� Emerged as a ma<strong>in</strong> technology supplier<br />
�� 4 major GDSs: GDSs:<br />
Amadeus, Amadeus,<br />
Galileo, Galileo,<br />
SABRE & Worldspan<br />
�� Result of a permanent concentration process<br />
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GDS architecture<br />
9 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
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(Werthner/Kle<strong>in</strong> 1999)
Global distribution systems (GDSs GDSs)<br />
�� GDS functions<br />
�� Reservation / book<strong>in</strong>g – core-services<br />
core services<br />
�� Flights<br />
�� Accomodation<br />
�� Car-rental<br />
Car rental<br />
�� Reservation / book<strong>in</strong>g – other services<br />
�� Events<br />
�� Package tours<br />
�� Cruise<br />
�� Complete handl<strong>in</strong>g of payment<br />
�� Ticket<strong>in</strong>g<br />
�� Management functions<br />
�� Report<strong>in</strong>g<br />
�� Account<strong>in</strong>g<br />
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History of GDSs<br />
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(Kärcher 1997)
Market penetration of GDSs<br />
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(Werthner/Kle<strong>in</strong> 1999)
GDSs – Global marketplaces<br />
�� GDSs as global marketplaces<br />
�� Example of global electronic marketplaces<br />
�� Represent very <strong>in</strong>fluential part of the market<br />
�� Sabre Travel International employs 1.800 persons, persons,<br />
covers 45 Mn of prices, prices,<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>s 650 airl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
companies second<br />
and performs 2.000 transactions per<br />
�� In 1992 these entire market<br />
systems had over 98% of the<br />
�� Dom<strong>in</strong>ant position <strong>in</strong> specific markets<br />
�� E.g. Amadeus/START <strong>in</strong> Germany<br />
�� Example that early adopters of <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
technology can occupy a strategically dom<strong>in</strong>ant<br />
position<br />
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2.3 Intermediaries and e<strong>Tourism</strong><br />
�� CRS / GDS<br />
�� Case study Amadeus<br />
�� <strong>ICT</strong> usage by tour operators<br />
�� <strong>ICT</strong> usage by travel agencies<br />
�� Case study Bistro<br />
�� Case study WebMAIL<br />
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History of Amadeus & Start<br />
1971 Deutsche Lufthansa, Deutsche Bahn, Bahn,<br />
TUI, abr, abr,<br />
DER and<br />
Hapag-Lloyd Hapag Lloyd establish Studiengesellschaft<br />
Studiengesellschaft<br />
zur<br />
Automatisierung<br />
utomatisierung für Reise eise und Touristik ouristik (Society for the<br />
Automation of Travel and <strong>Tourism</strong>) – called Start for short<br />
1980 Start is ready for operation<br />
1987 Foundation of Amadeus by Air France, Iberia, Lufthansa<br />
and Scand<strong>in</strong>avian Airl<strong>in</strong>es (SAS)<br />
1992 Integration of Amadeus <strong>in</strong>to the Start system<br />
1994 Implementation of the e-commerce e commerce sector<br />
1995 Take over of System One (USA)<br />
2002 Worldwide no. 1 GDS <strong>in</strong> travel agency book<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
2003 Start becomes Amadeus Germany<br />
2004 Acquisition of OPODO onl<strong>in</strong>e travel portal<br />
2005 Amadeus goes private: Leveraged Buy Out (€ ( 4.37<br />
billion market valuation)<br />
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Amadeus Germany bus<strong>in</strong>ess fields<br />
�� Services for travel agencies<br />
�� Conventional travel distribution system<br />
�� Integrated software solutions to support front, front,<br />
mid<br />
and back office workflow processes<br />
�� Book<strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>es for web-based web based travel distribution<br />
�� www.de.amadeus.com - the B2B portal as an Internet<br />
platform for products and services<br />
�� Employee qualification us<strong>in</strong>g various tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g methods<br />
�� e.g. Travel Expert Certificates - Amadeus Germany <strong>in</strong><br />
co-operation co operation with IHK (Chamber of Commerce)<br />
Frankfurt am Ma<strong>in</strong><br />
�� Wide array of services e.g. help desk, on-site on site system<br />
consult<strong>in</strong>g and customer support<br />
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Amadeus Germany bus<strong>in</strong>ess fields<br />
�� Services for tour operators and service<br />
providers<br />
�� Comprehensive and neutral book<strong>in</strong>g platforms<br />
�� Book<strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>es for sale via Internet; Internet;<br />
customised<br />
Internet presence<br />
�� Individualised tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g media and on-l<strong>in</strong>e on l<strong>in</strong>e help<br />
�� Services for corporate accounts<br />
�� Products and consult<strong>in</strong>g for onl<strong>in</strong>e bus<strong>in</strong>ess travel<br />
management<br />
�� Development of global solutions for companies<br />
operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternationally<br />
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Amadeus book<strong>in</strong>g process<br />
Amadeus book<strong>in</strong>g process support<br />
Consult<strong>in</strong>g Information search Vacancy <strong>in</strong>quiry<br />
Beratung Sales<br />
Payment<br />
Beratung<br />
Payment<br />
process<br />
Documents<br />
Option Book<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Onl<strong>in</strong>e direct debit collection<br />
by the tour operator<br />
Travel confirmation<br />
also via email, fax<br />
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Book<strong>in</strong>g<br />
confirmation onl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Additional<br />
services<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g of remittance<br />
slips<br />
Travel documents<br />
Application<br />
transfers<br />
VERS/VERJ<br />
TV<br />
CC<br />
INFX
Amadeus system as an <strong>in</strong>tegrator<br />
Rail<br />
39<br />
Public Transport<br />
68<br />
Airl<strong>in</strong>es<br />
488<br />
Hotels<br />
239 cha<strong>in</strong>s<br />
59.000 hotels<br />
Cars<br />
42 providers <strong>in</strong><br />
31.000 locations<br />
Rail<br />
2 providers<br />
Cruise<br />
7 providers<br />
Suppliers<br />
Deutsche Bahn<br />
Rail + bus providers<br />
4<br />
Tour operators<br />
190<br />
Hotels<br />
Amadeus<br />
Insurances/<br />
Credit cards<br />
5 / 5 providers<br />
Ferries<br />
33<br />
Event providers<br />
180<br />
Front/mid<br />
office<br />
products<br />
Amadeus Vista<br />
Internet products<br />
Amadeus<br />
Germany<br />
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Bus<strong>in</strong>ess<br />
Travel<br />
Management<br />
Travel Agents<br />
Company<br />
Travel Units<br />
Advance<br />
Ticket Sales<br />
Consumers<br />
Computer<br />
centers<br />
Bus<strong>in</strong>ess<br />
Travel<br />
Travel<br />
Agencies<br />
Private<br />
customers<br />
Corporates<br />
Customers
Amadeus technology<br />
PC PC PC<br />
Service<br />
provider<br />
Service<br />
provider<br />
Service<br />
provider<br />
SITA<br />
Firewall 1<br />
central node<br />
Amadeus Exclusive Leased<br />
Connection (Exclusive L<strong>in</strong>k)<br />
PC<br />
Customer<br />
networks<br />
Data centre<br />
Firewall 3<br />
central node<br />
PC<br />
T-Systems net<br />
PC 20 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
© copyright <strong>IFITT</strong><br />
Firewall 2<br />
central node<br />
Amadeus VPN Premium<br />
Connection (Premium L<strong>in</strong>k)<br />
Datex-P T-Onl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Service<br />
provider<br />
Internet<br />
PC<br />
Internet PC<br />
PC Amadeus<br />
Web Basic<br />
Amadeus<br />
Internet<br />
Standard<br />
Connection<br />
(Eco L<strong>in</strong>k<br />
DSL)<br />
Amadeus VPN Standard<br />
Connection (Eco L<strong>in</strong>k DSL VPN)
Travel agency hardware<br />
�� Hardware components <strong>in</strong> travel agency<br />
�� Amadeus PCs<br />
�� Multi card board distributed by Amadeus<br />
�� Document pr<strong>in</strong>ter<br />
�� System pr<strong>in</strong>ter<br />
�� Hardware extension/add-on<br />
extension/add on products<br />
�� POS term<strong>in</strong>al<br />
�� Standard PC<br />
�� Optional full service<br />
�� Automatic software update<br />
21 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
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Facts & figures<br />
�� 45.131 PCs - <strong>in</strong> Germany: 40.137<br />
�� 3.3 million transactions/year<br />
ransactions/year<br />
�� 627 transactions/second<br />
ransactions/second<br />
(maximum<br />
maximum value 2005)<br />
�� 106 million book<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
�� 116 million tickets<br />
22 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
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Market trends<br />
<strong>Tourism</strong>: concentration and <strong>in</strong>ternationalisation<br />
of key accounts<br />
Service<br />
provider<br />
Tour<br />
operator<br />
Direct sales<br />
Amadeus<br />
Germany<br />
Tight competition<br />
23 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
© copyright <strong>IFITT</strong><br />
Travel<br />
agency<br />
Direct book<strong>in</strong>g/fulfillment<br />
Fulfillment<br />
Corporate<br />
customers<br />
Private<br />
customers<br />
Traditional sales channel<br />
New sales channel
Amadeus Leisure Travel Solution<br />
�� Leisure travel distribution <strong>in</strong> travel<br />
agencies<br />
�� Only 2-4% 4% of overall sales process spent on<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ation of customer demand<br />
�� Current USP of travel agent: knowledge of<br />
book<strong>in</strong>g process<br />
�� No process <strong>in</strong>tegration of determ<strong>in</strong>ation of<br />
customer demand, search for offers and book<strong>in</strong>g<br />
�� No simultaneous access to systems of different<br />
suppliers<br />
�� No support of yield management<br />
�� Insufficient management <strong>in</strong>formation about<br />
overall sales process<br />
24 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
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LTS objective<br />
�� Optimis<strong>in</strong>g the leisure travel sales process<br />
<strong>in</strong> travel agencies<br />
�� Better support of determ<strong>in</strong>ation of customer<br />
demand<br />
�� Integration of determ<strong>in</strong>ation of customer<br />
demand, search for offers and book<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to<br />
one system<br />
�� Support of travel agency <strong>in</strong> optimis<strong>in</strong>g sales<br />
process and maximis<strong>in</strong>g revenue<br />
�� Support of complete sales process <strong>in</strong> an<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrated environment<br />
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LTS objective<br />
Sales<br />
Process<br />
Front-Office-<br />
Workflow<br />
Mid-Office<br />
Management<br />
Information<br />
26 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
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Sales Control<br />
Yield-<br />
Management
LTS components<br />
Leisure<br />
Travel<br />
Workflow<br />
LTS<br />
Functions<br />
Leisure<br />
Travel<br />
Control<br />
Leisure Travel Eng<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Leisure Travel Database<br />
27 <strong>ICT</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong><br />
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Leisure<br />
Travel<br />
Reports<br />
Leisure<br />
Travel<br />
Interfaces
Leisure Travel Database<br />
�� Comprehensive database for all Amadeus leisure<br />
travel applications<br />
�� Def<strong>in</strong>ition of a standard DB schema for tourism<br />
services<br />
�� Abstraction of catalogue views to a pure tourism<br />
services oriented view<br />
�� Mapp<strong>in</strong>g of proprietary attributes to the Amadeus<br />
standard<br />
�� Flexible import process<br />
�� Import catalogue data (offl<strong>in</strong>e ( offl<strong>in</strong>e data) data<br />
�� Onl<strong>in</strong>e data delivery from suppliers<br />
�� Content<br />
�� <strong>Tourism</strong> services: hotel, accommodation, flight, ...<br />
�� Additional <strong>in</strong>formation: region, climate, immigration<br />
<strong>in</strong>structions, health rules, ...<br />
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Leisure Travel Eng<strong>in</strong>e<br />
�� Bus<strong>in</strong>ess logic for automat<strong>in</strong>g availability<br />
check and book<strong>in</strong>g process<br />
�� Encapsulation of supplier-specific<br />
supplier specific<br />
processes and details of supplier systems<br />
�� No need for suppliers to adhere to a standard<br />
�� Value-added Value added services by aggregat<strong>in</strong>g basic<br />
services<br />
�� Externalisation of bus<strong>in</strong>ess rules<br />
�� Bus<strong>in</strong>ess logic def<strong>in</strong>ed as bus<strong>in</strong>ess rules (and not<br />
as part of the software)<br />
�� Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance of rules by doma<strong>in</strong> experts<br />
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Leisure Travel Workflow<br />
�� Coverage of tourism services of all types<br />
�� S<strong>in</strong>gle services, fix packages, dynamic packages<br />
�� Flexible determ<strong>in</strong>ation of customer<br />
demand<br />
�� Multi-supplier Multi supplier search, availability check<br />
and book<strong>in</strong>g<br />
�� Illustration of offers<br />
�� Display of offers depend<strong>in</strong>g on customisable<br />
parameters<br />
�� Detailed offer and travel <strong>in</strong>formation e.g. hotel<br />
pictures<br />
�� Integration of all phases of sales process<br />
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Leisure Travel Control<br />
�� Adm<strong>in</strong>istration of steer<strong>in</strong>g criteria to<br />
control sales process<br />
�� Hierarchical authorisation concept<br />
�� Onl<strong>in</strong>e update (with<strong>in</strong> whole organisation)<br />
�� Basic steer<strong>in</strong>g criteria<br />
�� Assortment (supplier priority and filter)<br />
�� Supplemental criteria<br />
�� Departure/dest<strong>in</strong>ation airport, dest<strong>in</strong>ation, ...<br />
�� Quality e.g. price, category, carrier, hotel-cha<strong>in</strong><br />
hotel cha<strong>in</strong><br />
�� Time e.g. travel date, query date<br />
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Term<strong>in</strong>al-oriented<br />
Term<strong>in</strong>al oriented user <strong>in</strong>terface<br />
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LTS user <strong>in</strong>terface<br />
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LTS user <strong>in</strong>terface<br />
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Traditional sales process<br />
Precise offer of one Service Provider<br />
Custo<br />
mer<br />
Request<br />
2 weeks package tour<br />
to Majorca <strong>in</strong> August for<br />
max. € 1000,-<br />
Travel<br />
Agency<br />
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1A<br />
Request <strong>in</strong> TOMA<br />
Input of SP, travel type,<br />
date, service code<br />
SP 1<br />
SP 2<br />
SP 3<br />
SP 4
LTS sales process<br />
Offers that meet customer demands from def<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
Service Providers<br />
1. Hotel X, Tour Operator A, 01. - 15.08., 945,- €<br />
2. Hotel Y, Tour Operator B, 02. - 16.08., 975,- €<br />
3. ...<br />
Customer<br />
Request<br />
Travel<br />
Agency<br />
2 weeks package tour<br />
to Majorca <strong>in</strong> August for<br />
max. € 1000,-<br />
1A<br />
Demand<br />
• Majorca, tour package<br />
• 2 weeks, August<br />
• € 1000,-<br />
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SP 2<br />
SP 4<br />
SP 1<br />
Toma +<br />
LTS<br />
Offers<br />
Demand<br />
Steer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
SP 1<br />
SP 2<br />
SP 3<br />
SP 4
LTS architecture<br />
�� Design goals<br />
�� Def<strong>in</strong>e an architecture that is robust, robust,<br />
flexible and<br />
extensible<br />
�� Develop a modular, modular,<br />
layered architecture that<br />
allows for separation of concerns<br />
�� Adhere to open standards (J2EE, XML, ...)<br />
�� M<strong>in</strong>imise the development effort by delegat<strong>in</strong>g as<br />
much work as possible to the <strong>in</strong>frastructure (web<br />
and application server)<br />
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LTS architecture: Logical view<br />
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LTS server components<br />
LTW LTW (Workflow)<br />
(Workflow)<br />
• Demand Demand analysis<br />
analysis<br />
• Process<strong>in</strong>g Process<strong>in</strong>g of of dynamic<br />
dynamic<br />
offer offer queries<br />
queries<br />
• Priority Priority control control<br />
control<br />
• Availability Availability check check via<br />
via<br />
LTE<br />
LTE<br />
LTC LTC LTC (Control)<br />
(Control)<br />
• Hierarchical<br />
Hierarchical<br />
management management of of control<br />
control<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>in</strong>formation for for for control control<br />
control<br />
units<br />
units<br />
• Creation Creation Creation of of control control control re re-<br />
re<br />
lated lated client client <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation<br />
W<br />
C<br />
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E<br />
D<br />
LTE LTE LTE (Eng<strong>in</strong>e) (Eng<strong>in</strong>e)<br />
(Eng<strong>in</strong>e)<br />
• Availability Availability check check and<br />
and<br />
book<strong>in</strong>g<br />
book<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Encapsulation Encapsulation of of of SPS<br />
SPS<br />
specific specific specific knowledge<br />
knowledge<br />
(complexity (complexity hid<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
hid<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
• Rules Rules eng<strong>in</strong>e<br />
eng<strong>in</strong>e<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>able ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>able by by a a doma<strong>in</strong><br />
doma<strong>in</strong><br />
adm<strong>in</strong><br />
adm<strong>in</strong><br />
LTD LTD LTD (Database)<br />
(Database)<br />
• Unified Unified view view of of SPS<br />
SPS<br />
specific specific data data (import)<br />
(import)<br />
• Query Query execution<br />
execution
LTS architecture: Technical view<br />
LTS and <strong>in</strong>volved systems<br />
LTS Client<br />
VISTA<br />
Portevo<br />
LTW<br />
Applet<br />
LTC<br />
Applet<br />
PC<br />
HTML<br />
HTTP<br />
SOAP<br />
HTTPS<br />
SOAP<br />
HTTPS<br />
Web<br />
Server<br />
Web<br />
Server<br />
(Apache)<br />
STADI<br />
SOAP<br />
HTTP<br />
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LTS Services<br />
LTS<br />
Applications<br />
Portevo<br />
RMI<br />
Log<strong>in</strong><br />
and User<br />
Management<br />
Service<br />
SUN<br />
SUN<br />
JDBC<br />
XML<br />
IIOP<br />
RDBMS Oracle<br />
X_LTD<br />
System Integration Platform<br />
ASW<br />
LTS<br />
L<strong>in</strong>k<br />
SIP<br />
ASW<br />
L<strong>in</strong>k<br />
Service<br />
„Verfahren“<br />
SUN<br />
WS<br />
L<strong>in</strong>k<br />
SUN<br />
BS2000
LTS layered architecture<br />
�� System responsibilities are separated <strong>in</strong>to functional<br />
layers<br />
�� Each layer has its own responsibilities and its own API<br />
�� Layered architecture leads to a more flexible and<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>able system<br />
�� Encapsulation — Each layer can hide details about its<br />
operations from other layers. Thus the layer can evolve as<br />
needed beh<strong>in</strong>d a fixed API without affect<strong>in</strong>g its clients.<br />
�� Separation of concerns — Complexity <strong>in</strong> the system is easier<br />
to manage because each layer is focused on a cohesive set<br />
of responsibilities.<br />
responsibilities<br />
�� Reuse — Add<strong>in</strong>g additional functionality is faster, because<br />
each layer can provide services to objects <strong>in</strong> the layer<br />
above. above.<br />
Furthermore, classes <strong>in</strong> a given layer can <strong>in</strong>herit<br />
reusable behaviour from a superclass, superclass,<br />
thus abstract<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
responsibilities of classes of that layer.<br />
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LTS layered architecture<br />
Web<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>er<br />
Presentation<br />
Layer<br />
Application<br />
Layer<br />
Services<br />
Layer<br />
Doma<strong>in</strong><br />
Layer<br />
Persistence<br />
Layer<br />
Integration<br />
Layer<br />
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EJB conta<strong>in</strong>er<br />
Database<br />
Back-End<br />
� Manages user <strong>in</strong>teraction<br />
� Manages screen <strong>in</strong>frastructure<br />
� Syntax validation<br />
� Manages C/S communication<br />
� Invokes services<br />
� Handles exceptions<br />
� Ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s HTTP sessions<br />
� Manages workflows<br />
� Doma<strong>in</strong> specific services (use cases)<br />
� General services<br />
� Transaction control<br />
� Doma<strong>in</strong> model<br />
� Bus<strong>in</strong>ess behaviour<br />
� Semantic validation<br />
� O-R mapp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
� Basic services (create, read, update,<br />
delete)<br />
� Access to the back end systems<br />
(ASW)
LTS component model<br />
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LTS service-oriented service oriented architecture<br />
�� The layer<strong>in</strong>g model of LTS enables the<br />
creation of a service-oriented service oriented architecture<br />
�� Advantages of a service-oriented<br />
service oriented<br />
architecture<br />
�� Many different applications can share a suite of<br />
services, services,<br />
while also us<strong>in</strong>g services that are<br />
unique to each application<br />
�� Likewise, different k<strong>in</strong>ds of clients (for example<br />
Web, Sw<strong>in</strong>g-based Sw<strong>in</strong>g based or .NET applications) can use<br />
the same services, provid<strong>in</strong>g a consistent<br />
application architecture<br />
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Summarisation of design aspects<br />
�� Service-oriented Service oriented architecture<br />
�� Functionality provided as web services<br />
�� Support of different client types (web/html, Java<br />
applets, .NET applications)<br />
�� Rich client approach (Java applet)<br />
�� Sophisticated GUI with complex workflow<br />
�� Layered architecture<br />
�� Separation of system responsibilities <strong>in</strong>to functional<br />
layers<br />
�� Leads to flexibility, extensibility, reusability<br />
Leads to flexibility, extensibility, reusability<br />
�� E.g. reuse of database or book<strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>e<br />
�� Built on open standards, tools and technologies<br />
(J2EE, XML, ...)<br />
�� M<strong>in</strong>imisation of development effort by delegation of<br />
tasks to <strong>in</strong>frastructure (web and application<br />
server)<br />
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Performance and scalability<br />
�� Performance-related Performance related design issues<br />
�� LTS system partitions computational responsibilities<br />
between clients and servers to maximize CPU potential<br />
�� LTS clients store static and session-based session based data locally <strong>in</strong><br />
order to reduce both network traffic and the server-side<br />
server side<br />
memory consumption<br />
�� LTS server-side server side process<strong>in</strong>g is stateless<br />
�� Thus LTS can make full use of the load balanc<strong>in</strong>g and scal<strong>in</strong>g<br />
capacity provided by web and application servers<br />
�� To speed data access LTS uses the database connection<br />
pool<strong>in</strong>g and data cach<strong>in</strong>g provided by the EJB conta<strong>in</strong>er<br />
�� Lessions learned<br />
�� Application server less performant than database<br />
�� Scalability of BEA WLS problematic<br />
�� Server farm approriate for application server<br />
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