A grammar and dictionary of the Malay language - Wallace-online.org

;
"
sampeyan, a pronoun of the second person, means " the feet ;
DISSEKTATION.
xxi
" the creator," literally, " he who is first " ingkang nawala,
" the letter." The following is the commencement of a genuine
letter in the pohte dialect, and affords two instances of the
definite article :—Ingkang taklim kula rayi sampeyan pun
tumanggung Samung Galing katur ingkang raka mas ngabai
Wira Prana :
" The respectful compliments of your servant,
the younger brother, the tumanggung Samung Galing, submitted
to the elder brother, Mas Ngabai Wira Prana."
The adjective undergoes no change. In position, it follows
the noun, and is not otherwise distinguished. A comparative
degree, expressing increase, decrease, or equality, is
formed by adverbs with prepositions. The adverbs are
luwih, manah, maning, malih, " more," for the comparison by
increase, and kurang, or kirang, in the ceremonial language,
for the comparison by decrease ; the prepositions for both being,
t&ka and sangking, " from." The comparison by equality has
no adverb, and is expressed by the prepositions karo and kalih,
"with," the first belonging to the popular, and the last to the
ceremonial language.
The Javanese personal pronouns are numerous ; there being
not fewer than twenty of the first person, and twelve of the
second. Some of them belong to the popular language, &&J
Pronoun. , ^ -,
i
some to the ceremonial, and some to the ancient.
About four of each are common to the Malay and Javanese.
The origin of some of them is ob\ious. Kawula, abbreviated kula,
for example, means " slave or servant," as well as "I," or "we
;
and another pronoun, of the same person, jaugandika, is taken
from the recondite language, and composed of two words,
meaning " the feet," and " to command " or " order." Considering
the numerous pronouns of the first and second person,
it
is remarkable that the Javanese has none at all of the third.
D"ewe, in the ordinary language, and piyambak in the polite,
meaning " self," are, however, occasionally awkward substitutes
for it. The adjective pronouns are only some of the personal
pronouns used as adjectives by being placed after or annexed
to the noun. The Javanese pronouns are without gender,
number, or case.