A grammar and dictionary of the Malay language - Wallace-online.org

;
DISSERTATION.
xxv
for the ordinary, and yen, which may be used either for the
ordinary or ceremonial dialect. The verb in its simplest
form, and without any auxiliary, is the indicative, and it has
not, as the Malay has, an interrogative form. The Javanese
imperative affords, with the exception of the Javanese genitive,
the only example that I am aware of in the Malayan languages
of an inflexion. By affixing the vowel a to radicals ending in
this vowel, or in a consonant, we have an imperative ; as from
gawa, " to bear or carry," gawaa, " bear or carry thou ; " from
ana, "to be," anaa, "be thou;" from balang, "to throw or
pitch," balanga, "throw or pitch thou." AVlien the terminal
vowel of the radical is e or i, the consonant y is interposed
between them and the vowel a, and when it is o or u, the
interposed consonant is w; as from gawe, "to do," gaweya,
"do thouj" from ganti, "to change," gantiya, "change thou;"
from burn, " to pursue," buruwa, " pursue thou ; " from
nganggo, " to clothe, wear, or use," nganggowa, " clothe,
wear, or use thou." Sometimes, however, the imperative,
instead of terminating in a, takes instead the vowel e; as from
lungguh, " to sit," lunggiihe, " sit thou." Another form of
the imperative terminates in the syllable an ; as from kon, or
akon, " to order or command," konan, " order thou
;
" and
from " undang, " to call," undangan, " call thou."
Time, in the Javanese language, as in the Malay, is expressed
by adverbs. A preterite, in the ordinary language, is expressed
by the word wus, or a little more respectfully by wis, or awis
and in the ceremonial, by sampun ; all of which mean, literally,
" done," "already some time past," and also "enough." Future
time is expressed by verbs which, for the ordinary language, are,
bakal and arap, and for the ceremonial, ajang, arsa, and bad'e;
all of which mean, literally, " to will or desire."
The manner of forming verbal or abstract nouns in Javanese
is much like that in Malay. They are formed by the affix an,
alone, or by this combined with the prefix ka, or by the prefix
in p, or again by this combined with the affix an. The following
ai-e examples :—From begal, "a robber" or " to rob," kabegalau,
"robbery;" from bachik, "good," kabachikan, "goodness or
virtue;" from cling and emut, "to remember," kaelingau