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SRE-101<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
COMPULSORY ENGLISH<br />
Reading and Writing (Written Test)<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
Full Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 24<br />
Instructions to the Examiners and Head Examiners:<br />
This marking scheme is a guideline to the examiners and head examiners to help them to mark the students'<br />
answer scripts. The examiners and head examiners should follow the instructions given below along with the<br />
criteria given in this scheme while scoring students' answer sheets.<br />
Accept any other alternative answers other than given in this scheme.<br />
Marks awarded to each of the questions should be filled in the chart given on the front page of the<br />
answer books.<br />
Grand total should be written both in figures and in words.<br />
Head examiner should check the grand total of each of the answer books. After writing the grand total<br />
signature is a must.<br />
In the corrections made by the head examiner, the marks should be written in figures and words as well<br />
with short signature.<br />
Use of correcting fluid (T-pex) is strictly prohibited.<br />
Your scoring determines the reliability of SLC examination!<br />
Q. No. Answers Marks<br />
1. A. This question carries 2 marks. Award 1 mark for each correct answer.<br />
2×1=2<br />
a. farmer b. seeds of knowledge/knowledge<br />
1. B. This question carries 3 marks. Award 1 mark for each correct answer.<br />
3×1=3<br />
a. meadow<br />
b. know-knothing/ignorant/uneducated<br />
c. Eleanor Farjeon<br />
2. A.<br />
This question carries 4 marks. Award 1 mark for each correct answer.<br />
a. hailstones b. restaurant c. downpour d. lightning<br />
4×1=4<br />
2. B. This question carries 2 marks. Award 0.5 mark for each correct answer.<br />
a. True b. True c. False d. False<br />
2. C. This question carries 4 marks. Award 1 mark for each correct answer.<br />
a. because of poor visibility<br />
b. because there had been landslides and the road was slippery<br />
c. it slipped onto the side of the road, hit the hill and turned over<br />
d. driving/ the writer is a driver<br />
3. A. This question carries 2 marks. Award 0.5 mark for each correct answer.<br />
a. looking forward to - ii. expecting with pleasure<br />
b.settle down - i. sit comfortably<br />
c. interruption - iv. disturbance<br />
d. stain - iii. mark<br />
3. B. This question carries 2 marks. Award 0.5 mark for each correct answer.<br />
1. d. After putting the child to bed, she prepared a supper and cold coffee.<br />
2. b. When she got back to the living-room, her coffee got cold.<br />
3. c. As soon as she heard a loud knock at the door, she spilt her coffee.<br />
4. a The baby was awake when her husband returned home.<br />
3. C This question carries 6 marks. Award 2 marks for each correct answer.<br />
a. by reading a book/ having food/ pleasantly<br />
b. A stranger<br />
c. whether she had spent a pleasant evening.<br />
4×0.5=2<br />
4×1=4<br />
4×0.5=2<br />
4×0.5=2<br />
3×2=6
SRE-101<br />
Q. No. Answers Marks<br />
4. AThis question carries 2 marks. Award 0.5 mark for each correct answer. 4×0.5=2<br />
. a. The advertiser - iii. Global Marketing House<br />
b. Deadline - iv. 30 th August, 2012<br />
c. Selection - ii. through interview<br />
d. Basis of salary - i. candidate’s capability<br />
4. B. This question carries 3 marks. Award 1 mark for each correct answer. 3×1=3<br />
a. Marketing Manager b. hand-written c. computer and managerial<br />
4. C This question carries 10 marks. Award 2 mark for each correct answer. 5×2=10<br />
a. Masters degree in Business Study<br />
b. 3 years’ work experience<br />
c.The Managing Director of Global Marketing House<br />
d. in Dharan, Nepal<br />
e. short-listed candidates<br />
5 This question carries 6 marks. Award 1 mark for each correct answer. 6×1=6<br />
1. d. Aren’t you late for the work?<br />
2. e. I had a little accident on my way.<br />
3. a. What happened to you?<br />
4. f. I fell off my bicycle.<br />
5. b. How did that happen?<br />
6. c. It’s nothing serious.<br />
6 This question carries 6 marks. Award marks considering the following<br />
6<br />
aspects.<br />
Organization : 1<br />
Content/subject matter : 2<br />
Correctness of language/Structure : 1<br />
Headline, originalityand style : 2<br />
7 This question carries 12 marks. Award marks considering the following 12<br />
points.<br />
Correctness of language : 2<br />
Organization and coherence of ideas : 3<br />
Content/subject matter : 4<br />
Originality : 3<br />
8 This question carries 6 marks. Award 0.5 mark for each correct answer. 12×0.5=6<br />
a. The b. to c. is there d. is e. try f. When did Sriya spend<br />
Rs. 1000 g. looked h. to help her i. Cows are kept by farmers<br />
j. since k. had l. to repair<br />
9 This question carries 5 marks. Award 0.5 mark for each correct answer.<br />
were discussing<br />
was not interested<br />
with<br />
the<br />
who<br />
had passed<br />
haven’t you<br />
had<br />
couldn’t<br />
to bring<br />
Thanks for consulting the marking scheme!<br />
10×0.5=5
2068 (2012)<br />
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SRE-105<br />
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j}ej – wg<br />
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r/0f – kfp<br />
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x}/fg – ylst<br />
s;'/ – uNtL<br />
l8kf]lh6 – ;l~rt<br />
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Oof Ö emu8f ± Oof Ö emul8of<br />
cf8L Ö v]n\ ± cf8L Ö v]nf8L<br />
pk Ö pk ± xf/ Ö pkxf/<br />
kl/ Ö kl/ ± sNkgf Ö kl/sNkgf<br />
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rf/cf]6f e'hfsf] ;d"x Ö rt'e'{h<br />
7"nf] bfh' Ö 7'Nbfh'<br />
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ljifoj:t'sf] ;+of]hg, df}lnstf / zLif{s<br />
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eflifs z'4tf -j0f{ljGof;, jfSou7g, lrx\g k|of]u, kb;ª\ult_<br />
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s_ k|:t'lt -;Daf]wg, clejfbg, ldlt, gfd, 7]ufgf / vfdsf] gd'gf_<br />
v_ ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] ;+of]hg / k':6\ofOF<br />
u_ efiff, z}nL / df}lnstf<br />
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÷ dgf]jfb – ;Daf]wg<br />
– ;Da4 ljifoj:t'sf] tfls{s k|:t'lt<br />
– z}nL, lzNk, / df}lnstf<br />
– eflifs z'4tf<br />
v_ dgf]jfbsf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg] .<br />
:yfg, kl/j]z, dgf]åGåfTds :j?k<br />
;Da4 ljifoj:t'sf] dgf]åGåfTds k|:t'lt / ;dfwfg<br />
z}nL lzNk / df}lnstf<br />
eflifs z'4tf -j0f{ljGof;, jfSou7g, lrx\g k|of]u, kb;ª\ult_<br />
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kl/ro<br />
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k|:t'tLs/0f, ;+of]hg / qmda4tf<br />
df}lnstf<br />
lgisif{<br />
eflifs z'4tf -j0f{ljGof;, jfSou7g, lrx\g k|of]u, kb;ª\ult_<br />
2<br />
SRE-105<br />
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@<br />
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%<br />
@<br />
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s= k|;ª\u -n]vssf] gfd, kf7sf] zLif{s, ljwf / kf7ut ;Gbe{_<br />
v= JofVof -ljifoj:t' / k|:t'lt_<br />
u= z}nL / df}lnstf<br />
3= eflifs z'4tf<br />
-s_ kf7\ok':tssf n]vs tyf ;Dkfbsx?åf/f ;Dkflbt<br />
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lgb]{zg cg';f/ zf/Ll/s >dd"ns sfo{ ;/;/ ug{' g} o;sf] d'Vo ljz]iftf<br />
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o;n] 3/fo;L, cf}Bf]lus, s[lif cflb ljljw If]qdf dfgjnfO{ ;xof]u u/L ck]lIft kmfObf k'¥ofPsf]<br />
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dfgjsf lglDt cfljis[t 7"nf] pknlAwd"ns oGq ePsf<br />
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s]zj/fhsf] dgf]åGb<br />
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s= ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg<br />
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u= eflifs z'4tf<br />
-s_<br />
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j;Gtn] ljljw hfthfltsf dflg;nfO{ cfx\nflbt agfPsf]<br />
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g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ax'hftLo ;dfhsf] ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s lrq k|:t't ul/Psf]<br />
u|fdL0f g]kfnL ;dfh / k|s[ltsf] snfTds lrq ptfl/Psf]<br />
hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x -hLjgL_<br />
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cfWoflTds hLjgz}nL / ljZjzflGtnfO{ dxTj lbFb} ljleGg b]zsf] e|d0f u/]sf<br />
…b x\o'Dolgi6Ú gfds dfgjtfjfb;DaGwL dfl;s klqsf k|sfzg u/L To;sf dfWodaf6<br />
dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/x¿ ljZje/ km}nfPsf<br />
hfthflt, wd{ ;Dk|bfoaf6 dfly p7]/ ljZjaGw'Tj / j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\sf] efjgf ;~rf/ ug{<br />
;kmn dfgjtfjfbL JolQmTj<br />
dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/ssf ¿kdf k|Voft<br />
ldlynf lrqsnf -k|aGw÷lgaGw_<br />
g]kfnsf] ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] w/f]x/<br />
o;sf ;h{s d}lyn gf/Lx¿<br />
:yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgaf6 /ª ;+of]hg ul/g'<br />
ax' k|tLsx¿sf] k|of]u ul/g'<br />
dflg;nfO{ k|s[lt aLrdf k|:t't ub}{ r'Rrf] gfs, 7"nf] cfFvf, km6\ofOPsf uf]8f lrqdf b]vfpg'<br />
k"j{jtL{ gf/L snfsf/af6 pQ/jtL{ gf/L snfsf/af6 x:tfGtl/t x'g'<br />
SRE-105<br />
!<br />
@<br />
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@<br />
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3
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lzNk<br />
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ljj]rgfTds<br />
k|Zg<br />
tfls{s lzNkM o; k|Zgsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg]<br />
c_ ljifoj:t' af]w<br />
cf_ k|:t'tLs/0f<br />
O_ l;h{gfTdstf÷sNkgfzLntf÷tfls{stf<br />
O{_ eflifs z'4tf<br />
ljj]rgfTds d"Nofªsgsf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg]<br />
s_ /rgfsf/sf] kl/ro<br />
v_ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg<br />
u_ ljj]rgfTds k|:t'lt<br />
3_ z}nL / df}lnstf<br />
ª_ eflifs z'4tf<br />
s_ hoef]ln - lgaGw _<br />
– lgaGwsf/sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro<br />
– g]kfnL ;dfh ef]lnjfbL k|j[lQn] cfqmfGt<br />
– pQ/bfloTj kG5fpg], l9nf;':tL / cN5Lkgfn] ;dfh / /fi6«sf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] tLtf] oyfy{<br />
– PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] lj1fgsf] pGglt / k|ult klg ef]lnjfbL k|j[lQsf sf/0f a]sDdf ePsf]<br />
– ;donfO{ lrGg ;Sg] JolQm, ;dfh / /fi6«n] dfq ljsf;sf] ult lng ;Sg]<br />
– dfgj ;]jfsf] cefj b]lvFbf ;dfh cwf]ultlt/ hfg]<br />
– ;donfO{ ga'e\mg] dfG5]n] cfk"mnfO{ dfq geO{ ;dfh / /fi6«sf] eljionfO{ ;d]t cGwsf/df kfg]{<br />
– ;dosf] dxTjnfO{ ga'e]ms} sf/0f g]kfnsf] snf, wd{, ;flxTo, /fhgLlt, k|zf;g cflb If]q g/fd|/L k|efljt<br />
ePsf] oyfy{<br />
v_ g]N;g dG8]nf -hLjgL _<br />
dG8]nfsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro<br />
k|hftGqsf ;]gflg / :jfwLgtfsf kIfw/ dxfg\ /fhgLlt1<br />
tTsfnLg blIf0f clk|msfdf /x]sf] /ª\ue]bL ;/sf/sf lj?4df hgtfnfO{ ;+ul7t ub}{ b]zJofkL<br />
cfGbf]ngsf] cu'jfO u/]sf<br />
sljnfsf d'lvof x]g/Lsf 5f]/f eP/ klg c? ;/x ;fdfGo hLjg ofkg ub}{ ;fg}b]lv lje]bsf/L<br />
gLltsf lj?4df nfu]sf]<br />
;g\ !($$ df clk|msL /fli6«o sfª\u|];sf] ;b:otf lnO{ /fhg}lts hLjgL ;'? u/]sf]<br />
tTsfnLg Zj]t ;/sf/sf cufl8 cfFvL ePsfn] /fhb|f]xsf] cleof]u nufO{ cfhLjg sf/faf;sf]<br />
;hfo ef]Ug afWo /fhg]tf<br />
si7s/ h]nhLjgnfO{ ;xh ?kdf latfO{ cTdan pRr /fVb} w}o{tfsf ;fy /ª\ue]bL zf;gsf] cGTo<br />
ug{ ;kmn<br />
;g\ !(($ df ;DkGg r'gfjdf cTolws dt kfO{ /fi6«kltdf ljhoL eP/ blIf0f clk|msL hgtfnfO{<br />
:jfwLg t'NofO{ sfg'gL /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf .<br />
SRE-105<br />
!<br />
@<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
#<br />
@<br />
@<br />
@<br />
4
SRE-109<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
clgjfo{ ul0ft<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M # 306f k"0ff{ª\s M !)), pQL0ff{ª\s M #@<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf]<br />
z'4tf, :t/Lotf, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo /<br />
:t/Lo d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 .<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\ ;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] .<br />
s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL<br />
tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u<br />
cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
k|Zg g+= pQ/x? cª\sef/<br />
1.a 1<br />
3 1<br />
1.b √ 1<br />
2.a 1<br />
2.b 1<br />
3.a<br />
For ̅<br />
∑<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
3.b position of median =<br />
1<br />
( ) 1<br />
Median class 1<br />
1
SRE-109<br />
4. a P(Ace) = P(Face-card = 1<br />
P(Ace or Face-card) = +<br />
=<br />
1<br />
N(W) = 3<br />
P 1 (W) =<br />
N(W) = 2<br />
n(R) = 5<br />
P 2 (W) =<br />
P 2 (R) =<br />
-WW<br />
n(R) = 5<br />
4.b -WR 1+1=2<br />
P 1 (R) =<br />
N(W) = 3 P 2 (W) =<br />
-RW<br />
n(R) = 4<br />
P 2 (R) =<br />
-RR<br />
5.a 18 = AB x 12 x 1<br />
AB = 6 cm 1<br />
5.b<br />
1<br />
1<br />
6.a<br />
A=616 cm 2<br />
4r 2 = 616<br />
1<br />
6.b<br />
r=7 cm<br />
(v) =<br />
or, 77 =<br />
r =<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
7. a 1<br />
0 1<br />
2
7.b<br />
SP = Rs.1375<br />
NB: Give relevant marks for other correct method<br />
( )<br />
( )<br />
SRE-109<br />
1<br />
P = 26000<br />
8.a Area of parallelogram =<br />
Area of<br />
ABCD<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
8.b 1<br />
1<br />
9.a<br />
1<br />
1<br />
9.b<br />
1<br />
Let A and S be the sets of children who like mango and orange<br />
respectively:<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1+1=2<br />
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅<br />
= 45<br />
Now, we have<br />
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅<br />
1<br />
1<br />
3
SRE-109<br />
11.<br />
= 18-10 = 8<br />
(4x 2 ) 2 (2x+1) 2<br />
=<br />
(4x 2 +2x+1) (4x 2 -2x-1)<br />
1+1<br />
(2x) 3 -(1) 3<br />
= (2x-1) (4x 2 +2x+1)<br />
H.C.F. = 4x 2 +2x+1 1<br />
12 1<br />
1 1<br />
13 1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
14<br />
15<br />
Let the number of two digits be 10x+y where x is at ten's place and y is at<br />
one's place.<br />
The reverse number = 10y+x<br />
x+y = 11 ………………(i)<br />
10y+x = 10x+y+45 1<br />
x = 3, y = 8 1<br />
Hence the required number = 10x+y = 38 1<br />
Cumulative frequency table<br />
Marks Frequency c.f.<br />
0 - 10<br />
10-20<br />
20-30<br />
30-40<br />
40-50<br />
3<br />
10<br />
15<br />
8<br />
4<br />
3<br />
13<br />
28<br />
36<br />
40<br />
Median class = = 20 th item = (20-30) 1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
Median =<br />
=<br />
⁄<br />
Median = 24.67 1<br />
1<br />
4
Appropriate figure and description.<br />
A<br />
SRE-109<br />
16<br />
1<br />
B<br />
C<br />
√<br />
1<br />
BC = 180 m 1<br />
The diameter of the meadow = 360 m 1<br />
17 Radius of the base of the solid (<br />
Height of the cone 1<br />
Slant height of the cone<br />
√<br />
1<br />
18<br />
C.S.A. of the solid object 1<br />
C.S.A. of the solid object 1<br />
Area of base of the given pyramid (A)<br />
Volume of the given pyramid (V) =<br />
√<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
19 A and B can do part of work in 1 day. 1<br />
A alone finish part of work in 1 day 1<br />
B alone can finish work in 1 days. 1<br />
B alone can do the whole work in 45 days 1<br />
20 Let the marked price be = Rs<br />
Selling price, after discount =<br />
1<br />
1<br />
Adding 15% of VAT =<br />
1<br />
By question,<br />
1<br />
5
SRE-109<br />
21<br />
( ) ………….(i)<br />
( ) ………….(ii) 1<br />
1<br />
from (i) and (ii)<br />
( )<br />
1<br />
( )<br />
1<br />
Putting the value of<br />
22<br />
( )<br />
Note : Give relevant marks for other methods.<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
[ Give full marks for alternative correct and appropriate proof]<br />
23 Proof<br />
1<br />
̂ ̂<br />
̂ ̂ 1<br />
̂<br />
1<br />
̂<br />
=<br />
24 For two correct circles with radii at least 3 cm 1<br />
For correct measurement with table 2<br />
For correct conclusion 1<br />
6
25<br />
SRE-109<br />
1<br />
For correct construction of quadrilateral<br />
For correct diagonal and parallel line i.e. 1<br />
For correct construction of triangle 1<br />
Hence, area of the quadrilateral 1<br />
7
SRE-111<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
clgjfo{ lj1fg<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M @ 306f !% ldg]6 k"0ff{ª\s M &%, pQL0ff{ª\s M @$<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf]<br />
z'4tf, :t/Lotf, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo /<br />
:t/Lo d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 .<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\ ;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] .<br />
s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL<br />
tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u<br />
cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
k|Zg<br />
g+<br />
!=s<br />
pQ/x?<br />
‣ j:t'x¿sf] lk08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn jf lk08x¿<br />
‣ j:t'x¿sf] aLrsf] b"/Lsf] ju{df jf (radius)<br />
u'?Tj an cw{Jof;sf] ju{;Fu Jo'tqmdfg'kflts x'g] ePsf]n],<br />
cª\sef/<br />
!<br />
!=%<br />
g sf] dfg e'dWo/]vLo If]qdf = 9.78m/s 2<br />
g sf] dfg w|'jLo If]qdf = 9.83m/s 2<br />
w = mg<br />
lk08 (M) k[YjL = 50kg<br />
1kg = 9.8N<br />
W = mg<br />
= 50×9.8 = 490N<br />
k[YjLdf 490N tf}n pRrfNg ;S5 .<br />
km]/L,<br />
rGb|ddf,<br />
m = ?<br />
w = 490N<br />
g = 1.67 m/s 2<br />
W = mg<br />
= 293.4kg<br />
!<br />
!<br />
1
SRE-111<br />
!=v ;f}o{ zlQmnfO{ Pslqt kf/]/÷ jf cGo ;xL pQ/ n]v]df !<br />
pmhf{sf] pkof]u ljj]sk"0f{ ¿kn] ug]{<br />
!<br />
pmhf{sf j}slNks ;|f]tx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{<br />
!<br />
@=s lglZrt cfotg ePsf] s'g} kbfy{sf] lk08nfO{ 4 0 C tfkqmd ePsf] Tolt g} cfotg !<br />
ePsf] kfgLsf] lk08n] efu ubf{ lg:sg] kl/0ffdnfO{ To; kbfy{sf] ;fk]lR5s 3gTj<br />
t/nsf] rfk / ulx/fO eGg] ;DaGw<br />
kmf]sf dfly cfpFbf t/nsf] rfk sd x'Fbf kmf]sf 7"nf] x'G5 .<br />
)=%<br />
!<br />
xfjfdf tf}n = kfgLdf tf}n lj:yflkt kfgL<br />
= 22N + 5N<br />
= 27N !<br />
cfls{ldlh l;4fGt )=%<br />
@= v j:t' C )=%<br />
t}l/Psf] cj:yfdf,<br />
j:t'sf] tf}n Ö lj:yflkt kfgL tf}n<br />
1×g = m×g<br />
lj:yflkt kfgL = 1kg !<br />
Knjgsf] lgod<br />
t/n kbfy{df plqg] j:t'n] cfˆgf] tf}n a/fa/sf] t/n kbfy{ lj:yflkt u5{ .<br />
)=%<br />
!=%<br />
#=s 1 Kg kf/f]nfO{ 1 0 C tfkqmddf a[l4 ug{ 140J zlQm cfjZos k5{ . !<br />
kfgLsf] cfotg 4 0 C df ;a}eGbf sd x'g] ePsf]n] !<br />
ljlzi6 tfkwf/0f Ifdtf / tfkqmkaLr Jo'Tqmdfg'kflts ;DaGw x'G5 .<br />
@<br />
To;sf/0f 'y' j:t'sf] lj=tf=If= sd ePsf]n] o;sf] tfkqmd a9L x'G5 .<br />
#=v n]G;n] k|sfzsf] ls/0fx¿nfO{ s]lGb|t jf ljs]lGb|t ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ n]G;sf] ;fdYo{ !<br />
elgG5 .<br />
s]Gs]e n]G;n] ;dfgfGt/ k|sfzsf ls/0fx¿nfO{ ljs]lGb|t u5{ . !<br />
s]Gs]e n]G; )=%<br />
lbOPsf],<br />
;fdYo{ (P) = -2.5D<br />
s]Gb|Ls/0f b'/L (f) = ?<br />
;"q,<br />
)=%<br />
= 0.4m n]v]df jf 40cm<br />
)=%<br />
2<br />
A
SRE-111<br />
$=s<br />
@<br />
;dfGffGt/ h8fg<br />
rlDsnf]kgf ;Dffg x'G5 .<br />
Pp6f k|of]u ubf{ csf]{df c;/ kb}{g<br />
jf cGo o:t} kmfObf n]v]df<br />
$=v bfofF xftsf] tLg cf}+nf -a'9L, rf]/ / dfemL_ nfO{ k/:k/ nDa x'g] u/L /fVbf a'9L<br />
cf}+nfn] rfn, rf]/L cf}+nfn] an /]vf / dflem cf}+nfn] ljB't\sf] lbzf hgfpF5 egL<br />
%=s<br />
n]v]df<br />
h]g]/]6/<br />
ljB't\ r'Das k|of]u ul/G5 .<br />
SjfOnnfO{ rfn cj:yfdf NofP/ ljB't\<br />
pTkfbg ul/G5 .<br />
ljB't df]6/<br />
:yfoL r'Das k|of]u ul/G5<br />
.<br />
ljB't zlStnfO{ olGqs<br />
zlStdf kl/0ft ub{5 jf<br />
cGo ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
SjfOndf ;6{ ;ls{6 (short circuit) gxf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] Ogfd]n<br />
nufOPsf] tf/ k|of]u ul/G5 .<br />
xfO8«f]hgsf] aflx/L sIfdf PP6f dfq On]S6«f]g ePsf]n] /f;folgs k|ltlqmofdf<br />
Pp6f On]S6«f]g lng] ub{5 .<br />
xfO8«f]hg n] ;lqmo wft'sf] h:t} u/L (Electro positive idn)<br />
lbg] x'gfn] . jf cGo ;xL k|ltlqmof n]v]df<br />
)=%<br />
)=%<br />
)=%<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
%=v<br />
^=s<br />
2Kc10 3 2Kcl +30 2 @<br />
sfj{g8fOcS;fO{8 UofF;nfO{ –78 0 C df lr:ofpFbf 7f]; c:yfdf kl/0ft x'G5 . 7f]; !<br />
cj:yfsf] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ ;'Vvf j/km elgG5 .<br />
kmnk"mn, df5f, df;'nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg ;'Vvf j/kmsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . !<br />
lUn;]/f]n (Glycerol) )=%<br />
OH<br />
H C C<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
H<br />
rfNsf]kfO/fO6 / sk/ UnfG;<br />
!<br />
-jf cGo ;xL pQ/ n]v]df k"0f cª\s lbg]_<br />
lsgeg] kmnfd ;'geGbf a9L ;lqmo x'G5 / o;n] xfjf, kfgL;Fu k|ltlqmof u5{ . !<br />
NaOH + CH 3 COOH CH 3 COONa + H 2 O @<br />
-s8f Iff/_ -g/d cDn_<br />
-olb c;Gt'lnt ;dLs/0f n]v]df Ps cª\s dfq} lbg] jf cGo ;xL pQ/ n]v]df_<br />
OH<br />
C<br />
H<br />
H<br />
!<br />
3
4<br />
SRE-111<br />
o;af6 aGg] nj0f Iff/Lo nj0f xf] . )=%<br />
^=v lgs]n cS;fO{8 )=%<br />
SoflN;od ;'k/ kmf]:k]m6<br />
)=%<br />
-jf cGo ;xL pQ/ n]v]df k"0f{ cª\s lbg]_<br />
‣ gfO6«f]hgn] k|f]l6g agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .<br />
‣ gfO6«f]hgn] lj?jfsf kftx¿ kx]+nf x'g lbFb}g .<br />
!<br />
!<br />
-jf cGo ;xL pQ/ n]v]df k"0f{ cª\s lbg]_<br />
&=s s'g}klg aflx/L pQ]hgfaf6 k|efljt eO{ lj?jfsf] ljleGg efun] b]vfpg] rfnnfO{ !<br />
6«lkHd elgG5 .<br />
OG8f]s|fOg u|GyLaf6 lg:sg] /;folgs /;n] z/L/sf] j[l4 / ljsf;df c;/ kfg]{ !<br />
ePsf]n] .<br />
OG8f]s|fOg u|GyLaf6 lg:sg] xdf]{g /utdf ldl;P/ z/L/sf ;a} 7fpFdf k'Ug] x'gfn] . !<br />
&=v afOsl:k8 eNe d'6'sf] afFof cl/sn / afFof e]lG6«snsf] aLrdf /x]sf] x'G5 . )=%<br />
l;:6lds ;~rf/<br />
kNdf]g/L ;~rf/<br />
@<br />
(i) z'4 /ut zl//sf ;a} efudf (i) cz'4 /ut d'6'af6 kmf]S;f]df / z'4<br />
k'¥ofpg] / cz'4 /utnfO{ d'6'df /ut kmf]S;f]af6 d'6'df n}hfg] .<br />
Nofpg] .<br />
(ii) Pcf]6f{n] /ut ljt/0f ug]{ / (ii) bfFof e]lG6«sndf cfPsf] cz'4<br />
e]gfsfefn] /ut d'6'df ;+sng<br />
ub{5 .<br />
/ut kNdf]g/L wdgLn] /ut<br />
n}hfg] / kNdf]g/L lz/fn] /ut<br />
kmf]S;f]af6 d'6' tk{m ;+sng<br />
ub{5 .<br />
-jf cGo ;xL km/s n]v]df k|To]s ;xL km/ssf] ! c+s_<br />
/f]u<br />
efO/;<br />
(i) kf]lnof] kf]lnof]<br />
!<br />
(ii) bfb'/f kf/fldS;f]<br />
!<br />
*=s j+zf0f'ut u'0f Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf ;fg]{ sfo{ ub{5 . !<br />
qmf]df]hf]d dl;gf], nfdf], 3'F3l/Psf] / lkmlhPsf] wfuf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . !<br />
dfp sf]if / ;Gtlt sf]ifdf qmf]df]hf]dsf] ;+Vof a/fa/ x'g] ePsf]n] . !=%<br />
*=v o;df Pp6f hLj dfq ;+nUg x'G5 .<br />
@<br />
;Gtfg j+zf0f'ut ¿kdf dfp h:t} x'G5 jf cGo b'O{ ljz]iftf n]v]df<br />
sfnf] tyf rxlsnf] /Ësf Rofp n]v]df !<br />
kfrg ;DaGwL v/faL eO{ jfGtf cfpg]<br />
s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLdf kIf3ft x'g]<br />
)=%<br />
)=%<br />
jf cGo ldNbf] pQ/ n]v]df .<br />
(=s z/L/df ljsl;t 9f8 ePsf] hgfj/nfO{<br />
!<br />
-jf cGo c? ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df_<br />
Brassica campestries(Underline gu/]df )=% 36fpg]_ !<br />
:ynLo kfl/l:ytLs k4ltsf] hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8<br />
@<br />
t[lto pkef]Qmf<br />
lålto pkef]Qmf<br />
k|yd pkef]Qmf<br />
pTkfbs
(=v<br />
DNA<br />
sfdM– ;Gtfgdf j+zfg'ut u'0f k|;f/0f<br />
u5{ .<br />
cGo ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
RNA<br />
k|f]l6g ;+Zn]if0fdf efu lnG5 .<br />
k"vf{ nfdf] kv]6f ePsf] 8«f];f]lkmnf × 5f]6f] kv]6f ePsf] 8«f];f]lkmnf<br />
8|f];f]lkmnf LL<br />
ll<br />
SRE-111<br />
!<br />
F 1 -<br />
j+z<br />
Ll<br />
parent<br />
@<br />
Ll<br />
Ll<br />
F 2 -<br />
j+z<br />
Ll<br />
parent<br />
LL Ll Ll ll<br />
df]gf]xfOla|8 qm; xf] )=%<br />
!)=s plgpF – sfjf]{lgk]m/;,<br />
!<br />
sf]0fwf/L – 6«fofl;s<br />
!<br />
8fOgf];/ h:tf ;l/;[ksf] pTklQ, ljsf; / nf]k o;} o'udf ePsf]n] o;nfO{ !<br />
;l/;[ksf] o'u elgG5 .<br />
jfo'd08nsf] tNnf] ;txdf sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfq a9L x'G5 / ;"o{sf] ljls/0f !=%<br />
o;n] ;f];]/ a9L tftf] x'G5 . hlt dfly uof] Green House effect sd x'Fb}<br />
hfG5 / lr;f] a9\b} hfG5 .<br />
!)=v d+unu|xdf lndf]gfO6 gfdsf] /ftf] /+usf] vlgh ePsf]n] /ftf] b]lvG5 . !<br />
k[YjL hLjsf] nflu c'gs"n x'g'sf sf/0f<br />
k[YjLsf] tfkqmd hLjsf] nflu plrt x'g'<br />
!<br />
kfgL÷clS;hg kof{Kt x'g'<br />
!<br />
-of cGo ;xL a'Fbf lbPdf c+s lbg]_<br />
5
2068 (2012)<br />
clgjfo{ ;fdflhs cWoog<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M # 306f k"0ff{ª\s M !))<br />
pQL0ff{ª\s M #@<br />
SRE- 122<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf,<br />
:t/Lotf, jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo<br />
d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\<br />
;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
k|Zg g+= pQ/x? cª\sef/<br />
! lrof, cn}FrL, cb'jf, pv', h:tf gub] afln dWo] s'g} @ sf] gfd n]v]df )=% sf b/n] )=%x@=!<br />
@= ;fGble{s / pko'Qm ;'emfj lbPdf h:t} nfu'kbfy{ :jf:Yosf nflu Hofb} xflgsf/s !<br />
5<br />
#= dfgj clwsf/k|lt r]tgf hfu[t gu/fpg', o:tf ;+:yfx? ljs6 e]udf :yfkgf gx'g' !<br />
h:tf s'g} Ps wf/0ff n]v]df<br />
$= pQ/ cd]l/sf – k|]/Lh<br />
!<br />
blIf0f cd]l/sf – kDkf;<br />
n]v]df k|To]ssf] )=% cª\ssf] b/n] )=%±)=% = ! cª\s<br />
%= -s_ e~Hofª\u (Pass) = ] [<br />
-v_ tfn =<br />
!<br />
dflysf] h:tf] ;ª\s]t k|of]u ul/G5 egL n]v]df k|To]ssf] )=% cª\ssf] b/n]<br />
)=% ± )=% =<br />
^= ko{6g pBf]u, s[lif, kz'kfng cflb h:tf s'g} @ pNn]v u/]df !<br />
&= ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnf !<br />
*= a]nfotsf] ;fDoafbL k|ltsf] gLlt tfgzfx eGbf a9L vt/gfs /x]sf] / hd{lgsf !<br />
sltko lqmofsnfk k|lt df}g a;]sf] h:tf cfzo cfpg] u/L cfkm\gf] wf/0ff lbPdf<br />
;d"x v<br />
(= sdljsl;t x'gsf sf/0fx? M<br />
/fwfgLaf6 ;'b'/ -6f9f_ ePsf]n]<br />
oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf gePsf]n]<br />
lzIffsf] ljsf; gePsf]n]<br />
$<br />
;+rf/, afhf/ gePsf]n] h:tf ldNg] rf/ a'Fbf n]v]df !x$<br />
1
SRE- 122<br />
!) ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]<br />
ljleGg ko{6sLo If]qx?sf] k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ dxTj lbg]<br />
;Defljt ko{6sLo If]qx? vf]hL u/L ;d'bfo jf :yfgLo lgosfn] kl/rfng<br />
ug{],<br />
;fF:s[tLs ljljwtfsf] vf]hL u/L k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{] !x$<br />
$<br />
!! hgzlQm eGgfn] zfl//Ls tyf dfg;ls ?kn] s'g} klg sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd JolQm egL !<br />
n]v]df<br />
bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ M<br />
pRr lzIffdf hf]8 lbg]<br />
tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{<br />
#x!=#<br />
k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] h:tf s'g} tLg a'Fbf n]v]df<br />
!@ s_ s[lif k]zf;+u ;DjlGwt egL n]v]df !<br />
v_ ljleGg tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug]{, 3'lDt tflnd lzlj/x? ;+rfng ug]{ , s[lifdf<br />
gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{ h:tf ldNbf # j6f sfo{x? n]v]df<br />
#<br />
!#<br />
tnsf] h:t} krf{sf] gd"gf tof/ kf/]df -9fFrfsf] ! c+s / ts{x?sf] # c+s_<br />
nf]safhf xfd|f] cfTdf xf] . o;n] /fi6«sf] uf}/a a9fpF5 . o;n] xfd|f] ;+:s[lt /<br />
;Eotfsf] klxrfg u/fpFb5 . xfd|f nf]s afhfx?n] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] ;f+:s[lts<br />
ljz]iftfx?nfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . g]kfnLx?nfO{ Pstf ug{ o;n] d2t ub{5 . To;}n]<br />
nf]safh, xfdL ;asf] ;femf eGg] gf/fnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ xfd|f nf]sf afhfsf] ;+/If0f /<br />
;Dj4{g ug{ cfh}b]lv nflu k/f}+ . nf]kfnL nf]s afhfsf] k|rf/k|;f/ u/f}+ . cfˆgf 3/,<br />
!+#=$<br />
;dfhgdf x'g] sfo{qmdx?df nf]s afhfsf] k|of]u a9fcf}+ . ljbzL afhfsf] k|efjaf6<br />
g]kfnL nf]s;+:sltnfO{ hf]ufpg cfh}b]lv nflu k/f}+ h:tf cf;o cfpg] krf{sf] gd'gf<br />
tof/ u/]df<br />
nf]s ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f ;dfh<br />
!$<br />
hfgsL dlGb/sf] df}lnstf, ljz]iftf, hgsk'/sf] ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftf, ToxfFsf]<br />
;d'bfosf] df}lnstf cflb pNn]v u/]df<br />
$x!=$<br />
!%<br />
clzIff<br />
u/LaL<br />
a]/f]huf/L<br />
zx/Lo ljnf;L hLjgsf] rfxgf<br />
bnfnsf] kmGbfdf km:gfn]<br />
o:t} c? a'Fbfx? n]vL 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g u/]df<br />
2<br />
$x!=$<br />
!^<br />
s'k|yfx?sf] g/fd|f c;/x?sf] af/]df r]tgf hufpg]<br />
?9LjfbL ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]<br />
s'k|yf;df cEo:t ePsfx?nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ .<br />
$x!=$<br />
ljleGg sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgfdf ;xefuL eO{ ;dfhsf s'k|yfx? lj?4 cfjfh<br />
p7fpg] .<br />
!& jSt[Tjsf] 9fFrf n]v]df !<br />
cfj]bg÷pDd]b/jf/L btf{, cfrf/ ;+lxtf, kf6L{sf] pDd]bjf/ eP ;f] kf6L{sf] l;kmfl/;<br />
h:tf a'bf n]v]df<br />
#x!=#$<br />
!*<br />
;+;f/sf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] %% a;f]jf; ug]{,<br />
s]xL lkm/Gt] hftL x'G5g h'g cfˆgf] Joj;fosf] l;nl;nfdf cfˆgf ;fdfgx? $
SRE- 122<br />
pmF6df /fv]/ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF lx8L /xG5g<br />
kfndf a:b5g\ .<br />
d?Bfg (OASIS) If]qdf :yfoL ?kdf s]xL hftLx? a;f]jf; ub{5g\, s[lifaf6<br />
hLjg lgjf{x ub{5g\ cflb h:tf cfzo cfpg] u/L j0f{g u/]df<br />
!( zLif{s !<br />
:s]n lbPdf !<br />
ldlt / 36gfnfO{ ;do /]vfdf b]vfPdf<br />
@<br />
@) cfjZos k"jf{wf/x? h:t}M oftfoft, ;~rf/, ljh'nL, kfgL cflbsf] ;d'lrt<br />
Joj:yf ug]{<br />
ko{6sx?sf] ;'ljwfsf nflu vfg], a:g] ;'ljwfsf ;fy} dgf]/~hgsf] cfjZos<br />
Joj:yf ug]{<br />
of] If]q jl/k/Lsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ kb'if0f/xLt /fvL cfjZos ;/;kmfOnfO{<br />
ljz]if Wofg lbg] .<br />
cfjZos zflGt;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .<br />
n'lDagL e|d0f jif{nfO{ ;kmn kfg{sf nflu b]z leq / aflx/ Jofks?kdf<br />
k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ . h:tf s'g} $ cf]6f pko'St ;'emfjx? n]v]df k|To]ssf] !–!<br />
cª\ssf b/n] $ cª\s lbg]<br />
!×$Ö$<br />
@!<br />
@@<br />
@#<br />
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljlzli6s[t ;+:yfx? dWo] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, ljZj :jf:Yo<br />
;+u7g, ;'oQm /fi6«;+3Lo afnsf]if, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;+o'Qm<br />
/fi6«;+3Lo pRr z/0ffyL{ cfof]u, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;fF:s[lts<br />
;+u7g nufot cGo s'g} rf/j6f n]v]df<br />
s'g} Ps /fi6«;+3Lo ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfsf] 5f]6f] j0f{g u/]df<br />
3<br />
)=%x$=@<br />
ljZj zflGt / ;'/Iffsf nflu ePsf ;lGw cIf/;M kfngf ug]{ / u/fpg]<br />
dfgj clwsf/, ;fdlfhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"l tug]{<br />
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ lgikIff, :jtGq / k|hftflGqs agfpg]<br />
lgz:qLs/0f cleofgnfO{ hf]8 lbO ljZj zflGtsf nflu kxn ug]{<br />
$<br />
cGt/f{li6«o cft+safb, lx+;f, 4Gb lj?4 n8\g]<br />
zflGt;]gfsf] kl/rfng ug]{<br />
h:tf pko'Qm a'Fbfx? ;d]6L cfˆgf] ljrf/ n]v]df<br />
:jtGq lgsfo h;n] ;/sf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ ;+ljwfgd} h;sf] sfo{,<br />
st{Jo ;d]t :jtGq?kdf pNn]v x'g] n]v]df !<br />
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdfsf s'g} $ ;+j}wfgLs c+ux?sf] gfd n]vL ltgsf] sfo{x?<br />
pbfx?0f ;lxt n]v]df $x@<br />
*<br />
@$ k[i7el/g] u/L g]kfnsf] gS;f agfPdf #<br />
k|To]s tYonfO{ pko'Qm ;+s]t k|of]u u/L ;xL 7fpFdf b]vfPdf<br />
!x^=^<br />
cyjf<br />
@%<br />
lbOPsf] pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] gS;fdf pko'Qm ;+s]t jf lrGx k|of]u u/L ;xL 7fpFdf<br />
tYox? b]vfPdf<br />
@))& ;fnsf] qmflGtsf s'g} rf/j6f sf/0fx? M<br />
s_ /f0ffzf;gsf] s'/tfsf] sf/0f<br />
v_ ;L snf; /f0ffx? ef/tdf a;]sf lyP, pgLx?n] lj/f]w u/]sf sf/0f<br />
@<br />
!x(=(<br />
$x!=$
SRE- 122<br />
@^=<br />
u_ bf];|f] ljZjo'4 ;s]/ 3/ kms{g] uf]vf{ ;}lgsnn] /f0ffx?n] cGofo cTofrf/ u/]sf]<br />
dxz'; u/]sf] sf/0f<br />
3_ hgr]tgfsf] sdL, dfjg clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] sf/0f h:tf s'g} rf/ cf]6f<br />
sf/0fx? n]v]df<br />
;ldIfTds ljrf/x?M<br />
s_ @))& ;fnsf] hgqmflGtn] g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo / k|hftGqsf] pbo eof]<br />
v_ /fg}tLs, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] z'?jft eof] .<br />
u_ /fhfnfO{ g} k"0f{ clwsf/ lbOPsf] sf/0f k6s k6s ;/sf/ kl/jt{g eof]<br />
3_ blno ;fdGh:otfsf] cefj<br />
ª_ pBf]ux? vf]lnPtfklg hgtfdf TolQ r]tgf gfPsf] h:tf kfra6 a'bf n]v]df<br />
cyfjf<br />
e|d0f u/]sf] 7fpsf] kl/rfo<br />
cWoog e|d0fsf] p2]Zo<br />
cWoog ljlw<br />
kQf nufOPsf s'/fx?<br />
lgisif{ / ;'emfj<br />
ko{6g Joj;fodf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf<br />
ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/df hf]8 lbg]<br />
zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{]<br />
ko{6s;+u ;DalGwt bIf hgzlQm tof/ ug{] h:tf # a'bf n]v]df<br />
ko{6g Joj;fosf] e'ldsf<br />
ko{6g Joj;flox?n] dgf]/GhgfTds sfo{qmdx?nfO{ hf]8 lbg' kg{]<br />
vfg], a:g], ;/;kmOsf] tyf oftfotsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg{]<br />
3/]n' pBf]usf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ kg{] / ko{6sLo ahf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg{]<br />
h:tf s'g} # a'bf n]v]df<br />
ko{6ssf] e"ldsf<br />
ko{6sn] lgb{]zgcg';f/ sfd ug'{ kg{]<br />
lgodsf] kfngf ug{] / ;a};+u /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{ kg{]<br />
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff ug{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] h:tf s'g} # a'bf n]v]df<br />
%x!=%<br />
!<br />
!<br />
@<br />
#<br />
@<br />
#x!= #<br />
#x!= #<br />
#x!= #<br />
;dfKt<br />
4
SRE133<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
clgjfo{ :jf:Yo, hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M @ 306f !% ldg]6 k"0ff{ª\s M &%, pQL0ff{ª\s M @$<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf,<br />
:t/Lotf, jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo<br />
d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\<br />
;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
k|Zg g pQ/x¿<br />
cª\sef/<br />
! lj=;+= !(^* cyjf ;g\ !(!! dWo] Ps n]v]df !<br />
@<br />
sf]/f hGdb/ – sf]/f d[To'b/<br />
!<br />
k|fs[lts a[l4b/sf] ;"q Ö –––––––––––––––––––––––––– x !))<br />
!)))<br />
cyjf<br />
sf]/f hGd – sf]/f d[To'<br />
k|fs[lts a[l4b/sf] ;"q Ö –––––––––––––––––––––––––– x !)))<br />
dWojif{sf] hg;ª\Vof<br />
# hlGdbf ;/b/ cf};t cfo', lzIff, k|lt JolQm cfodWo] s'g} Ps n]v]df !<br />
$ jgkm8fgL, kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL x«f;, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljgfz / e"IfodWo] Ps n]v]df !<br />
% j[Iff/f]k0f, hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd, hnfwf/ ;+/If0f, t6aGw lgdf{0f, j}1flgs v]tL, k|b'if0f !<br />
lgoGq0fdWo] s'g} Ps n]v]df<br />
^ b'w, l;ld, e6df;, df5f, bfn, df;', c08f, dWo] s'g} Ps n]v]df !<br />
& emf8f kvfnf<br />
!<br />
*<br />
cfpF h'sf dWo] Ps<br />
dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] ljsf;<br />
!<br />
hLjg :t/df ;'wf/<br />
cfly{s ljsf;<br />
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ dWo] s'g} Ps<br />
( pRr/Qmrfk jf pRr /Qm sf]n]:6f]/f]n jf dw'd]x jf x[|bo3ft h:tf ;d:ofsf] /f]syfd !<br />
ug'{<br />
!) le6fldg A, D, E, K dWo] s'g} Pp6f !<br />
;d"x v<br />
!! ;fgf] cWoogaf6 ;du| cWoog ug{ ;lsg]<br />
cfwf/e"t tYofª\s ;\sng ug{ ;xh x'g]<br />
vr{ sd nfUg]<br />
dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] sd k|of]u x'g]<br />
%
yf]/} ;dodf ug{ ;lsg] jf To:t} cGo ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
!@ dlxnfx¿sf] vf; pd]/b]lv vf; pd]/;Dd dfq k|hgg x'G5g\ . pd]/ k'Ug'cl3 / kl5<br />
;Gtfg kfpg ;St}gg\, !%–$( jif{ ;Dd k|hgg Ifdtf x'g], jo:sdf a9L k|hgg x'g]<br />
cfGtl/s / afXo b'a} a;fO;/fO{df o'jf o'jtL a9L x'g], gf}nf] 7fpF ;dfhdf ;lhn}<br />
3'nldn x'g ;Sg], gofF sfd l56f] / ;xh 9+un] ug]{ ePsf]n] c? pd]/sf eGbf o'jf<br />
pd]/sf a9L a;fO;/fO{ u5{g\ .<br />
!# k|Zgfg';f/,<br />
dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof = !%))<br />
!%–$( ;d'xsf dlxnfaf6 hGd]sf hLljt lzz'sf] ;ª\Vof = #))<br />
;fdfGo k|hgg b/ = <<br />
;'q,<br />
!% – $( pd]/sf dlxnfn] hGdfPsf hLljt lzz' ;ª\Vof<br />
;fdfGo k|hgg b/ Ö –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– x<br />
!)))<br />
!% – $( pd]/sf dlxnfsf] s"n ;ª\Vof<br />
#))<br />
Ö –––––––––––– x !)))<br />
!%))<br />
Ö @)) k|lt xhf/<br />
To;sf/0f ;fdfGo k|hgg b/ Ö @)) k|lt xhf/<br />
!$ dfgj ljsf; ;'rsfªssf cfwf/sf gfd M<br />
h:t} lzIff, cfocfh{g, hlGdbf ck]lIft ;/b/ cfo' pNn]v u/L k|To]s a'Fbf pRr, dWod<br />
/ Go"g >]0fL k'li6 x'g] u/L 5f]6f] AofVof u/]df<br />
!% w]/} hf8f] / udL{ gx'g]<br />
km/flsnf], ;fF3'/f pkTosf, j]zL, 6f/ cflb e" efux¿ ePsf]<br />
hDdf g]kfnsf] e" efusf] $!=&Ü If]q cf]u6]sf]<br />
#( lhNnfx¿ dWo] Onfd, kfFry/, l;Gw'nL, Ko"7fg, c5fd cflb s]xL kxf8L<br />
lhNnfx¿, prrfO ^!) b]lv $*&& ld ;Dd pNn]v u/]df<br />
!^ kfgLsf ;|f]t k|b'lift<br />
jftfj/0f x|f;<br />
k|fs[lts k|sf]k<br />
hdLgsf] pj{/fzlQmdf x|f;<br />
jgljgfz hl8a'6Lsf] nf]k<br />
a[Iff/f]k0f<br />
le/fnf] hldgdf v]tL gug]{<br />
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f<br />
hgr]tgf clea[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng<br />
clt r/0f gug]{<br />
!& s[lifhGo pTkfbg dflg;n] cfˆgf] cfwf/e"t vfgsf] nflu pTkfbg ub{5 egL n]v]df<br />
jg:klthGo pTkfbg -sGbd'n, kmnkm'n Pj+ hl8j'6L_ cflb o;sf kl/k'/ssf] ¿kdf<br />
pkof]uL l;4 dflgG5g\ egL n]v]df<br />
!* /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf] ;xof]usf] nflu kxn ug]{<br />
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ug]{<br />
@=%<br />
@=%<br />
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@=%<br />
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@=%<br />
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SRE133
jg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt tyf cGo ;ª\3;+:yf Pj+ Snasf] ;+nUgtf<br />
hgr]tgf clea[l4 h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg]<br />
j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{<br />
!( vfg]kfgL<br />
;8s lgdf{0f<br />
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf a[l4<br />
lzIff ;]jfdf a[l4 h:tf dWo] s'g} Ps a'Fbf n]v]df<br />
pQm a'Fbfsf] s'g} rf/ dxTj n]v]df<br />
@) tnsf] a'Fbfx¿df cfwfl/t eO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] dxŒj tyf l;4fGtaLr ;dGjofTds j0f{g<br />
u/L n]v]df<br />
h:t} M kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] ;+/If0f, ;dfhsf] lbuf] ljsf;, dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] ljsf;,<br />
hg;xeflutfdf a[l4, ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f, h}ljs ljljwtfsf]<br />
;+/If0f, bfloTjsf] af]w, ;|f]tsf] plrt k|of]u, cfwf/e"t kIfx¿sf] ljsf;, ljsf;sf] ;Ldf<br />
lgwf{/0f cflbnfO{ ;Gbe{ ldnfP/ j0f{g u/]df %<br />
@! Psaf6 csf]{df ;g]{, hLjf0f'sf] sf/0f ;g]{, xfjf, vfgf, n;k;, 6f]sfO{af6 ;g]{, l5§} nfUg] %<br />
/ l5§} lgsf] x'g], Ifo/f]u, x}hf, /]ljh egL s'g} kfFr j6f ljz]iftf n]v]df<br />
@@ vfgfnfO{ cTolws gksfpg]<br />
%<br />
;fukft t/sf/L w]/} dl;gf] 6]qmf gkfg]{<br />
t/sf/Lx¿ kvfn]/ dfq sf6\g]<br />
eftsf] df8 bfn / t/sf/Ldf xfNg]<br />
l3p t]nx¿ w]/} gttfpg] n]v]df jf o:t} cGo ldNg] n]v]df<br />
@#<br />
nfu'kbfy{ dflg;sf] :gfo" / dl:tisnfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf k|efj kf/L zf/Ll/s<br />
cª\ux¿ Hofb} lzlyn jf pQ]lht agfpF5 egL n]v]df<br />
n7\7 x'g]<br />
e'mDd x'g]<br />
b'3{6gfdf kg]{<br />
jfsjfs nfu]/ jfGtf x'g]<br />
afFemf]kg jf lgM;Gtfg x'g]<br />
:d/0f zlQm sdhf]/ agfpg] jf o:t} cGo c;/x¿ n]v]df<br />
@$ :jf:Yo rf}sL, pk:jf:Yo rf|}sL, k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|, c:ktfn @<br />
pQm ;]jfx¿ dWo] Pssf] 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof u/]df #<br />
@% z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kf]if0feGbf sd jf a9L vfgf, nuftf/sf] pkof]uaf6 x'g] !<br />
cj:yfnfO{ s'kf]if0f elgG5 egL n]v]df<br />
:jf:Yo ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf kx'Frsf] a[l4<br />
;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf] k|of]u<br />
;/;kmfOsf] plrt k|jGw<br />
´f8f kvfnf, cfpF, h'sf cflbsf] ;dod}+ pkrf/ ug]{<br />
;ª\qmd0f /f]usf] af/]df hgr]tgf clej[l4 h:tf s'g} rf/ pkfo n]v]df<br />
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SRE133
SRE-647<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s k|yd jftfj/0f lj1fg<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M # 306f k"0ff{ª\s M !))<br />
pQL0ff{ª\s M #@<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf,<br />
:t/Lotf, jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo<br />
d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\<br />
;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
! ljleGg k|sf/sf af]6 lj?jfx? j]df};ddf x'sf{pg agfOPsf] sfFrsf] jf Knfli6ssf] 3/nfO{ xl/t u[x !<br />
elgG5 .<br />
o;n] leqsf] tfkqmd al4 ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . #<br />
t'ngfTds ?kdf w]/} tfkqmd rflxg] lj?jfnfO{ x's{g ;xof]u ub{5<br />
o;n] tfkqmd tyf cfb|tfnfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 .<br />
@ h}ljs OGwgsf] vktdf s6f}lt !<br />
jfo'd08ndf cTolws xl/tu[x UofF;x/sf] k|j]z lgoGq0f !<br />
a[Iff/f]k0f !<br />
a}slNks phf{sf] k|of]u !<br />
# k[YjLdf /x]sf] jfo'd08nsf] -statosphere_ txdf 19 km. b]lv 48 km. ;Dd km}lnPsf] txnfO{ cf]hg tx !<br />
elgG5 egL n]v]df<br />
;"o{ / cGtl/Ifaf6 cfPsf] xflgsf/s ljls/0fnfO{ ;f];]/ lnG5 . #<br />
$ cf]hgtxdf Snf]/f]km\nf]/f] sfj{gaf6 lglSnPsf] Snf]l/g / cGo ljsL/0fn] cjz]if0f ubf{ of] gi6 x'g $<br />
yfNb5, h;sf] sf/0fn] xflgsf/s ;"o{sf] ljsL/0fx? k[YjLdf l;w} k:b5g\<br />
% ;"o{af6 cfPsf k/fj}hgL ljls/0fx?n] jfo'd08ndf km}lnPsf] Sn]f/f]km\nf]/f] sfj{gnfO{ 6'qm\ofp5g\ !<br />
To;kl5 sfj{g, Snf]l/g, km\nf]l/g 5'6]/ :jtGq x'G5g\ !<br />
Snf]l/gn] cf]hgnfO{ ljR5]bg u/L :jtGq clS;hg / cl:y/ clS;hg agfpF5 !<br />
o;n] cf]hf]gnfO{ km'6fpg] / clS;hgsf\ efu eg] a9fpg] ub{5 , h;n] cf]hgtx kftlnb} hfG5 !<br />
^ s'g} klg sfd ug{ ;Sg] ;fdfYo{nfO{ phf{ elgG5 . !<br />
phf{sf k|sf/x? gljs/0fLo ;fy} jfo' phf{ / cgls/0fl0fo n]v]df<br />
gljs/0fLo phf{sf] pbfx/0f lbPdf<br />
cgljs/0fLo phf{sf] pko'Qm kl/efiff lbPdf<br />
cgljs/0fLo phf{sf] pbfx/0f lbPdf — -vlgh t]n, sf]Onf _<br />
& ;f}o{ phf{ !<br />
jfo' phf{ !<br />
hnljB't !<br />
vlgh t]n<br />
cflb s'g} rf/j6f ;|f]tx? 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof u/]df<br />
!<br />
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!<br />
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1
SRE-647<br />
* af]6lj?jf tyf cGo hLjhGtx?af6 k|fKt x'g] phf{nfO{ h}ljs egL -kl/efiff lbPdf_<br />
@<br />
o;sf k|sf/x? , h:tf} M– bfp/f, uf]a/, s[lifhGo kbfy{x? cflb pNn]v x'g' kg]{<br />
phf{ ;+s6 ( Energy crisis)<br />
@<br />
phf{ ;|f]tx? -ljz]if u/L cgljs/0fLo phf{ _ sf] clws tyf unt / hyfefjL k|of]uaf6 lgDtg]<br />
phf{sf] cefjsf] l:ytL g} phf{ ;+s6 xf] . eGg] s'/fnfO{ aofg u/]df<br />
( dfgj :jf:Yo / hLj hGt'sf] :j:Yodf k|lts'n c;/ kfg]{ ls/0fx?nfO{ ljls/0f elgG5 . of]<br />
c:ktfndf -x-ray) d]l;gaf6 jf pBf]ux?df kmnfd j]lN8ªdf pTkfbg x'G5 .<br />
@<br />
pbfx/0fx?M<br />
s_ PS; /] -x-ray) !<br />
v_ k/fj}hgL ljls/0f - UV ray _<br />
!<br />
jf cGo ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
!) ljiffSt kmf]x/d}nfsf k|lts'n c;/af/] hfgsf/L lng !<br />
k|of]u ubf[ xf]lzof/l ckgfpg !<br />
ljiffSt kmf]x/d}nf laqm]tf, k|of]ustf{ cflbnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{ !<br />
jftfj/0fLo / dfgj :jf:ydf kg]{ hfgsf/L lng jf cGo ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df !<br />
!! ljifSt kmf]x/d}nf hldgd'gL jf kfgLdf 3'n]/ /xG5<br />
o;n] ubf{ :ynLo / hnLo hLjx?sf] vfg, jf;:yfgnfO{ b"lift kf5{ !<br />
lj?jfx?n] cfkm\gf h/fdfkm{t To:tf ljifSt lnG5g !<br />
To:tf af]6lj?jfx? vfP/ kz'kG5Lx?df c;/ x'G5 !<br />
hLj rqmdf afwf k'U5 jf cGo ldNg] u/L pQ/ n]v]df !<br />
!@ ljleGg k|sf/sf hgfj/x?af6 dn k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 / s[lif pTkfbgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . $<br />
v]tjf/L hf]Tg / v]tL nufpg uf]?, /fFuf h:tf hgfj/x? k|of]u ul/G5 .<br />
df;'hGo kz'kG5LnfO{ Joj;flos ?kdf kfn]/ Joj;flos s[lifsf] ljsf; ug{<br />
ljleGg kz'x?nfO{ s[lif pkhx? cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ sfddf k|of]u u/]/<br />
jf cGo ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
!# kl/ro, jf;:yfg, cfxf/ / k|hgg cflb a'Fbfx? dWo] s'g} @ j6f a'Fbfx? kg]{ u/L lbOPsf] @ j6f $<br />
hLjx?sf] af/]df JofVof u/]df<br />
!$ r/Laf3 M<br />
@<br />
kl/ro jf jf;:yfgsf] af/]df n]v]df<br />
cfxf/ jf k|hgg\sf] af/]df n]v]df jf cGo ldNg] n]v]df<br />
s[i0f;f/<br />
@<br />
kl/ro jf jf;:yfgsf] af/]df n]v]df<br />
cfxf/f jf k|hgg\sf] af/]df n]v]df jf cGo dxŒjx? cflb ldNg] n]v]df<br />
!% dflg;n] k|fs[lt jftfj/0fnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf x:tIf]k ug'{ !<br />
jg ljgf; h;n] jf;:yfg gfz x'G5 .<br />
#<br />
jg ljgf; h;n] cfxf/sf] cefj x'G5 .<br />
k|hgg\df afwf k'Ug] .<br />
jf cGo o:t} ldNg] sf/0f n]v]df<br />
!^ l;d;f/ If]qdf ePsf] h}ljs / ch}ljs j:t'x?sf] ;DaGw !<br />
:yfoL jf c:yfoL kfgLsf ;|f]tx?, wfgv]t, kf]v/L, gbL, tfn cfbL<br />
pbfx/0f M h:t} gbL, kf]v/L, tfn cflb<br />
@<br />
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!& gbL<br />
@<br />
tfn<br />
kf]v/L<br />
wfk cflb pko'Qm s'g} rf/ n]v]df<br />
s'g} b'O{sf] af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf n]v]df<br />
@<br />
2
!* vfgf<br />
jf;:yfg<br />
kfgL<br />
jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng h:tf s'g} rf/ pko'Qm a'Fbfx? cfPdf<br />
!( s[lifaf6 pTkfbg x'g] sRrf kbfy{af6 pBf]uwGbf ;~rfng ugf{n] k|z:t /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gf<br />
/xG5 .<br />
s'v'/fkfng Joj;fo, b'Uw pTkfbg sfo{, t/sf/L v]tL, cflbaf6 klg /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'G5 .<br />
s[lif sfo{ h:t} M hldt tof/ ug]{, afnL lj?jf nufpg], uf]8d]n cflbdf dfgjLo zlQmsf] k|of]u<br />
x'gfn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u5{ .<br />
s[lifsf] ljsf;sf nflu kz'kfng Ps dxŒjk"0f{ If]q ePsf]n] o;af6 klg s[lifsf] ljsf; eO{<br />
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . jf cGo s'g} ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
@) df6f]sf] ;+/rgf ljuf5{ .<br />
j/k/sf] hn;|f]tnfO{ k|b'lift u5{ / ;fy} e"ld k|b'lift u5{ .<br />
kfgLdf hLjgofkg ug]{ hLjx? k|efljt x'G5g\ .<br />
hldgsf] pj{/f zlQmdf qmlds x|f; b]vfk5{ / o;n] vfBfGg pTkfbgdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{ . jf<br />
@!<br />
cGo s'g} ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
/;folgs dn /f;folgs k|lts[ofaf6<br />
lgdf{0f ul/g] kl/efiff lbPdf h:t},<br />
Urea<br />
k|fªufl/s dn lhjx?sf] cjz]ifaf6 tof/ ul/g] egL<br />
kl/efiff lbPdf h:t}M uf]a/dn<br />
jf cGo s'g} ldNg] pQ/ lbPdf<br />
/;folgs dn k|of]u ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlwx?M<br />
/;folgs dnsf] af/]df k"0f{ hfgsf/L lng'k5{ .<br />
s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] af/] k"0f{ hfgsf/L lng'k5{ .<br />
k|of]u ubf{ ;se/ k~hf, df:s cflb k|of]u ug'{k5{ .<br />
sltdfqfdf k|of]u ug]{ eGg] k"0f{ hfgsf/L lng'k5{ . jf cGo s'g} ldNg] pQ/ lbPdf<br />
@@ jftfj/0fsf] ljleGg kIfx? / :jf:Yosf] cfk;L ;DaGw b]vfp5 .<br />
jftfj/l0fo :jf:ytfsf] cWoog ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 .<br />
:jf:y ;]jfsf gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 .<br />
lju|bf] jftfj/0faf6 :jf:ydf kg]{ c;/x?af/] hfgsf/L u/fp5 .<br />
@# b'lift xfjfaf6 ?3fvf]sL, a|f]ªsfOl6; h:tf /f]ux? nfU5 .<br />
jfo" k|b'if0fn] ubf{ j/k/sf] :yfg b'lift / b'u{lGwt x'G5 .<br />
jfo' k|b'if0fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g x'G5 .<br />
k|b'lift xfjfn] P]ltxfl;s Pj+ dxŒjk"0f{ d7dlGb/ cflbsf rdsnfO{ ljuf5{ eGg] h:tf c;/x?<br />
n]v]df<br />
@$ kl/efiff, sf/0fx?, c;/x? cflb af/]df pNn]v ePdf @<br />
a}slNks phf{ ( Alternative energy)<br />
jftfj/0fdf k|lts'n c;/ ug]{ phf{ ;|f]t -ljz]if u/L cgljs/0fLo d}qL phf{ ;|f]t j}slNks phf{sf]<br />
pbfx/0f - ;f}o{, jfo', hnljB't cflb _ ePdf<br />
@<br />
@% -s_ sfa{g8fOcS;fO{8 (CO 2 ) M of] k|d'v x/Ltu[x UofF; xf] . hLjfz]if phf{sf] a9\bf] k|of]u /<br />
agh+unsf] ljgf; g} CO 2 pT;h{gsf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . k[YjLdf eO{/x]sf] x/Lt u[x k|efjdf o;sf]<br />
k|d'v e'ldsf 5 .<br />
o;} u/L c? tLg x/Ltu[x UofF;x? N20, CH4, H2O VAPOUR sf / ltgLx?sf] >f]tsf ;fy} c;/x?<br />
n]v]df<br />
sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{, ldy]g, CO2, NOx, SOx cflbnfO{ x/Ltu[x UofF; elgG5 . oL UofF;x?n] k[YjLnfO{<br />
jl/kl/ 3]l//x]sf x'G5g\ / Pp6f txsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . ha oL UofF;x?sf] pT;h{g a9\b} hfG5<br />
Tof] tx jflSnb} hfG5 . o;sf sf/0f ;"o{af6 cfpg] k/fa}hgL ls/0fx? k[YjLdf k:g ;S5g t/ tL<br />
ls/0fx? k[YjLaf6 kms]{/ aflx/ hfg ;Sb}gg\ . o; sf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd lj:tf/} a9\b} hfG5 egL<br />
JofVof u/]df<br />
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SRE-647<br />
3
@^ ljls/0fsf b'O{ >f]tx?<br />
c:ktfndf k|of]u ug]{ PS; /] d]l;g )+=%<br />
pBf]udf j]lN8ª k|lqmof )=% !<br />
k|d'v tLg lsl;dx?<br />
kf/f]sf] of}lus )=%<br />
l;;f of}lus )=%<br />
cDn )=%<br />
!=%<br />
a0f{g u/]df<br />
s_ kf/f]sf of}lus Mkf/f] tTjsf ?kdf ;fwf/0f tfkqmddf rlDsnf] t/nsf ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf]<br />
kf/f] lj:tf/} ck|fª\ul/s kf/f]df ablnG5 . h:t} ldyfOn ds{/L, cNsfOn ds{/L, o:tf kf/f]sf !+=%<br />
of}lusn] :jf:ydf c;/ ub{5<br />
v_ l;;f of}lus M<br />
l;;f cf}wf]lus ljiffn' k|b'if0f xf] . l;;f ;NkmfO8, sfaf]{g]6, Snf]/fO8 cflb ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .<br />
Aof6«Ldf /fVg agfOg] tfdf tyf l6gsf Kn]6x? agfpbf klg wft'ut l;;f k|of]u x'G5 . ljleGg !+=%<br />
lsl;dsf /ª, lk8\d]G6, eg]{; cflbdf klg s]lx l;;f ld;fOPsf] x'G5 .<br />
u_ cDnM<br />
cDn pBf]uwGbf, k|of]uzfnf cflbdf k|of]u ul/G5 . logLx? lvof x6fpgsf] nflu pBf]ux?df k|of]u<br />
ul/G5 . h:t} xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn, qmf]lds cDn, gfOl6«s cDn cflb . logLx? :jf:Yosf nflu<br />
xfgLsf/s x'G5g\ . !=+%<br />
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df6f]sf] cDnLokg a9\5 .<br />
pj{/fzlQmdf x|f; cfpF5 . jf cGo s'g} ldNg] pQ/ lbPdf<br />
/;folgs dn k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ .<br />
#<br />
o;sf] k|of]u ubf{ k~hf, df:s cflbsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .<br />
o;sf] k|of]un] jftfj/0fdf kg]{ c;/ yfxf x'g'k5{ .<br />
k|of]u ljlw / k|of]u ug]{ ljlw / dfqf Vofn ug'{k5{ . jf cGo s'g} ldNg] pQ/ lbPdf<br />
@* rf/ sf/0fx? -!_ rf]/L l;sf/L -@_ jg ljgf; -#_ k|b'if0f -$_dfgljo cltqmd0f @<br />
;+/If0fsf pkfox?<br />
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jg, jftfj/0f P]g, b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf<br />
;+/lIft If]qsf] Joj:yfkg u/]/ - /fli6«o lgs'~h / pj{/ e"ld / pko'Qm jftfj/0f _<br />
@( t/fO{ k|b]z s[lif pkhsf] nflu pko'Qm If]q ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ cGgsf] e08f/ elgPsf] xf] eGg] cfzo #<br />
;lxt t/fO{sf] s[lif pTkfbgsf] af/]df j0f{g u/]df<br />
sf/0fx? M<br />
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clwsf+; dflg;x? s[lif k]zfdf lge{/ 5g\ .<br />
w]/} pBf]ux? s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5g]<br />
g]kfnsf] lgof{t of]Uo j:t'x? s[lif If]qaf6 k|fKt x'G5g\ .<br />
ko{6g If]q ljsf;sf] nflu ;xof]u u5{ jf o:t} ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
#) jftfj/0fsf] xfjf, kfgL, hldg nufot kIfx?df k|lts'n kl/jt{g x'g'nfO{ k|b'if0f elgG5 . !<br />
dflg;x?sf] ultljlwx?n] jftfj/0fsf] /;folgs, ef}lts Pjd\ h}ljs kIfx?df k|lts'n c;/ kf5{ @<br />
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k|b'if0faf6 hlno, :ylno, kz' kG5L / af]6lj?jfx?nfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{ .<br />
k|b'lift kfgLdf /x]sf hLjf0f'x?n] x}hf, emf8fkvfnf h:tf /f]ux? nfU5 .<br />
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k|b'lift kfgLdf /x]sf xflgsf/s /;fogn] :gfo' k|0ffnL, sn]hf] / d[uf}nfdf c;/ u5{<br />
k|b'lift kfgLn] n'tf] h:tf] 5fnf;+u ;DalGwt /f]u nfU5 .<br />
ˆnf]l/g a9L ePsf] kfgL vfgfn] bfFt kx]Fnf] / sfnf] x'G5 cfbL<br />
SRE-647<br />
4
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s k|yd hg;ª\Vof lzIff<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M # 306f k"0ff{ª\s M !)),<br />
pQL0ff{ª\s M #@<br />
SRE-646<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn]<br />
pQ/sf] z'4tf, :t/Lotf, jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL,<br />
:ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq}<br />
/xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\ ;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿<br />
clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf<br />
r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ /<br />
s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
! kfl/jf/Ls lhjg lzIff Tof] z}lIfs k|lqmof xf], h;n] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] zf/Ll/s, @<br />
dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds / g}lts ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ egL n]v]df<br />
Psn, ;+o'Qm / j[xt kl/jf/ n]vL JofVof u/]df #<br />
@ ‣ cf/De cj:yf<br />
@=%<br />
‣ lj:tf/ cj:yf<br />
‣ afn lzIf0f cj:yf<br />
‣ ;Gtfgsf] hLjgofkg cj:yf<br />
‣ lj>fd cj:yf<br />
oL cj:yfx? n]vL s'g} Pssf] JofVof u/]df .<br />
@=%<br />
# ‣ dlxnfnfO{ cfod"ns lqmofsnfkx¿df k|ToIf ;xefuL / ;+nUgtf ug]{ . %<br />
‣ n}ËLs e]befj x6fpg]<br />
‣ dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg xs lbg]<br />
‣ k'?if;/x ;dfg cj;/ lbg] .<br />
‣ ;dfh sfdsf]nflu ;dfg Hofnf lbg] .<br />
oL jf cGo o:t} a'Fbf n]v]df ! c+ssf b/n] % c+s lbg]<br />
$ ‣ /utsf] gftf ePsf b'O{ ljkl/t lnË aLr hfgLhfgL ePsf] j}jflxs @<br />
;DaGwnf{ xf8gftf ljjfx elgG5 egL n]v]df<br />
‣ xf8gftf s/0L dxndf n]lvP adf]lhd b08 ;hfo pNn]v u/]df 3<br />
1
% ‣ cfdfafa'sf] dGh'/Ldf k'?ifsf] pd]/ !* jif{ / dlxnfsf] pd] !^ jif{ dflgPsf]<br />
5 .<br />
‣ cfdfafa' jf ;+/Ifssf] dGh'/L j]u/ k'?ifsf] pd]/ @! jif{ dlxnfsf] pd]/ !*<br />
jif{ dflgPsf] 5 .<br />
‣ nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] aLr pd]/ @) jif{ eGbf km/s /fVg x'Fb}g cflb jf o:t} s'/f<br />
ldNbf] cGo a'Fbfx¿ n]vL pNn]v u/]df<br />
^ hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/df kl/jt{g, pd]/sf] agf]6df kl/jt{g b]z ljsf;df ;sf/fTds<br />
jf gsf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] . lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfBfGg, nQfsk8f, vfg]kfgL,<br />
/f]huf/L, ul/jL, jftfj/0f k|b"if0f h:tf ;d:of b]vfkg]{ egL n]v]df jf o:t} ldNg]<br />
pQ/ n]v]df<br />
& s'g} 7fpF, If]q, c~rn jf b]zs} hg;ª\Vofdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] o'jfo'jtLsf] ;+Vof a9L<br />
x'g] ljjfx ug{ k|f]T;flxt x'g], hg;+Vofdf PSsf;L kl/jt{g x'g], cfly{s, ;fdflhs,<br />
;fF:s[lts, wfld{s Pj+ jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ egL n]v]df jf o:t}<br />
ldNg] pQ/ n]vd]f k|To]s a'FbfnfO{ cfwf/dfgL ! c+ssf b/n]<br />
* ‣ o'jfo'jtL, lzlIft k'?if jf dlxnfsf] nflu ljs;sf sfo{ of]hgf th'{df<br />
ul/lbg] .<br />
‣ vfg]kfgL, oftfoft, ljh'nL vfBfGg nQfsk8fsf] Joj:yf<br />
‣ lzIff, :jf:Yo /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg] .<br />
‣ s[lif, If]q jf cGo Joj;fo ug]{ cf}Bf]lus ;fgf, 7"nf] jf demf}nf pBf]ux¿sf]<br />
cj:yf ldnfpg] egL n]vdf jf cGo o:t} ldNg] a'Fbfx¿ n]v]df ! c+ssf<br />
b/n] % c+s lbg]<br />
( ‣ s'g} klg JolQm zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs tj/n] k"0f{ tGb"?:t dfq geO{<br />
k|hgg k|0ffnL / o;sf k|lqmofxdf ;d]t :j:y /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ k|hgg<br />
:jf:Yo elgG5 egL n]v]df .<br />
‣ slt aRrf slt cGt/df hGdfpg], aRrfsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/<br />
k|To]s bDkQLdf lglxt x'g] .<br />
‣ pRrtd of}g / k|hgg :jf:Yo kfpg] .<br />
‣ :jtGq of}g / k|hgg :jf:Yosf] lg0f{o lbg] .<br />
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oL j'Fbfx¿ n]vdf # ×!<br />
‣ lgoldt dlxgfjf/Lsf] lbg uGtL ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] .<br />
‣ dlxgfjf/L ePsf] lbg e'Ng' .<br />
‣ :vngsf] ;dodf lnË of]gL aflx/ lgsfNg c;dy{ x'g' .<br />
‣ r/d ;'v cj:yf gk'Ub} ljo{ :vlnt x'g' .<br />
cflb h:tf j'Fbfx¿ pNn]v u/L n]v]df<br />
!! ‣ k|efjsf/L / ;'/lIft<br />
‣ cfdfsf] b"w ;'sfpFb}g<br />
‣ Psk6s /fv]kl5 * b]lv !) jif{;Dd k|efjsf/L /xG5<br />
‣ sd vlr{nf]<br />
‣ (%Ü ;Dd k|efjsf/L<br />
oL jf o:t} a'Fbfx¿ n]v]df<br />
SRE-646<br />
%<br />
5<br />
5<br />
5<br />
2<br />
3<br />
5<br />
5<br />
2
!@<br />
!#<br />
‣ x]kf6f] ;]n'n; hlG8;<br />
‣ lk|x]kfl6s hlG8;<br />
‣ kf]i6 x]kfl6s hlG8;<br />
‣ sn]hf] lju|]/<br />
‣ x]kf6fOl6; P / lj sf] sf/0fn]<br />
‣ dgf]lkmj/ efO/;n] ubf{<br />
‣ a9L /S;L ;]jgåf/f<br />
oL jf o:t} ldNg] $ a'Fbfx¿ n]v]df -)=%× $_Ö @<br />
afn ljjfx<br />
SRE-646<br />
3<br />
2<br />
5<br />
wfld{s ljZjf;<br />
5f]/fsf] dxTj<br />
;fdflhs d"No<br />
/ clej[lQ<br />
;Gtfg O{Zj/sf]<br />
j/bfg<br />
kfl/jfl/s 9fFrf÷<br />
;+/rgf<br />
gf/L lzIff /<br />
/f]huf/L<br />
k|hgg<br />
hg;+Vof<br />
c;/<br />
of] k|m]d agfO{ JofVof u/]df<br />
!$ afnljjfx, 5f]/fsf] dxTj, ;Gtfg O{Zj/sf] j/bfg, kfl/jfl/s 9fFrf, gf/L lzIff /<br />
/f]huf/ h:tf a'Fbfx¿ ;dfj]z u/L JofVof u/]df<br />
!% 5f]/fnfO{ dxTj lbg] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] k/Dk/fn] lgZro ?kd} hg;+Vof j[l4df 7"nf]<br />
d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 o;df b'Odt 5}g . lsgsL 5f]/f ePdf j+z wfGg], k};f a9L<br />
sdfpg], OHht dfg / zfg a9\g], s'n wfGg], a'9];sfn;Dd cfdfafa'sf] ;xf/f aGg]<br />
cflb jf o:t} cGo Jojxf/l/s ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
!^ ‣ jfGtf ePdf<br />
‣ tNnf] k]6 k'mn]df jf 7"nf] x'Fb} uPdf<br />
‣ dlxgfjf/L /f]lsPdf<br />
‣ cldnf] lk/f]df ?lr a9]df<br />
5<br />
5<br />
5<br />
3
SRE-646<br />
‣ :tgsf] cfsf/ 7"nf] / g/d x'Fb} uPdf<br />
oL jf o:t} cGo a'Fbfx¿ n]v]df<br />
!& ;dfhdf rlncfPsf] dfGotf, l/ltl/jfh, k/Dk/f cg';f/ lgjf{w ¿kdf of}g ;DaGw 5<br />
/fVg kfpg', hGd]sf] aRrfnfO{ j}wtf k|bfg ug'{ cflb jf o:t} cGo a'Fbfx¿ ;dfj]z<br />
u/L k|i6 JofVof u/]df .<br />
!* xfd|f] d'n's cfh;Dd k'?if k|wfgd} cfndlnPsf] kfOG5 . dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;|f]t 5<br />
kl/rfng ug{ k'?ifx¿ w]/} h;f] ljZjf; ub}{gg\ jf 8/fpF5g\ t/ dlxnfx¿ ;|f]tx¿<br />
b]vfP/ pgLx¿nfO{ k"0f{ :jtGq lbg] xf] eg] k'?if ;/x cfTdlge{/ aGg ;S5g\ h;n]<br />
dlxnfx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ ;an / ;Ifd b]vfpg kl5 kb}{gg\ Toltdfq xf]Og pgLx¿<br />
k'?ifx¿ ;/x ;a} If]qdf k|ult ug{ ;S5g\ egL n]v]df jf o:t} cGo ldNbf] pQ/<br />
cfPdf .<br />
!( :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] kx'Frdf sdL, ;/;kmfOdf sdL, kf]if0f -vfg]s'/fdf_ Joj:yfdf 5<br />
sdL x'g', k|hgg of]Uo pd]/ eGbf cl3 g} ue{wf/0ff ug'{ cflb jf o:t} s'g} @ j'Fbf<br />
n]vL ldNbf] hjfkm cfPdf<br />
@) sfj{g, xfO8«f]hg, clS;hgsf] ;+of]hgaf6 sfa|f]xfO8«]6; aG5 egL n]v]df 1<br />
sfa|f]xfO8«]6; kfOg] ;|f]tx¿, rfdn, ds}, ux'F, kmfk/, sf]bf], cfn', ;v/v08 jf cGo 2<br />
ldNg] ;|f]t pNn]v u/]df<br />
tL ;|f]tx¿sf]{ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g u/L n]v]df 2<br />
@! dlxnfx¿sf] lk5l8Psf] / sdhf]/ cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L pgLx¿nfO{ x/]s kIfaf6 2<br />
;Ifd / ;'b[9 agfpg' g} dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f xf] egL n]v]df<br />
‣ k'?if / dlxnfaLrsf] c;dfgtf x6fpg'<br />
8<br />
‣ dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg'<br />
‣ /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;+nUg / ;xefuL u/fpg]<br />
‣ pTkfbg, /f]huf/L, cfod'ns, lqmofsnfk v]ns'b cflbdf ;xefuL u/fpg] .<br />
oL jf cGo a'Fbfx¿ n]vL JofVof u/]df<br />
@@ hGdg] aRrf / hGdfpg] cfdf ;'/lIft ePsf] cj:yf ;'/lIft dft[Tj xf] egL n]v]df 2<br />
Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿M<br />
8<br />
;'/lIft uef{j:yf, ;'/lIft k|zj, :j:y aRrf kfpg' tyf ;'/lIft dft[Tj;DaGwL<br />
ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{, lgoldt :jf:Yo kl/If0f, kf]if0f vfgf, ljleGg /f]usf]<br />
;'Ovf]k cflb jf o:t} s'/f Wofg lbg'k5{ egL n]v]df<br />
@# ;'Id kf]if0f tTj dfgj z/L/sf] nflu ge}gx'g] dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . h;sf] pkef]u 3<br />
dflg;x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ rflxg] x'G5 cGoyf ljleGg /f]ux¿ nfUg ;S5 egL :ki6<br />
kf/]df jf To:t} cGo ldNg] n]v]df<br />
;'Id kf]if0f tTjsf] sdLn] nfUg] /f]ux¿ lgoGq0f ug{ rfNg'kg]{ sbdx¿ a'Fbfut 7<br />
¿kdf n]vL :ki6 j0f{g u/]df<br />
4
SRE-385<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s låtLo :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M # 306f k"0ff{ª\s M &% pQL0ff{ª\s M @$<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf, :t/Lotf,<br />
jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo d"Nofª\sg<br />
ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\ ;Dk/LIf0f<br />
ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/f clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsf k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
;d"x s<br />
k|Zg g+= pQ/ cª\s<br />
! cDnlkQ n]v]df 1<br />
@ /]gn k]lNe; n]v]df 1<br />
# k|fylds pkrf/ n]v]df 1<br />
$ ef}lts hf]lvd n]v]df 1<br />
% ;f9] kfFr jif{ 1<br />
^ lj=;+= @)$* n]v]df 1<br />
& v]n dgf]lj1fgn] JolQmsf] v]n;Fu ;DalGwt Jojxf/sf] cWoog ub{5 egL n]v]df 1<br />
* l/n] bf}8 1<br />
( @% cª\s 1<br />
!) nv]6\g] (Chasing) egL n]v]df cyjf (or) ef/t (India) egL n]v]df 1<br />
;d"x v<br />
!! cfdf;odf pTkfbg ePsf] xfO8«f]Snf]l/s Pl;8 / kfrg /;x¿ vfBgnLlt/ uO{<br />
vfBgnLdf dl;gf 3fp agfpg], vf];|fpg] e} x'g] Inflammation n]v]df jf o:t} ldNg] 2<br />
pQ/ n]v]df<br />
:jf:Yo sdL{sf] ;Nnfxdf Pl;8 sd ug]{ cf}ifwL lng], ;'Tbf 6fpsf] kl§sf] efu prfn]/<br />
;'Tg], ;'lt{, dlb/f, nfu' kbfy{ ;]jg gug]{, zf/Ll/s Jofofd lgoldt ug]{ h:tf s'g} #<br />
j6f pkfox¿ n]v]df k|To]ssf] ! cª\ssf b/n]<br />
3<br />
!@ xfO8«f]Snf]/Ls Pl;8sf] sf/0f cffdfzodf Iflt x'Fbf egL n]v]df<br />
1<br />
‣ Pl;8 lgoGq0f ug]{ cf}ifwL lng],<br />
‣ k|lt h}ljs cf}ifwL lng],<br />
‣ hyfeflj b'vfO{ sd ug]{ cf}ifwL k|of]u gug{]<br />
‣ k]6 vfnL g/fVg],<br />
‣ kfgL k|z:t lkpg] / lrGtfa6 d'Qm a:g] h:tf s'g} $ j6f a'Fbf n]v]df k|To]sf] !<br />
cª\ssf b/n]<br />
4<br />
!# lrq n]v]df<br />
2<br />
‣ lduf}{nfn] cgfjZos kbfy{nfO{ /utaf6 5fg]/ x6fpF5,<br />
1
‣ z/L/sf] kfgLsf] dfqf ;Gt'lnt u5{,<br />
‣ nj0fsf] dfqf ;Gt'lnt /fV5,<br />
‣ z/L/sf] /Qmrfk lgoGq0f u5{ h:tf ldNg] vfnsf # j6f sfo{x¿ n]v]df<br />
!$ b'3{6gf kl5 8fS6/sf] ;]jf jf 3fOt]nfO{ Hofg arfpg] clek|fon] c:ktfnsf] ;]jf<br />
k'¥ofpg' cl3 36gf:yndf k|bfg ul/g] :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ elgG5 .<br />
jf o:t} ldNg] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
‣ 36gf:yndf pknAw ;fdfgsf] k|of]u u/L k|fylds pkrf/ u/]/ Hofg hf]ufpg],<br />
‣ lj/fdLsf] cj:yf c¿ v/fa x'g glbg]<br />
‣ ;s];Dd l56f] 3fprf]6 lgsf] ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg]<br />
‣ pkrf/sf nflu :jf:Yo s]Gb|df k'¥ofpg] . jf o:t} ldNg] % j6f ldNg] p2]Zo<br />
n]v]df k|To]ssf] )=* cª\ssf b/n]<br />
!% nIf0fx¿M<br />
‣ ysfO nfU5,<br />
‣ 6fpsf] b'V5,<br />
‣ jfsjfsL nfU5,<br />
‣ z/L/ sdhf]/ x'G5,<br />
‣ ;f; k]mg{ sl7g x'G5,<br />
‣ gf8Lsf] ult a9\5 . cflb dWo] s'g} % j6f nIf0fx¿ jf cGo ldNg] pQ/<br />
n]v]df k|To]ssf] )=% sf b/n]<br />
k|fylds pkrf/M<br />
‣ klxnf] r/0fsf] nIf0f b]v]df kbofqf Ps b'O{ lbgsf] nflu /f]Sg] .<br />
‣ zf/Ll/s cj:yf ;'wf/ gcfPdf tn cf]/fNg] ;fwf/0f tyf 300m-500m ;Dd tn<br />
cf]/fNg] .<br />
‣ cfjZos ePdf clS;hg lbg] .<br />
‣ tftf] k]o kbfy{ lkpg lbg] .<br />
‣ lj/fdLnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg] .<br />
‣ c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo s]Gb|df nfUg] cflbdWo] s'g} % j6f k|fylds pkrf/ n]v]df jf<br />
cGo ldNbf] pQ/ n]v]df k|To]s a'Fbfsf] )=% sf b/n]<br />
!^ k];fut :jf:Yo eg]sf] s'g} klg k];fdf ;+nUg k];fsdL{sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs<br />
:jf:Yosf] k|j4{g ug]{ lj1fg xf] egL n]v]df jf cGo ldNbf] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
k];fdf egf{ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿M<br />
‣ ;DalGwt sfd ug{ ;Ifd<br />
‣ bL3{ /f]u gnfu]sf]<br />
‣ :j:y<br />
‣ k]zfut bvntf ePsf] egL n]v]df jf cGo ldNbf] pQ/ n]v]df k|To]s a'Fbfsf]<br />
! sf] b/n]<br />
!& æ;d'bfosf ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x¿sf] ljBdfg :jf:Yo cj:yfnfO{ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo<br />
elgG5Æ<br />
‣ /f]uafxs ls/fx¿sf] lgoGq0f<br />
‣ s'kf]if0fsf] /f]syfd<br />
‣ k|hgg :jf:Yo<br />
‣ JolQmut :jf:Yo<br />
‣ nfu'kbfy{ b'Jo{;gsf] /f]syfd<br />
‣ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff<br />
‣ v]ns"b tyf dgf]/~hg<br />
‣ b'3{6gfsf] /f]syfd jf cGo cf7j6f ldNbf] If]q lbPdf )=% sf b/n] cª\s lbg] .<br />
!* ‣ v]ns'bsf] dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{ tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf<br />
af}l4s ljsf; ug]{,<br />
3<br />
1<br />
4<br />
2.5<br />
2.5<br />
1<br />
4<br />
1<br />
4<br />
5<br />
SRE-385<br />
2
‣ cg'zfl;t gful/s tof/ ug]{,<br />
‣ v]ns'b ;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng u/L ;a} lsl;dsf v]ns'b cfof]hgf ug]{,<br />
‣ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df x'g] v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnsf] pko'Qm ;xeflutf u/fpg<br />
cfjZos Joj:yf u/L v]ns'bsf] ljsf; ug{] .<br />
‣ /fli6«o v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ cfjZos tflnd Pj+ ;'ljwfsf] k|aGw ldnfpg] cflb h:tf<br />
pko'Qm % a'Fbfx¿ n]v]df cª\s lbg] .<br />
!( s_ kf}/fl0fs cf]nlDks v]n O=k"= &&^ b]lv ;'? ePsf] lyof] h'g !))) jif{;Dd<br />
rn]sf] lyof] .<br />
v_ cfw'lgs cf]nlDks v]nsf] ;'?jft k|mfG;sf ljåfg lj/f]g lk/] l8 So"jl6{gn]<br />
u_<br />
u/]sf lyP .<br />
!*($ df So"jl6{gsf] cWoIftfdf cGt{/fli6«o cf]nlDks ;ldltsf] u7g ePsf]<br />
lyof] .<br />
3_ k|yd cf]nlDks v]n O=;= !*(^ clk|n ^ df lu|;sf] Py]G;df ePsf] lyof]<br />
h;df !# /fi6«sf @*% hgf v]nf8Lx¿n] ;xeflutf hgfPsf lyP .<br />
ª_ k|To]s rf/–rf/ aif{sf] cGt/fndf of] v]nsf] cfof]hgf ul/G5 .<br />
cflb a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ;d]6L !) jfSodf j0f{g u/]df )=% sf b/n]<br />
@) v]n dgf]lj1fgsf] lrgf/L n]v]df<br />
-JolQmsf] v]n;Fu ;DalGwt Jojxf/sf] cWoog jf v]nf8Lsf] v]n st{[Tjsf] k|efjsf]<br />
cWoog v]n dgf]lj1fg xf] ._<br />
dxŒjM<br />
s_ ljsf;fTds dgf]lj1fgsf] cWoognfO{ dbt ub{5 .<br />
v_ JolQmsf] v]n;Fusf] ?rL klxrfg ug{ dbt ub{5 .<br />
u_ v]n k|lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ ;xh agfpF5 ,<br />
3_ v]nf8LnfO{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ dbt ub{5 . egL n]v]df ! cª\ssf b/n]<br />
@! dflg;x¿åf/f ul/g] k|fs[lts lqmofsnfkx¿ h:t}M lxF8\g', bu'g{', pk|mg', ˆofSg', h:tf<br />
zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ PYn]l6S; elgG5 jf o:t} cGo ldNbf]h'Nbf] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
o;cGtu{t kg]{ lqmofsnfkx¿ lxF8\g', bf}8\g', pk|mg', ˆofSg', cflb h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿<br />
kb{5g\ egL n]v]df jf o:t} ldNbf]h'Nbf] pQ/ n]v]df<br />
@@ elnan v]nM<br />
s_ elnan v]nsf] Pp6f l6ddf a9Ldf !@ hgf v]nf8L x'G5g\ . k|To]s l6ddf Ps<br />
;dodf ^ hgf eGbf a9L v]n8Lx¿ v]Ng kfOb}g .<br />
v_ 6; lhTg] ;d"xnfO{ ;le{; cyf sf]6{ 5fGg] cj;/ lbg'kb{5 .<br />
u_ v]nf8Lx¿ :yfkgGg ubf{ sKtfg jf k|lzIfsn] klxn] ;xfos lg0ff{osnfO{ ;"rgf<br />
lbP/ dfq ug{ ;lsG5 .<br />
3_ ;le{;ubf{ k|To]s ;d"xsf v]nf8Lx¿ cf–cfˆgf] :yfgdf plePsf] x'g'kb{5 .<br />
ª_<br />
;le{; ubf{ hfnLnfO{ 5f]P/ uPsf] ;le{; dfGo x'G5 t/ PlG6gfdf nfUbf unt<br />
x'G5 . o:t} cGo ldNbf lgodx¿ n]v]df k|To]ssf] ! cª\ssf b/n]<br />
cyjf<br />
lqms]6M<br />
s_ lqms]6 v]nsf] v]n d}bfg c08fsf/ x'G5 .<br />
v_ v]n d}bfgsf] aLrdf @)=!@ dL×#=)%dL= sf] lkr /x]sf] x'G5 .<br />
u_ lkrsf] b'j}tk{m tLg yl/sf lqmhx¿ x'G5g\ .<br />
3_ &!=!@ ;]=dL= kg]{ u/L lkrsf] b'j}tk{m :6Dk; ufl8G5 .<br />
ª_<br />
PDkfo/n] b'j} ;d"xsf !! hgf v]nf8Lx¿sf] gfd kfO;s]kl5 SofK6]gx¿nfO{<br />
afnfO{ 6; ub{5 .<br />
o;}u/L ljBfyL{x¿n] :yfgfkGg / /g/, PDkfo/, :sf]//, an , /g Jfo6, lkr,<br />
ljs]6, Olgª\;, gf] an, jfO8 an, jfO PG8 n]ujfO cflbsf] ldNbf] s'/fx¿<br />
n]v]df ! sf] ! cª\ssf b/n] k|bfg ug]{ .<br />
5<br />
1<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
SRE-385<br />
3
5,18 m<br />
@# lrqnfO{ @ cª\s / gfdfª\sg # cª\s k|bfg ug{<br />
1.95 m .76 m<br />
5<br />
SRE-385<br />
6.10 m<br />
.46 m<br />
cyjf<br />
‣ vf] vf] v]ndf vf] lbg] cEof; ug{sf nflu cf7hgf ;fyLx¿ vf] vf] d}bfg df<br />
cfˆgf] cfˆgf] ju{df lgodfg';f/ /xg' kb{5 eGg] n]v]df<br />
‣ * hgf eGbf cGo ;fyL Ps 5]pdf tfFtL agfO{ a:b5g\ . ;'?sf] tfFtLsf] ;fyL<br />
bf}8]/ uO{ kf]i6 glhs} ;fyLnfO{ vf] lbg] u5{ / cfk'm pQm ju{df a:5 eGg] nv]df<br />
‣ vf] kfpg] ;fyLn] k]ml/ glhssf] ;fyLnfO{ cnL{ vf] lbG5 / of] vf] lbg] qmd<br />
rln/xG5 ha cf7f}+ ju{sf] ;fyLn] vf] kfpF5 ta pm p7]/ kf]nnfO{ ;dfO{ 3'Dg' k5{<br />
eGg] n]v]df<br />
‣ To; kl5 bf}8]/ cfO{ tfFtLdf a:g] / v]nnfO{ k6sk6s lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cEof;<br />
u/fpg] eGg] n]v]df<br />
‣ ;fwf/0f, cln{, k]ms, n]6 vf]dWo] s'g} Pssf] JofVof u/]df<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
4
SRE - 334<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s låtLo sDKo"6/ lj1fg<br />
;do M ! 306f #) ldg]6 k"0ff{ª\s M %), pQL0ff{ª\s M !^<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf,<br />
:t/Lotf, jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo<br />
d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\<br />
;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
1a Group of two or more than two interconnected computers. 1<br />
Share the resources or consists of server and clients or (other satisfactory answer) 1<br />
E-mail is electronic mailing system. It is one of the services of the internet.<br />
2<br />
1b or (other satisfactory answer) eg. slc@gmail.com or any other valid email ID)<br />
1c ‣ to provide interactive teaching and learning process.<br />
‣ easy to understand using visual aids<br />
1<br />
1<br />
or (other satisfactory answer)<br />
Protecting hardware resources from power fluctuations or power failure or mishandling is called 2<br />
1d hardware security.<br />
or<br />
(other satisfactory answer)<br />
Computer virus is a program that brings malfunction of normal functioning of computer system. It 2<br />
1e possesses self replicating, hidden and self executing properties.<br />
or<br />
(any other satisfactory answer)<br />
2 a (10101000) 2 1<br />
(11) 10 1<br />
2b 11000 1<br />
10010 1<br />
3 (a) LAN (c) Within room<br />
(b) MAN (a) Within city<br />
(c) UPS (d) Power supply<br />
(d) IPX/SPX (b) Protocol<br />
(0.5 mark for each correct matching)<br />
4a satellite 0.5<br />
Defragmentation 0.5<br />
4b<br />
4c Telnet 0.5<br />
NAV 0.5<br />
4d<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
1
SRE - 334<br />
5a Bandwidth 0.5<br />
5b Star topology 0.5<br />
5c Macro Virus 0.5<br />
5d Cyber Ethics 0.5<br />
6 bps - bits per second<br />
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network<br />
FTP - File Transfer Protocol<br />
URL - Uniform Resource Locator<br />
7a<br />
A database is an organized collection of related information that can be accessed for multiple<br />
purposes.<br />
(provide 2 marks for similar or other satisfactory answer. Award 1 mark for partially correct<br />
answer)<br />
7b Salary: Currency, date of birth: Date/Time<br />
1 Mark for each correct types<br />
7c A query is an object of MS-Access that retrieves or updates data or used for calculation.<br />
(provide 2 marks for similar other satisfactory answer and award 1 marks for partial correct<br />
answer)<br />
8a (iv) 255<br />
(0.5 mark for correct answer)<br />
8b (iv) Text<br />
(0.5 mark for correct answer)<br />
8c (iv) Both (i) & (ii)<br />
(0.5 mark for correct answer)<br />
8d (ii) Update<br />
(0.5 mark for correct answer)<br />
9 (a) Indexing data (d) Fast searching<br />
(b) Long text (c) Memo field<br />
(c) FoxPro (b) DBMS<br />
(d) Query (a) Retrieves data<br />
(0.5 mark for each correct matching)<br />
10a<br />
10b<br />
10c<br />
‣ Sub procedure<br />
‣ Function procedure<br />
Q-basic supports structure programming with sub and function procedure but C language<br />
supports only function procedure.<br />
‣ The kill command deletes the file from the mentioned drive and directory or<br />
path<br />
‣ The RMDIR command used to remove or erase only sub directory which is<br />
empty.<br />
11 Rem to display the contents of a data file<br />
OPEN "MARKS.DAT" for INPUT AS #1<br />
CLS<br />
WHILE NOT EOF (1)<br />
INPUT#1, Name$, Age, Add$<br />
PRINT Name$, Age, Add$<br />
WEND<br />
CLOSE # 1<br />
END<br />
(Award 1/2 mark for each correct item)<br />
12 The output of the above program will be:<br />
The area = 50<br />
2<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
2<br />
2<br />
2<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
0.5<br />
2
SRE - 334<br />
(Award 2 marks for the correct answer and 1/2 marks for incomplete answer)<br />
13a Variables used in the above program are:<br />
P, A, B, C, X, Y, Z, T<br />
(Award 1 mark for correct answer)<br />
13b When above program is executed, 3 times sub-procedure will be called.<br />
(Award 1 mark for correct answer)<br />
14a Declare function SAS (l, b, h)<br />
CLS<br />
INPUT "ENTER the length :::"; L<br />
INPUT "ENTER the breadth:::"; b<br />
INPUT "ENTER the height:::"; h<br />
Area = SAS (l, b, h)<br />
print "The surface area of space"; Area<br />
END<br />
Function SAS (l, b, h)<br />
SAS = 2 * (l*h + b*h + l*b)<br />
END Function<br />
or<br />
(Any other correct program<br />
14b DECLARE SUB GREAT (A, B, C)<br />
INPUT "Enter 3 NUMBers"; X, Y, Z<br />
CALL GREAt (X, Y, Z)<br />
END<br />
SUB GREAT (A, B, C)<br />
IF A>B AND A>C THEN<br />
G = A<br />
ELSEIF B>A AND B>C THEN<br />
G = B<br />
ELSE<br />
G = C<br />
END IF<br />
PRINT "Greatest Number="; G<br />
END SUB<br />
(Award 3 marks for correct or alternative correct answer or 1.5 marks for partially correct<br />
answer)<br />
CLS<br />
14c OPEN "Employee.dat" FOR INPUT AS 7<br />
DO WHILE NOT EOF (7)<br />
INPUT 7, en$, d$, ap$, S<br />
IF S>5000 then<br />
PRINT en$, d$, ap$, S<br />
END IF<br />
LOOP<br />
CLOSE 7<br />
END<br />
Note: Any other correct program<br />
1<br />
1<br />
3<br />
3<br />
3<br />
3
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
( )<br />
i<br />
( )<br />
( )<br />
ii<br />
SRE-331<br />
MARKING SCHEME<br />
2068<br />
ITEM – 1(a)<br />
1<br />
1<br />
331<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
( ) ( ) and<br />
ITEM – 1(b)<br />
1<br />
Remainder (R)=10<br />
i.e. ( )<br />
or, ( ) ( ) ( )( )<br />
or,<br />
or,<br />
1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
ITEM – 2(a)<br />
( )<br />
( )<br />
1<br />
1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
ITEM – 2(b)<br />
[ ] [ ] * +<br />
[ ] * + 1<br />
1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
ITEM – 3A<br />
1
* + * +<br />
* +<br />
| | | |<br />
1<br />
1<br />
331<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
Slope of<br />
Slope of<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
Comparing<br />
is<br />
is<br />
ITEM – 3(b)<br />
ITEM – 4(a)<br />
and<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
For perpendicular<br />
or, ( )<br />
or, , which is true<br />
Hence the results.<br />
ITEM – 4(b)<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
equation of the circle is<br />
( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
( )<br />
ITEM – 5A<br />
1<br />
√<br />
√<br />
1<br />
√<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> Scheeme<br />
ITEM – 5(b)<br />
⁄<br />
1<br />
( ⁄ )<br />
⁄<br />
1<br />
ITEM – 6(a)<br />
2
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
331<br />
1<br />
1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
√<br />
√<br />
ITEM – 6(b)<br />
ITEM – 7(a)<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
let, ⃗ ⃗ ⃗<br />
⃗ ⃗ ⃗<br />
Now, since, ⃗ and ⃗ are perpendicular to each other,<br />
then, we have<br />
⃗ ⃗<br />
( ⃗ ⃗) ( ⃗ ⃗)<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
ITEM – 7(b)<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗<br />
ratio ( ) 1<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
⃗<br />
⃗<br />
⃗<br />
⃗<br />
1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
ITEM – 8(a)<br />
* +<br />
1<br />
( ) → ( ) 1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
Taking object point (<br />
* + * + * +<br />
ITEM – 8(b)<br />
) and expressing in matrix multiplication<br />
Identifying( ) ( ) 1<br />
1<br />
3
and determination of transformation as reflection is<br />
ITEM – 9<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
( )<br />
let ( )<br />
Interchanging the place of a and y ,<br />
1<br />
331<br />
( )<br />
1<br />
( ) ( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
( )( )<br />
Either,<br />
or,<br />
1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
let ( )<br />
When then<br />
( )<br />
( ) is the factor of ( )<br />
ITEM – 10<br />
1<br />
Now, using synthetic division to get other factors.<br />
) (<br />
( ) ( )( )<br />
( )( )( )<br />
Since, ( )<br />
( )( )( )<br />
|<br />
………….(i)<br />
………….(ii)<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
………….(iii)<br />
4
331<br />
Ans<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
( )<br />
……..(1)<br />
( )<br />
……….(12)<br />
from ( ) and ( )<br />
ITEM – 11<br />
1<br />
1<br />
putting d =3 in eq (1)<br />
( )<br />
1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
Given equation is =0<br />
ITEM – 12<br />
let<br />
so,<br />
1<br />
table for<br />
x 0 1 -1 2 -2<br />
y 0 3 3 12 12<br />
Table for<br />
x 0 -1 -2 -3<br />
1<br />
y -2 3 8 13<br />
for graph: 1<br />
conclusion :<br />
here the parabola and the straight line intersect at point<br />
1<br />
( ) ( ) so the requird solutions are<br />
ITEM-13<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
(i) The given equation is matrix form is :<br />
* + * + = * +<br />
i.e. = B, where * + * + and * +<br />
1<br />
| | * + #0<br />
(ii) Working out<br />
–<br />
= * +<br />
⁄<br />
– ⁄<br />
1<br />
(iii) Expressing in the form<br />
–<br />
[– ⁄ ⁄ ]<br />
5
* +<br />
= * +<br />
⁄<br />
– ⁄<br />
[– ⁄ ⁄ ]<br />
* +<br />
(iv) Find out the correct values of x and y<br />
x= 3<br />
y = 4 1<br />
1<br />
331<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
(i)<br />
ITEM_14<br />
i.e. slope ( ) 1<br />
(ii) Slope of parallel line 1<br />
(iii) ( ) 1<br />
(iv)<br />
Required equation is 1<br />
ITEM-15<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
(i) Given that general equation of 1 st degree are<br />
a 1 x + b 1 y+c 1 = 0 -----------------(i)<br />
a 2 x+b 2 y+c 2 = 0 -----------------(ii)<br />
Equation passing through the origin and parallel to the lines<br />
(i) and (ii) are<br />
(a 1 x + b 1 y = 0 --------(iii)<br />
a 2 x+b 2 y = 0------- (iv) respectively 1<br />
(ii) Multiplying equation (iii) and (iv)<br />
(a 1 x+ b 1 y) (a 2 x + b 2 y) = 0 --------(v)<br />
a 1 a 2 x 2 + a 1 b 2 xy + a 2 b 1 xy+ b 1 b 2 y 2 =0 1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
(iii) a 1 a 2 x 2 ( a 1 b 2 + a 2 b 1 ) xy + b 1 b 2 y 2 =0<br />
Substituting a 1 a 2 = a b 1 b 2 = b and<br />
( a 1 b 2 + a 2 b 1 ) = 2h in above equation 1<br />
(iv) ax 2 + 2xy + by 2 = 0<br />
Which represent the homogeneous equation of second degree<br />
ITEM –16<br />
1<br />
i<br />
Finding the center of circle from the given points and equations<br />
…………(i)<br />
………(ii)<br />
1<br />
ii ( ) ( ) 1<br />
iii<br />
iv<br />
calculating the exact radius<br />
( )<br />
√<br />
Equation of required circle<br />
ITEM-17<br />
1<br />
1<br />
6
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme:<br />
(i) L.H.S. = √ (<br />
= -<br />
=<br />
(ii) =<br />
(<br />
√<br />
√<br />
√<br />
1<br />
1<br />
331<br />
=<br />
(iii)<br />
=<br />
(iv) =<br />
( )<br />
( ) 1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
(N.B. : Give full marks for alternative correct method)<br />
ITEM-18<br />
1<br />
1<br />
( ) ( )<br />
L.H.S =<br />
1<br />
( ) ( )<br />
* ( ) ( )+ 1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
(i) ( )<br />
(ii) ( ) ) – )<br />
Proved.<br />
ITEM-19<br />
(iii) –<br />
1<br />
(iv)<br />
, ,<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
correct figure and sorting of information<br />
elevation from C<br />
elevation from D<br />
ITEM – 20<br />
A<br />
1<br />
Finding ( ) 1<br />
B<br />
4<br />
C<br />
D<br />
7
331<br />
or, √<br />
or,<br />
√<br />
( )<br />
√<br />
(√ )=43.92m<br />
1<br />
1<br />
8
<strong>Marking</strong> <strong>Scheme</strong><br />
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗<br />
O is the centre of the circle.<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗<br />
is an angle formed in a semi circle<br />
to prove :<br />
In<br />
In<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
⃗ ⃗<br />
( ⃗ ⃗)<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
( ⃗ ⃗)<br />
Now,<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ⃗ ⃗) ( ⃗ ⃗)<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
(( ⃗) ( ⃗) )<br />
ITEM – 21<br />
1<br />
( )<br />
Here,<br />
then,<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
ACB=90 o<br />
Since, the dot product is zero, the two vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are<br />
perpendicular.<br />
ITEM-22<br />
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
(i)<br />
( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
( ) ( )<br />
( ) ( )<br />
(ii)<br />
( ) ( )<br />
( ) ( ) 1<br />
( ) ( )<br />
(iii) Accurate graphing (Reflection in x – axis) 1<br />
(iv) Accurate graphing (Reflection in y = 2) 1<br />
(i) * + * +<br />
(ii) * +<br />
(iii) * +<br />
ITEM_23<br />
(iv) Required image ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1<br />
A<br />
⃗<br />
C<br />
O<br />
⃗<br />
⃗<br />
B<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
331<br />
NB : Give relevant marks for alternative method.<br />
ITEM – 25<br />
9
<strong>Marking</strong> scheme<br />
331<br />
height<br />
(X)<br />
140<br />
148<br />
150<br />
155<br />
158<br />
165<br />
169<br />
-15<br />
-7<br />
-5<br />
0<br />
3<br />
10<br />
14<br />
∑ ∑ ∑<br />
255<br />
49<br />
25<br />
0<br />
9<br />
100<br />
196<br />
1<br />
Mean ( )<br />
∑<br />
1<br />
Finding d 2<br />
Standard Deviation ( )<br />
√ ∑<br />
√<br />
1<br />
√<br />
Coefficient of variation<br />
1<br />
10
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s låtLo lzIff<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M @ 306f !% ldg]6<br />
k"0ff{ª\s M &%<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M pQL0ff{ª\s M @$<br />
SRE-306<br />
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cyjf<br />
lh=lz=sf= n]v]df !<br />
lh=lz=sf=n] ug]{ s'g} $ sfo{ n]v]df<br />
lzIff ;DaGwL lhNnf lzIff of]hgf agfO{ kfl/t u/fpg],<br />
cfˆgf] lhNnf leqsf ljBfnosf] lg/LIf0f ug]{<br />
lhNnf leqsf] ljBfnosf] tYofÍ If]=lz=lg=, ljefudf k7fpg],<br />
lzIfsx?sf] gf]s/L ljj/0f tyf clen]v /fVg],<br />
P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] cflb jf o:t} kf=k'=df ePsf cGo sfo{x? n]v]df<br />
$<br />
SRE-306<br />
%<br />
%
k|Zg<br />
g+=<br />
!^<br />
!&<br />
pQ/x? -;d"x–u_<br />
s'g} Ps kf7sf] cWofkgsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x?n] xfl;n ug]{ l;sfO pknlAw cflb nufot o:t}<br />
cfzo a'emfpg] s'/f n]v]df<br />
dxTjM<br />
– k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{<br />
– kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] l;sfO{ pknlAw xfl;n ug{<br />
– lzIfsnfO{ dfu{ lgb]{zg ug{<br />
– lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfknfO{ p2]Zo cg's'n agfpg cflb h:tf s'/fx? jf o:t} cf;o<br />
a'emfpg] s'/f n]vL j0f{g u/]df<br />
– kf7sf] cGTodf ;f]lwg] k|Zgx?<br />
– u[xsfo{<br />
– sIff sfo{÷ lqmofsnfk<br />
– cjnf]sg cflb<br />
dfly rf/ pkfox? n]v]df )=% sf b/n] @ cs<br />
dflysf ;a} a'Fbfsf] af/]df JofVof u/]df Pp6fsf] @ sf b/n] * c+s lbg] .<br />
SRE-306<br />
cª\s<br />
@<br />
*<br />
!)
;do M @ 306f !% ldg]6<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s låtLo s[lif lzIff<br />
k"0ff{ª\s M &%<br />
pQL0ff{ª\s M @$<br />
SRE-302<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf,<br />
:t/Lotf, jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo<br />
d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\<br />
;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
! Psxf]/f] jfnL k|0ffnL !<br />
@ zt k|ltzt -!))% _ !<br />
# bL3{sfnLg C0f !<br />
$ ds} jfnLsf] !<br />
% h}ljs lgoGq0f !<br />
^ ;3g v]tLsf] kl/efiff n]v]df – ! c+s !<br />
jif{e/Ldf sfd kfpg],<br />
df6f]sf] ef}lts u'0f a[l4 x'g],<br />
v]tsf] pTkfbsTjdf a[l4, cfly{s cj:yfdf a[l4<br />
h:tf s'/fx? n]v]df ! a'Fbfsf] ! c+ssf b/n] $ c+s<br />
& ux'F, tf]/L, d;'/f], cfn', s]/fpm, rgf, ds}, /x/,<br />
t/sf/Lx? M sfpnL, d'nf, aGbf, uf]ne]8f_<br />
k|To]ssf] )=% c+ssf b/n] – % c+s<br />
* jLpsf] gd"gf !)) /fgf lng], afn'jfdf kfgL /fvL tsf{pg] jLpnfO{ nfOgdf /fvL xNsf<br />
?kdf b'O{ OGr hlr 5f]kL lbg], a]nf a]nf xNsf kfgL lbg], pd|]sf a]gf{sf] u0fgf cflb<br />
n]v]df<br />
( qm]tf Pj+ ljqm]tfåf/f s[lifhGo a:t'x?sf] cfbfg k|bfg, d"No cfk"lt{, / dfunfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{,<br />
d"No lgwf{/0f, s[ifsnfO{ s[lif pTkfbgdf ;xefuL u/fpg], snsf/vfgfnfO{ sRrf kbfy{<br />
pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] h:tf % j6f a'Fbfx? pNn]v u/]df<br />
!) s[lif pTkfbgsf] a[l4n] hLjgdf ;'wf/, a9L cGg pTkfbgn] ;'ky d'Nodf pknAw cy{tGq %<br />
$<br />
%<br />
1
alnof] x'g], s[lif of]Uo e"ldsf] clwstd\ k|of]u, b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug{df ;xof]u,<br />
pBf]usf] nflu sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbg a9fpg, /f]huf/sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{, pGgt jfnL ljsf;<br />
x'g] h:tf a'Fbfx? pNn]v u/]df – % c+s<br />
!! emf/kftsf] /f]syfd, ls/f tyf /f]usf] /f]syfd tyf pkrf/x? pbfx/0f ;lxt pNn]v u/]df – %<br />
!@ a]df};ddf klg lu|g xfp;, Unf; xfp; / Knfli6s xfp;sf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg xfjfkfgLdf<br />
nufOg] j]df};ddf t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|lts"n cj:yfaf6 jfnLnfO{ arfpgsf]<br />
nflu ljz]if 3/x? .<br />
h:t} M Knfli6s 3/, Knfli6s 6g]n, P]gf3/, lx6/, l;+rfO{ cflbsf] cj:yf u/L k|lts"n<br />
;dodf klg t/sf/L pTkfbg ul/ a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . elg j0f{g u/]df % c+s<br />
%<br />
!# – hLjf0f' ljpsf] aflx/L / cfGtl/s efudf ;'if'Ktf cj:yf<br />
%<br />
– cg's'n jftfj/0fdf a[l5 ljsf; eO{ af]6nfO{ /f]uL ======<br />
– kmdf{lng, l6=Pd=6L=8L= sk/ sfjf]{g]6, sfK6g, Pu|f];g, ;]/f];g cflb ljifflbåf/f<br />
pkrf/ u/]df<br />
– aLpsf] leqL efudf ePsf hLjf0f'nfO{ gi6 ug]{<br />
– 3fddf /fd|/L ;'sfpg]<br />
cflb o:t} cfzo n]v]df k|To]ssf] ! c+ssf b/n] – % c+s<br />
!$ – 3'lDtafnL rqm lgoldt<br />
%<br />
– emf/kft pd|g] ;do 5nL afnfgfnL nufPdf<br />
– Psb]lv csf]{ af]6;Ddsf] b'/L 36fO{ nufPdf<br />
– k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ lsl;dsf afnLgfnL nufPdf<br />
– uf]8d]n / vghf]t /fd|/L u/]df .<br />
cflb o:t}] a'Fbfsf] j0f{g u/]df ! c+ssf b/n] – % c+s<br />
!% – ul/jL x6fpg<br />
%<br />
– ls/f, /f]usf] /f]syfd<br />
– dnhnsf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf<br />
– s'g ;dodf s'g afnL nufpg]<br />
– gofF s[lifsf] k|rf/ .<br />
cflb o:t} a'Fbfx? n]v]df k|lt a'Fbfsf] ! c+ssf b/n] – % c+s<br />
!^ dnvfb M<br />
l;l~rt If]qsf] nflu - N 100 kg P 30 kg K 30 kg /ha<br />
cl;l~rt If]qsf] nflu - N 60 kg P 20 kg K 20 kg /ha<br />
l;+rfO{ M<br />
/f]kfOF u/]b]lv wfg gkfs'Gh]n;Dd v]tdf kfgL /xg' jf df6f] lelhPsf] x'g'kb{5 .<br />
!)<br />
SRE-302<br />
2
!&<br />
e08f/0f M<br />
wfg nfdf] cjlw;Dd e08f/0f ug'{ k/]df lr:ofgsf] dfq !@ k|ltzt x'g'kb{5<br />
h:tf a'Fbfx? j0f{g u/]df – !) c+s<br />
uxg k|0ffnL (Intensive System)<br />
cw{ uxg k|0ffnL (Semi-Intensive System)<br />
!)<br />
SRE-302<br />
jfX\o kl/If]q k|0ffnL (Extensive system)<br />
oL dWo] s'g} b'O{sf] kl/ro, cfjZostf tyf dxTj n]vL j0f{g u/]df k|To]ssf] % c+ssf] b/n]<br />
!) c+s<br />
!* hUufsf] 5gf}6<br />
cfnLsf] lgdf{0f<br />
6«Grsf] lgdf{0f<br />
kfgLsf] k|j]z / lgsf;åf/<br />
wfg v]tsf] tof/L<br />
wfg /f]Kg] tof/L<br />
wfgsf] hft<br />
df5fsf] hft<br />
wfg v]tdf df5fsf e"/f 5f8\g] tl/sf<br />
df5fsf] cfxf/<br />
cflbsf] pNn]v u/L j0f{g u/]df k|To]ssf] ! c+ssf b/n] - !) c+s<br />
!)<br />
3
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s l4tLo sfof{no ;+rfng tyf n]vf<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M @ 306f !% ld= k"0ff{ª\s M &%, pQL0ff{ª\s M @$<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
301<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf,<br />
:t/Lotf, jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo<br />
d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\<br />
;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
k|Zg<br />
g+=<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
pQ/x?<br />
;d"x s<br />
!= Automated Teller Machine !<br />
@= :jL8]g !<br />
cª\s<br />
#= vl/b, Hofnf, ˆofS6«Lef8f, uf]bfd ef8f, OGwg, leqL 9'jfgL jf cGo o:t} k|ToIf !<br />
vr{x¿dWo] s'g} b'O{<br />
$= cfly{s jif{ @)!(÷)@) b]lv n]v]df !<br />
%= d=n]=k=kmf=g+= % egL n]v]df !<br />
^= eO/x]sf] gLlt lgoddf x]/k]m/ jf gofF lg0f{o ug'{kbf{ cfjZos tYox¿ ;ª\sng u/L<br />
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] txaf6 lg0f{o u/fpg] sfdsf] cfzo n]v]df<br />
l6Kk0fL n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿<br />
– h'g ljifosf] l6Kk0fL n]Vg] xf] ;f] ;d:ofsf] 5f]6s/L ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{k5{ .<br />
– lg0f{0f u/fpg vf]lhPsf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt P]g, lgod / gLlt;DaGwL a'Fbfx¿sf]<br />
;DaGw :yfkgf ug'{k5{ .<br />
– ;d:ofnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ jf:tljstf k|:t't ug'{k5{ .<br />
– ;+nUg sfuhftx¿ qmlds ¿kn] kl~hsf agfO{ /fVg'k5{ .<br />
– ljifo;DaGwL cl3Nnf sfd sf/jfxL eP :ki6 b]vfpg'k5{ .<br />
plNnlvt h:tf s'g} rf/cf]6f ;xL a'Fbf n]v]df jf ldNg] o:t} cGo a'Fbf n]v]df<br />
k|To]ssf] ! cª\s<br />
!±$Ö%<br />
!<br />
$<br />
&<br />
s'g} klg sfof{nodf cGo sfof{noaf6 cfPsf jf cfˆg} sfof{noaf6 pTyfg ePsf<br />
lr7Lkq, r]s, ef}r/, aLhs, s/f/kq cflb h:tf sfuhkqx¿ s'g} klg a]nf<br />
cfjZos kbf{ t'?Gt kfpg ;lsg] u/L cfw'lgs, j}1flgs Pjd\ Jojl:yt tl/sfn]<br />
;'/lIft /fVg] Joj:yfnfO{ kmfOlnª elgG5 eGg] cfzo;lxt n]v]df<br />
kmfOlnªsf] cfjZostf<br />
1 eljiosf] ;Gbe{sf nflu<br />
2 gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{<br />
3 sfo{bIftf j[l4 ug{<br />
4 eljiodf k|df0f k'¥ofpg<br />
!±$Ö%<br />
!<br />
$<br />
1
5 k'/fgf s'/f :d/0f u/fpg<br />
6 clen]v tyf kqx¿ t'?Gt kQf nufpg<br />
7 sfg'gL dfGotf k"/f ug{<br />
8 sfuhkqsf] ;'/Iff ug{<br />
*= pTkfbsx¿nfO{ sRrfkbfy{ pknAw u/fpg, pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ tof/L dfn ljqmL ug{,<br />
gfkmf cfh{g h:tf cfzo cfPdf<br />
!±$Ö%<br />
1 ;f]wk'5 kq M Jofkf/df q]mtfn] ljq]mtfnfO{ cfjZostf kg]{ ;fdfgsf] af/]df<br />
;f]wk'5 vf]h u/]/ k7fPsf] kq eGg] cfzosf] j0f{g u/]df<br />
!<br />
2 d"No;"rL M q]mtfn] k7fPsf] ;f]wk'5sf] hjfkmdf ljq]mtfn] k7fPsf] d"No ljj/0f $<br />
3 vl/b cfb]z M q]mtfn] k|fKt u/]sf] d"No;"rL lrQ a'e]mdf ;f]xLcg';f/sf] ;fdfg<br />
k7fpg lbOPsf] lnlvt cfb]z<br />
4 dfn;fdfgsf] ;ª\sng M q]mtfaf6 k|fKt PsLs[t vl/b cfb]zadf]lhd ljq]mtfn]<br />
uf]bfdaf6 ;fdfg PsLs[t ug{ sfd<br />
dfly pNn]v u/]e}Fm cfzo cfpg] u/L j0f{g u/]df k|To]ssf] ! cª\ssf b/n] / a'Fbf<br />
dfq n]v]df )=% cª\ssf b/n]<br />
(= bf]xf]/f] n]vfk|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] kf/blz{tf, uf]Kotf, gub sf/f]jf/df cfwfl/t<br />
ePsf]n] h:tf cfzo cfpg] u/L n]v]df<br />
leGgtf<br />
– dGqfno÷ljefuh:tf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] c8\8fn] /fVg] ;|]:tf s]Gb|Lo:t/ ;|]:tf xf] /<br />
sfof{no÷of]hgfh:tf dftxtsf sfof{non] /fVg] ;|]:tf sfo{;~rfng ;|]:tf xf] .<br />
@±#Ö%<br />
@<br />
#<br />
– s]Gb|Lo:t/df ah]6 lgsf;f lbOPsf] / dftxtn] vr{ u/]sf] ;|]:tf /flvG5 t/<br />
sfo{;~rfng:t/df s]Gb|Lo:t/af6 k|fKt clVtof/Lsf] cfwf/df ;|]:tf /flvG5 .<br />
– s]Gb|Lo:t/ ;|]:tf p;sf] tfn'sL c8\8fk|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5 eg] sfo{;~rfng:t/<br />
;|]:tf s]Gb|Lo:t/k|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5 .<br />
oL jf o:t} cfzo cfpg] leGgtf n]v]df ! cª\ssf b/n] cª\s lbg]<br />
!)= 1 gub jf txljn df}Hbft vftf M sfof{nodf x'g] gub k|fKt / e'QmfgL tyf !x%Ö%<br />
df}Hbft kQf nufpg<br />
2 a}ª\s jf dfndf}Hbft vftf M sfof{nodf ePsf] a}ª\s;DaGwL sf/f]jf/sf]<br />
clen]v /fvL df}Hbft kQf nufpg<br />
3 ah]6 vr{ vftf M sfof{nox¿df tf]lsPsf] ah]6 zLif{saf6 ul/Psf hDdf<br />
vr{x¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg<br />
4 k]ZsL vftf M ;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf lbPsf] k]ZsL / k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ePsf]<br />
k]ZsL / km5\of}{6 x'g afFsL k]ZsL /sdsf] hfgsf/L lbg<br />
5 ljljw vftf M dfly plNnlvt vftfafx]ssf sf/f]jf/x¿sf] clen]v /fVg . h:t}<br />
M ah]6 lgsf;f, ;fgf]gubL sf]if cflb .<br />
a}ª\s gubL lstfadf ;dfj]z x'g] vftfx¿ n]vL j0f{g u/]df k|To]ssf] ! cª\ssf<br />
b/n] cª\s lbg] / a'Fbf dfq n]v]df )=% cª\ssf b/n] cª\s lbg]<br />
!!= dxh{g vfB :6f]/<br />
;Gt'ng k/LIf0f<br />
@)^* c;f/ d;fGt<br />
qm=;+= ljj/0f vf=kf= 8]lj6 /sd<br />
q]ml86 /sd<br />
g+=<br />
! ljqmL (Sales) @,)),)))<br />
@ vl/b (Purchase) $),)))<br />
# ljqmL lkmtf{ (Sales return) ^),)))<br />
$ ;fx' (Creditor) !%,)))<br />
% e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ vr{x¿ (Outstanding<br />
@%,)))<br />
expenses)<br />
^ k]ZsL cfDbfgL (Advance income) $),)))<br />
& kmlg{r/ (Furniture) *),)))<br />
301<br />
2
* d]l;g/L (Machinery) !,)),)))<br />
hDdf @,*),))) @,*),)))<br />
pko'Qm gd'gf;lxt 8]lj6 q]ml86 / hf]8 ldn]df % cª\s lbg] . a'Fbf dfq n]v]df<br />
k|To]ssf] )=% sf b/n] cª\s lbg] / 9fFrf / hf]8 hDdf n]vn]df ! cª\ssf b/n] lbg]<br />
.<br />
301<br />
!@<br />
a;]n j|b;{<br />
gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fa vftf<br />
@)^* c;f/ d;fGt<br />
8]lj6<br />
ljj/0f /sd ?= ljj/0f ?= /sd ?=<br />
s'n gf]S;fg 63,000 nfef+z k|fKt 52,000<br />
tnj 77,000 v/fa shf{ c;'nL 28,000<br />
a}ª\s b:t'/ 15,000 vl/bdf 5'6 12,000<br />
aflx/L 9'jfgL 22,000 v'b gf]S;fg 90,000<br />
s/x¿ 5,000<br />
hDdf 1,82,000 hDdf 1,82,000<br />
v'b gf]S;fg (),))).– ;lxt 8]lj6 / q]ml86 kIfsf a'Fbf / hf]8 ldn]df % cª\s lbg]<br />
. a'Fbf dfq ldn]df k|To]ssf] )=% sf b/n] cª\s lbg] / ;xL 9fFrf ;lxt hDdf<br />
ldn]df ! cª\s lbg] .<br />
q]ml86<br />
!# lzjzlQm vfB pBf]u, lrtjg<br />
jf;nft<br />
@)^( c;f/ d;fGt<br />
k'FhL / bfloTj /sd ?= ;DklQ /sd ?=<br />
k'FhL 3,00,000<br />
kmlg{r/ 2,00,000<br />
k'FhL lkmtf{ – 50,000<br />
2,50,000<br />
v'b gfkmf + 16,000 2,66,000<br />
a}ª\s cf]e/ 8«fˆ6 5,000 cf;fdL 25,000<br />
;'/lIft sf]if 9,000 k]ZsL vr{ 55,000<br />
hDdf 2,80,000 hDdf 2,80,000<br />
pko'{Qm h:tf] gd'gf;lxt a'Fbf / hf]8 ldn]df % cª\s lbg] . a'Fbf dfq ldn]df<br />
k|To]ssf] )=% sf b/n] cª\s lbg] / gd'gf;lxt s'n of]u ;xL ePdf ! cª\s lbg] .<br />
!$= ¿k}ofF k};fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{, lgIf]k lng], ;fk6L lbg], d'b|fsf] ljlgko / ;+/If0f ug]{,<br />
;ª\ul7t ;+:yf eGg] cfzo a'lemg] kl/efif n]v]df<br />
– s]Gb|Lo a}ª\ssf sfo{x¿ M gf]6 lgisfzg, ;/sf/sf] a}ª\s, a}ª\ssf] a}ª\s, ljb]zL<br />
ljlgdo lgoGq0f, k'FhLsf] kl/rfng / /fi6«C0fsf] Joj:yf, ;fv l;h{gf /<br />
lgoGq0f tyf cGo sfo{x¿<br />
pko'{Qm sfo{x¿dWo] k|To]s sfo{x¿sf] ;xL j0f{g u/]df ^x!=%sf b/n] / a'Fbf dfq<br />
ldn]df k|To]ssf] )=% sf b/n] cª\s lbg]<br />
!±(Ö!)<br />
!<br />
(<br />
3
301<br />
g]kfn ;/sf/ d=n]=k=kmf=g+= !)<br />
!%= lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, afUn'ª ldlt M@)^*.$.@)<br />
uf]Zj/f ef}r/ uf]=ef}= g+= –<br />
;=g+= Joxf]/f vf=kf=g+ lx=g+= 8lj6 /sd q]ml86 /sd ?=<br />
s<br />
8]=M j= v= tnj<br />
q]mM s= ;+= sf]if<br />
q]mM g]= /f= a}ª\s<br />
-sd{rf/Lx¿sf] >fj0f dlxgfsf]<br />
tnj ljt/0f ul/of] _<br />
!=)! @,)),))).–<br />
@),))).–<br />
!,*),)))<br />
@,)),))).– @,)),))).–<br />
/l;b g+= M r]s g+= M ))(<br />
k|fKt /sd M<br />
r]s /sd M Ps nfv c;L xhf/ dfq<br />
k]z ug]{ M ;b/ ug]{ M<br />
gfd M<br />
gfd M<br />
bhf{ M n]vfkfn<br />
bhf{ M sfof{no k|d'v<br />
ldlt M @)^*÷$÷@)<br />
ldlt M @)^*÷$÷@)<br />
;=g+= Joxf]/f vf=kf=g+ lx=g+= 8lj6 /sd ?= q]ml86 /sd ?=<br />
v 8]=M j= v= kmlg{r/ lkmSr;{<br />
q]m= g]= /f= a}ª\s<br />
^=)! !%,))).–<br />
!%,))).–<br />
-sfof{nosf nflu kmlg{r/ vl/b<br />
u/]jfkt /sd e'QmfgL ul/of] _<br />
!%,))).– !%,))).–<br />
u<br />
8]= M gf=;'= xl/ clwsf/L sfo{qmd<br />
e|d0f vr{ k]ZsL<br />
q]m= M g]= /f= a}ª\s<br />
-gf= ;'= xl/ clwsf/LnfO{ b}=e|=eQf<br />
k]ZsL lbOof]_<br />
3 8]= M ;fgf] gubL sf]if<br />
q]m= M g]= /f= a}ª\s<br />
- ;fgf] gubL sf]if :yfkgf ul/of] _<br />
ª 8]= M j= v= e|=v= tyf b}lgs eQf<br />
8]= M g]= /f= a}ª\s<br />
q]m= M gf= ;'= xl/ clwsf/L<br />
sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ k]ZsL km5\of}{6<br />
- gf=;'= xl/ clwsf/Lsf] e|=v=tyf<br />
b}=eQf k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ul/of]_<br />
!=)#<br />
!),))).–<br />
!),))).–<br />
!),))).– !),))).–<br />
%,))).–<br />
%,))).–<br />
%,))).– %,))).–<br />
$=% (,))).–<br />
!,))).–<br />
!),))).–<br />
ljj/0f;lxt 8]lj6, q]ml86 / lx;fa g+= ldn]df k|To]ssf] @ cª\ssf] b/n] cª\s lbg] .<br />
!^=<br />
g]kfn ;/sf/<br />
lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, /f}tx6<br />
vr{sf] kmfF6jf/L<br />
@)^* ;fn sflt{s dlxgf<br />
sflt{s<br />
dlxgfsf] vr{<br />
sflt{s<br />
dlxgf;Ddsf]<br />
lgsf;f<br />
ah]6<br />
/sd g+=<br />
ah]6 /sd<br />
!),))).– !),))).–<br />
hDdf ah]6<br />
ljlgof]hg<br />
sflt{s<br />
d;fGt;Ddsf] vr{<br />
ah]6<br />
afFsL<br />
15,000 45,000 1.01 tnj 1,80,000 60,000 1,20,000<br />
2,000 6,000 1.02 eQf 24,000 8,000 16,000<br />
1,000 4,000 2.03 sfof{no;DaGwL vr{ 12,000 5,000 7,000<br />
2,000 4,000 2.08 ljljw vr{ 10,000 6,000 4,000<br />
1,000 3,000 4.04 sfo{qmd vr{ 8,000 4,000 4,000<br />
4
500 2,000 6.03 d]l;g/L cf}hf/ 6,000 2,500 3,500<br />
64,000<br />
rfn'sf]if afFsL<br />
50,000<br />
21,500 1,14,000 hDdf 2,40,000 85,500 1,54,500<br />
sf]ifsf] cj:yf<br />
@)^* sflt{s d;fGt;Ddsf] lgsf;f M 1,14,000 a}ª\s df}Hbft M 26,500<br />
@)^* sflt{s d;fGt;Ddsf] vr{ M 85,500 gub df}Hbft M 2,000<br />
hDdf M 28,500 28,500<br />
km5\of}{6 gePsf] afFsL k]ZsL M 5,000<br />
k]ZsL s6fO{ v'b vr{ M 80,500<br />
301<br />
k]z ug]{ M s bhf{ M n]vfkfn ldlt M @)^*÷*÷#<br />
;b/ ug]{ M v bhf{ M sfof{no k|d'v ldlt M @)^*÷*÷#<br />
dflysf] h:t} kmf/fddf vr{sf] cj:yf / sf]ifsf] cj:yf;lxt<br />
— sflt{s dlxgf;Ddsf] vr{ ¿ *%,%)).– kQf nufPdf – # cª\s lbg]<br />
— zLif{scg';f/sf] ah]6 afFsL -hDdf ¿ !,%$,%)).–_ kQf nufPdf – @ cª\s lbg]<br />
— a}ª\s df}Hbft ¿ @^,%)).– kQf nufPdf – @ cª\s lbg]<br />
— k]ZsL s6fO{ v'b vr{ ¿ *),%)).– kQf nufPdf – @ cª\s lbg]<br />
— rfn'sf]if lgsf;f ¿ !,!$,))).– kQf nufPdf – ! cª\s lbg]<br />
5
SRE-243<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s k|yd cy{zf:q<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M # 306f k"0ff{ª\s M !)), pQL0ff{ª\s M #@<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf,<br />
:t/Lotf, jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo<br />
d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\<br />
;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
k|Zg<br />
pQ/x? -;d"x–s_<br />
g+=<br />
!= Jofj;foL jf pTkfbgstf{n] j:t'sf lglZrt PsfO{ laqmL u/]/ k|fKt ug]{ s'n /fzLnfO{ g} s'n cfo<br />
elgG5 .<br />
@= kf/:kl/s cfjZostf k"/f ug{ s'g} b'O{ j:t' jf ;]jfx? Ps csf{ aLr cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ k|yfnfO{ j:t'<br />
lalgdo k|yf elgG5 .<br />
#= >ldsn] v]t hf]t] jfkt Ps lbgsf] lglZrt gub /sd kfpFb5 eg] Tof] p;sf] df}lb|s Hofnf xf] eGg]<br />
cf;o cfpg] pQ/ lbPdf<br />
$= cfjZostfsf] bf]xf]/f] d]n gx'g', ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g] d"No dfksf] cefj, j:t' ljefhg ug{ sl7gfO{, wg<br />
;+lrt ug{ c;'ljwf, eljiodf e'QmfgL ug{ c;'ljwf cflb dWo] s'g} b'O{ n]v]df<br />
% k|ToIf s/ elg n]v]df !<br />
^<br />
cfly{s ljsf;sf s'g} b'O{ ;"rsx? h:t} k|lt JolQm cfodf lbuf] a[l4, dfgljo ;fwgsf] ljsf; cflb<br />
dWo] s'g} @ j6f n]v]df<br />
& pTkfbgzLn ;fdfu|Lx?sf] pTkfbg a9fpb} nfg] k|s[of xf] elg n]v]df !<br />
* :jb]zL j:t'sf] pTkfbg nfut eGbf j:t' cfoftdf sd vr{ nfUg] cj;yfdf jf :jb]zdf j:t'<br />
pTkfbg ;Dej gePdf dWo] s'g} Ps n]v]df<br />
( cfly{s / ;fdflhs sf/0f jf @ cGtu{t kg]{ s'g} @ j6f a'Fbf n]v]df !<br />
!)= a}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 !<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
cª\s<br />
1
k|Zg<br />
g+=<br />
!! j:t'sf] OsfO{/<br />
Units of goods<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
s'n cfo/<br />
Total<br />
revenue<br />
20<br />
36<br />
48<br />
56<br />
60<br />
60<br />
56<br />
cf};t<br />
cfo/<br />
Average<br />
revenue<br />
20<br />
18<br />
16<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
pQ/x? -;d"x–v_<br />
;LdfGt cfo/<br />
Marginal<br />
revenue<br />
20<br />
16<br />
12<br />
8<br />
4<br />
0<br />
-4<br />
cfo<br />
÷kl/<br />
df0f<br />
y<br />
AR<br />
SRE-243<br />
cª\s<br />
#<br />
0 x<br />
PsfO ÷kl/df0f MR<br />
cf};t cfo jqm/]vf (AR) / ;L=cf= jqm/]vf (MR) !=%×@<br />
ltgsf :j?k j0f{g u/]df<br />
@<br />
!@ ljz]iftfx?<br />
%<br />
-s_ qm]tf / ljqm]tfsf] ;+Vof clws x'g'kg]{<br />
-v_ j:t'sf] d"Nof qm]tf / ljqm]tfnfO{ hfgsf/L<br />
-u_ qm]tf / ljqm]tf ljj]szLn x'g'kg]{<br />
-3_ ljqm]tfsf j:t'x? Psgfzsf x'g'kg]{<br />
-ª_ pTkfbgsf ;fwg ultlzn x'g'kg]{ cfbL n]vL rrf{ u/]df<br />
!# -s_ >ldsn] sfd ubf{ b|Jo -?k}of k};f_ sf ?kdf kfpg] kfl/>lds eGg] cfzo cfpg] u/L l6Kk0fL @=%<br />
u/]df<br />
-v_ z'4 Aofhsf] cfltl/Qm hf]lvd lj?4 jLdf, c;'ljwfsf] k|ltkmn, Joj:yfkg vr{sf] /sd ;d]t @=%<br />
;dfj]z x'g] eGg] cfzo cfpg] u/L l6Kk0fL n]v]df<br />
!$ j:t' ljlgdo k|0ffnLsf sl7gfO{x?<br />
%<br />
cfjZostfsf] bf]xf]/f] d]n gx'g'<br />
;a}nfO{ dfGo d"Nodfk gx'g'<br />
wg;l~rt ug{ c;'ljwf<br />
e'QmfgLdf c;'ljwf<br />
j:t' ljefhg ug]{ sl7gfO{ / o:t} ldNfh'Nbf a'Fbf n]v]/ To:tf sl7gfO{sf sf/0fn] d'b|fsf] cfljisf/<br />
ePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]df k|lt a'Fbf ! c+ssf b/n]<br />
!% ;fj{hlgs ljQsf] cy{ n]v]df !<br />
;'/IffTds sfo{, cfly{s sfo{, k|zf;lgs sfo{ / ;fdflhs sfo{sf] j0f{g u/]df $<br />
!^ cfo tkm{<br />
?= *),)))÷–<br />
Joo tk{m<br />
oftfoft –<br />
vfgf –<br />
k|j]z z'Ns –<br />
cf}iflw –<br />
nQfsk8f cflb –<br />
hDdf ?= *),)))÷–<br />
ljleGg zLif{sdf vr{ b]vfO ;Gt'lnt<br />
jh]6 b]vfPdf . %<br />
!& cfly{s ljsf; s'g} % j6f ;"rs n]v]df @=%<br />
s'g} b'O{j6f ;"rssf] j0f{g u/]df<br />
@=%<br />
2
!* ul/aL<br />
clzIff<br />
;fdflhs /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/f<br />
wfld{s d"No / dfGotf<br />
pRr lzz' d[To'b/<br />
!( sf/0fx? h:t} M<br />
%<br />
e"–kl/j]li7t d'n's ePsf]n]<br />
ef/t;+u c? d'n's eGbf glhssf] ;DaGw ePsf]n]<br />
g]kfnsf] oftfoft Joj:yf ef/t;+u /fd|f] ePsf]n]<br />
ef/t;+u cfoft–lgof{t ;lhnf] ePsf]n]<br />
eft;+u v'nf l;dfgf ePsf]n] egL n]v]df / o:t} c? a'Fbf n]v]df<br />
@) ufF;, jf; / skf; ;d]t k'/f ug{ g;Sg] dfgjLo cj:yf emNsfpFb} ul/jLsf] af/]df j0f{g u/]df %<br />
@! aif{/Year 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065<br />
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof/No. of 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400<br />
Students<br />
;lx u0fgf u/]df<br />
j[Q lrqdf 7Ls;+u r9fPdf<br />
@@ pd]/ jif{df 0 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30<br />
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof/<br />
8 15 20 16 25 26<br />
No. of Students<br />
tflnsf lgdf{0f u/]df<br />
@<br />
;"q k|of]u u/L pQ/ lgsfn]df #<br />
k|Zg<br />
pQ/x? -;d"x–u_<br />
cª\s<br />
g+=<br />
@# k"0f{ k|lt:kwf{ ahf/sf] kl/ro lbPdf !<br />
d"No lgwf{/0f k|s[of af/] JofVof u/]df $<br />
tflnsf n]vL JofVof u/]df<br />
@=%<br />
/]vf lrq ;lxt JofVof u/]df<br />
@=%<br />
@$ Hofnfsf] hLjg lgjf{x l;4fGtsf] kl/ro lbPdf @=%<br />
>ldssf] hLjg lgjf{x ug{sf] nflu k'Ug] dfq Hofnfb/ lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ $<br />
JofVof u/]df<br />
o;sf bf]ifx? pNn]v u/]df,<br />
#=%<br />
Ps klIfo, z]if0fsf] l;4fGt, Hofnf a9\b}df >dsf] k"lt{ a9\b}g, >dsf] sfo{IfdtfnfO{ j]jf:tf,<br />
lg/fzfjfbL l;4fGt hLjg lgjf{x dfkgsf] cfwf/ gePsf] , ljsl;t b]zx?df nfu" gx'g]<br />
@% s]Gb|Lo a}Ísf] kl/ro lbPdf @<br />
o;sf s'g} cf7cf]6f sfo{x¿ a'Fbfdf n]v]df -sfo{x? M gf]6lgisfzg, ;/sf/sf] a}Í / cfly{s $<br />
;Nnfxsf/, a}Íx?sf] a}Í, ljb]zL ljlgdo b/sf] lgwf{/0f, ljb]zL d'b|fx?sf] ;+/Ifs, ;fv lgoGq0f,<br />
clGtd C0fbftf ;dfzf]wg u[xsf] sfo{, cfly{s ljsf;_<br />
sfo{x¿sf] JofVof ;d]t u/]df $<br />
@^ 45, 10, 7, 12, 15, 18, 9, 11, 14, 15, 2, 5, 8, 16, 25, 30, 20, 22, 19, 15, 18, 18, 25, 13, 20, 18, 15, 25, 24, 22,<br />
9, 8, 20, 24, 25, 23, 15, 16, 48, 21, 40, 25, 24, 37, 10, 31, 49, 20, 25, 26<br />
bz juf{Gt/ x'g] ;xL cfj[lt ljt/0f tflnsf agfPdf %<br />
;lx ;"q k|of]u u/L ;xL pQ/ lgsfn]df %<br />
%<br />
@=%<br />
@=%<br />
SRE-243<br />
3
;do M @ 306f !% ldg]6<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s k|yd e"uf]n<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
k"0ff{ª\s M &%,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\s M @$<br />
SRE-241<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf,<br />
:t/Lotf, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo d"Nofª\sg<br />
ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\ ;Dk/LIf0f<br />
ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
! u $M@) ck/fGx !<br />
@ s jl/kl/ wf/ axg] If]qsf] lardf !<br />
# 3 df};dL If]q !<br />
$ v wfg !<br />
% u k|ltj]bg ug'{ k5{ !<br />
^ Ö n08g / sf7df08f}sf] b]zfGt/sf] km/s<br />
!<br />
) ) ±*^)M!%Ú<br />
Ö *^)M!%<br />
t;y{ ! ) Ö$ ldg]6<br />
@<br />
;dofGt/ Ö *^)M!%Ú×$<br />
Ö *^ l8u|LnfO{ ldg]6df nUbf M *^×$Ö#$$<br />
Ö !% ldg]6nfO{ ;]s]08df nUbf M !%×$Ö^)<br />
Ö ^) ;]s]08nfO{ ldg]6df nUbf M ^) ;]s]08 ÷^)Ö ! ldg]6<br />
Ö #$$±! Ö #$% ldg]6<br />
Ö #$% ldg]6nfO{ 306fdf nUbf #$%÷^)Ö% 3= $% ld=<br />
n08g eGbf sf7df08f} cem k"j{ k/]sf]n] ToxfFsf] ;do rnfv x'G5 .<br />
!<br />
&<br />
k|Zg g+=<br />
*<br />
Ö ;fFemsf] & 306f !% ldg]6 ck/fGx<br />
e"sDksf] kl/efiff lbPdf<br />
sf/0fx¿ n]v]df<br />
e"–rfn;DaGwL vnjn<br />
Hjfnfd'vLsf] ljikmf]6g<br />
lgoldt ?kn] lglZrt lbzf e} dxf;fu/df gbL em}+ lg/Gt/ ?kdf juL /xg] kfgLsf] k|jfxnfO{ !<br />
;d'b|L wf/ elgG5 .<br />
tfk, k|rlnt jfo', jfliks/0f,dWo] s'g} b'O{ sf/0f n]v]df =%±=% !<br />
dflysf a'Fbfx? pNn]v u/L j0f{g u/]df @<br />
!<br />
!=%<br />
!=%<br />
1
( -s_ :ynLo jfo' (land breeze) /<br />
cfjlws jfo' (periodic winds)<br />
-v_ of] jfo' dWo/ftaf6 ;'? e} ljxfgkv k|jn x'G5 . !<br />
-u_ dGWofGxdf /f]lsG5 . !<br />
-3_ 708f / z'is !<br />
!) ;ª\s]t ;lxt ;kmf lrq agfPdf<br />
:s]n lgwf{/0f u/]df<br />
zLif{s pNn]v u/]df<br />
!! ljZjsf] s'g} $ cf]6f pBf]u Joj;fosf] pNn]v u/L ltlgx?sf] dxTj b;f{Psf] h:t}M<br />
k|fs[lts ;fwg / >f]tsf] ;b'kof]u, /f]huf/Ldf a[l4, Jofkf/ / jfl0fHosf] cfotg a[l4, b]zsf]<br />
/fli6«o cfodf a[l4 x'g] cflb dxTj b;f{Psf]df k|lt a'Fbf ! cÍssf] b/n]<br />
!@ g]kfndf kmnkm"n v]tLsf] ;Defjgf af/] lgDg rf/ a'Fbf ;lxt rrf{ u/]df<br />
w/ftnLo c;dfgtfn] xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf<br />
!<br />
pi0f tyf c3f]{i0f Pjd\ ;dlztf]i0f k|b]zLo kmnkm"n pTkfbg x'g]<br />
!<br />
!<br />
kxf8L le/fnf] hldg kmnkm"n v]tLsf] nflu pko'Qm x'g]<br />
!<br />
pTkflbt kmnkm"n :jb]zdf k|of]u x'g] dfq xf]Og ljb]z lgof{t ug{ ;d]t ;lsg]<br />
!# ;Lk / ;fwg k|of]u u/L ;fgf, 7"nf kl/df0fdf j:t' pTkfbg ug'{nfO{ pBf]u elgG5 . !<br />
o'=P;=P=sf] lk6;ju{ If]q,<br />
o"/f]ksf] hd{gLsf] ?x'6 j]:6kmflnof If]q<br />
?;sf] 8gjf; s'hjf; If]q<br />
ef/tsf] hdz]bk'/, rLg, hfkfg cflb 7fFpx?df klg pBf]usf] ;~rfng ePsf] dWo]<br />
s'g} # :yfgx? pNn]v u/]d ! c+ssf] b/n]<br />
!$ ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfnL v08df hg cfjfbL afSnf], demf}nf /<br />
kftnf] 5 eg] k"j{ b]lv klZrd tkm{ klg cfjfbL afSnf] x'Fb} klZrdL v08df t'ngfTds<br />
?kn] kftnf] x'Fb} hfG5 egL n]v]df<br />
ef}uf]lns / k"j{ b]lv klZrd ljt/0f km/s x'g] sf/0fsf] 5f]6f] JofVof u/]df<br />
!% pQ/ k|zfGt dxf;ful/o If]qsf -So'/f]l;of], Soflnkmf]lg{of wf/f_ wf/x? n]v]sf]df @<br />
blIf0f k|zfGt dxf;ful/o If]qsf k"lj{ ci6]«lnog ÷Go" ;fpy j]N;, k]? wf/x? pNn]v<br />
u/]df<br />
@<br />
s_ sf7df8f}+ — wgs'6f @@) ls=dL=<br />
!<br />
!^ v_ g]kfnu~h — e}/xjf !*) ls=dL=<br />
!<br />
s_ kf]v/f — tfg;]g ^) ls=dL=<br />
!<br />
v_ lj/f6gu/ —/fhlj/fh %) ls=dL=<br />
!<br />
!) ls=dL= tndfly ePdf klg c+s lbg] .<br />
!& ko{6g pBf]u eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] af/] pbfx/0f lbO{ kl/ro lbPsf]df !<br />
ko{6g pBf]usf] dxTj-/f]huf/L_, /fli6«o cfodf a[l4, b]zsf] klxrfg a9fpg], k|fs[lts >f]tsf]<br />
plrt pkof]u cflb dxTjx? b;f{Psf]df<br />
#<br />
!<br />
#<br />
)=%<br />
)=%<br />
$<br />
@<br />
@<br />
SRE-241<br />
#<br />
!* -s_<br />
– e'dWo]/]lvo lgDg rfk k]6Lsf] km}nfj6 b'j} uf]nf4{sf] % ) l8u|L<br />
cIff+z leq / cwf]{i0f pRr rfk k]6Lsf] km}nfj6 b'j} uf]nf4{df<br />
@% ) –#% ) cIff+z leq n]v]df<br />
– e"dWo/]lvo lgDg rfkk]6Ldf jfo' hnjfiko'Qm / cwf]{i0f pRr rfk k]6Ldf<br />
jfo' ;'Vvf n]v]df<br />
2<br />
!<br />
!
SRE-241<br />
– e"dWo/]lvo lgDg rfkk]6Laf6 jfo' aflx/ kmflnG5, cwf]{i0f pRr rfk k]6Ldf<br />
jfo' aflx/af6 cfpF5 egL n]v]df !<br />
-v_ sRrf kbfy{ s[lifaf6 pTkfbg x'g], sRrf kbfy{ jg k}bfj/af6<br />
k|fKt x'g] n]v]df<br />
!<br />
– lrgL pBf]u, r'/f]6 pBf]u, s[lifdf cfwfl/t a]tjfF; pBf]u, /+u/f]ug pBf]u,<br />
ag:ktLdf cfwfl/t n]v]df<br />
!<br />
– s[lif pBf]usf] nflu s[lifsf] / jg:klt pBf]usf] nflu jg:kltsf] ljsf;<br />
ug'{k5{ egL n]v]df<br />
!<br />
-u_ sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ k|f/lDes pBf]u / tof/L a:t' pTkfbg<br />
ug]{ dfWolds pBf]u<br />
!<br />
– v]tLkftL eGgfn] k|f/lDes pBf]u / lrgL pBf]u, r'/f]6 pBf]u eGgfn]<br />
dfWolds pBf]u<br />
!<br />
– dfWolds pBf]u k|f/lDes pBf]udf e/ kb{5 . k|f/lDes pBf]uaf7 dfWolds<br />
pBf]u ;+rfng x'G5 .<br />
!<br />
3_ xfjfsf] tfk gfKg] oGq tfkdfks oGq / xfjfsf] rfk gfKg] oGq<br />
!<br />
rfkdfks oGq<br />
– xfjfsf] tfk km/]gxfO6 ;]lG6u|]6 jf ;]lN;o;df gflkG5 eg] xfjfsf] rfk !<br />
ldlnaf/df gflkG5<br />
– tfkdfks oGq ;fwf/0f tfkdfks / clwstd tyf Go"gtd tfkdfks x'G5<br />
eg] rfkdfks oGq kf/f] el/Psf] / Pgf]/fO6 x'G5 .<br />
!<br />
!( -s_ k[YjLsf] leqL efudf a9L tfk / rfksf] sf/0fn] n]bf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] DofUdf k[YjLsf] s'g} #<br />
sdhf]/ efu k'm6fnf aflx/ lg:sg] cfuf], v/fgL, kUn]sf] r§fg, w'Fjf, Uof; h;nfO{ nfef<br />
elgG5 . y'k|]/ aGg] ePs]fn] .<br />
-v_ k|To]s !^% ld= sf] prfOdf ! ) c sf b/n] tfkqmd 36\b} hfg] ePsf]n] egL #<br />
-u_ clt 708f xfjfkfgL kfOg] ePsf]n], ;Dk"0f{ e"–efu lxdfR5flbt ePsf]n], k|lts"n xfjfkfgL #<br />
kfOg] ePsf]n] .<br />
-3_ b]zsf] cfo;|f]tsf] k|d'v cfwf/, lgof{t Jofkf/df k|d'v :yfg s[lifhGo pBf]usf] nflu #<br />
pRrf kbfy{ pTkfbg k|d'v If]q .<br />
@) s_ e"dWo/]lvo xfjfkfgL elg n]v]df )=%<br />
v_ pQ/ tyf blIf0f b'j} uf]nfw{df %+ cIff+; leq cd]hg a]zL, s+uf]a]zL,lulgt6 dn]lzofsf] @=%<br />
blIf0fLefu tyf OG8f]g]l;ofsf] hfef, ;'dfqf 6fk'df kfOG5 . elg n]v]df<br />
u_ cf};t tfkqmd @^+ ;]=/ aif}{el/ udL{ x'g] / d';nwf/] aif{ eO{ c}ift jflif[s aif{f @)) @=%<br />
;]=dL=x'g] . elg n]v]df<br />
3_ 3gf ;bfjxf/ h+un eO{ cUnf, 7'nf / s8f vfnsf sf08 ePsf jg:lt kfOg] h:df @=%<br />
6'Kkfdf em\ofDdeO{ e"O{+df k|sf; gl5g]{ lsl;dsf h+un x'G5g\ . elg n]v]df<br />
@! k[i7el/g] u/L g]kfnsf] gS;f agfPdf #<br />
k|To]s tYonfO{ pko'Qm ;+s]t k|of]u u/L ;xL 7fpFdf b]vfPdf<br />
!×%Ö%<br />
@@ k|fs[lts lgz'Ns k|fKt ;fwg n]v]df !<br />
jg ;fwg, hn ;fwg, vlgh ;fwg OToflb n]v]df<br />
@<br />
s'g} Pp6fsf] lj:t[t j0f{g u/]df %<br />
3
SRE-231<br />
2068 (2012)<br />
P]lR5s k|yd cltl/Qm ul0ft<br />
pQ/s'l~hsf<br />
;do M # 306f k"0ff{ª\s M !)), pQL0ff{ª\s M #@<br />
k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg M<br />
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lglDt k/LIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . k/LIfsn] pQ/sf] z'4tf,<br />
:t/Lotf, jfSou7g, df}lnstf cflb x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ljj]s k|of]u u/L :t/ cg';f/ ;xL, :ki6, pko'Qm, dfkgLo / :t/Lo<br />
d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;Dej eP;Dd s'l~hsfn] lgb]{z u/]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq} /xL d"Nofª\sg ug{'kg]{5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pjd\<br />
;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf cfwf/sf ;fy} lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{5 M<br />
o; s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pQ/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{,<br />
k|To]s k|Zgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] cª\s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] aflx/L kfgfsf] tflnsfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fpg] . s'nof]u cª\s /<br />
cIf/ b'j}df n]vL x:tfIf/ ug]{,<br />
pQL0ff{ª\ssf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] k|To]s pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] of]u clgjfo{ ¿kdf hfFRg] / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/ b'j}df n]vL tf]lsPsf]<br />
7fpFdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ .<br />
;Dk/LIfsn] s'g} k|Zgsf] cª\s yk36 ug'{kg]{ ePdf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / s'nof]u cª\s / cIf/<br />
b'j}df clgjfo{ ¿kdf n]Vg] .<br />
l6k]S;sf] k|of]u s'g} klg xfntdf gug]{ .<br />
k|Zg g+= pQ/x? cª\s<br />
1.a<br />
1.b<br />
Alternative Method<br />
( ) fog(x) = f(x+2) =3(x+2)<br />
( )<br />
( ) ( )<br />
Correct definition of Factor theorem<br />
Testing factor<br />
( ) ( ) ( )<br />
= 0<br />
( ) is a factor of<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2.a 1<br />
1<br />
Let required matrix =* +<br />
2.b<br />
* + * + * +<br />
* + * +<br />
1<br />
* + * +<br />
1<br />
1
SRE-231<br />
3.a<br />
* + * +<br />
* +<br />
1<br />
| | | |<br />
1<br />
3.b<br />
4.a<br />
Slope of<br />
Slope of<br />
Comparing<br />
is<br />
is<br />
and<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
For perpendicular<br />
4.b<br />
or,<br />
1<br />
or, , which is true<br />
Hence the results.<br />
equation of the circle is<br />
( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
5.a<br />
( )<br />
1<br />
5.b 1<br />
6.a<br />
( )<br />
= )<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
√<br />
√<br />
√<br />
√<br />
√<br />
1<br />
6.b<br />
√<br />
1<br />
1<br />
let, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ( )<br />
7.a<br />
| | √ √<br />
| ⃗ | √<br />
⃗<br />
1<br />
Let be an angle between<br />
⃗<br />
| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |<br />
and ⃗ then<br />
1<br />
2
⃗<br />
(<br />
| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |<br />
)<br />
( )<br />
√<br />
SRE-231<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ) =<br />
7.b<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ) =<br />
1<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
8.a<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
( ) ( )<br />
( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
8.b * + * + * + 1<br />
9<br />
Reflection on line y=-x 1<br />
( )<br />
let ( )<br />
or,<br />
Interchanging the place of x and y ,<br />
1<br />
( )<br />
( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
1<br />
( )<br />
Either,<br />
or,<br />
1<br />
3
10<br />
let ( )<br />
When then<br />
( )<br />
( ) is the factor of ( )<br />
1<br />
SRE-231<br />
Now, using synthetic division to get other factors.<br />
( ) ( )( )<br />
1<br />
Since, ( )<br />
( )( )<br />
………….(i)<br />
1<br />
( ) ………….(ii)<br />
1<br />
√<br />
√ , √ Ans<br />
Given<br />
, no of A.M.S. (n)=m<br />
11<br />
1<br />
………….(i)<br />
from (i) and (ii) we get<br />
……..(ii) 1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
12<br />
table for<br />
x 0 2 -2 4 -4<br />
y 0 2 2 8 8<br />
Table for and grph<br />
x 0 1 2 3<br />
y 0 1 2 3<br />
conclusion :<br />
The parabola and the straight line intersect at point ( ) ( ) so the<br />
requird solutions are<br />
1+1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
4
13.<br />
* + * +=* +<br />
1<br />
SRE-231<br />
* + * +<br />
1<br />
* + * + * +<br />
=* +<br />
1<br />
1<br />
y = 3<br />
14<br />
1<br />
i.e. slope ( )<br />
Slope of req. line 1<br />
Mid point of given two points = ( ) 1<br />
( )<br />
Required equation :<br />
1<br />
15 (2x-y) (x-3y) =0 1<br />
2x-y =0 and x-3y=0 1<br />
tan =±<br />
√<br />
1<br />
1<br />
16 1<br />
( ) ( ) (√ ) 1<br />
centre ( ) ( ) 1<br />
and radius ( ) √ units 1<br />
17 Here,<br />
Taking cot on the both sides, we have<br />
or, ( )<br />
or,<br />
or,<br />
or,<br />
1<br />
1<br />
or,<br />
or, 1<br />
( ) ( ) 1<br />
(N.B. : Give full marks for alternative correct method)<br />
18. ( ) ( ) 1<br />
L.H.S = ( ) ( ) 1<br />
* ( ) ( )+ 1<br />
5
SRE-231<br />
Proved.<br />
1<br />
19<br />
( ) ) ( )<br />
or<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
correct figure with of information<br />
=elevation from A to C<br />
A<br />
C<br />
E<br />
20<br />
1<br />
( )<br />
B<br />
D<br />
1<br />
( )<br />
or, √<br />
1<br />
or, m √<br />
Height of tower ( )<br />
21<br />
√<br />
( √ )<br />
√<br />
Let BAC is angle on the Circumference of a semi -circle with centre O<br />
and the diameter BC.<br />
A<br />
1. A<br />
1<br />
1<br />
B<br />
O<br />
C<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )<br />
= ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )<br />
b<br />
1<br />
( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )= (OC 2 b<br />
OA 2 b<br />
)<br />
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )<br />
BAC= 90 o 1<br />
6
SRE-231<br />
22.<br />
( ) ( )<br />
( ) ( )<br />
( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
23.<br />
( ) ( )<br />
( ) ( )<br />
1<br />
( ) ( )<br />
Graph of reflection on x = 1 ) 1<br />
Graph reflection on y = – 2 1<br />
Writing in the matrices form<br />
P Q R<br />
1<br />
* + * +<br />
(iii)<br />
* +<br />
* +<br />
1<br />
1<br />
* +<br />
The co-ordinates of the images are (11,7), (7,-6)and (9,8)<br />
1<br />
24.<br />
10<br />
20<br />
30<br />
40<br />
50<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
c. f<br />
2<br />
30<br />
5<br />
20<br />
9<br />
10<br />
14<br />
0<br />
20<br />
10<br />
60<br />
60<br />
40<br />
0<br />
60<br />
1<br />
∑<br />
∑<br />
∑<br />
Place of median = (<br />
Calculation of ∑<br />
Mean deviation = ∑<br />
) th item<br />
=( ) th item<br />
= 10.5 th item<br />
Median (Md) = 40<br />
= = 11<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
7
25.<br />
height<br />
(X)<br />
140<br />
148<br />
150<br />
155<br />
158<br />
165<br />
169<br />
-15<br />
-7<br />
-5<br />
0<br />
3<br />
10<br />
14<br />
255<br />
49<br />
25<br />
0<br />
9<br />
100<br />
196<br />
1<br />
SRE-231<br />
∑ ∑ ∑<br />
No. of items (N) = 7-<br />
Mean ( )<br />
∑<br />
Calculation of ∑ 1<br />
Standard Deviation ( )<br />
√ ∑<br />
√<br />
√<br />
( )<br />
Coefficient of variation ( )<br />
( )%<br />
1<br />
8