The Weaponization of Social Media

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DEDICATION To my wife, Maria, for her tireless support throughout this effort. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank the staff of Royal Danish Defence College, several anonymous interviewees and contributors and especially Dr Steve Tatham and not least Dr William Mitchell (Royal Danish Defence College), for opinions, comments and input to earlier versions of this monograph. 5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACO AOI BDA C2 C3A CI DARPA CENTCOM CNA CND CNE CMC CNO CoG DC EBT ENDF HFA IA ICP ICT IDF IE IHL IO ISR Lawfare LIC LOAC MILDEC MNF NATO OAF OPSEC OSINT OUP PA Allied Command Operation Area of Interest Bomb Damage Assessment Command and Control Communication, Collaboration, Coordination and Action Counter Intelligence Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency Central Command Computer Network Attack Computer Network Defence Computer Network Exploitation Cross-Media Communication Computer Network Operations Centre of Gravity Decisive Conditions Effects Based Thinking Electronic National Defence Force Human Factor Analysis Information Assurance Intelligence Collection Plan Information and Communication Technology Israeli Defence Forces Information Environment International Humanitarian Law Information Operations (also abbreviated: Info Ops) International Organisation Intelligence, Surveillance and Recognisance Legal Warfare Low Intensity Conflicts Laws of Armed Conflict Military Deception Multinational Force (Iraq) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Operation Allied Force Operational Security Open Source Intelligence Operation Unified Protector Public Affairs 6
Page 1 and 2: #TheWeaponizationOfSocialMedia @Cha
Page 3 and 4: Thomas Elkjer Nissen (ed.) #TheWeap
Page 5: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. The inf
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Social Netwo
Page 11 and 12: everyday social interaction are now
Page 13 and 14: particularly effective in this rega
Page 15 and 16: the basis for discussing the theory
Page 17 and 18: the Clausewitzian sense. With acade
Page 19 and 20: and mobilizing for war. Contemporar
Page 21 and 22: the troop contributing nation (TCN)
Page 23 and 24: meaning (perception) of social netw
Page 25 and 26: This definition is, admittedly, bot
Page 27 and 28: predominately in mobile phones and
Page 29 and 30: Many definitions of cyber-warfare e
Page 31 and 32: A large challenge, though, is the q
Page 33 and 34: same. Nonetheless, it can be argued
Page 35 and 36: ever changing. Mostly with the deve
Page 37 and 38: aggregating common interests from a
Page 39 and 40: 4 Interactive Social network media
Page 41 and 42: user behaviour when it comes to soc
Page 43 and 44: a web-TV show (streaming), a podcas
Page 45 and 46: them in the framework of social net
Page 47 and 48: Levels of Narratives As mentioned a
Page 49 and 50: This is also clear when looking at
Page 51 and 52: calculated and professional social
Page 53 and 54: • Intimidate and deter opponents
Page 55 and 56: of use”, when made aware about th
Page 57 and 58:
Today, social network media pervade
Page 59 and 60:
CHAPTER 4 EFFECTS-BASED THINKING ON
Page 61 and 62:
use of social network media in five
Page 63 and 64:
and behaviour (on- and offline). Fi
Page 65 and 66:
Systemic analysis Holistically look
Page 67 and 68:
attacks on websites (example Blog),
Page 69 and 70:
negative connotation. 16 In most we
Page 71 and 72:
Mobilize Convince Organize and enco
Page 73 and 74:
NATO’s research project (SAS-050)
Page 75 and 76:
CHAPTER 5 THE WEAPONIZATION OF SOCI
Page 77 and 78:
organisations and insurgent groups
Page 79 and 80:
strategy, Hezbollah effectively was
Page 81 and 82:
the introduction of new technology
Page 83 and 84:
inform and affect the discourse or
Page 85 and 86:
(ISR) assets to conduct Bomb Damage
Page 87 and 88:
Much of the key to influencing in s
Page 89 and 90:
human rights organisations offering
Page 91 and 92:
In connection with Unconventional W
Page 93 and 94:
targeted, for example, and the risk
Page 95 and 96:
are now also using social network m
Page 97 and 98:
The content can also simply contain
Page 99 and 100:
secondly, that it is all about fusi
Page 101 and 102:
fit into the characteristics of con
Page 103 and 104:
parties, a much more direct access
Page 105 and 106:
CHAPTER 6 PERSPECTIVES “You may b
Page 107 and 108:
specialists, created the Syrian Ele
Page 109 and 110:
eputation. In the end, it is about
Page 111 and 112:
network media services continually
Page 113 and 114:
when the war is over, it is more th
Page 115 and 116:
“Digital and communications compa
Page 117 and 118:
social network media for military p
Page 119 and 120:
misusing, law as a substitute for t
Page 121 and 122:
also state actors will most likely
Page 123 and 124:
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION The character
Page 125 and 126:
The bottom line is, however, that s
Page 127 and 128:
Betz, David: Cyberpower in Strategi
Page 129 and 130:
Fielding, Nick and Cobain, Ian: Rev
Page 131 and 132:
Jones, Nigel and Baines, Paul: Losi
Page 133 and 134:
NATO Allied Joint Publication (AJP)
Page 135 and 136:
Seaboyer, Anthony: The Evolution of
Page 137 and 138:
Other sources: Curriculum for the M
Page 139 and 140:
CHAPTER 2: 24 Fra W. I. Thomas, The
Page 141 and 142:
slideshare.net/escpexchange/kaplan-
Page 143 and 144:
86 Dan Bloom: ISIS use US journalis
Page 145 and 146:
113 See Dennis Murphy: Fighting Bac
Page 147 and 148:
148 SecDev Group: Syria Cyber Watch
Page 149 and 150:
195 See http://twitter.com/tos 196
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