Tunisia - Iresa

Inventory of Thrips Species in Citrus Orchards and 

Assessment of Scarring Fruits in two Citrus-Producing 

Regions of Tunisia 

Imen Belaam and Synda Boulahia-Kheder, Laboratoire d’Entomologie-Ecologie, 

Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, 43 Avenue 

Charles Nicolle, 1082, Tunis-Mahrajène, Tunisia 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

ABSTRACT 

Belaam, I. and Boulahia-Kheder, S. 2012. Inventory of thrips species in citrus orchards and 

assessment of scarring fruits in two citrus-producing regions of Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of 

Plant Protection 7: 43-51. 

Citrus thrips are of great economic importance in several regions of the world. In Tunisia, although the 

damage of thrips has increased these recent years, few data are available on these pests. Hence, 

the objective of this study was to improve the knowledge on thrips species associated to citrus and to 

estimate their damage. This study was conducted in 7 orchards of the regions of Bizerte and Cap-Bon. 

The identification of the thrips, collected from flowers of citrus in the spring 2010, revealed 13 species 

among which 12 were phytophagous: Thrips sp., T. angusticeps, T. tabaci, T. major, Frankliniella 

occidentalis, Odontothrips karnyi, Limothrips cerealium, Aptinothrips elegans, Stenothrips graminum, 

Pezothrips kellyanus, Haplothrips sp., Melanthrips fuscus and one predator: Aeolothrips citricinctus. 

Among these species, three are potentially important for citrus: i) P. kellyanus, an economic citrus pest 

which was found at Bizerte; ii) F. occidentalis, a highly polyphagous species which was found in 

Bizerte and Cap-Bon and may cause damage to citrus; iii) T. major which was found in Cap-Bon and 

may depreciate the quality of citrus. As the proportions of scarred fruits increased with the frequency 

of chemical treatments, the control of thrips should be based on the implementation of IPM 

strategies favoring natural enemies. 

Keywords: Citrus, inventory, marblings, thrips, Tunisia 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

Thrips are tiny insects of 

approximately 1 mm, characterized by 

two pairs of wings with a marginal fringe 

of long lashes (Order of Thysanoptera). 

The food of the adults and the larvae is 

based on the content of the plant cells that 

is ingested by the mouth lengthened parts, 

leaving silvery blemishes (17). 

Corresponding author: Imen Belaam 

Email: imene_bellam@hotmail.fr 

Accepted for publication 22 March 2012 

Several thrips species are 

associated to citrus in different parts of 

the world. The most common damage is 

appeared in the form of scabby, silvery 

scars on the rind which results in a fruit of 

lower market grade and value (23). The 

most important thrips pests of citrus 

leading to such blemishes are Scirtothrips 

citri (1), S. aurantii (11), S. dorsalis (16) 

and Pezothrips kellyanus (10, 29). The 

polyphagous species Heliothrips 

haemorrhoidalis causes damage to many 

crops and was also reported as economic 

pest of citrus (26). Other thrips species 

are attracted to flowers and feed on pollen 

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 43 Vol. 7, No. 1, 2012

ut they are not generally considered as 

citrus pests, and there are few reports of 

any of these species damaging this crop. 

For example, in Southern Italy and in 

Cyprus, Frankliniella occidentalis 

dominate the thrips fauna of citrus but is 

not considered as a pest of citrus (14). 

In Tunisia, damages attributed to 

thrips on several varieties of citrus fruits 

have been reported during these last 

years. A recent work made in 2008 on 

citrus, in the region of Mraïssa (Cap-Bon) 

showed the presence of 8 species among 

which P. kellyanus which is economically 

very harmful on citrus fruits (21). 

However, until now, there is not any 

measure to control thrips citrus which 

were considered as secondary pests. In 

contrast, this species causes in Australia 

important damages on young and mature 

fruits by scurfing (or halo) marking and 

rind bleaching that depreciate fruit quality 

(4). 

P. kellyanus population can be 

reduced by insecticide applications (4, 

28). Various insecticides were evaluated 

in field trials against larval stages I and II. 

Among these, the organophosphate 

chlorpyrifos, the carbamate methomyl, 

and the neonicotinoid acetamiprid were 

the most effective (28). However, 

repeated chemical treatments can lead to 

development of resistance, as it has been 

reported to chlorpyrifos in South 

Australia, resulting in control failures (3, 

24). 

In Tunisia, works on thrips in 

citrus orchards are rare because until the 

last years, these pests were considered as 

secondary and probably because of the 

difficulties to study these minute and 

hidden insects. Thus, the objective of this 

work is a better knowledge of the species 

living in citrus orchards and their status. 

Moreover, it aims to determine the most 

widespread species in two regions of the 

North of Tunisia: Cap-Bon and Bizerte, 

and especially to confirm the presence of 

P. kellyanus. We also tried to estimate the 

damages caused by thrips on several 

varieties of citrus fruits, in relation with 

the frequency of the phytosanitary 

treatments. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Trial sites. Twenty three orchards, 

10 of the region of Cap-Bon (localities of 

Mraïssa, Menzel Bouzelfa, Goba and 

Beni Khalled) and 13 of the region of 

Bizerte (localities of Alia, Azib, Ras- 

Jebel and Sounine), have been surveyed 

from December 2009 to March 2010 to 

try to estimate the thrips damage. 

Estimation of thrips damage. In 

these orchards, with a surface nearly of 1 

ha, several varieties have been 

considered: Grape-fruit, Orange 

(Thomson, Maltaise, Valencia-late, 

Double-fine, Navel and Meski), 

Clementine (Hermandina, MA3, Kassar) 

and Lemon. On all of them, we estimated 

at the harvest the proportion of scarred 

fruits caused either by thrips or by other 

factors; because we noticed that for an 

unexperienced person it was difficult to 

separate accurately the scarred fruits by 

the thrips and those damaged by others 

factors. The total number of fruits 

examined was about 450 for all the 

varieties encountered in the orchard. 

Then, we calculated the infestation rate 

that is: (Number of scarred fruits × 100) / 

Total number of examined fruits. Besides, 

an investigation was made about the 

treatments applied in the orchards to 

relate them to the recorded damages. 

Thrips species in citrus 

orchards. Thrips were collected in the 

orchards where the infestation rate was 

the highest in both regions, because we 

supposed that the thrips species and 

densities would be highest in these 


orchards. Thus, 7 orchards from the 23 

prospected were chosen: 3 orchards in the 

region of Cap-Bon and 4 orchards in the 

region of Bizerte. 

The thrips were collected from 25 

March to 29 April 2010 during bloom 

stages, fall of petals and at the beginning 

of fruit formation. The sample was 

obtained by beating tray of the branches 

on a white cloth of 50 cm × 50 cm 

tightened on a wooden frame. Forty 

branches per variety of citrus were beaten 

and for each tree, a branch 

orientation was hitten. The thrips fallen 

on the cloth were got back by a little 

aspirator, and then maintained in alcohol 

10% until their identification. Then, in the 

laboratory, the adults were separated from 

larvae under binocular magnifying glass, 

and some microscopic preparations were 

made of them. The protocols used were 

those Strassen (5) and Mound and Tree 

(18). Finally, insects were mounted in 

balm of Canada. 

The identification of genus and 

species was made after observation of 

several morphological criteria under 

microscope. The main studied 

morphological characters were the wing 

nervation, the projection of the head, the 

number of antennal segments, the 

sensorias on the antennal segments 3 and 

4, the pronotum chetotaxy, the 

mesothoracic fork and the shape of the 

abdominal segment 10. The identification 

was based on the keys of Palmer et al. 

(22) and Moritz (19). The species were 

confirmed by Mrs V. Balmes from the 

National Laboratory of Plant Protection 

(LNPV) of Montpellier. 

RESULTS 

Thrips species and distribution 

in citrus orchards. 

Thrips species in citrus orchards. 

Thrips collected in citrus orchards were 

identified as 13 species, 12 among them 

belong to the sub-order of Terebrantia 

namely Thrips sp., T. angusticeps, T. 

tabaci, T. major, Frankliniella 

occidentalis, Odontothrips karnyi, 

Limothrips cerealium, Aptinothrips 

elegans, Stenothrips graminum, 

Pezothrips kellyanus, Melanthrips fuscus 

and Aeolothrips citricinctus. One was 

identified as Haplothrips sp. which is a 

tubuliferan thrips. 

Twelve species of the thrips 

collected are phytophagous and only one, 

A. citricinctus, is predator. 

Distribution of thrips in the citrus 

orchards. The Table 1 shows that 6 of the 

13 thrips species collected (Thrips sp., O. 

karnyi, L. cerealium, F. occidentalis, M. 

fuscus and A. elegans) have been reported 

in both biotopes while the 7 others have 

been found only in Cap-Bon (A. 

citricinctus, T. major, T. tabaci, S. 

graminum, Haplothrips sp. and T. 

angusticeps) or only in Bizerte (P. 

kellyanus). 

The genus Thrips occurred in the 

whole of the orchards of both biotopes on 

the varieties of oranges Valentia Late, 

Maltaise, Double fine, Thomson, Meski, 

and Lemon. The species O. karnyi was 

recorded in 4 orchards of 7 on the 

varieties of oranges Thomson, Valentia 

Late and Meski and on the clementine 

MA3, and Kassar. The species F. 

occidentalis, which has been already 

observed in Tunisia on several crops (15), 

was found in 3 orchards of 7 on several 

varieties of citrus fruits: oranges 

Thomson, Maltaise and Valentia Late and 

the variety of clementine MA3. P. 

kellyanus was found in the region of Azib 

in Bizerte (Table 1). 


Table 1. Thrips species collected in 7 citrus orchards of Tunisia (Bizerte and Cap-Bon) from 25 March 

to 29 April 2010 

Family Species Locality Region Citrus variety 

Mraissa chatt 

Goba 

Mraissa 

Cap-Bon 

Valencia late 

Maltaise 

Double fine 

Thripidae 

Thrips sp. 

Azib 1 

Meski 

Azib 2 

Alia 

Bizerte 

Thomson 

Maltaise 

Sounine 

Lemon 

Mraissa chatt Cap-Bon Valencia late 

Azib 1 

Meski 

Thripidae 

Odontothrips karnyi 

Azib 2 

Sounine 

Bizerte 

MA3 

Kassar 

Thomson 

Thripidae 

Limothrips cerealium 

Mraissa chatt 

Valencia late 

Cap-Bon 

Mraissa 

Kassar 

Azib1 Bizerte Meski 

Thripidae 

Frankliniella occidentalis 

Mraissa chatt 

Goba 

Cap-Bon 

Valencia late 

Thomson 

Maltaise 

Thripidae 

Aeolothripidae 

Aptinothrips elegans 

Melanthrips fuscus 

Alia Bizerte MA3 


Azib 1 Bizerte Meski 


Azib 2 Bizerte MA3 

Aeolothripidae 

Aeolothrips citricinctus 

Mraissa chatt 

Goba 

Cap-Bon 

Valencia late 

Maltaise 

Thripidae Thrips major Mraissa chatt Cap-Bon Valencia late 

Thripidae Thrips tabaci Mraissa chatt Cap-Bon Valencia late 

Thripidae Stenothrips graminum Mraissa chatt Cap-Bon Valencia late 

Phlaeothripidae Haplothrips sp. Mraissa chatt Cap-Bon Valencia late 

Thripidae Thrips angusticeps Mraissa chatt Cap-Bon Valencia late 

Thripidae Pezothrips kellyanus Azib Bizerte Thomson 


Thrips damages in citrus 

orchards. The thrips damage is 

characterized by silvery discolorations on 

mature fruits. We noticed that these 

discolorations can have several 

appearances: rings at the base of the 

peduncles of fruits with or without 

marblings or marbling surfaces more or 

less spread on the mature fruits (Figure 

1). If the first symptoms can be attributed 

undoubtedly to thrips and very probably 

to P. kellyanus infestation because they 

are specific to this species, for the second 

it is much harder to determine the causal 

pest. Indeed, such symptoms can be 

caused by biotic (thrips or other insects) 

or abiotic factors (wind, branch rubbing, 

etc). All these symptoms have been 

encountered varying from 47 to 72% and 

39 to 86% of fruits respectively in Bizerte 

and Cap-Bon orchards but we are not able 

at this stage to precise the proportion of 

scarred fruits caused by thrips. 

Interestingly, we remarked that the 

percentage of damaged fruits increases 

with the frequency of chemical treatments 

(Table 2). 

a 

b 

c 

d 

Fig. 1. Different appearances of scarred fruits observed in the regions of Cap-Bon and Bizerte 

(Tunisia). a and b: ring on the base of the peduncle and on the base of fruit very probably caused by 

thrips on mature oranges of the varieties Valencia late and Thomson, respectively. c and d: 

Marblings on mature oranges of the varieties Thomson and Grapefruit, respectively. 


Table 2. Frequency of the chemical treatments 

in citrus orchards (Cap-Bon and Bizerte 

regions, Tunisia) made from 25 March to 29 

April 2010 

Chemical treatments Scarred fruits 

(number / year) 

4 - 7 

9 - 14 

16 - 21 

25 – 30 

(%) 

46.37 

57.26 

60.26 

65.52 

DISCUSSION 

This work on citrus thrips in 

Tunisia has lead to two results: a 

preliminary composition of the species 

living on citrus trees and a global 

estimation of the proportion of fruits 

damaged either by thrips or other factors 

causing nearly the same symptoms. 

The inventory of thrips in 7 citrus 

orchards, in which the proportion of 

scarred fruits were high, showed a varied 

fauna composed by 10 genus and 13 

species, 12 of them are plant feedings and 

one is predator. As compared to findings 

from other countries, the biodiversity of 

thrips species in citrus orchards is lower. 

Indeed, often more than 40 thrips species 

have been identified in association with 

citrus in the world (13). In Florida, for 

example, the inventory of thrips species 

in 7 citrus orchards showed 36 species 

among which 7 are predatory, 21 are 

phytophagous and 8 are mycophagous 

(8). Our results expressing a relatively 

low biodiversity can be explained by the 

high number of chemical treatments 

applied in the sampled orchards (in 

average 16 treatments/year). The forty 

species found in Florida were from 

orchards with reduced to no pesticide 

spray programs. Moreover, the short 

period of the sampling (from 25 March to 

29 April 2010) could explain the low 

number of collected thrips species. For 

instance, in Florida, the 36 species 

identified were found after a sampling 

monthly for thrips over 13 months in 7 

citrus orchards (8). Furthermore, in our 

work, thrips were collected mainly from 

citrus trees, while the cover ground plants 

on which can live most citrus thrips 

species, have not been regularly sampled. 

Among the thrips species 

identified, P. kellyanus, the most 

economically important species, was 

found to be the less frequent as it was 

noted only in the region of Bizerte in one 

orchard on three in the locality 

of Azib on Meski oranges. 

The other few widespread species 

that have been reported only in Cap-Bon 

and in one or two on four orchards are: A. 

citricinctus, T. major, T. tabaci, T. 

angusticeps and S. graminum. All these 

species were found only on Valencia late 

oranges. 

The onion thrips, T. tabaci have 

a broad host range including citrus genus 

but is not reported as a typical pest 

of citrus (26). The species T. major is 

also polyphagous but has been 

reported only once as a damaging pest 

of citrus in North Africa (6). The species 

T. angusticeps, rather associated with 

cereals and leguminous crops, has been 

reported also on citrus in Turkey and 

Spain but its status as pest of citrus has 

not been confirmed yet (26). The thrips 

S. graminum which is normally 

associated with grasses (12) was also 

found on citrus but is not reported as a 

pest of this crop (20). The thrips 

Aeolothrips which colonizes herbaceous 

plants, shrubs and trees in countries 

of Europe and North Africa appears to be 

a facultative predator (12). 

The most widespread species 

found in both regions of Cap-Bon and 


Bizerte, are Thrips sp., O. karnyi, L. 

cerealium, F. occidentalis, M. fuscus and 

A. elegans. Only Thrips sp. was found in 

7 orchards and on 6 citrus varieties. Thus, 

this species seems to be common both at 

the spatial scale and at the varietal scale. 

Among the largely widespread 

species, F. occidentalis calls for a 

particular 

interest since it 

can cause damage to citrus in Japan and 

Korea (9, 27). 

Although reported in several citrus 

orchards, O. karnyi is rather related 

to beans than to citrus. L. cerealium found 

in 3 of 7 citrus orchards in the two 

regions is also very polyphagous and is 

particularly associated to grasses and do 

not cause damage to citrus (12). It also 

has been found on citrus in Spain in 48 of 

100 citrus orchards in Valencia (20). 

A recent study conducted in 

Turkey on the abundance of thrips in 

weeds of protected crops and citrus 

orchards revealed similar findings 

as those obtained from our study. This 

result reinforces the idea that many of 

the identified 

thrips species 

are polyphagous and common in all the 

Mediterranean area, in many cultivated 

and spontaneous plants (2). 

To summarize, the survey 

confirmed the presence of P. kellyanus in 

Bizerte (locality of Azib). This species, 

which is the only one among those 

recorded that is known as citrus pest 

feeding on very young fruits, was 

reported for the first time in Tunisia in 

Cap-Bon in 2008 (25). Thus, P. kellyanus 

is now present in two major citrus regions 

in the North and North-East of the 

country. F. occidentalis and T. major 

should also be monitored to precise their 

real status against citrus fruits. The other 

genera i.e. Thrips, Haplothrips, 

Aptinothrips, Melanthrips, Odontothrips 

and Limothrips, listed from citrus flowers 

are not regarded as citrus pests although 

they can dominate the thrips fauna 

associated to this crop (26). 

Others data are needed in the 

future to determine the dominant thrips 

species and their respective status towards 

citrus fruits in Tunisia. This study 

estimate the total of scarred fruits to 40- 

86%, but does not precise the part due to 

thrips and in particular to P. kellyanus, a 

major pest of citrus in other countries. 

Moreover, the cultural practices should 

also consider mainly the chemical 

treatments frequency as they are 

associated to thrips multiplication or 

resurgence (30). 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The authors would like to thank Mr. Fraj 

Jrad for his help and Mr. Mouldi Fezzani for his 

availability. Thanks to the farmers visited 

especially: Mr. Mohamed Chaaben ex. Director of 

SMVDA-Mraïssa, Mr. Elyess Ben Romdhan and 

Mr. Tarek Abbess in the region of Cap-Bon and Mr. 

Nejib Ouerteni Director of Flor’alia-Alia, Mr. 

Mohamed Ben Rached, Mr. Ali Ayed, and Mr. Arbi 

Kaboubi in the region of Bizerte for their assistance 

during the realization of this study. Thanks to Dr. 

Cristina Navarro, Campus from UPV of Spain, for 

introducing me to thrips study and to Dr. Valerie 

Balmes from LNPV of Montpellier, for confirming 

the identification of thrips. 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

RESUME 

Belaam I. et Boulahia-Kheder S. 2012. Inventaire des espèces de thrips en vergers d’agrumes et 

estimation des fruits dépréciés dans deux régions agrumicoles de la Tunisie. Tunisian Journal of 

Plant Protection 7: 43-51. 

Les thrips des agrumes présentent un intérêt économique important dans plusieurs régions du 

monde. En Tunisie, bien que les dégâts imputables aux thrips aient augmenté ces dernières années, peu 

de données sont disponibles sur ces ravageurs. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette étude est la connaissance des 


espèces de thrips sur agrumes ainsi que l’estimation de leurs dégâts. Cette étude a été réalisée dans les 

régions de Bizerte et Cap-Bon dans 7 vergers. L'identification des thrips, collectés à partir des fleurs 

d’agrumes au printemps de 2010, a révélé 13 espèces dont 12 sont phytophages: Thrips sp., T. 

angusticeps, T. tabaci, T. major, Frankliniella occidentalis, Odontothrips karnyi, Limothrips 

cerealium, Aptinothrips elegans, Stenothrips graminum, Pezothrips kellyanus, Haplothrips sp., 

Melanthrips fuscus et une espèce prédatrice: Aeolothrips citricinctus. Parmi ces espèces, trois sont 

potentiellement importantes pour les agrumes. Il s’agit de: i) P. kellyanus ravageur d’importance 

économique des agrumes est déjà établi, qui a été trouvée à Bizerte; ii) F. occidentalis espèce très 

polyphage qui a été trouvée à Bizerte et au Cap-Bon et peut causer des dégâts sur les agrumes; iii) T. 

major qui a été trouvée au Cap-Bon et peut déprécier la qualité des agrumes. Vu que les proportions de 

fruits dépréciés augmentent avec la fréquence des traitements chimiques, la lutte contre les thrips 

devrait se baser sur la mise en place de stratégies de lutte intégrée favorisant les ennemis naturels. 

Mots clés: Agrumes, inventaire, marbrures, thrips, Tunisie 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

ملخص 

بلعم،‏ ايمان وسندة بولحية-خذر.‏ 2012. دراسة أنواع حشرات التربس 

التشوّه على الثمار في منطقتين 

في بساتين/بيارات القوارص/الحمضيات وتقييم 

لإنتاج القوارص في تونس.‏ 

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 7: 43-51. 

يعد تربس القوارص/الحمضيات من الحشرات ذات الأهمية الاقتصادية في عدة مناطق منتجة للقوارص في العالم.‏ 

وفي تونس،‏ رغم زيادة الأضرار الناتجة عن التربس في السنوات الأخيرة،‏ تبقى البيانات المتوفرة عن هذه الآفة قليلة.‏ 

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحسين المعرفة حول أنواع التربس المرافقة للقوارص وتقدير أضرارها.‏ تمت دراسة أنواع 

التربس المرتبطة بأزهار القوارص في سبعة بساتين/بيارات من منطقتي بنزرت والوطن القبلي.‏ أظهرت النتائج وجود 

و 

و 

نوعا من التربس خلال ربيع منها نوعاً‏ نباتي التغذية هي 

13 

T. tabaci T. angusticeps Thrips sp. : 

12 2010 

و Frankliniella occidentalis و Odontothrips karnyi و Limothrips cerealium 

و T. major Haplothrips sp. Pezothrips kellyanus و Stenothrips graminum 

و Aptinothrips elegans .Aeolothrips citricinctus 

.F، occidentalis الذي تم 

والثالث T.major 

و 

و 

من بين هؤلاء الأنواع،‏ يوجد ثلاثة ذات أهمية على القوارص:‏ الأول 

وواحد مفترس هو 

‏.‏Pالذي kellyanus يعتبر من الآفات الاقتصادية على القوارص ووجد في بنزرت والثاني 

الذي عثر عليه في 

العثور عليه في بنزرت والوطن القبلي ويمكن أن يسبب أضرارا على القوارص،‏ 

الوطن القبلي ويمكن أن يخفض من جودة القوارص.‏ وباعتبار أن نسب الثّمار المتضررة ترتفع مع ارتفاع المعاملات 

الكيميائية،‏ يتعين أن تستند مكافحة التربس على تنفيذ استراتيجيات مكافحة متكاملة للآفات تعزز وجود الأعداء الطبيعية.‏ 

آلمات مفتاحية:‏ تربس،‏ تمرمر،‏ تونس،‏ جرد،‏ قوارص/حمضيات 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

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