ch2-ppt-notes

2.1 

Properties of Matter > Describing Matter 

2.1 


Describing Matter 

How can properties used to 

describe matter be classified? 

Properties used to describe matter 

can be classified as extensive or 

intensive. 

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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 


2.1 


2.1 


Extensive Properties 

•The mass of an object is a measure of the 

amount of matter the object contains. 

•The volume of an object is a measure of the 

space occupied by the object. 

•An extensive property is a property that 

depends on the amount of matter in a 

sample. 

Intensive Properties 

An intensive property is a 

property that depends on 

the type of matter in a 

sample, not the amount 

of matter. The hardness 

of a bowling ball is an 

example of an intensive 

property. 

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2.1 

Properties of Matter > Identifying Substances 

2.1 


Identifying Substances 

Matter that has a uniform and definite 

composition is called a substance. 

These kettles are mainly copper. Copper 

is an example of a substance. 

Why do all samples of a substance 

have the same intensive 

properties? 

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2.1 


2.1 


Every sample of a given substance 

has identical intensive properties 

because every sample has the 

same composition. 

A physical property is a quality or 

condition of a substance that can be 

observed or measured without changing 

the substance’s composition. 

Hardness, color, conductivity, and 

malleability are examples of physical 

properties. 

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2.1 


2.1 

Properties of Matter > States of Matter 

States of Matter 

What are three states of matter? 

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Properties of Matter > 

2.1 


Pennsylvania, Deleware, New 

York 

Sometimes New Jersey 

Three states of matter are solid, 

liquid, and gas. 

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2

2.1 


2.1 


Solids 

A solid is a form of 

matter that has a 

definite shape and 

volume. 

Liquid 

A liquid is a form of 

matter that has an 

indefinite shape, flows, 

yet has a fixed volume. 

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2.1 


2.1 


Gases 

A gas is a form of matter 

that takes both the 

shape and volume of 

its container. 

Vapor describes the gaseous state 

of a substance that is generally a 

liquid or solid at room 

temperature, as in water vapor. 

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2.1 

Properties of Matter > Physical Changes 

Physical Changes 

How can physical changes be 

classified? 

2.1 


During a physical change, 

some properties of a 

material change, but the 

composition of the 

material does not change. 

As gallium melts in a 

person’s hand, the shape 

of the sample changes, 

but the composition of 

the material does not 

change. 

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3

2.1 


2.1 Section Quiz. 

Physical changes can be classified as 

reversible or irreversible. 

• All physical changes that involve a 

change from one state to another are 

reversible. 

• Cutting hair, filing nails, and cracking 

an egg are examples of irreversible 

physical changes. 

Assess students’ understanding 

of the concepts in Section 2.1. 

Continue to: 

Launch: 

-or- 

Section Quiz 

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1.Which of the following would be described as 

an extensive property of matter? 

a. temperature 

b. color 

c. mass 

d. hardness 


2.Which properties can be observed without 

changing the composition of a substance? 

a. all properties of a substance 

b. intensive properties 

c. chemical properties 

d. physical properties 

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3.Match the states of matter with the following 

descriptions: 

(1) takes the volume and shape of its container 

(2) has a definite shape and volume 

(3) has a definite volume but an indefinite shape 

END OF SHOW 

a. (1) liquid, (2) solid and (3) gas 

b. (1) gas, (2) solid, and (3) liquid 

c. (1) gas, (2) liquid, and (3) solid 

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4

2.2 

Mixtures 

> Classifying Mixtures 

2.2 

Mixtures 


Classifying Mixtures 

How can mixtures be classified? 

A mixture is a physical blend of two or 

more components. 

A salad bar provides a range of items. 

Customers choose how much of each 

item to use in their salads. Each salad 

has a different composition. 

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2.2 

Mixtures 


2.2 

Mixtures 


Heterogeneous Mixtures 

Based on the distribution of their 

components, mixtures can be 

classified as heterogeneous 

mixtures or as homogeneous 

mixtures. 

A mixture in which the composition is 

not uniform throughout is a 

heterogeneous mixture. 

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2.2 

Mixtures 


2.2 Mixtures > Classifying Mixtures 

Homogeneous Mixtures 

A mixture in which the composition is 

uniform throughout is a homogeneous 

mixture. 

Another name for a homogeneous 

mixture is a solution. 

The term phase is used to describe 

any part of a sample with uniform 

composition and properties. 

• A homogenous mixture consists 

of a single phase. 

• A heterogeneous mixture consists of 

two or more phases. 

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2.2 Mixtures > Classifying Mixtures 

When oil and vinegar are mixed they form 

layers, or phases. The oil phase floats on 

the water phase. 

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2.2 Mixtures > Separating Mixtures 

Separating Mixtures 

How can mixtures be separated? 

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2.2 

Mixtures 

> Separating Mixtures 

2.2 

Mixtures 


Filtration 

Differences in physical properties 

can be used to separate 

mixtures. 

The process that separates a solid from the 

liquid in a heterogeneous mixture is 

called filtration. 

A colander is used to separate pasta from 

the water in which it was cooked. This 

process is a type of filtration. 

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2.2 

Mixtures 

Distillation 


During a distillation, a liquid is boiled to 

produce a vapor that is then condensed 

into a liquid. 




Continue to: 

-or- 

Launch: 

Section Quiz 

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1.Which of the following phrases describes a 

mixture? 

a. composition varies 

b. composition may vary 

c. components cannot be separated 


2.Which of the following is a homogeneous 

mixture? 

a. vinegar 

b. iron filings in sand 

c. chicken noodle soup 

d. muddy water 

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3.Which technique is used to separate 

homogeneous mixtures? 

a. filtration 

b. distillation 

END OF SHOW 

c. magnetism 

d. dissolving 

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2.3 

3 

Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements and 

Compounds 

2.3 


Compounds 

Distinguishing Elements and 

Compounds 

How are elements and 

compounds different? 

An element is the simplest form of matter 

that has a unique set of properties. 

A compound is a substance that contains 

two or more elements chemically 

combined in a fixed proportion. 

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2.3 


Compounds 

2.3 


Compounds 

Breaking Down 

Compounds 

Compounds can be broken down 

into simpler substances by 

chemical means, but elements 

cannot. 

A chemical change is a 

change that produces 

matter with a different 

composition than the 

original matter. 

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When table sugar is 

heated, it goes through 

a series of chemical 

changes. 

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2.3 


Compounds 

2.3 


Compounds 

The final products of these chemical 

changes are solid carbon and water 

vapor. The following diagram 

summarizes the process. 

Properties of Compounds 

In general, the properties of compounds 

are quite different from those of their 

component elements. 

When the elements sodium and chlorine 

combine chemically to form sodium 

chloride, there is a change in 

composition and a change in properties. 

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2.3 


Compounds 

2.3 


Compounds 

Chlorine is used to kill 

harmful organisms 

in swimming pools. 

Sodium is stored 

under oil to keep 

it from reacting 

with oxygen or 

water vapor in 

the air. Sodium 

vapor produces 

the light in some 

street lamps. 

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2.3 


Compounds 

2.3 

Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Substances and 

Mixtures 

Sodium Chloride 

(commonly 

known as table 

salt) is used to 

season or 

preserve food. 

Distinguishing Substances and 

Mixtures 

How can substances and mixtures be 

distinguished? 

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2.3 

Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Substances and 

Mixtures 

2.3 

Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Substances 

and Mixtures 

If the composition of a material is fixed, 

the material is a substance. 

This flowchart 

summarizes the 

process for 

classifying matter. 

If the composition of a material may vary, 

the material is a mixture. 

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2.3 

3 

Elements and Compounds > Symbols and Formulas 

2.3 


Symbols and Formulas 

What do chemists use to 

represent elements and 

compounds? 

Chemists use chemical symbols to 

represent elements, and chemical 

formulas to represent compounds. 

These chemical symbols were used in 

earlier centuries. 

Waldo 

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2.3 



Each element is represented by a one or 

two-letter chemical symbol. 



Continue to: 

Section Quiz 

-or- 

Launch: 

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2.3 Section Quiz 

1.Passing an electric current through a certain 

substance produces oxygen and sulfur. This 

substance cannot be a(n) 

a. compound. 

b. mixture. 

c. element. 

d. solution. 

2.3 Section Quiz 

2.Which of the following is a mixture? 

a. sodium chloride 

b. carbon dioxide 

c. sucrose 

d. air 

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3


3.The symbol for the element potassium is 

a. K. 

b. Po. 

c. P. 

END OF SHOW 

d. Pt. 

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2.4 

3 

Chemical Reactions > Chemical Changes 

2.4 


Chemical Changes 

What always happens during a 

chemical change? 

The ability of a substance to undergo a 

specific chemical change is called a 

chemical property. 

Chemical properties can be used to 

identify a substance. But chemical 

properties can be observed only when a 

substance undergoes a chemical 

change. 

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2.4 


2.4 


During a chemical change, the 

composition of matter always 

changes. 

A magnet separates iron from sulfur. This 

is an example of a physical change. 

Recall that during a physical change, 

the composition of matter never 

changes. 

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2.4 


2.4 


A mixture of iron and sulfur is heated. The 

iron and sulfur react and form iron 

sulfide. This is an example of a chemical 

change. 

• A chemical change is also called a chemical 

reaction. 

• One or more substances change into one or 

more new substances during a chemical 

reaction. 

• A substance present at the start of the 

reaction is a reactant. 

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• A substance produced in the reaction is a 

product. 

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2.4 

Chemical Reactions > Recognizing Chemical Changes 

2.4 

Chemical Reactions > Recognizing Chemical Changes 

Recognizing Chemical Changes 

What are four possible clues that a chemical 

change has taken place? 

Possible clues to chemical change 

include: 

• a transfer of energy 

• a change in color 

• the production of a gas 

• the formation of a precipitate. 

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2.4 


2.4 

Chemical Reactions > Conservation of Mass 

A precipitate is a solid that forms and 

settles out of a liquid mixture. 

Clues to chemical changes have practical 

applications. 

Conservation of Mass 

How are the mass of the reactants and 

the mass of the products of a chemical 

reaction related? 

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2.4 


2.4 


During any chemical reaction, the mass of 

the products is always equal to the mass of 

the reactants. 

The law of conservation of mass states 

that in any physical change or chemical 

reaction, mass is conserved. 

The conservation of mass is easily 

observed when a change occurs in a 

closed container. 

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2




Continue to: 

Launch: 

-or- 

Section Quiz 


1.Which of the following is a chemical reaction? 

a. melting of lead 

b. dissolving sugar in water 

c. rusting of iron 

d. crushing of stone 

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2.Which of the following is NOT a possible clue 

that a chemical change is taking place? 

a. a change of state 

b. a change in color 

c. production of a gas 

d. formation of a precipitate 

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3.During any chemical change, the mass of the 

products is 

a. always equal to the mass of the reactants. 

b. always greater than the mass of the 

reactants. 

c. always less than the mass of the reactants. 

d. sometimes different than the mass of the 

reactants. 

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Chemical Reactions > Concept Map 2 

Concept Map 2 Solve the Concept Map with the help 

of an interactive guided tutorial. 

END OF SHOW 

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