DUSEL and UNO - Stony Brook NN Group

DUSEL 

(U.S. Deep Underground Science and Engineering Lab) 

and 

UNO 

(Underground proton decay and Neutrino Observatory) 

See : http://nngroup.physics.sunysb.edu/husep/ 

and http://ale.physics.sunysb.edu/uno/ 

Jeffrey Wilkes 

University of Washington, Seattle 

Nagoya University 

28 Oct 2005

J. Wilkes, 28 Oct '05 

Outline 

• DUSEL in USA 

• DUSEL @ Henderson Mine (Colorado) 

• UNO, and where it could go 

– Overview 

– Physics goals, briefly 

– Neutrino beams to UNO 

– Outreach and education 

2


DUSEL: Deep Underground Science and Engineering Lab 

• Initiative by US National Science Foundation (NSF) 

– Create a new national lab for underground science 

– Mission: support research on 

• physics 

• geoscience 

• evolution of biological organisms under harsh conditions 

• Advanced mine and tunnel engineering 

• Now = 2nd attempt to do this! 

– 2003: ‘Selection’ of Homestake mine 

• Many people felt selection process was biased 

• State of South Dakota failed to act promptly 

– Mine was sold to Canadian company, closed, and allowed to flood! 

3

U.S. DUSEL process now 


• Solicitation 1 (last year): Define requirements for 

potential underground experiments in physics, 

geosciences, biology, & engineering 

– 14 working groups established 

– Meetings and workshops (too many!): final report soon 

• Solicitation 2 (this year): Different sites respond: 

conceptual designs for DUSEL 

– Proposals from sites in California (San Jacinto), Washington 

(Icicle Creek), Minnesota (Soudan), and several others 

– Two finalist sites: Homestake Mine and Henderson Mine 

– Funding of 0.5M$ each provided to prepare proposal 

• Solicitation 3 (next year): submit construction 

proposals; final choice of site mid-2006 ? 

All this is happening NOW! 

4


DUSEL Candidates: first round 

Icicle Creek 

Soudan 

Homestake 

Henderson 

San Jacinto 

2875 km 

Kimballton 

WIPP 

5


DUSEL Candidates: current round 

Homestake 

Henderson 

6

Henderson Underground Science/Engineering Project 

• HUSEP = Colorado’s team 


7

Henderson Mine (near Denver, Colorado USA) 


10 miles 

Using site details for 

simulations and proposal 

• Working molybdenum mine; 150M$ 

modernization completed in 2000 

Henderson 

Mine 

Denver 

Airport 

• Easily accessible, roads kept clear in 

winter 

• Near major urban/industrial area and 

airline hub 

– ~1 hr drive from Denver 

International Airport 

Aspen 

Echo Lake 

(JW thesis) 

~60 miles 

Colorado 

Springs 

– Nearby research infrastructure, 

institutes and universities: 

U. Colorado, NIST, Colorado State 

U., Denver U., USAFA, Colorado 

College, Aspen Center for Physics 

– Direct flights to major cities around 

the world 

8


Henderson Mine 

• Owned by Climax Molybdenum Company, a subsidiary of 

Phelps Dodge Corporation 

• Established in 1970’s 

– modern mine developed under strict environmental and safety 

regulations: company just spent $150M updating 

• Mining: Molybdenum (Moly) ore, via Panel Caving (Block 

Caving) 

• Huge elevator/hoist available 

– 8.5 m diameter shaft with with two hoisting compartments 

– Large hoist: 7m long X 2.5m wide X 4m tall, 20 tons normal 

capacity 

• can carry a ship container! 

• >1000m deep, minimum overburden ~3000 mwe 

• Can go deeper… 

9

Henderson Mine, Empire, Colorado 


10


Henderson Mine parameters 

• Excavation Capacity: ~40,000 - 50,000 ton/day 

– Actual operation: ~20,000 - 30,000 ton/day: under-utilized 

capacity 

• 15km tunnel with high speed conveyor and train track 

– Conveyor belt: 50kton/day max capacity, 20kton/day normal 

operation 

• Electric power station: 2 x 30 MW 

• Rock disposal site with huge capacity 

• Large office building and warehouses 

• Anticipated mine closing in 10~20 years 

– Mine Co. and local politicians see science as one possible way of 

retaining employment, revitalizing the area, etc 

11

Excellent DUSEL Site 


Red Mtn. 

12,300' asl 

Harrison Mtn. 

7500' asl 

DUSEL 

(to surface) 

(mining area) 

core sample 

DUSEL cavity? 

6750' asl 

(4200 mwe) 

Access drifts and ventilation shafts 

12


Deep Access 

Capability 

Central Campus 

Elev. 6750 ft 

(4200 mwe) 

EarthLab/ 

Geoscience 

Area 

Midway Campus 

Elev. 5825 ft 

(5100 mwe) 

Lower Campus 

Elev. 4900 ft 

(6000 mwe) 

Internal Shaft 

13

Gigantic Rock Handling/Removal System 


1. 80 ton trucks dump rock at crusher. 

2. 15 km underground conveyors belts 

remove rock. 

3. 6 km surface conveyor to mill site. 

40~50 kton/day capacity 

1 

2 

Cheap excavation cost: ~ $60/ton 

3 

14

UNO Detector Concept 

Water Cherenkov Detector 

optimized for: 

• Light attenuation length limit 

• PMT pressure limit 

• Cost (staging built-in) 

(Total $500M incl. contingency) 


3 sections, each (60m) 3 

13x Super-K total mass 

20x Super-K fiducial mass 

excavation: $100~250M 

60m 

60m 

40% 

photocathode 

2.5m veto layer with 

outward-facing PMTs 

10% 

photocathode 

optical separation 

between sections 

60x60x180m 3 

Total Vol: 650 kton 

Fid. Vol: 440 kton 

Inner: 56,000 20” PMTs 

Outer: 14,900 8” PMTs 

Detector cost: $250M 

15


Salient features 

• ~ 20X Super-K fiducial mass 

• Build on well-known water Cherenkov techniques 

– Significant new detector development not required 

• Cost estimates can be made with reasonable confidence, BUT 

• Detector R&D may reduce costs significantly 

• Site independent proposal! 

– Henderson site would be ideal, but… 

– More or less independent of DUSEL site selection process 

– Physics goals can be met at any site with >3000 mwe depth 

16


UNO Collaboration: 98 members, 40 institutes 

joined in past year 

17


Advisory committees 

• UNO advisory committee 

• Theoretical advisory committee 

– Jacques Bouchez (Saclay) 

– Maury Goodman (ANL) 

– Tom Kirk (BNL) 

– Takahaki Kajita (ICRR) 

– Tony Mann (Tufts) 

– Kenzo Nakamura (KEK) 

– Masayuki Nakahata (ICRR) 

– Yoichiro Suzuki (ICRR) 

– Jeff Wilkes (U. of Washington) 

– Bob Wilson (Colorado State U.) 

– John Bahcall (IAS/Princeton) 

– John Beacom (FNAL) 

– Adam Burrows (U. of Arizona) 

– Maria Concepcion Gonzales- 

Garcia (Stony Brook) 

– Jim Lattimer (Stony Brook) 

– Bill Marciano (BNL) 

– Hitoshi Murayama (Berkeley) 

– Jogesh Pati (U. of Maryland) 

– Robert Shrock (Stony Brook) 

– Frank Wilczek (MIT) 

– Edward Witten (IAS/Princeton) 

18

UNO Physics Goals 


Nucleon decay 

Supernova 

Neutrinos 

Atmospheric 

Neutrinos 

Supernova 

Relic Neutrinos 

Super-beam 

(+Beta-beam) 

Solar Neutrinos 

Astrophysical 

Neutrino sources 

• Multi-purpose detector 

• Comprehensive programs in astrophysics, nuclear and particle physics 

• Synergy between accelerator and non-accelerator physics 

• Nominal cost: $500M total (for strawman site @ Henderson mine) 

19

UNO Proton Decay Sensitivity 


Not yet updated!) 

Conclusion 

Theorists are 

smarter than 

experimentalists 

20


Supernovae 

UNO's 

Supernova 

Reach: 

~ 1 Mpc 

(Local Group 

of galaxies) 

Supernova Rate: 

~ 1 per 10 ~ 15 yr 

140K events for 

SN @ 10 kpc 

21

Galactic Supernova 


high stats: 

observe millisec-scale 

time structure; 

Perhaps see cutoff as 

black hole swallows 

neutrinosphere? 

Beacom, Boyd 

and Mezzacappa 

~140,000 events in UNO: 

msec timing structure of the flux ⇒ Determination of core collapse mechanism 

Possible Observation of Birth of a Black Hole via cutoff 

22


Diffuse supernova relic flux 

• Super-K limit (1.2 ν e /cm 2 s >19 Mev @ 90%CL) 

must be reduced by factor of ~6 to address all 

current predictions 

• Can be reached by UNO in ~6 yrs @ 4000 MWE 

depth (longer if shallower) 

– Event rate 20~60 / year for 450 MT fiducial volume 

– BG-limited search 

23


Direct Observation of Oscillatory Behavior in atm ν L/E 

~7 years of UNO exposure 

(Δm 2 = 0.003 eV 2 , sin 2 2θ = 1.0) 

Cuts: 

• 1 muon w/ E > 1GeV or 

• E vis 

(μ) > 0.5 E vis 

(total) 

• removal of horizontal events 

P ν−−>ν’ 

= sin 2 2θ sin 2 (1.27 Δm 2 L/E) 

24

UNO Design and Construction Timeline 


Conceptual UNO Schedule 

R&D Proposal/LOI 

Tech. Proposal 

2003 Year 2004-5 -1 Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Year -2 

Excavation 

Water containment 

PMT delivery 

Preparation 

Installation 

Water fill 

contingency 

Two years of rigorous detector design needed 

Proposal just submitted (10/05) for R&D funding 

25

UNO already has 

an active outreach 

program! 

SALTA: Snowmass Area Large 

Time-Coincidence Array 

Empire 

• Aspen High School, Aspen, CO 

• Basalt High School, Basalt, CO 

SALTA began independently of 

UNO, as part of Snowmass 2001 

Secondary-school students and 

teachers are now collecting 

underground muon data 

• Roaring Fork Valley High School, 

Carbondale, CO 

• Lake County High School, 

Leadville, CO 

The highest-elevation school in U.S. 

-- 10,152 feet above sea level 

• Clear Creek High School, 

Empire, CO


Aspen Center for Physics Education & Outreach Workshop 

July 6-8, 2004: SALTA schools take over the library, setting up 

cosmic ray telescopes, for training in the new DAQcard 

that will be used in all their data-taking. 

27


A portable stand holds each muon telescopes. 

with dust a problem for a PC 

we house a low-power serial digital data logger 

28


SALTA’s underground muon effort is launched September, 2004 

29

DUSEL Candidate Sites and 

Potential LBL/Superbeam Experiments 


Homestake 

Henderson 

1315 km 

1500 km 

2760 km 

730 km 

2560 km 

FNAL 

BNL 

30

Why VLBL? 


• Marciano pointed out that for HE neutrino beams, 2nd and 3rd 

oscillation dips can be very handy... 

neutrino, max CP δ 

antineutrino 

M. Diwan, B. Viren 

31

3-D Neutrino Super Beam Perspective 


US Department of Energy 

T. Kirk 

Brookhaven Science Associates February 15, 2003 

32


Now and near future 

• UNO R&D proposal submitted to US DOE and NSF 

– UNO is still site-independent 

• Will build it wherever we can! 

• DUSEL Workshop planned for Nov 18-19 

See http://hep45.hep.colostate.edu/~wilson/DUSEL/TopicalWorkshops/Physics- 

WorkshopNov05.html 

33

DUSEL and UNO - Stony Brook NN Group

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