gloriosa superba linn. – a pharmacological review - International ...

Publication Ref No.: IJPRD/2010/PUB/ARTI/VOV-2/ISSUE-8/OCT/004 ISSN 0974 – 9446
ABSTRACT
Alok Jain
GLORIOSA SUPERBA LINN. – A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW
Dr. Alok P Jain* 1 , Satish Suryavanshi 1
1 Shri Ram Institute of Technology Pharmacy,
Near ITI, Madotal, Jabalpur-482002 (M.P.).
Email: dralokpaljain@gmail.com
The article focuses on medicinal plant Gloriosa superba linn. (Glory lily). It is one of the important
species which is also used for medicinal purpose. The phytochemical present in it lead to have
analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, enzyme inhibitory, antivenom &
chemotherapeutic potential.
Key Words: Gloriosa superba linn., Therapeutic & chemotherapeutic use, Anticoagulent, Anticancer.
INTRODUCTION
The art of use of plants medicine is herbalism.
Man has been using this miraculous medicine
for thousand of years but in couple of decades
the practice of herbalism is seen very rare.
Although the modern medicine has developed
so much improves to be useful in treating many
horrible human diseases, but not in reasonable
cost. Alternative medicine is attracting care
professionals due the fact that herbalism is use
of old herbal traditions for achievement of
highest potential against diseases.
"Herbal renaissance" is happing all over the
globe as herbal products are the symbol of
safety as compare to synthetic medicine, which
could be regarded unsafe to human and
environment. From many centuries herbs are
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used for a medicinal, flavoring and aromatic
synthetic products of modern age has
decreased their importance for a movement.
But hopefully blind dependence on synthetic
drug is over and now a days peoples are
adopting herbalism with hope security and
safety to health. [1]
Traditional system of medicine is found to have
utilities as many accounts. Due to population
rise adequate supply of drug and high cost of
treatment in side effect along with drug
resistance has been encountered in synthetic
drugs, which has lead to an elevated emphasis
for the use of plants ton treat human diseases.
The affordability of herbals has also drawn the
attraction towards their use.
India is one of the oldest civilizations which is
known for rich repository of medicinals plants.
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Publication Ref No.: IJPRD/2010/PUB/ARTI/VOV-2/ISSUE-8/OCT/004 ISSN 0974 – 9446
The forest of India is Pandora's box being
having rich collection of medicinal and aromatic
plants which could be utilize to prepare drugs
and perfumes. Ayurvada, the bible of Indian
medicinal science has codified about 8000
herbal remedies used for various therapeutic
purposes. the other ancient epical health books
like, The Rigveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda,
Charak Samhita and Sushrut Samhita has
described the use of various medicinals plants
which are steel found in many of ayurvedic
formulations. But unfortunatly a lot of valuable
ancient knowledge is being lost in alarming rate.
Green plants are biosynthesize and preserve a
large number of biochemical products, many of
which are extractable and used for various
scientific investigations. Secondary metabolites
of plants showed number of role in modern
medicine. it is the potential of ancient herbal
medicinal system which provide base to
synthesis of lead structures for the development
of modified derivatives with increased efficiency
and/or reduced toxicity.
Some miraculous useful chemical from plants
include vinblastine, vincristine, taxol,
podophyllotoxin, camptothecin, digitoxigenin,
gitoxigenin, digoxigenin, tubocurarine,
morphine, codeine, aspirin, atropine,
pilocarpine, capscicine, allicin, curcumin,
artemesinin and ephedrine. The crude extract
from medicinal plants could be used as medica
ment. On the other side, the isolation and
identification of active principle along with
elucidation of their mechanism of action of drug
is of extreme importance. [2,3]
Gloriosa superba is one of the oldest ingredient
of species from ancient time. Being native form
Indian specially Southern India it is known as
glory lily and climbing lily- in English; Karihari- in
Hindi; Langli- in Sanskrit. [4,5]
The plant lies in Phyllum – Gimnospermae,
Class – Liliposida and Genus – Gloriosa,
herbaceous, tall with tendril, rootstock are solid,
flaeshy and cylindric, naked & v-shaped.
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The genous gloriosa as is comprised of 8-15
species which include, Gloriosa superba Linn,
G luteo, G plantii, G.latifolia, G magnifica,G
rothschildiana, G abysstinica, G longifolia, G
simplex. [6,7]
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
A wide varieties of phytochemicals are found in
glory lily. In the world market glory lily
considered as rich source of colchicines and
gloriosine. Silosterol, its Glucoside and beta and
Gamma Lumicolichicines. Beta silosterol, its
Flucoside and 2-H-6-MeO benzoic acid.
(Table No. 01)
Table: 1- Chemical constituents of plant. [7,8,9,10]
The tubers or dried roots contain colchicines,
benzoic and salicylic acid, sterols and resinous
substances-colchicines, 3-demethyl colchicine,
1,2-didemethyl colchicine, 2,3- didemethyl
colchicine, N-formyl, N-deacetyl colchicines,
colchicocide, gloriosine, tannins and superbine.
[11]
Tubers roots and seeds are two most important
part of glory lily used for variety of purpose. The
roots are digged, washed thoroughly, dried and
store properly for further use. Seed and pericarp
are separated and dried in shade later in
sunlight to dry completely.
Glory lily is also known for its colchicine content
which finds used to treat arthritis, therefor glory
lily is plant of choice for isolation of colchicine. [6]
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Publication Ref No.: IJPRD/2010/PUB/ARTI/VOV-2/ISSUE-8/OCT/004 ISSN 0974 – 9446
Fig. (1). Structure of colchicine (N-[(7S)-1,2,3,
10- tetramethoxy-9-oxo-5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo
[a]heptalen- 7-yl]acetamide). [12]
TRADITIONAL & MODERN USES AND
APPLICATIONS
Ethanopharmacologyis the branch which deals
with the study of knowledge of herbal practices
among different tribals and rural comnmunities.
(Table No. 02 & Table No. 03)
Table: 2- Medicinal use according to
Communities. [7]
Table: 3- Medicinal use according to literature.
[7]
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTITVIES
REPORTED OF GLORY LILY
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential
Gloriosine and colchicine are two commonly
used phytochemicals for treatment of gout &
rheumatism. The hydroalcohlic extract also
showed analgesic activity when evaluated by
Eddy’s hot plate and acetic acid-induced
writhing studies. Maximum effects were seen in
cotton wool granuloma and carrageenaninduced
paw edema model. [13]
Chemotherapeutic potential
• Antimicrobial properties –
The methanolic extract and subsequent
fraction of glory lily has shown promising
antibacterial and antifungal potential.
Excellent antifungal sensitivity of glory lily
has been reported against Candida
albicans and Candida glaberata. [14]
Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of leaves
also showed significant antimicrobial and
antifungal activity. [15]
Phytochemicals from root tubers have wide
spectrum against Gram-positive and
Gram-negative along with antifungal and
mutagenic potential. The phytochemicals
from tubers has passed Ames Salmonella
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mutagenicity test due to presence
colchicines. [11]
• Antipoxviral potential –
The presence of mannose derivative and
oligomannose carbohydrates has shown
inhibition against (alpha1-4)Man lectin. It
has also been found cytotoxic to BSC-I cell
line. [16]
• Larvicidal potential –
When evaluated against adult cattle tick,
malaria vector larvae, the various extract of
glory lily showed inhibition of parasite in
crude form. [17]
Also various fraction passed mosquito cytogenic
assay due to colchicines like activity. [18]
Thus glory lily is formed to have potential to be
used as an ideal ecofriendly parasite controlling
effect. [19]
Antithrombotic/Antcoagulent potential
Methanolic and aqueous extract of glory lily has
displayed anticoagulant property which may be
due to inhibition of thrombin induced clotting. [20]
Antitumor potential
The various extracts of glory lily have been
found to certain cytogenic potential when
studied under P-388 cell lines. [21]
Enzyme inhibition potential
The various extracts of glory lily have been
screened and found to have inhibitory effects
against lipoxygenase, acetylcholinesterase,
butyrylcholinesterase and ureas. [22]
Treatment of snake bite
Various fractions of glory lily have proved to
have potent neutralizing effect of rattlesnake
venom, when administered subcutaneously to
mice. [23]
Other uses
• Skin disease – Glory lily extract has
been found to be useful against many
skin diseases. [24]
• Respiratory disorders – It is one of the
useful plant to treat various respiratory
disorders. [25]
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Publication Ref No.: IJPRD/2010/PUB/ARTI/VOV-2/ISSUE-8/OCT/004 ISSN 0974 – 9446
• Against Familial Mediterranean Fever
(FMF) - Colchicines from glory lily has
been found to prevent activation of
neutrophills, binding β-tubulin and
prevent assembly of microtubules thus
found in FMF. [12]
CONCLUSION
The wide spread use of glory lily as
chemotherapeutic, antitumour and various other
disorders has lead a scientific approach towards
its use as medicinal plants.
REFERENCES:
1. Acharya, Deepak, Shrivastava A,
Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal
Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices,
Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India,
ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7, 2008, 440.
2. Joy PP, Thomas J, Mathew S, Skaria
BP, Medicinal Plants Tropical Horticulture,
eds.(Bose TK, Kabir J, Das P, Joy PP), 2, Naya
Prakash, Calcutta, 2001, 449-632.
3. Balandrin MJ, Klocke JA, Medicinal,
aromatic and industrial materials from plants,
ed. by Bajaj YPS Biotechnology in Agriculture
and Forestry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, 4,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1988, 1-36.
4. Nadkarni KM, Indian Matreia Medica, 3rd
ed., Mumbai Popular Prakashan, 1996, 579.
5. Kirthikar KR, Basu BD, Indian medicinal
plant, 2nd ed., Allahabad Popular Publication,
1935, 2525-6.
6.
http://www.tnsmpb.tn.gov.in/images/GLO
RIOSA%20SUPERBA%20Linn.pdf.
7.
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactS
heets/gloriosa.html.
8. Capraro HG, Brossi A, In the alkaloids.
(Ed.): A. Brossi. Academic Press, 23, 1984, 1-
70.
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9. Srivastava UC, Chandra V, Gloriosa
superba Linn. (kalihari) - An important
colchicines, 1977.
10. Clewer HWV, Green SS, Tutin F, The
constituents of Gloriosa superba, J. Chem.
Soc., 107, 1915, 835–846.
11. Shanmugam H, Rathinam R,
Chinnathambi A,Venkatesan T, Antimicrobial
and mutagenic properties of the root tubers of
gloriosa superba linn. (Kalihari), Pak. J. Bot.,
41(1), 2009, 293-299.
12. Cerquaglia C, Diaco M, Nucera G,
Regina ML, Montalto M, Manna R,
Pharmacological and Clinical Basis of
Treatment of Familial Mediterranean Fever
(FMF) with Colchicine or Analogues: An
Update, Current Drug Targets - Inflammation &
Allergy, 4, 2005, 117-124.
13. Jomy J, Jennifer F, Tanaji N, Samir N,
Alok S, Pradeep D, Analgesic and antiinflammatory
activities of the hydroalcoholic
extract from Gloriosa superba Linn.,
International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2009,
215-219.
14. Haroon K, Murad AK, Tahira M,
Muhammad IC, Antimicrobial activities of
Gloriosa superba Linn (Colchicaceae) extracts,
Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal
chemistry, 2008.
15. Subhasini R, Manimaran S, Ruckmani K,
Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and alcoholic
extracts of leaves of Gloriosa superba linn.,
Proc lnt. Congress on “Ayurveda-2000”, 216.
16. Amandeep K, Sukhdev SK, Jatinder S,
Rajinder S, Melissa A, Girish JK, Saxena AK,
Purification of 3 monomeric monocot mannosebinding
lectins and their evaluation for
antipoxviral activity: potential applications in
multiple viral diseases caused by enveloped
viruses, Biochemistry and cell biology =
Biochimie et biologie cellulaire, 85(1), 2007, 88-
95.
17. Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Elango G,
Zahir AA, Rahuman AA, Adulticidal and
larvicidal efficacy of some medicinal plant
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extracts against tick, fluke and mosquitoes, Veterinary parasitology, 2009.
18. Choochote W, Rongsriyam K, Pitasawat
B, Jitpakdi A, Rattanachanpichai E, Junkum A,
Tuetun B, Chaiwong P, Evaluation of the
colchicine-like activity of Gloriosa superbaextracted
fractions for mosquito (Diptera:
Culicidae) cytogenetic study, Journal of medical
entomology, 41(4), 2004, 672-6.
19. Zahir A, Rahuman A, Kamaraj C,
Bagavan A, Elango G, Sangaran A, Kumar B,
Laboratory determination of efficacy of
indigenous plant extracts for parasites control,
Parasitology research, 2009.
20. Nalise Low AK, Nandipha M, Hajierah D,
Ryno JN, Carminita LF,
Antithrombotic/anticoagulant and anticancer
activities of selected medicinal plants from
South Africa, African Journal of Biotechnology,
(ISSN: 1684-5315) , 7(2).
21. Chulabhorn M, Somsak R, Hunsa P,
Somchai P, Surang E, Phannipha C, Tasanee
TABLES
Table: 1- Chemical constituents of plant. [7,8,9,10]
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T, Stitaya S, Porntipa P, Biodiversity and
natural product drug discovery, Pure 81 Appl.
Chem., 70(11), 2065-2072, 1988.
22. Haroon K, Murad AK, Iqbal H, Enzyme
inhibition activities of the extracts from rhizomes
of Gloriosa superba Linn (Colchicaceae),
Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal
chemistry, 22(6), 2008, 722-5,.
23. Ramar PS, Maung MT, Ponnampalam G,
Savarimuthu I, Ethnobotanical survey of folk
plants for the treatment of snakebites in
Southern part of Tamilnadu, India, Journal of
ethnopharmacology, 115(2), 2008, 302-12.
24. Radha AKG, Siddha herbs exclusively
used in skin diseases.
25. Garima GP, Prashant YM, Vijay VB, Folk
remnedies used against respiratory disorders in
Jalgaon district, Maharashtra, Natural Product
Radiance, 7(4), 2008, 345-358.
S.
No.
PLANT PARTS CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
1. Plant Cornigerine,3-demethyl-N-formyl-N-deacetyl-blumicolchicine,
3-demethyl-g-lumicolchicine, 3demethyl
colchicines.
2. Fresh tubers
root
Colchicine, b-sitosterol, its glucoside, a long chain
fatty acid, b and g-lumiccolchicines, 2-0H-6-MeO
benzoic acid.
3. Seed High level of colchicines.
4. Young leaf Cholidonic acid.
5. Flower Luterlin and its glucosides, N-formyl-de-Ac-colchicine,
lumicolchicine.
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Table: 2- Medicinal use according to Communities. [7]
S.No. COMMUNITIES PLANT
PARTS
USES
1. Ethnic Communities of Root Gout, stomachache and as
North-East India
tonic.
2. Munda and Oraon Tuber Antifertility purpose.
3. Santal (i)Tuberous
root.
(ii) Plant
4. Ethnic Communities of
Bihar
Abortion purpose, in intermittent
fevers, wounds.
Spleen
tumours.
complaints, syphilis,
iii) Leaf Asthma.
Root Cholera, to facilitate childbirth.
5. Ethnic
Orissa
Communities of Tuber Abortifacient.
6. Tribes of Varanasi Root Gout.
7. Tribes of Pithoragarh Tuber Gonorrhoea, leprosy, piles.
8. Ethnic Communities of
Dehra Dun and Siwalik
9. Ethnic Communities of
Garhwal
Root Anthelmintic.
Tuberous
root
Abortion.
Table: 3- Medicinal use according to literature. [7]
S.No. SOURCE OF PLANT
USES
LITERATURE
PARTS
1. Charaka Samhita Plant Useful in itching, skin diseases
including wounds and ailments
caused by vitiated kapha
2. Sushruta Samhita Root
(phlegm) and vata (wind).
Can be administered to a
delivered mother along with
spirituous drink to give relieve
to her postnatal complaints.
3. Rajanighantu Plant Parts It is pungent, thermogenic,
eliminates deranged kapha
(phlegm) and vata (wind),
4. Dhanvantari Nighantu Plant Parts
terminates pregnancy.
In addition to the above, it is
also useful in dropsy, labour
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pain, wounds, and as a
purgative.
5. Madanadi Nighantu Plant Parts It is bitter, pungent,
thermogenic, abortifacient,
removes abdominal pain,
expels the placenta, cures
phlegm, skin diseases.
6. Bhavaprakasha Plant Parts It is apperient, alkaline,
astringent, pungent, bitter,
highly potent, light,
abortifacient, helps storing up
energy, excites pitta (bile), it
cures dropsy, piles, wounds,
acute spasmodic pain, and
7. Chakradatta Root-paste
8. Ayurveda (i) Roots.
ii) Rootpaste.
(iii)Leaf-juice
…End…
removes worms.
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If smeared over' the palms
and feet of a pregnant woman,
delivery of child becomes
easier.
Abortifacient, acrid, alexiteric,
anthelmintic, antipyretic, bitter,
depurative, digestive, emetic,
expectorant, gastrointestinal
irritant, highly poisonous,
purgative, rejuvenating,
stomachic, thermogenic, tonic,
beneficial in vitiated conditions
of kapha (phlegm) and vata
(wind). debility, dyspepsia,
flatulence, haemorrhoids,
helminthiasis, inflammations,
in promoting labour pain and
expulsion of the placenta.
Effective against paralysis,
rheumatism, snake bite, insect
bites.
Effective against lice.
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