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454 Chapter 10. Minimization or Maximization of Functions } lower point, i.e., do a one-dimensional contraction. ysave=yhi; ytry=amotsa(p,y,psum,ndim,pb,yb,funk,ihi,&yhi,0.5); if (ytry >= ysave) { Can’t seem to get rid of that high point. for (i=1;i
10.9 Simulated Annealing Methods 455 will be. The method has several extremely attractive features, rather unique when compared with other optimization techniques. First, it is not “greedy,” in the sense that it is not easily fooled by the quick payoff achieved by falling into unfavorable local minima. Provided that sufficiently general reconfigurations are given, it wanders freely among local minima of depth less than about T . As T is lowered, the number of such minima qualifying for frequent visits is gradually reduced. Second, configuration decisions tend to proceed in a logical order. Changes that cause the greatest energy differences are sifted over when the control parameter T is large. These decisions become more permanent as T is lowered, and attention then shifts more to smaller refinements in the solution. For example, in the traveling salesman problem with the Mississippi River twist, if λ is large, a decision to cross the Mississippi only twice is made at high T , while the specific routes on each side of the river are determined only at later stages. The analogies to thermodynamics may be pursued to a greater extent than we have done here. Quantities analogous to specific heat and entropy may be defined, and these can be useful in monitoring the progress of the algorithm towards an acceptable solution. Information on this subject is found in [1]. CITED REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING: Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C.D., and Vecchi, M.P. 1983, Science, vol. 220, pp. 671–680. [1] Kirkpatrick, S. 1984, Journal of Statistical Physics, vol. 34, pp. 975–986. [2] Vecchi, M.P. and Kirkpatrick, S. 1983, IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design, vol. CAD- 2, pp. 215–222. [3] Otten, R.H.J.M., and van Ginneken, L.P.P.P. 1989, The Annealing Algorithm (Boston: Kluwer) [contains many references to the literature]. [4] Metropolis, N., Rosenbluth, A., Rosenbluth, M., Teller A., and Teller, E. 1953, Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 21, pp. 1087–1092. [5] Lin, S. 1965, Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 44, pp. 2245–2269. [6] Vanderbilt, D., and Louie, S.G. 1984, Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 56, pp. 259–271. [7] Bohachevsky, I.O., Johnson, M.E., and Stein, M.L. 1986, Technometrics, vol. 28, pp. 209–217. [8] Corana, A., Marchesi, M., Martini, C., and Ridella, S. 1987, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, vol. 13, pp. 262–280. [9] Bélisle, C.J.P., Romeijn, H.E., and Smith, R.L. 1990, Technical Report 90–25, Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, submitted to Mathematical Programming. [10] Christofides, N., Mingozzi, A., Toth, P., and Sandi, C. (eds.) 1979, Combinatorial Optimization (London and New York: Wiley-Interscience) [not simulated annealing, but other topics and algorithms]. Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN 0-521-43108-5) Copyright (C) 1988-1992 by Cambridge University Press. Programs Copyright (C) 1988-1992 by <strong>Numerical</strong> Recipes Software. Permission is granted for internet users to make one paper copy for their own personal use. Further reproduction, or any copying of machinereadable files (including this one) to any server computer, is strictly prohibited. To order <strong>Numerical</strong> Recipes books or CDROMs, visit website http://www.nr.com or call 1-800-872-7423 (North America only), or send email to directcustserv@cambridge.org (outside North America).
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Numerical Recipes in C The Art of S
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Contents Preface to the Second Edit
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Contents vii 7.2 Transformation Met
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Contents ix 15.6 Confidence Limits
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Preface to the Second Edition Our a
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Preface to the Second Edition xiii
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Preface to the First Edition xv lin
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Types of License Offered License In
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Computer Programs by Chapter and Se
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Chapter 1. Preliminaries 1.0 Introd
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1.0 Introduction 3 Tested Machines
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1.1 Program Organization and Contro
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true 1.1 Program Organization and C
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} 1.2 Some C Conventions for Scient
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1.2 Some C Conventions for Scientif
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(a) **m (b) **m 1.2 Some C Conventi
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= 0 3 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 1 ⁄ 2 1
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1.3 Error, Accuracy, and Stability
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2.0 Introduction 33 Accumulated rou
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2.0 Introduction 35 between singula
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2.1 Gauss-Jordan Elimination 37 Eli
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2.1 Gauss-Jordan Elimination 39 pre
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2.2 Gaussian Elimination with Backs
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2.3 LU Decomposition and Its Applic
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a b c d 2.3 LU Decomposition and It
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} 2.3 LU Decomposition and Its Appl
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2.3 LU Decomposition and Its Applic
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2.4 Tridiagonal and Band Diagonal S
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2.4 Tridiagonal and Band Diagonal S
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δx 2.5 Iterative Improvement of a
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2.5 Iterative Improvement of a Solu
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2.6 Singular Value Decomposition 59
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SVD of a Square Matrix 2.6 Singular
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solutions of A ⋅ x = d null space
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} 2.6 Singular Value Decomposition
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2.7 Sparse Linear Systems 2.7 Spars
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2.7 Sparse Linear Systems 73 prescr
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2.7 Sparse Linear Systems 75 Here
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2.7 Sparse Linear Systems 77 Finall
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2.7 Sparse Linear Systems 79 In row
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} 2.7 Sparse Linear Systems 81 jp=i
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2.7 Sparse Linear Systems 83 Matrix
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2.7 Sparse Linear Systems 85 while
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p=dvector(1,n); pp=dvector(1,n); r=
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} 2.7 Sparse Linear Systems 89 void
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2.8 Vandermonde Matrices and Toepli
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2.9 Cholesky Decomposition 97 If yo
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2.10 QR Decomposition 99 The standa
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#include #include "nrutil.h" 2.10
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in terms of which 2.11 Is Matrix In
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Chapter 3. Interpolation and Extrap
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(a) (b) 3.0 Introduction 107 Figure
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3.1 Polynomial Interpolation and Ex
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3.2 Rational Function Interpolation
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3.3 Cubic Spline Interpolation 113
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3.3 Cubic Spline Interpolation 115
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3.4 How to Search an Ordered Table
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} 3.4 How to Search an Ordered Tabl
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#include "nrutil.h" 3.5 Coefficient
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3.6 Interpolation in Two or More Di
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} int j; float *ymtmp; 3.6 Interpol
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3.6 Interpolation in Two or More Di
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Chapter 4. Integration of Functions
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4.1 Classical Formulas for Equally
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#define FUNC(x) ((*func)(x)) 4.2 El
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4.2 Elementary Algorithms 139 trapz
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4.4 Improper Integrals 141 which co
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4.4 Improper Integrals 143 The rout
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4.4 Improper Integrals 145 If you n
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4.5 Gaussian Quadratures and Orthog
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Gauss-Legendre: Gauss-Chebyshev: Ga
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} 4.5 Gaussian Quadratures and Orth
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4.6 Multidimensional Integrals 161
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y 4.6 Multidimensional Integrals 16
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Chapter 5. Evaluation of Functions
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5.1 Series and Their Convergence 16
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5.2 Evaluation of Continued Fractio
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5.2 Evaluation of Continued Fractio
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5.3 Polynomials and Rational Functi
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5.3 Polynomials and Rational Functi
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5.4 Complex Arithmetic 177 Actually
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5.5 Recurrence Relations and Clensh
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5.5 Recurrence Relations and Clensh
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5.6 Quadratic and Cubic Equations 1
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5.6 Quadratic and Cubic Equations 1
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5.7 Numerical Derivatives 187 With
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} 5.7 Numerical Derivatives 189 The
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Chebyshev polynomials 1 .5 0 −.5
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} 5.8 Chebyshev Approximation 193 f
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5.9 Derivatives or Integrals of a C
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5.10 Polynomial Approximation from
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5.11 Economization of Power Series
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5.12 Padé Approximants 201 then R(
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5.12 Padé Approximants 203 cof[2*n
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5.13 Rational Chebyshev Approximati
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5.13 Rational Chebyshev Approximati
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5.14 Evaluation of Functions by Pat
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5.14 Evaluation of Functions by Pat
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6.1 Gamma, Beta, and Related Functi
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6.1 Gamma, Beta, and Related Functi
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incomplete gamma function P(a,x) 1.
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} void nrerror(char error_text[]);
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#include 6.2 Incomplete Gamma Func
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6.3 Exponential Integrals 223 where
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6.3 Exponential Integrals 225 #incl
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6.4 Incomplete Beta Function 227 Th
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6.4 Incomplete Beta Function 229 So
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Bessel functions 1 .5 0 −.5 −1
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} 6.5 Bessel Functions of Integer O
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6.5 Bessel Functions of Integer Ord
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modified Bessel functions 4 3 2 1 6
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6.6 Modified Bessel Functions of In
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6.7 Bessel Functions of Fractional
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} 6.7 Bessel Functions of Fractiona
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6.8 Spherical Harmonics 253 The fir
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6.9 Fresnel Integrals, Cosine and S
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} 6.9 Fresnel Integrals, Cosine and
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} 6.10 Dawson’s Integral 259 } if
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6.11 Elliptic Integrals and Jacobia
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where 6.11 Elliptic Integrals and J
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#define TINY 1.0e-25 #define BIG 4.
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6.11 Elliptic Integrals and Jacobia
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6.12 Hypergeometric Functions 271 C
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#include "complex.h" #define ONE Co
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7.1 Uniform Deviates 275 As for ref
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7.1 Uniform Deviates 277 This corre
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#define IA 16807 #define IM 2147483
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RAN 3 1 7.1 Uniform Deviates 281 iy
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7.1 Uniform Deviates 283 from the w
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7.1 Uniform Deviates 285 Constants
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7.2 Transformation Method: Exponent
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7.2 Transformation Method: Exponent
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first random deviate in 7.3 Rejecti
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} 7.3 Rejection Method: Gamma, Pois
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} 7.3 Rejection Method: Gamma, Pois
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7.4 Generation of Random Bits 297 s
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} } *iseed
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7.5 Random Sequences Based on Data
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} } 7.5 Random Sequences Based on D
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7.6 Simple Monte Carlo Integration
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7.6 Simple Monte Carlo Integration
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7.7 Quasi- (that is, Sub-) Random S
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} 7.7 Quasi- (that is, Sub-) Random
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7.8 Adaptive and Recursive Monte Ca
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} } 7.8 Adaptive and Recursive Mont
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} 7.8 Adaptive and Recursive Monte
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Chapter 8. Sorting 8.0 Introduction
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8.1 Straight Insertion and Shell’
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8.2 Quicksort 333 question of the b
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8.2 Quicksort 335 istack=lvector(1,
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a 4 a 2 8.3 Heapsort 337 a 5 a 1 a
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original array 1 2 3 4 5 6 14 8 32
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8.5 Selecting the Mth Largest 341 w
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8.5 Selecting the Mth Largest 343 r
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} } } } 8.6 Determination of Equiva
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Chapter 9. Root Finding and Nonline
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9.0 Introduction 349 good first gue
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(a) (b) (c) (d) 9.1 Bracketing and
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Bisection Method 9.1 Bracketing and
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9.2 Secant Method, False Position M
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} 9.2 Secant Method, False Position
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} 9.3 Van Wijngaarden-Dekker-Brent
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9.3 Van Wijngaarden-Dekker-Brent Me
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9.4 Newton-Raphson Method Using Der
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9.4 Newton-Raphson Method Using Der
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} 9.4 Newton-Raphson Method Using D
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9.5 Roots of Polynomials 9.5 Roots
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9.5 Roots of Polynomials 371 tentat
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9.5 Roots of Polynomials 373 The me
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Eigenvalue Methods 9.5 Roots of Pol
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9.5 Roots of Polynomials 377 of goi
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9.6 Newton-Raphson Method for Nonli
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9.6 Newton-Raphson Method for Nonli
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9.7 Globally Convergent Methods for
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X1 A B C 10.0 Introduction 395 D Fi
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10.1 Golden Section Search in One D
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10.1 Golden Section Search in One D
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} } 10.1 Golden Section Search in O
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Page 481 and 482: Definitions and Basic Facts 11.0 In
Page 483 and 484: 11.0 Introduction 459 In both the d
Page 485 and 486: 11.0 Introduction 461 “Eigenpacka
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12.2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 5
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12.2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 5
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Other FFT Algorithms 12.2 Fast Four
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12.3 FFT of Real Functions, Sine an
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12.3 FFT of Real Functions, Sine an
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(a) (b) (c) +1 0 −1 +1 0 −1 +1
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#include 12.3 FFT of Real Function
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} 12.3 FFT of Real Functions, Sine
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} } } 12.4 FFT in Two or More Dimen
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data [1] Re Im 12.4 FFT in Two or M
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12.5 Fourier Transforms of Real Dat
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12.6 External Storage or Memory-Loc
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} } 12.6 External Storage or Memory
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Chapter 13. Fourier and Spectral Ap
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(t) r*s(t) 13.1 Convolution and Dec
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13.1 Convolution and Deconvolution
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13.1 Convolution and Deconvolution
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13.2 Correlation and Autocorrelatio
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13.3 Optimal (Wiener) Filtering wit
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log scale 13.4 Power Spectrum Estim
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13.4 Power Spectrum Estimation Usin
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amplitude 1 .8 .6 .4 .2 0 13.4 Powe
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13.5 Digital Filtering in the Time
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IIR (Recursive) Filters 13.5 Digita
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(a) (b) 13.5 Digital Filtering in t
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13.6 Linear Prediction and Linear P
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} 13.6 Linear Prediction and Linear
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13.7 Maximum Entropy (All Poles) Me
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13.8 Spectral Analysis of Unevenly
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} 13.8 Spectral Analysis of Unevenl
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} 13.8 Spectral Analysis of Unevenl
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13.9 Computing Fourier Integrals Us
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Cubic order: 13.9 Computing Fourier
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13.9 Computing Fourier Integrals Us
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13.10 Wavelet Transforms 591 The sp
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13.10 Wavelet Transforms 593 p.”
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13.10 Wavelet Transforms 595 comple
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} 13.10 Wavelet Transforms 597 wfil
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.2 0 −.2 .2 0 −.2 DAUB4 e10 + e
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wavelet amplitude 1.5 1 .5 .0001 10
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} nprev=nnew; } free_vector(wksp,1,
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13.10 Wavelet Transforms 605 Figure
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13.11 Numerical Use of the Sampling
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Chapter 14. Statistical Description
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14.1 Moments of a Distribution: Mea
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14.1 Moments of a Distribution: Mea
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14.2 Do Two Distributions Have the
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14.3 Are Two Distributions Differen
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1. male 2. female . 14.4 Contingenc
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14.4 Contingency Table Analysis of
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14.5 Linear Correlation 637 two dis
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14.6 Nonparametric or Rank Correlat
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} } 14.7 Do Two-Dimensional Distrib
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14.7 Do Two-Dimensional Distributio
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14.8 Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filte
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8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 befor
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14.8 Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filte
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15.1 Least Squares as a Maximum Lik
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15.1 Least Squares as a Maximum Lik
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15.2 Fitting Data to a Straight Lin
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15.2 Fitting Data to a Straight Lin
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15.3 Straight-Line Data with Errors
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15.3 Straight-Line Data with Errors
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15.4 General Linear Least Squares 6
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} 15.4 General Linear Least Squares
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15.5 Nonlinear Models 681 Lawson, C
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15.5 Nonlinear Models 683 Note that
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15.5 Nonlinear Models 685 pivots, b
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#include "nrutil.h" 15.5 Nonlinear
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15.6 Confidence Limits on Estimated
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actual data set 15.6 Confidence Lim
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15.7 Robust Estimation 699 M� 1 C
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15.7 Robust Estimation 701 where th
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15.7 Robust Estimation 703 algorith
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} *a=aa; *b=bb; *abdev=abdevt/ndata
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Chapter 16. Integration of Ordinary
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16.0 Introduction 709 problem where
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y(x) 16.1 Runge-Kutta Method 711 1
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} 16.1 Runge-Kutta Method 713 yt=ve
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16.2 Adaptive Stepsize Control for
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16.3 Modified Midpoint Method 723 H
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16.4 Richardson Extrapolation and t
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16.5 Second-Order Conservative Equa
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y 16.6 Stiff Sets of Equations 735
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16.6 Stiff Sets of Equations 737 If
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16.6 Stiff Sets of Equations 739 od
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} 16.6 Stiff Sets of Equations 741
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16.6 Stiff Sets of Equations 743 Co
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16.6 Stiff Sets of Equations 745 Se
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} 16.7 Multistep, Multivalue, and P
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16.7 Multistep, Multivalue, and Pre
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16.7 Multistep, Multivalue, and Pre
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Chapter 17. Two Point Boundary Valu
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equired boundary value 17.0 Introdu
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17.1 The Shooting Method 17.1 The S
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} 17.1 The Shooting Method 759 floa
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17.2 Shooting to a Fitting Point 76
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17.3 Relaxation Methods 763 depende
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X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
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17.3 Relaxation Methods 767 Next co
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17.3 Relaxation Methods 769 calcula
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} 17.3 Relaxation Methods 771 for (
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17.4 A Worked Example: Spheroidal H
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} 17.4 A Worked Example: Spheroidal
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17.5 Automated Allocation of Mesh P
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17.6 Handling Internal Boundary Con
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17.6 Handling Internal Boundary Con
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18.0 Introduction 789 is called a F
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18.1 Fredholm Equations of the Seco
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#include "nrutil.h" 18.1 Fredholm E
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18.2 Volterra Equations 795 in §18
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18.3 Integral Equations with Singul
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f (x) 1 .5 0 −.5 0 18.3 Integral
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18.4 Inverse Problems and the Use o
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18.4 Inverse Problems and the Use o
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18.5 Linear Regularization Methods
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18.6 Backus-Gilbert Method 815 nece
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18.6 Backus-Gilbert Method 817 Subs
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18.7 Maximum Entropy Image Restorat
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Chapter 19. Partial Differential Eq
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19.0 Introduction 829 possible stab
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y L ∆ y1 19.0 Introduction 831 A
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19.0 Introduction 833 So-called rap
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19.1 Flux-Conservative Initial Valu
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t or n 19.1 Flux-Conservative Initi
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19.2 Diffusive Initial Value Proble
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19.2 Diffusive Initial Value Proble
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and the heuristic stability criteri
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19.3 Initial Value Problems in Mult
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19.3 Initial Value Problems in Mult
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19.4 Fourier and Cyclic Reduction M
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FACR Method 19.5 Relaxation Methods
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19.5 Relaxation Methods for Boundar
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19.6 Multigrid Methods for Boundary
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S S S E γ = 1 19.6 Multigrid Metho
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} 19.6 Multigrid Methods for Bounda
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#include 19.6 Multigrid Methods fo
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Chapter 20. Less-Numerical Algorith
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20.1 Diagnosing Machine Parameters
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20.1 Diagnosing Machine Parameters
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(a) G(i) (b) MSB 4 3 2 1 0 LSB i MS
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20.3 Cyclic Redundancy and Other Ch
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} 20.4 Huffman Coding and Compressi
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20.4 Huffman Coding and Compression
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} 20.4 Huffman Coding and Compressi
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} } } 20.4 Huffman Coding and Compr
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1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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20.5 Arithmetic Coding 913 Individu
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20.6 Arithmetic at Arbitrary Precis
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} for (j=n;j>=1;j--) { ireg=u[j]+HI
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#include "nrutil.h" #define RX 256.
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} 20.6 Arithmetic at Arbitrary Prec
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