WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS - Cd3wd

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vii A number of copies of this book were photocopied and sold since 1994, and several organizations opted to buy the permission to edit and photocopy at will, as mentioned in the previous preface. But things have slowed down such that economically there is no point in continuing this process. While some of the prices are outdated, the author believes there is considerable basic information in this book that is still quite valid. Therefore the decision was made to scan in some of the figures and photographs and prepare these files in PDF format. The only change made was to put references at the end of each chapter rather than at the end of the book. Except for the photographs copyrighted by others, this material should be considered as in the public domain. May it yet serve a role in establishing wind power as a significant source of electrical energy throughout the world. November, 2001 Wind Energy Systems by Dr. Gary L. Johnson December 10, 2001
Chapter 1—Introduction 1–1 INTRODUCTION Look at the ships also:, though they are so great and are driven by strong winds, they are guided by a very small rudder wherever the will of the pilot directs. James 3:4 The wind is a free, clean, and inexhaustible energy source. It has served mankind well for many centuries by propelling ships and driving wind turbines to grind grain and pump water. Interest in wind power lagged, however, when cheap and plentiful petroleum products became available after World War II. The high capital costs and the uncertainty of the wind placed wind power at an economic disadvantage. Then in 1973, the Arab nations placed an embargo on petroleum. The days of cheap and plentiful petroleum were drawing to an end. People began to realize that the world’s oil supplies would not last forever and that remaining supplies should be conserved for the petrochemical industry. The use of oil as a boiler fuel, for example, would have to be eliminated. Other energy sources besides oil and natural gas must be developed. The two energy sources besides petroleum which have been assumed able to supply the long term energy needs of the United States are coal and nuclear energy. Many people think there is enough coal for several centuries at present rates of consumption, and likewise for nuclear energy after the breeder reactor is fully developed. These are proven resources in the sense that the technology is highly developed, and large coal and nuclear powered electrical generating plants are in operation and are delivering substantial blocks of energy to the consumer. Unfortunately, both coal and nuclear present serious environmental problems. Coal requires large scale mining operations, leaving land that is difficult or impossible to restore to usefulness in many cases. The combustion of coal may upset the planet’s heat balance. The production of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide may affect the atmosphere and the ability of the planet to produce food for its people. Coal is also a valuable petrochemical feedstock and many consider the burning of it as a boiler fuel to be foolish. Nuclear energy has several advantages over coal in that no carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide are produced, mining operations are smaller scale, and it has no other major use besides supplying heat. The major difficulty is the problem of waste disposal, which, because of the fears of many, will probably never have a truly satisfying solution. Because of these problems, wind power and other forms of solar power are being strongly encouraged. Wind power may become a major source of energy in spite of slightly higher costs than coal or nuclear power because of the basically non-economic or political problems of coal and nuclear power. This is not to say that wind power will always be more expensive than coal or nuclear power, because considerable progress is being made in making wind power less expensive. But even without a clear cost advantage, wind power may become truly important in the world energy picture. Wind Energy Systems by Dr. Gary L. Johnson November 20, 2001
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