The Limit.pdf

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T H E L I M I TS
BY LYDIA HAN - [310]8802976 / www.njoyit.cc
Instructor - Paul Hauge | Art Center College Of Design
All Copyright Reserved. Please disturb, copy and share!
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THANKS TO SCIENTISTS, WE CAN UNDERSTAND THE LIMITS OF OUR EXISTENCE
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CONTENTS:
CH1
GLOBAL
DESTRUCTION
Industrial Development
/ P1-4
Population Growth
/ P6-12
CH2
SYSTEM
BREAKDOWN
6

Extraction
/ P14-18
Production
/ P20-22
Consumption
/ P20-22
Disposal
/P24-26
Waste
/P28-30
CH3
/
DESIGN
INVENTION
Sciences
/ P24-28
Design inputs
P28-36
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Industrial revolution transformed human in
relationship with our environments. Since then,
acceleration of population and production
became the symbolic means in human nature.
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CH1.1
Industrial
Development
P 1 - 4
Sectors
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
10

Definition
Extraction of resources from earth
Processing products
Provision of services
Research of science and technology
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GLOBAL
INDUTRIAL
COMPOSITION
OF SECTORS
Industrial Composition
of machine powered
transportation, mass
production mobilization
12

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A CENTURY AGO,
ANNUAL GROWTH IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
WAS MEASURED IN BILLIONS, NOW IN TRILLIONS.
POPULATION
ARGRICULTURE
LAND
FARM
14

35000000000
3500000000
350000000
35000000
3500000
350000
35000
3500
350
30
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0

GROWING
16

The Cost Position in the Environmental Side
The industrial development have began since in the mid 1700s . The earth starts to reveal
its impacts until some 200 years after its beginnings.
2005
1995
1895
1865
DRAWNDING
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ECOLOGICAL
DAMAGE
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Acid rain
Lost Habitat
Global warming
Cause: Addition of gases to the
atmosphere through burning fossil
fuels, agricultural practices and
industrial practices that raise the
temperature of the Earth.
Effect: incidence of storms, decertification,
range of tropical diseases,
melting glaciers and polar ice,
changes in marine ecologies and
possible changes to ocean currents.
Ozone depletion
Cause: Emissions of chlorinated
fluorocarbons (CFC’s). Ozone in
the upper atmosphere is destroyed,
leading to holes above the North and
South poles.
Effect: Leading to cancers and
cataracts. Also reduces the productivity
of plants, affects marine algae
and affects the life forms in high
latitudes.
Acid rain
Caused by the release of acidic
gases, primarily from burning fossil
fuels and other chemicals.
Effect: The acids dissolve aluminum
and other metals from soils to the
level at which they become toxic to
plants and to aquatic organisms.
Acidic rain dissolves cement and
minerals in the built environment.
Lost habitat
Cause: the physical modification or
destruction of natural habitats. Ecosystems
are destroyed to provide for
agriculture, roads and urban growth.
Effect: loss of biodiversity on the
planet.
18

HUMAN HEALTH
DAMAGE
RESOURCE
DEPLETION
Air pollutants
Fossil fuels
Substances
Fresh water
Carcinogens
Minerals
Topsoil
Air pollutants
Caused: The emissions of nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic substances
that generate ground level
ozone in the presence of sunlight.
Substances
Effect: Non-cancer causing substances
can include skin irritants,
growth inhibitors, and hormone
disrupting chemicals. Potential toxic
effects can include transient irritation,
physical or mental disability,
inhibition of physical or mental development,
temporary or permanent
disability and/or death.
Carcinogens
Cause: cancer-causing substances
that can cause permanent disability
and death. Mutagens are substances
that can cause genetic mutation.
Most carcinogenic substances are
also mutagenic.
Effect: Teratogenic are substances
that can cause defects in developing
babies in the womb.
Water & Minerals
Consumption of fresh water are
typically not recoverable. Access
to clean potable water is a growing
international problem. Metal ores
are converted into metal alloys that
are eventually oxidized or dispersed
as waste that is often not recycled.
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NATURAL DESASTER
This image is in the infrared, and maps
out the heat emitted from Earth. Brighter
spots are giving off more IR like the desert
region in southwest South America, and
the western most tip of Africa peaking over
on the right and darker spots show areas
where less IR is emitted.
20

Climate
Changes
Very Cold Cold Cool Warm Hot
CO2 FIELDS
0-100 MW
100-500 MW
500-1000 MW
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CH1.2
Popilation
Growth
P 22- 28
In November 1St, 2011.
0 7 , 0 0 0
22

The World’s Population Has Reached
, 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 PEOPLE
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24
THE ULTIMATE RECESSION

High oil prices, food and water shortages, disappearing forests, climate
change that will lead to forced migration and mass civil disruption.”
–U.K. Government Scientific Advisor
The world’s population is about 7 billion and it is expanding rapidly. Every day we share
the earth and its |resources with over 350,000 more people than the day before; every
year. There are another 95 million mouths to feed. It is the equivalent of adding a Philadelphia
lo the world population every weeks; a Los Angeles every two weeks; Mexico
every year; and a US and Canada every three years.
Though fertility rates are dropping, population growth ensures that at least another
3 billion people will be added lo the planet between now and the year 2025; it could be
as high as 5 billion. At present growth rates, 1 billion people are added lo the human ark
every 1 I years. The 9-billion inhabitant will be born sometime during 2025. If current
trends are reversed, or at Ieast slowed down. We could be facing a global population of
around 10 billion by the year 2050. But the problem is not population growth per se. It is
that over 90 percent of births now take place in the countries least able to cope with the
resource and environmental consequences. Between now and the turn of the century,
the number of people in the Third World will grow by over 900 million, or 24.6%. Meanwhile
the population of industrialized countries will grow by only 56 million or 5.2 %.
High Birth Rates
In The Third World the populations of most
developing countries are growing at well
over 2% a year, many top 3% which means
that their numbers will double in less than
23 years.
High Fertility: High Mortality
The contrast between the rich and poor
worlds is comparisons of life expectancy at
birth and infant mortality rules. Even after
the improvement of the last 40 years.
Crucial Role for Women
The status of women is particularly crucial
for bringing down population growth rates.
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Realization In the Cost of Death
Since the middle of the twentieth century, food demand has increased at an
unprecedented pace. Most of the growth has been demographic, with human
numbers rising from 2.47 billion in 1950 to 6.06 billion in 2000 and 6.70 billion
today. But living standards have also improved in recent decades – especially
in Asia, where more than half the human population resides. As a result, what
we eat has changed substantially. For example, fruits and vegetables are now
a more important part of the diet than historically. In addition, consumption of
livestock products has increased, which has driven up the demand for corn and
other feed grains eaten by cattle, pigs, chickens, and other livestock.
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Industrialisation (British English) or Industrialization (North American English) is the process of social and
economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarial society into an industrial one. It is a part
of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with
technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production.
It is the extensive organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.[2]
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT
{TOP 10 COUNTRY}
{TOP 100 CITY}
CHiNA
Shanghai, China
London,uk
Kaifeng, China
Ahmadabad, India
INDIA
Buenos Aires,argentina Beijing, China
Calcutt, India
Los Angeles, US
Maharashtra, India
Tehran, Iran
Toronto, Canada
Pusan, South Korea
JAPAN
Karachi, Pakistan
Nanchong, China
Rangoon, Myanmar
Abidjans, Ivory Coast
MOSCO
Mexico Citt, Mexico Bogota, Colombia
Sydne, Australia
Kano, Nigeria
BRASIL
Delhi, India
Hong Kong,china
Chennai, India
Hyderabad, India
UNIT STATE
Manila,philippines
Lahore, Pakistan
Riyad, Saudi Arabia
Puyang, China
ENGLAND
Moscow, Russia
Rio De Janeiro, Brazi Wuhan, China
POLAN
Dhaka,bangladesh
Baghdad, Iraq
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Seoul, South Korea Tai'an, China
Chongqing, China
1sao Paulo, Brazil
Santiago De Chile, Chile Chengdu, China
Tai-pei, Taiwan
Krung Thep, Thailand) Chittagong,Bangladesh
Kinshasa, Congo
Bengaluru, India
Alexandria, Egypt
Lima, Peru
Yueyang, China
Tianjin, China
Cairo, Egypt
Santiago, Chile
Melbourne, Australia
28

List of countries by industrial outputs
The population explosion began in the West, around the middle of the century. Until
then the numbers of people in me world had grown, bur slowly, from about 150 million at
the time or Chris: to somewhere around 500 million. Births and deaths had more or less
cancelled each other out. But then the rate of increase quickened dramatically: by 1850
there were some 1,200 million people on earth and the growth rate continued to rise. The
reason was the invention of machinery. As Peter Adamson, a consultant to the United
Nations Children‘s Fund (UNICEF), once said, not that people suddenly started breeding
like rabbits: it is just that they stopped dying like flies.”
Eventually, people in industrialized countries became more prosperous„ birth rates
fell until once again they virtually matched the number of deaths. Populations in Europe
and North America have all but stabilized: in all most every country they are growing
at less than 1 per cent. Were it not for immigration, most of Europe’s population would
hardly grow al all during the |9905. Three countries - Austria, Belgium and Italy- have
already achieved zero population growth; while in Germany and Hungary the population
is actually declining. Industrialized countries have completed the demographic. Third
World numbers have yet to do so. Since the Second World War, death rates have fallen
dramatically in developing countries, partly as a result of the against killer diseases like
small box and malaria. Indeed, they fell much faster than they had done during Europe‘s
population explosion. But the fall in death rates has not been preceded by an equivalent
agricultural revolution, nor accompanied by similar economic development - and there
are no colonies to take the overflow. Birth rates have declined Somewhat, but they remain
high, and may not fall enough to complex the transition.
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We’ve only emphasized
economy growth and
didn't worry about our
futuer of efficiency.
Technically, we set up a
“linear” system of low
information quality.
30

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CH2.1
Extraction
P32 – 35
32

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Extraction from the Nature
The most destructive stage to both mankind and nature. At this point, the product
manufacturer has already come up with design specs and knows exactly what role the
earth will play in making its product a consumer reality. Extraction refers the process
of exploiting natural resources—water, wood, metals, minerals, etc. For product manufacturing.
The circuit board of a cell phone is made up of mined, raw metals such as
copper, gold, lead, nickel, and zinc. Crude oil is also used to make the necessary plastic,
while nonmetallic minerals like sand and limestone go into to the fiberglass also found
in the unit. The mining of these raw metals is environmentally destructive and energyintensive.
Tremendous amounts of earth must first be removed in order to reach the ore,
heavy-duty industrial machinery then must extract it from its resting place, the ore then
must be transported to smeltering facilities, and finally it must be processed.
A significant portion of the energy used in these processes is derived from coal, which
too, must be mined from the earth. As coal is burned to create energy, heavy amounts
of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. Metals are commonly extracted
from open-pit mines, which leave behind gaping holes on the earth’s surface, and are
often converted into landfills once the available natural resources are depleted. Perhaps
the best well-known metal of all, one found in a cell phone’s circuit board, and most
commonly in popular jewelry, is gold. It is estimated that in order to produce one ton
of gold for commercial use, 300,000 tons of ore must be extracted from the earth and
processed. Once the raw ore is extracted from the earth, the available one ton of this
precious metal is then itself extracted from the some 300,000 tons of ore—other rock,
mineral, and metals. A process known as cyanide heap leaching is commonly used to
separate the element from the rest of the conglomeration. A cyanide solution is poured
down from the top of a pile of ore, and as the solution slowly makes its way to the bottom,
it removes the bits and pieces of gold from the rest of the other metals and minerals.
The problem, of course, is the extremely toxic residue left over from the process.
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MANUFACTURING
Extraction
Production
Packaging
Distribution
Extraction
Extraction refers the process of
exploiting natural resources—water,
wood, metals, minerals, etc.—for
product manufacturing. The circuit
board of a cell phone is made up of
mined, raw metals such as copper,
gold, lead, nickel, and zinc. Crude oil
is also used to make the necessary
plastic, while nonmetallic minerals
like sand and limestone go into to
the fiberglass also found in the unit.
Production
Here, extracted natural resources
are either placed directly into the
product, or they are further refined
and processed into synthetic
elements used to manufacture and
assemble the product (crude oil and
limestone as used to create fiberglass).
Effect: enormous amounts of
energy are used, often coming from
nonrenewable forms of energy like
coal and natural gas, leaving behind
a sizeable carbon footprint.
Packaging
Standard packaging may consist of
either a transparent plastic clamshell,
or a cardboard outer wrapper
with an inner cardboard or plastic
tray. Different Product refer to different
packaging materials.
The range of possible effects is large
and methods of assessing these
impacts are still developing.
Distribution
The packaged goods are then loaded
on trucks, trains, or airplanes and
are shipped around the world.
The cardboard and plastic needed
for packaging demands natural
resource like trees and crude oil.
Effect of toxic substances on plants,
animals and other biota in the natural
environment.
36

CONSUME
WASTE
Use
Land Filled
Synesthe
Use
is marked primarily by the consumer.
The Materials Economy makes it
too easy to ignore the reality behind
what is sitting in front of the consumer,
just waiting to be picked up
and purchased.
Land Filled
Recycling plays a crucial role in softening
this impact. The EPA reports
that only ten percent of unwanted
cell phones are recycled each year,
while the rest eventually make their
way to landfills or are incinerated,
releasing toxic ground and air pollutants.
Synesthe
Consumption of fresh water are
typically not recoverable. Access
to clean potable water is a growing
international problem. Metal ores
are converted into metal alloys that
are eventually oxidized or dispersed
as waste that is often not recycled.
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CH2.2
Production
P40-42
38

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Energy Consumed in Manufacturing Process
The industrial sector consumes more natural resources than other sectors . At the
same time, total industrial energy consumption has remained greater than total energy
consumption in the other end use categories.i Industrial energy consumption has also
shown greater responsiveness to energy price increases than the other categories.
Sector energy consumption and energy intensity 1999-2002
Sector Energy Consumption Value
Chemical manufacturing 3,769 8.5
Petroleum refining 3,086 16.1
Pulp and paper 2,361 15.2
Iron and steel 1,455 27.8
Food manufacturing 1,116 2.6
Transportation equipment
424
0.7
Cement 409 56.0
Fabricated metal
387
1.7
Wood products 375 4.2
Alumina and aluminum 351 12.2
Metal casting
157
5.6
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CH2.3
Consumption
P42-45
42

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1
What you use at work
2
What you use go to work
3
What you do after work
44

3 Categories of Consumer Products
Convenience Products – These are products that appeal to a very large market segment.
They are generally consumed regularly and purchased frequently. Examples
include most household items such as food, cleaning products, and personal care
products. Because of the high purchase volume, pricing per item tends to be relatively
low and consumers often see little value in shopping around since additional effort yields
minimal savings. From the marketer’s perspective the low price of convenience products
means that profit per unit sold is very low. In order to make high profits marketers must
sell in large volume. Consequently, marketers attempt to distribute these products in
mass through as many retail outlets as possible.
Shopping Products – These are products consumers purchase and consume on a less
frequent schedule compared to convenience products. Consumers are willing to spend
more time locating these products since they are relatively more expensive than convenience
products and because these may possess additional psychological benefits
for the purchaser, such as raising their perceived status level within their social group.
Examples include many clothing products, personal services, electronic products, and
household furnishings. Because consumers are purchasing less frequently and are
willing to shop to locate these products, the target market is much smaller than that of
convenience goods. Consequently, marketers often are more selective when choosing
distribution outlets to sell their products.
Specialty Products – These are products that tend to carry a high price tag relative
to convenience and shopping products. Consumption may occur at about the same rate
as shopping products but consumers are much more selective. In fact, in many cases
consumers know in advance which product they prefer and will not shop to compare
products. But they may shop at retailers that provide the best value. Examples include
high-end luxury automobiles, expensive champagne, and celebrity hair care experts. The
In addition to the three main categories above, products are classified
in at least two additional ways:
Emergency Products – These are products a customer seeks due
to sudden events and for which pre-purchase planning is not
considered. Often the decision is one of convenience
Unsought Products – Unplanned by the consumer but occur as a
result of marketer’s actions. Such purchase decisions are made
when the customer is exposed to promotional activity, such as
a salesperson’s persuasion or purchase incentives like special
discounts offered to certain online shoppers. These promotional
activities often lead customers to engage in Impulse Purchasing.
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CH2.4
Waste
P46-49
46

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48
Controlled Waste

The Most Uncontrolled Waste
Hazardous waste sites come in all sizes, shapes and levels of complexity. Some sites
consist of a few abandoned drums left in an unobtrusive location, while other sites
cover many acres and are located in a populated area. A site may be contaminated by
One chemical, or there may be a complex mixture of chemicals affecting a region.
Most things we use in our daily life are recyclable. It takes a little effort at first but once
you get into the habit of doing it, it will come naturally. We owe this much to our environment.
Using it luxuriously and vainly will deplete it of its resources and our generations
to come would suffer. Let’s be a better citizen and buy a recycle bin today!
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System Breakdown
Products in the Materials Economy follow a life cycle, just as living things in the natural
world fulfill a life cycle by which they are born, grow older, and eventually die. The life
cycle of any given product observes the following pattern: Consumer products manufactured
and sold in the Materials Economy follow linear life cycles—cycles, which like
natural resources themselves—are finite. Throwaway products are a key component to
the success of the Materials Economy, as they provide an unending cycle of supply and
demand. Planned obsolescence is the other key component, which ensures that yesterday’s
hot buy quickly becomes tomorrow’s flop, aggressively prompting consumers to
keep up with all the latest fashions and trends.
Just like the carrot leading the donkey, the manufacturer is always one step ahead,
and the consumer can never get enough. Since its inception some sixty-plus years ago,
the Materials Economy has proven to be both unsustainable and unacceptable. Excess
and intemperance run deep in the Materials Economy, where more is better, and the idea
of happiness and peace of mind are sold in the promise of tomorrow’s purchase.To better
understand the impact of the Materials Economy on societies, cultures, and the environment,
it can be helpful to examine the life cycle of any one of its products. The linear
evolution of a product reveals the flaws of the Materials Economy itself, for the product
is merely a microcosm of the system as a whole.
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This chapter looks at the ecological economy as a
stage of human development. The New productive
forces based in human cultural development have redefined
the nature of wealth. Real development can
now only be defined in terms of individual, community
and ecological regeneration to better the future.
52

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CH3
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The New Green Economy
Out with the old and in with the new. Individuals, communities, businesses and organizations,
cultures and societies can no longer depend on the Materials Economy. The planet
cannot support it indefinitely. A new language of economics is needed—one that understands
that product life cycles must mirror the circular life cycles as found in nature;
one that recognizes the true value and worth of people and the environment; one where
peace of mind and happiness are not measured in dollar amounts or through accumulation
of materials goods. Product lifecycles in the sustainable economy are circular rather
than linear—by design. Waste is eliminated—by design. And for energy, the waves, the
sun, and the wind can provide clean and unlimited amounts of it—eliminating the need
for electric bills, lowering food and transportation costs, and providing the opportunity
for humanity to acheive one of its greatest challenges—a sustainable and meaningful
quality of life for all its members.
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Design have to consider
What it takes, what it makes, and what it wastes.
Base on the researching facts of Sustainability. It made my design belief more stronger
than even. I belief, all designer, can use our creativ- ity to exchange social good. No matter
design for a individual client or work in big corporation or community group. Designer
can always seek opportunity to educate and influence others. I demonstrate my real- izing
by dividing the system into three layer. Which are: the individuals, organizations and
governments. Each layer have its own character- istics and it can be approached
differently with design method. Even though my current understanding of Sustainability
are in the beginning stage. It may required more time or even my life time to examine its
ef- fectiveness. But I would love to continue my research and study in this area. I did a
book to defines my thinking and ideas. I will upload the book content ( not yet finished)
together with this essay.
Here are some of the details about the design system that I have go through in the book:
Layer 1 – Individuals: This layer is for the designers who deliver the needs for individuals.
In this level, approaching the problems by edu- cate on an individual or family level. A
good communication skill is essential in this stage. Empower the individual to act correspond
to preserving the earth. Showing them simple act can providing a feeling of doing
something to help and teacher them respect limits.
Layer 2- Strategy stage: Design involve in this stage work for big orga- nization and
participate in marketing groups more often than the layer 1 designers. Due to designer in
this stage always thinking in term of grouping the audiences. i.e. study consumer behavior,
product charac- teristics, business profile, marketing pattern etc. Therefore, more
detail involved in overall manufacture process have to be understood in order to provide
value and direction to increase understanding and evaluate the ecological performance.
The 3rd layer: Here we are getting more and more closer to the core of the industry,
where the power meets. Managers, politicians and lawyers are presented in this level .
If product managers and others are to un- derstand ecological design, they need opportunities
to discuss, think about and plan for it. Designers are well placed in the development
process to address specific environmental issues .This level of design are more
challenged than the last two. Because decision making always involved in policy, legislations
change.
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Product Life Cycles
In nature, one-way linear flows do not long survive. Nor, by extension, can they long
survive in the expanding economy that is a part of the earth’s ecosystem.One of the keys
to reducing materials use is recycling steel, the use of which dwarfs that of all other
metals combined. Steel use is dominated by the automobile, household appliance, and
construction industries. Among steel-based products in the United States, automobiles
are the most highly recycled. Cars today are simply too valuable to be left to rust in outof-the-way
junkyards. In the United States, roughly 71 percent of all steel produced in
2003 was from scrap, leaving 29 percent to be produced from virgin ore. In addition to
measures that encourage the recycling of materials are those that encourage the reuse
of products. Finland, for example, has banned the use of one-way soft drink containers.
The result is a sharply reduced flow of garbage to landfills.
Even more fundamental than the design of products is the redesign of manufacturing
processes to eliminate the discharge of pollutants entirely. Many of today’s manufacturing
processes evolved at a time when the economy was much smaller and when the volume
of pollutants was not overwhelming the ecosystem. More and more companies are
now realizing that this cannot continue. Government procurement policies can be used
to dramatically boost recycling. For example, the Clinton administration issued an Executive
Order in 1993 requiring that all government-purchased paper contain 20 percent or
more post-consumer waste by 1995 (increasing to 25 percent by 2000). Since the U.S.
government is the world’s largest paper buyer, this created a strong incentive for paper
manufacturers to incorporate wastepaper in their manufacturing process.
Resources
Consumers
Manufacturers
Service
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REFERENCE
CH1
[1] Industrial revolution of the world, Lewis Hackett,1992.
history http://history-world.org/Industrial%20Intro.htm
Access date 09/20/09
[2] “Silent Spring”, Rachel Carson, 1964, Chapters 1 & 2
[3,4,5] “The Ecology of Commerce”, Paul Hawken, 1994, Chapter 1
[6] “The world economy”, EconomyWatch, 30 June 2010
http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/?page=full
Access date 11/09/09
[7,8,9,10,11,12] “The ecology of commerce”, Paul Hawken, 1994, Chapter 2
[13] “The current mass extinction”, Nova, evolution,2008
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/2/l_032_04.html
Access date 10/19/09
[14,15,16] “Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”,
Earth System reserch Laboratory, 2011
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
Access date 10/19/09
[17,18] “World Resources Institute”,
Global maps of international environmental impacts.
www.wri.org
[19,20,21] “10 ‘Worst’ Natural Disasters”,
Department of earth and atmospheric sciences, 2005
http://www.eas.slu.edu/hazards.html
Access date 10/19/09
CH2
64

[1]Green Marketing, Jacquelyn Ottman, Chapters 3 & 5,
NTC Business Books, 1998
[2,3,] “The Story of Stuff” Produced by Annie Leonard,2011,
24 minutes.
[4] “Ecological Design: Inventing the Future” Produced
by Brian Danizt & Chris Zelov, 1994, 64 minutes.
CH3
[1] The Green Imperative, Victor Papanek, Thames and
Hudson, 1995
[2]Design + Environment, Lewis and Gertsakis, The
ecology of products, Chapter 5, Greenleaf Publishing,
Shefield, UK, 2001,
www.idsa.org, go to section, eco-design section.
[3] Sustainable Solutions, Charter & Tischner, Greenleaf
Ltd., 2001. Chapter 2: Rewiring Global Consumption,
Nick Robins, Bas de Leeuw
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