Development of a questionnaire for the assessment of ... - PsychWiki

20 P. Gaudreau, J.-P. Blondin / Psychology of Sport and Exercise 3 (2002) 1–34Table 6Means, standard deviations, and Cronbach’s index of internal consistency for appraisal, affective, coping, and socialdesirability variablesVariables M SD aAppraisal variablesPerceived relevance of competition a 17.09 4.75 0.797Sense of control a 14.39 3.14 0.826Perceived goal attainment b 11.66 3.62 0.893Affective variablesPositive affect c 37.09 6.69 0.867Negative affect c 19.76 6.07 0.799Cognitive anxiety-state d 16.48 4.83 0.817Somatic anxiety-state d 16.76 4.85 0.811Confidence-state d 24.05 5.56 0.848MCOPE subscales eInstrumental social support 2.26 0.94 0.786Behavioral disengagement 1.48 0.60 0.621Planning 2.83 0.92 0.815Suppression of competing activities 2.81 0.85 0.683Venting of emotions 1.76 0.86 0.896Increased effort 3.63 0.83 0.866Positive reappraisal 3.28 0.88 0.875Mental disengagement 2.12 0.84 0.807WOCQ subscales fDistancing/avoidance 1.73 0.51 0.607Confrontation/seeking social support 2.53 0.54 0.743Problem-focused 1.72 0.47 0.735Denial 1.90 0.48 0.331Social desirability g 13.36 3.67 0.669Note: means and standard deviations of the MCOPE and WOCQ subscales are presented as per item scores tofacilitate comparison across variables. a N=306, b N=301, c N=147, d N=157, e N=108, f N=97, g N=96.tive state-anxiety, and somatic state-anxiety. These results are presented in Table 8. A final setof analyses concerned the relationship between ISCCS subscales and social desirability. Copingstrategies of the ISCCS did not correlate significantly with social desirability.Differential validityThe purpose of this analysis was to examine the effect of athletes’ level of expertise (i.e.international, national, provincial, or regional) and gender on their use of the ISCCS coping strategies.A factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), using the 10 coping subscalesas dependent variables and both the level of expertise and gender as independent variables, wasperformed. Because of the small number of males in the international athletes subgroup, nationaland international athletes were combined in a subgroup labeled ‘elite athletes’. Therefore, anExpertise (3)×Gender (2) analysis was conducted.