Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Mobility - Transport Research ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ange messaging based on the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Such proposalshave been tested in a six-month demonstration campaign involving six different types ofvessel relevant to European maritime trade and have been subjected to cost/benefitanalysis on the assumption that by 2008 all vessels in European waters will be equippedwith a suitably modified AIS terminal (Maréchal, 2004; SPREEX, 2007).Improving load factorsGiven the high level and attractiveness of private car use, car sharing or car-pooling areamongst the most attractive options for better vehicle utilisation. Car-pooling has beenfound to work best for employees from the same work place and hence initiatives are besttargeted on the workplace. The willingness to car-pool increases with the distance betweenhome and work. Initiatives that can be linked with car sharing or car-pooling schemesinclude the use of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes, preferential work place parkingfor scheme participants and formalised workplace 'Green Commuter Plans' or 'Travelwise'campaigns, particularly as more general marketing of schemes appears to be relativelyineffective. Tax incentive and insurance implications of car sharing or car-pooling schemesneed to be determined at national level to encourage their uptake (ICARO, 1999).Car sharing can be made to work on a relatively informal basis, but there has also beenresearch into how car sharing can benefit from more formalised technological andoperational support and the adoption of IT-based technologies in areas such asreservation systems and payment processing, including a demonstration study undertakenin Bologna with the support of the public transport operator and taxi operators (Armandiand Stridi, 2002).Mode switchingImprovements in public transport have given emissions reductions of up to 6%, but can beless effective in highly congested cities (Brand et al, 2000). Other research in Europeancities which have made large efforts to improve the public transport system in order toattract more passengers has demonstrated that it is important to improve access to publictransport, provide enhanced safety and security, introduce integrated fares and ticketingsystems and to create bus lanes, Park & Ride facilities and improved multimodal nodes. Inaddition, public transport service quality must be constantly monitored and maintained.Information offices, real-time public transport information systems and trip-planning toolson the web can all help boost patronage, and marketing activities have been shown to bean effective way of changing peoples’ behaviour and encouraging them to choose publictransport (TRENDSETTER)Land-use planningThematic Research Summary: “Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Mobility” Page: 32 of 48Transport Research Knowledge Centre
Research has been conducted to identify best practices towards land use and transportpolicy in order to achieve a sustainable pattern of transport and land use in European citiesand regions, promoting environmental as well as economic and social improvement.Trends in land use and transport planning have been analysed and likely future trendshave been considered. Best practice case studies relating to integrated land use andtransport policies and to overcoming the barriers to successful implementation of suchpolicies have been disseminated. Consideration has been given to the development of aconsistent set of indicators for the evaluation of integrated land use and transport policypackages and to ways of promoting consistency and transferability of approaches betweencountries (TRANSPLUS, 2003).Urban sprawl is a major challenge to transport planners in European metropolitan areasbecause it is problematic for the implementation of improved suburban public transport.The mechanisms by which urban sprawl works and its impacts on transport have beenevaluated in order to design effective measures for its control or reduction. Policyrecommendations have been made available to cities to assist them in improving publictransport services in sprawling urban areas. An integrated approach to the problem isadvocated, using a range of measures such as transport pricing (both of public and privatetransport), office location strategies, design of housing estates and influencing suburbanresidential development through fiscal policy (Gayda, 2005).Travel substitution methods such as tele-workingResearch conducted in Denmark has constructed a model of commuting whichincorporates tele-working as one of the modal options. This allows the future impact oftele-working on transport, and hence the impact of this on emissions, to be estimated. Aspart of this research, the causal mechanisms behind the growth of tele-working have beenanalysed, the types and characteristics of firms or organisations which promote teleworkinghave been investigated and the barriers to its implementation have been studied.Whilst tele-working leads to an overall reduction in transport use, the net effect is reducedbecause often a family car becomes available for other travel purposes (COMMUTING,TELEWORKING AND TRANSPORT).Influencing travel choice (mode, time, route) in order to reduce congestionUse of the car for travel to and from school has been increasing and this is a growingcause for environmental concern. UK and international research on school travel publishedsince 1995 has been reviewed in order to identify factors affecting school travel and theeffectiveness of school travel initiatives. Factors influencing school travel choice werefound to include organisational changes within education, planning policy factors andsocial, economic and demographic trends. The growth in car travel to school mirrorssubstantial growth in car ownership and particularly the growing number of two-carThematic Research Summary: “Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Mobility” Page: 33 of 48Transport Research Knowledge Centre
Page 1 and 2: ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS OFSUSTAINABLEM
Page 3 and 4: European CommissionDG Energy and Tr
Page 5 and 6: RTDSEATENTERMTRKCTRSResearch and Te
Page 7 and 8: ForewordThis paper has been produce
Page 9 and 10: 2001 Transport White Paper has chan
Page 11 and 12: to enable comprehensive searching f
Page 13 and 14: 2. Scope of the theme “Environmen
Page 15 and 16: 3. Policy contextThe impact of tran
Page 17 and 18: advocated. Further, the development
Page 19 and 20: 4. Research findings4.1 Introductio
Page 21 and 22: Research reported in that TRS has d
Page 23 and 24: transport noise and the reduction i
Page 25 and 26: has developed a new application-ori
Page 27 and 28: Research in Ireland into strategies
Page 29 and 30: Within the constraints of existing
Page 31: Web-based information and communica
Page 35 and 36: oad pricing and parking pricing to
Page 37 and 38: Many different aspects of the use o
Page 39 and 40: emissions and their impacts at the
Page 41 and 42: http://www.transportresearch.info/U
Page 43 and 44: Annex: List of EU-funded projects w
Page 45 and 46: ECOICAROInformation inEuropeanPorts
Page 47 and 48: ProjectacronymSPREEXProject titlePr

Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Mobility - Transport Research ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?