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It can be seen from Table 11 that the proportion ofhouseholds in the highest net-worth category hasincreased. For IGVGD households, the proportion in thelowest category of net-worth below Taka 1000 has goneup while for FSVGD households the proportion in thenet-worth category between Taka 1000-3000 hasincreased. Thus the number of people in the lowestcategories has increased as has the number of people inthe highest category, while the number of people in themiddle net-worth category has declined. Thus, theincrease in net-worth has not been equitably distributed asillustrated in Table 11.Table 11: Net-worth of households by net-worth categoryNet worthcategory (Taka)End CycleMid CycleBefore After Before AfterIGVGD FSVGD IGVGD FSVGD IGVGD FSVGD IGVGD FSVGDUp to 1000 15.7 13.6 8.2 4.9 5.8 12.7 3.5 6.61000-3000 6.1 3.8 3.5 7 3.8 6.1 3.8 6.43000-10000 16.6 19.4 9.9 10.1 18.8 16.8 13.9 15.610000-20000 16.6 21.4 13.1 15.4 20.9 22.8 22.9 20.220000-30000 12.2 13.9 9.3 15.4 14.5 12.7 15.4 16.530000-50000 12.8 15.4 17.8 17.7 17.7 17.1 20.3 17.350000 + 19.8 12.5 38.2 29.6 18.6 11.8 20.3 17.3Average 38526 28088 67647 47850 29122 22611 32440 27477* Statistically significant at 5 percent level, ** statistically significant at 1 percent level. Results from paired t-testChanges in landholding status:Drastic changes in land holdings cannot be expected in aspan of two years. Nevertheless there have beenimprovements over the baseline situation both in terms ofthe percent of households owning no or less than 15decimals of land and the mean area of total land owned byparticipants. The mean area of participant's homesteadsalso increased from the baseline and end line survey. Acomparison with the end-cycle and mid-cycle landholding status does not always reveal an improvement butas has been mentioned above the time period underconsideration is too small for any meaningful changes inrelation to land holding status (see Chart 2).Chart 2: Changes in landholding status* Statistically significant at 1 percent level for end cycleIGVGD FSVGDIGVGD FSVGDIGVGD FSVGD13
Skill development of beneficiarywomen: participation in IGAs:VGD activity includes income generatingskills development training for the ultrapoorwomen to facilitate their increasedparticipation in IGAs. Table 12 shows thenumber of women involved in an IGAdoubled between the baseline and outcomesurvey. Most women have received somekind of IGA training. The most populartype of training received was poultry andlivestock rearing, followed by homesteadgardening. Other types of training includedpetty trade, fish culture and handicrafts. Allbeneficiaries in FSVGD and 98 percent inIGVGD have used or are using theirtraining to either generate income or havestarted an IGA which is expected togenerate income in the near future. In theFSVGD programme, women get a cashgrant of Taka 150 every month in additionto 15 kilograms of fortified wheat flour(atta). These households can use theaccumulated grant to invest in an IGAwithout the hassle of paying back interest.In the IGVGD programme, beneficiariesreceive either 30 kilograms of rice or 25kilograms of fortified atta but no cash.They are given access to credit through anin-built credit programme, which has topaid back in instalments.Table 12: Skill development of beneficiary womenInvolvement in IGA% of householdsIGVGD FSVGD Baseline1. Received any IGA training (%) 89.3 99.1 n/a2. Type of IGA training:a) Poultry rearing 75 63.2 67.6b) Livestock rearing 74.7 62 34.3c) Homestead gardening 16.9 11.1 0d) Petty trade 7.8 7.3 5.6e) Fish culture 0.3 2.3 0f) Handicrafts 1 18.1 9.3g) Others 3.2 3.8 3.73. Percentage of women applying acquired skillsa) Used training for incomegeneration/expected income generation98.1 100 n/ab) women currently involved in IGA 60.9 75.9 31.2c) women who have taken loan frompartner NGO to invest in IGA38 4.1 n/aAs of June-August 2007, only 61 percent of the IGVGD beneficiarieswere engaged in an IGA while 76 percent of FSVGD beneficiaries wereengaged in an IGA. About 38 percent of the IGVGD women have takenout a loan from partner NGOs to start an IGA, while only four percentof the FSVGD beneficiaries have done so. Thus, the cash grant given toFSVGD women has a considerable impact on their decision and abilityto start an IGA. Chart 3 depicts the increase in the involvement ofbeneficiary women in IGAs after enrolling in the VGD programme.Chart 3: Involvementin IGA: end-cycleand baseline% of households10080604020031.20IGVGD60.90Base line31.20FSVGDEnd cycle75.9014
Page 1 and 2: VULNERABLE GROUP DEVELOPMENT (VGD)M
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYVulnerable Group D
Page 7 and 8: Key outcomes of VGDcycle (2005-2006
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTSList of tables:Table 1: Reg
Page 11 and 12: Purpose of the SurveyThis outcome s
Page 13 and 14: UlipurGhatailMandaKaliaPangshaTrish
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 2Background characteristics
Page 17 and 18: Table 5: Number of major food group
Page 19 and 20: Table 8: Proportion of food expendi
Page 21: The proportion of expenditure on ce
Page 25 and 26: Zayeda, 35 years old, lives with he
Page 27 and 28: Table 15 shows the proportion of pr
Page 29 and 30: Indebtedness of householdsSince the
Page 31 and 32: PercentChapter 5Healthy practices i
Page 33 and 34: Mother and child health:Table 23 sh
Page 35 and 36: BONARI MAKES A PROFIT 15,600 TAKA P
Page 37 and 38: Table 25 looks at beneficiaries und
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 7ConclusionsandRecommendati
Page 41: AppendixWATER AND SANITATION INDEXT

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