Green Urban Development Report No.2 - Skanska

Scarcer resources, more opportunitiesChange is afoot, where the opportunity for green retrofits is becomingtoo big – and people are becoming too aware of it – for anyoneto ignore the possibilities. In developed countries, opportunities forgreening the built environment are found mainly in retrofittingexisting structures to render them more environmentally efficient.refurbishment projects were asked to give the reasons forembarking on them. From their perspective, it was muchmore of a commercial rather than environmental decision.The majority (89%) said that it was to differentiate themselvesfrom competitors in order to attract tenants or purchasers.Craig Sparrow, Director of Green Business at SkanskaU.K., says that the report shows that the industry is ready tocontribute to a low carbon economy and that early adopterswill be market leaders in the real estate sector.Revolutionizing refurbishmentA better use of materials creates opportunities when refurbishingthe built environment. In the U.K., 75% of the existing buildingstock is expected to be in use in 2050. Accordingly, an effort tomeet the urban demands is being made. The target is to cutemissions by 80% from 1990 levels by 2050. The governmenthopes to tackle the problem using its Green Deal Scheme 6) ,which will allow homeowners to approach their energy supplierfor a loan from 2012 to cover the cost of insulation, rather thanpaying in advance.Towards zeroGreen retrofits are relevant for both homeowners and commercialdevelopers. Skanska recently issued the report“Towards Zero” revealing that the green retrofit and refurbishingmarket in the U.K. is gaining momentum and has thepotential to become the next big thing within the commercialproperty sector. The quantative research among senior executivesin the commercial development sector shows the extentto which they are already undertaking green retrofit andrefurbishment projects and realizing the benefits.Of the respondents:– Over half (53%) agree that there has been an increased interestin green retrofits and refurbishment within the commercialproperty sector.– A third (33%) think it has the potential to be the next bigthing within the sector.– Over a third (35%) were currently undertaking or had recentlycompleted green retrofit or refurbishment projects, whereas31% said that they intended to in the future.Those who had experience of undertaking green retrofit andHunting for green buildingsOne early adopter and stakeholder who wishes to tap into thegreen market is Norwegian Vital Eiendom, part of Viral Forsikring– Norway’s largest privately owned life and insurancecompany which is part of the DnB NOR Group. The companymanages the real estate interests of Vital and DnB NOR. Attentionhas been brought to the company in Sweden with investmentsin construction work such as Stockholm Waterfront.CEO Gro Boge is optimistic for the entire Nordic region.“I generally believe in a positive development in the Nordic realestate markets. We are looking for modern real estate, preferablywith green properties, such as Stockholm Waterfront. Simplyput, buildings made for the future,” she states in an interview.Vital Eiendom’s preferences regarding new property are a telltalesign that investors are seeing green as a serious investmentopportunity. ●Different countriesdifferent needsThe green retrofit investment potential is present in all types ofcountries, but to varying degrees. The most important factor isthe age of the existing stock, as an older stock brings abouthigher refurbishment needs and opportunities. Also, in somecountries it makes more sense to initiate new developmentsrather than reinvesting 7) .A new financialparadigm:One invested,two savedImproved energy efficiency has its roots in a betteruse of materials such as insulation and high efficiencyglazing. A correct evaluation of greenbuildingeconomics requires a Total Cost of Ownership(TCO) approach, where the differences inupfront investment costs, known as first costs, areconsidered alongside long-term costs and benefits.While certain green buildings may cost more toconstruct than conventional alternatives, first costpremiums may be recouped through for instancelower energy bills or increased worker productivity.Research 8) shows that the numbers point theright way when doing green retrofits. Energy savingsof 10% can be achieved with an investment ofless than USD1 per square foot. Research publishedby UNEP (United Nations EnviromentProgramme) shows that energy savings aloneshow a positive Net Present Value of USD 2.10 forevery dollar invested in the U.S. market (after a 15-year life of the retrofit measures). If you assumethat the green retrofit – in part thanks to new andinnovative use of materials – increases productivityin the retrofitted offices with 1%, the payback perdollar increases to USD 28.10. ●6 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 7

Scarcer resources, more opportunities InterviewEffective whole life cycle thinking means bringingdifferent experts from different disciplines togetherand orchestrating them to create a truly joined upproject. In Skanska’s case Julian Desai, Global LifeCycle Director of Skanska Infrastructure Development,and his team act as the orchestra’s conductor.The life cycle conductor“Historically, design teams have tended to focus on the initial constructioncost of their projects. But knowing that you’re going to be responsible for aproject for 30 or 40 years forces you to think differently,” says Julian Desai.Skanska ID has developed an in-house ‘Life Cycle Cost Optioneering’(LCCO) model that looks at both current and future costs, which in additionto other key factors helps teams to make decisions today that will provide thebest value for money into the future. LCCO is supported by BIM (BuildingInformation Modeling) and is very useful in promoting green construction.“LCCO supports green construction. Often, green alternatives cost lessthan conventional options over the long term because they use less energy orhave lower maintenance costs. Even when green solutions present a higheroverall cost, being able to identify the ‘green premium’ with certainty can helpto gain agreement from clients to select the green option.”Skanska realized early the link between promoting life cycle thinking anddeveloping green solutions.“LCCO supports our aspiration to be the leading green contractor. JohanKarlström, our President and CEO, made it clear back in 2008 that he wantedall projects for which Skanska has design responsibility to adopt BIM principles.That’s a major undertaking, but in my view the benefits are undisputable.So a lot of people have been working really hard to push BIM through ourorganization,” says Julian Desai.Also, LCCO can be used just as effectively in retrofit projects as in newbuildconstruction.“For example, if you are looking at improving your lighting system orenergy source, the technique can evaluate alternative solutions. Any kind ofgreen solution or innovative new idea that you might want to implement ina retrofit project can be evaluated using LCCO.” ●“The long term nature of our projectsincentivizes us to think about the efficientoperation and maintenance of buildingsduring the design and construction phase.”Julian Desai, Skanska Infrastructure Development,Global Life Cycle DirectorArup and GEteam up withSkanskaSkanska has formed partnerships withArup and General Electric 9) designedto tap into the potential £10 billion ayear green retrofit office market in theU.K. By joining forces, Skanska can offerthe U.K.'s first commercially viable,full service green refurbishment andretrofit process.Arup is a global professional servicesfirm that provides engineering,design, planning, project managementand consulting services for all aspectsof the built environment. Throughtheir partnership, Arup and Skanskaare integrating architectural, engineering,and financial risk analysis.The partnership combining GE’sand Skanska’s skills and expertise hasbeen created to deliver technologies forsome of the U.K.'s most cutting-edgegreen refurbished commercial buildings.Both GE and Skanska are makingthe development of environmentalproducts and solutions a key part oftheir corporate strategies. ●LCCO – Life Cycle CostOptioneeringLCCO involves assessingalternative design options againstproject specific criteria, which areweighted depending on theirimportance to the project.BIM – Building InformationModelingBIM is the process of generatingand managing building dataduring the building's life cycle.BIM design tools allow forextracting different views from abuilding model for drawingproduction and other uses.Scarcer resources, more opportunitiesGreen roofs equalgreen businessGreen roofing provides additionalthermal insulation and extends aroof ’s lifespan by protecting it fromweathering and ultraviolet light.Roof vegetation can also providehabitats for birds and insects, filter airbornepollution and reduce stormwater runoff.One example is the recent renovation ofÖsterport, Skanska’s office in Malmö, whichbecame the first office in Europe certified to thehighest level of LEED 10) Platinum for ExistingBuildings and Operations & Maintenance(EBOM). Here, 300 m 2 of green roofing wasplanted on the 2nd floor terrace and 8th floorroof surfaces during the redevelopment, whichequates to over 13% of the building’s roof area.Österport’s purchasing plan for the renovationprioritized regional materials andcontractors, which supported local businessesand reduced the environmental impact associatedwith transportation.Through green refurbishment, energy consumptionwas reduced by 34% – saving SEK500,000 (USD 80,000) yearly.Read more at www.skanska.com/case/osterportAnother example of green roofing: The roof of Skanska headquartersin Gothenburg – which is certified as a EU Green Building and ispre-certified at the highest level of LEED.Read more at www.skanska.com/case/greentowergarda8 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 9

MaterialsrebornTheMaterial Revolution is perhaps not what one expectsof a revolution. It is not only about throwing outthe old – it is in fact about embracing it and taking theold into the future. It is about giving materials new lifeor a new type of life. Here is the Revolution illustratedthrough four selected materials, all representing agreener way of development and construction.10 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 11

Materials rebornM25 U.K.London’s M25 is one of the world’s largestorbital motorways. Skanska is partof the consortium that has been contractedto add capacity by wideningand maintaining the M25. The projectteam will apply materials and methodswith longer lifespans, including pavingthat lasts several years longer than traditionalpaving. Additional measuresinclude using recycled materials whenrepaving and selecting more sustainablematerials. When it comes to use ofmaterials, M25 is categorized as Greenaccording to the Skanska Color Palette,as the project used 92% recycled concretefor bulk materials. Read more atwww.skanska.com/m25ukWood, concrete, straw and plastic. Four well-knownmaterials given new life through new technology.Together they form the basis for tomorrow's greencities.Timber towersWood is increasingly becoming a more natural element of the city scape, integratedwith urban elements such as concrete. Innovation results in, for instance,cross-laminated timber – spruce cut into sheets that are stacked andglued under high pressure. The material is robust enough to use for walls andfloors. Developers in Great Britain are pushing development forward with itsnine-story Stadthaus in Hackney, a suburb to London, as the tallest timberonlybuilding in Europe, and the U.K. might soon witness its first 30-storytimber tower block. The prerequisite for using more wood is that the timbercomes from sustainable managed forestry, so that increased use of wooddoes not deplete natural resources.Concrete rebornConcrete is the second most used material in the world after water. London,for example, has placed sustainability at the center for the 2012 OlympicGames, and one of the most talked-about materials used in the OlympicPark 11) is recycled concrete. Recovering concrete has several advantages. Itreduces the use of virgin aggregate and the associated environmental costs.It also reduces landfills with valuablematerials. In the long termproject of building the orbital motorwayaround London, the M25,recycled concrete is on the sustainablematerials list. Accordingto The Cement SustainabilityInitiative 12) , recycled concrete canbe used not only for roads, butalso for foundations in buildings.Concrete will continue to be oneof the most important materialsfor construction, but as thisshows, it can also be a larger pieceof the green puzzle.Single-story strawA major trend within the MaterialRevolution is the rebirth of old,traditional materials. The industrylooks back in time to create innovativesolutions for the future.Straw bale can be interwoven withcardboard to create either wall orroof insulation, and can be used toconstruct single-story load bearingwalls. The material is renewable and biodegradable and is also four timescheaper to purchase than conventional insulation. Skanska Czech Republicconstructed the Hostetin Centre for Sustainable Rural Development, whichwas the first EU-funded, non-residential passive building constructed in theEuropean Union, using straw bales, clay plaster and adobe bricks to minimizethe building's ecological footprint. Materials were sourced from localsuppliers reducing project costs.Plastic potentialPlastic has every possibility to become a larger part of the built environmentin the years to come. In no small part because it can be recycled. Every year,about 260 million tons of plastic is produced. Yet only a small percentage ofproduced plastic is recycled. At the moment, plastic can be used for moredirect purposes. An example of this is the New Meadowlands Stadium 13)in New Jersey which was constructed to become one of the greenest U.S.sporting venues. It has a spectator seating capacity of 82,000 and generaladmission seats incorporated 51 tons of post-consumer plastics. Club andsuite seats were made with 30% post-consumer plastics. Another exampleis the Olympic Park site for the London 2012 Olympic and ParalympicGames, which will include plastic curbs produced by Charcon Durakerb.Each Durakerb is said to contain up to 182 recycled plastic bottles.Besides safety advantages when handling the curbs – as they are lighterthan concrete – they have 20% lower carbon emissions impact than concretecurbs. ●Hostetin Centre Czech RepublicStraw was a main element in The HostetinCentre for Sustainable Rural Developmentin the Czech Republic.Straw is a good insulator and can createenergy efficient structures. Strawbale walls with lime and natural clayrendering is also breathable, which reducesthe risk of mold damage. Whenit comes to materials, Hostetin Centreis categorized as Green according tothe Skanska Color Palette, as the projectgenerated near-zero waste andused zero unsustainable materials.Read more at www.skanska.com/case/hostetincentreNew Meadowlands Stadium USAThe New Meadowlands Stadium wasconstructed by Skanska USA Buildingand Skanska USA Civil for the NewMeadowlands Stadium Company,which is the stadium's principal owner.A partnership was established with theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA),which helped set stringent sustainabilityobjectives throughout the constructionand operation of the stadium. Thepartnership includes long term strategiesto incorporate environmentally responsiblematerials, reduce air pollution,conserve water and energy, andreduce waste. The New MeadowlandsStadium Company reports directly tothe EPA, which monitors the stadium’ssustainability performance.Read more at www.skanska.com/case/meadowlands12 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 13

Materials reborn InterviewNya Karolinska Solna, SwedenMaterials reborn InterviewMaterial ConneXion 14) is a leading globalmaterials consultancy with one of theworld’s largest library of innovative andsustainable materials. For the last twentyyears, Dr. Andrew H. Dent, Vice President ofMaterial ConneXion, has followed theMaterial Revolution in real time.Connectingmaterialsto construction“New is not always better. It is the way we use materials that ismost important when trying to create green architecture. Inthe past decades, we have seen an understanding that it mightbe better to just improve our existing materials,” says AndrewDent.When it comes to the evolution of materials, Andrew Denthas a clear example of how one of the most used materials in theworld can take a step towards sustainability.“I have a great love for wood since trees absorb CO2 whenalive. The main issue for wood is reuse – how does one recycle itat the end of its life? Trees can for instance release both CO2and other climate-changing agents when they decompose.”End of life is as important as beginnings for materials, andcertain guidelines rule supreme when searching for materialsthat can be used for green construction.“The most important thing is to understand the true carbonfootprint of materials, through, for instance, life cycle analysis.Secondly, resources are important. Many speak of renewableresources, but we should also take into account abundantresources. The third aspect is second life. There are certainmaterials that can have multiple second lives, such as glassand steel. Then there are those which we must work harder onto find a second life for, such as concrete.”www.materialconnexion.com ●“New is not always better.I have a great hope forthe improvement of naturalmaterials.”Andrew H. Dent Ph.D., Material ConneXion,Vice President, Library & Materials ResearchSkanska’s perspectives are being put tothe test in the construction of the hospitalNya Karolinska in Solna, Sweden. MariaNordberg at Skanska Healthcare explainsthe green challenges ahead.“This is Skanska’s biggest project ever. Theaim is LEED Gold. It is a hard task to find theright materials. Today there are only about8,000 registered products to choose from inSweden’s building material assessment(BVB) 15) . As we find and evaluate new materialsfor this project, we will add much newknowledge for our colleagues in the constructionbusiness,” says Maria Nordberg.Nya Karolinska is categorized as Greenaccording to the Skanska Color Palette.Read more at www.nyakarolinskasolna.se/enSkanska’s green perspectiveson MaterialsPerspective 1 – WasteA third of all solid waste in the world comes frombuildings. Typically in developed markets around2% of the construction industry revenue ends up inlandfill due to poor use of building materials. Ingood times, most construction companies make aprofit of a few percent. If you consider that 2% ofrevenue is effectively thrown away, this is a very bigloss. Our goal in Skanska is zero waste – it’s goodeconomics and good resource efficiency.Perspective 2 – Hazardous materialsThere are a lot of materials that are hazardous butlegal. For Skanska, it does not make sense to usehazardous materials even when they are legal, particularlywhen buildings are being constructed to lastfor decades and commercially viable alternatives areavailable. We work with international NGOs likeChemSec 16) to develop our own best practices.Perspective 3 – Avoiding unsustainablematerialsWe avoid using unsustainable materials as far aspossible. An example of unsustainable material isillegally logged timber, especially hardwoods. Thesetrees can take hundreds of years to grow so theirreplacement takes a similar length of time. There isa large quantity of illegal timber moving around theworld, especially in our industry. A close workingrelationship with NGOs like Forest Trust 17) helps usdevelop our own best practices.Reaching Deep Green is not a simple task –especially when it comes to the arduous taskof selecting and sourcing materials. Formany years, Skanska has worked on developingperspectives for green developmentand construction. Noel Morrin, Senior VicePresident Sustainability, Skanska, explainsthe three main perspectives.From timberto nanotech“There are three main green perspectives that we have developedregarding materials – waste minimization, hazardousmaterials and unsustainable materials. We aim for zero waste,zero hazardous materials and zero unsustainable materials inall areas. Our global policies encourage green thinking, yetsome markets are more mature than others,” says Noel Morrin.Many businesses have green policies, but sometimes a helpinghand from the government is necessary.“Green agendas can push the construction industry to newsolutions. The USA, for instance, has recently passed some ofthe toughest legislation in the world on illegal timber, pointingthe market towards best practice.”Noel Morrin confirms the presence of a MaterialRevolution.“We are definitely seeing a renaissance in materials. Thereare new concrete systems to make handling this material moreenergy efficient. And we are seeing a more demanding use oftimber, such as tall timber buildings. One area to watch isnanotechnology. Many people think that nanotech lies far off inthe future, but there is actually already a lot of nanotechnologybeing used in our industry. Lighting and painting systems areexamples of this.” ●“We are definitelyseeing a renaissancein materials.”Noel Morrin, Senior Vice PresidentSustainability, Skanska14 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 15

Green revolutionaries of everyday life InterviewDr. M.G. “Matt” Syal and his team shed some lightupon green buildings and their impact on occupants.His report showed that people moving to LEED officesmissed less work and put in almost 39 hours more perperson annually. The productivity boost ranged fromUSD 69,601 to more than USD 250,000 per year forhis pilot sample.Social benefitsof green materialsThere have long been claims of thepositive effects of green buildings onhealth and occupant productivity.Yet only a few years ago, there wasnot much proof to strengthen thesealleged effects. Therefore, a team atMichigan State University decidedto investigate. Dr. M.G. “Matt” Syalwas the principal investigator of thestudy Life Cycle Cost Analysis ofOccupant Well-Being and Productivityin LEED® Offices – a study thathas gained global recognition. Cangreen buildings, using green materials,provide payback?“Most people think of paybackin terms of smaller energy bills. Yetoccupants represent nearly 90% ofthe cost of running a building, especiallyan office building. Better productivityfrom your employees is abig time payback.” says Dr. Syal.The study was conducted byfinding two companies that wereconstructing two new buildings thatwere to be LEED®-certified, and thatwere going to move their staff to thenew buildings. A pre-move surveywas conducted to ask the occupantsabout their experiences with the existingbuilding. After three monthsin the new buildings, a post-movesurvey was conducted, where theoccupants were asked about theirreaction to their productivity andtheir satisfaction with the indoorenvironmental quality.“The test subjects reported anincreased satisfaction with their indoorenvironmental quality. Theyalso put in more work hours. Wecalculated it to be 39 hours per year.”The ripples the survey made onthe property market have led tomany stakeholders and developmentcompanies contacting Dr. Syalto find out more about the reportand involve him and his team intheir projects.“Our study has boosted the industry’sefforts to go green. We arecurrently in the process of trying toobtain funding to continue thestudy to be able to state our findingswith even more confidence.” ●“Our study has boosted theindustry’s efforts to go green.”Dr. M.G. “Matt” Syal,CPC (Certified Professional Constructor),LEED®AP, (LEED® Accredited Professional),ProfessorRead more1,8.UNEP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy:Pathways to Sustainable andPoverty EradicationUNEP www.unep.org2.Living Planet Report wwf.panda.org3.BREEAM www.breeam.org4.PlaNYC2030 www.nyc.gov5.DFDwww.deconstructioninstitute.com/downloads.php6.Green Deal Schemewww.greendeal-providers.co.uk7.RREEF Research, Globalization andGlobal trends in Green Real Estate 20089.Press releases Arup and GE team upwith Skanskawww.skanska.co.uk/News--Press/Display-news/?nid=KN6pjzw2www.skanska.co.uk/News--Press/Display-news/?nid=ytILx4TS10.LEED www.usgbc.org11.Olympic Villagewww.london2012.com/games/venues/athletes-village.php12.The Cement Sustainability Initiativewww.wbcsdcement.org13.The New Meadowlands Stadiumwww.newmeadowlandsstadium.com14.Material ConneXionwww.materialconnexion.com15.Sweden's material assessment bankwww.byggvarubedomningen.se/sa/node.asp?node=45516.ChemSecwww.chemsec.org/businesspartnerships/chemsec-business-group17.The Forest Trust www.tft-forests.org18.Micael Dahlén www.nextopia.info19.The Living Future Movementwww.living-future.orgPrevious issueThe rise of local energy communitiesWe discover how energy consumers turninto producers. In the near future, citizenswill be stakeholders in the local energycommunity. Smart technology empowerscitizens to become urban energy farmers.Download or order your copy of the reporton www.skanska.com/greenreportIf you are looking for more information on Green Business in a specific market,please contact our local Skanska colleagues at:Skanska in SwedenTel +46 10 448 00 00ConstructionAgneta Wannerströmagneta.wannerstrom@skanska.seCommercial DevelopmentHans Wallströmhans.wallstrom@skanska.seInfrastructure DevelopmentHelena Gustafssonhelena.gustafsson@skanska.seResidential DevelopmentJonas Granströmjonas.granstrom@skanska.seSkanska in NorwayTel +47 40 00 64 00ConstructionRune Stenerune.stene@skanska.noCommercial DevelopmentLise Bergflödtlise.bergflodt@skanska.noResidential DevelopmentMagnus Hvammagnus.hvam@skanska.noSkanska in FinlandTel +358 207 192 11ConstructionTimo Reiniluototimo.reiniluoto@skanska.fiCommercial DevelopmentEero Ojalaeero.ojala@skanska.fiInfrastructure DevelopmentAntti Tuomainenantti.tuomainen@skanska.fiResidential DevelopmentMarkus Heinomarkus.heino@skanska.fiSkanska in EstoniaTel +372 6 403 300Toomas Alletoomas.alle@skanska.eeSkanska in DenmarkTel +45 44 68 05 65Commercial DevelopmentElo Alsingelo.alsing@skanska.dkSkanska in PolandTel +48 22 653 84 00Construction & CommercialDevelopmentKatarzyna Zawodnakatarzyna.zawodna@skanska.plInfrastructure DevelopmentSebastian Joachimiaksebastian.joachimiak@skanska.seSkanska inCzech Republic and SlovakiaTel +420 267 095 111ConstructionVeronika Černáveronika.cerna@skanska.czCommercial DevelopmentPetra Hajnapetra.hajna@property.skanska.czInfrastructure DevelopmentIgor Snopekigor.snopek@skanska.czResidential DevelopmentBjörn Mattssonbjorn.mattsson@skanska.czSkanska in HungaryTel +36 1 3829100Commercial DevelopmentAndras Schmidtandras.schmidt@skanska.huSkanska in U.K.Tel +44 19 2377 6666ConstructionCraig Sparrowcraig.sparrow@skanska.co.ukInfrastructure DevelopmentGreg Chant-Hallgreg.chant-hall@skanska.co.ukResidential DevelopmentPeter Lindwallpeter.lindwall@skanska.co.ukSkanska in USATel +1 718 747-3454Construction & CommercialDevelopment/Green MarketsElizabeth Heiderelizabeth.heider@skanska.comInfrastructure DevelopmentDoran Bossodoran.bosso@skanska.comSkanska in Latin AmericaTel +54 11 4341 7000Tel +56 2 820 5600ConstructionPedro Caridepedro.caride@skanska.com.arInfrastructure DevelopmentJaviera Peralesjaviera.perales@skanska.cl18 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 Skanska Green Urban Development Report No.2/June. 2011 19

Skanska ABwww.skanska.com/greenreportThe Material Revolution is dawning. As theplanet’s resources become scarcer and needsgreater, we must shift to more resourceeffectiveand green ways of construction.Innovative materials – and innovative use ofmaterials – create opportunities not only tobuild in new and exciting ways but also totransform the old into something new, costeffectiveand green. We call this movement theMaterial Revolution. In this issue of Skanska’sGreen Urban Development Report, we delve into:Revolutionizing refurbishment page 6Materials reborn page 11Connecting materials to construction page 14Green revolutionaries of everyday life page 16Great, green expectations page 16Locally sourced buildings page 17The social benefits of green materials page 18A part ofSkanska’sGreenInitiative