M E S '9 8 - University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine

VM E S ‘98Veterinary Medical Experiment StationCollege of Veterinary MedicineThe University of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia 30602July 1, 1997 to June 30, 199822nd Annual ReportEnhancing animal production, profitability, and well-being by improving animal health.This 22nd Annual Report is published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.Director: Dr. Harry W. DickersonManaging Editor: Mary HooperWriter and Associate Editor: Robin TricolesDesigners: Jimmy Davidson and Lari CowgillCover Design: Lari Cowgill and Kip CarterIllustrator: Kip CarterPhotographers: Vivian Dixon and Joey RodgersThis report may be viewed in Adobe Acrobat form at www.vet.uga.edu/testbed/html/vmes98.pdf

VMES ObjectivesOver the years, the Veterinary MedicalExperiment Station has supported a widerange of research projects touching almostevery critical aspect of human life, fromthe food we eat and the clothes we wear toour physical, emotional, and economichealth and the quality of our environment.This tradition continues as is evident in theprofiles of 1997-98 research described inthis report. The past year’s projectsencompass efforts aimed at improving productivityand health of poultry and livestock,bettering life’s quality for companionanimals, and tackling tough interdisciplinaryproblems in biotechnology anddisease surveillance.Prior to their initiation, each of theseprojects was evaluated for scientific merit,importance to animal health, considerationfor experimental animal welfare, and rolein meeting the research objectives of theVeterinary Medical Experiment Station.These objectives are the following:To improve the health and productivityof domestic livestock, poultry, fish, andother income-producing animals andwildlife through research.To assist in preventing diseaseepidemics by providing laboratoryresources and highly skilled scientificpersonnel.To assist in protecting human healththrough the control of animal diseasestransmissible to man.To improve the health of companion animalswhich serve to enrich the lives ofhumankind.To train new scientists in animal healthresearch in order to provide continuityand growth in this area of veterinarymedicine.2

DNA VaccinesEver since Dr. Edward Jenner’s famous experiment in 1796, which introducedvaccination as a preventive measure against small pox, doctors have been using vaccinationto prevent many diseases in humans and animals. Conventional vaccines consist ofthe disease agent that has been killed or modified so it no longer can cause disease.When the vaccine is administered, the body recognizes it as a foreign substance and animmune response, which protects the individual from that specific disease, is induced. Ifthe disease agent is encountered again, antibodies and lymphocytes (immune cells)attack and kill it.After an immune response is induced as a result of a natural infection orvaccination, the body typically makes antibodies and lymphocytes against proteins thatmake up the disease agent. In general, the flow of molecules at the cellular level is DNAto RNA to protein. The genetic information contained in the DNA is transferred toRNA, which is used by the cell machinery to synthesize proteins, which are the buildingblocks of the cell or disease agent. So, each protein that makes up the disease agent hasa corresponding gene (segment of DNA). Using molecular biology,we can extract DNA from a disease agent and isolate the gene thatcontains the information for the protein that induces a protectiveimmune response.DNA vaccines are genes from a disease agent that areinjected directly into the body. The cells of the body take up theDNA, and proteins are synthesized through the natural flow of moleculesin the cell (DNA to RNA to proteins). Because those proteinsresemble the proteins that make up the disease agent, they arerecognized as foreign by the body, and an immune response isinduced. This is the basis behind DNA vaccination.A tremendous amount of research has been conducted onDNA vaccines, and the future of DNA immunization appears verybright. DNA vaccines have been shown to be safe and extremelyeffective for a wide variety of disease agents.Dr. Mark Jackwood, Associate Professor at the PoultryDiagnostic and Disease Laboratory, analyzing nucleicacid data.DEFGCBADNA (B) is extracted from the disease agent (A) and made into a DNA vaccine (C). The DNA vaccine is injected intramuscularly (D)into a chicken, which produces sensitized macrophages (E). These sensitized macrophages communicate their information to immunecells (F), which produce antibodies (G). The antibodies, in conjunction with immune cells, destroy the disease agent.5

PoultryGeorgia’s poultry industry dominated the state’s animal agricultural dollars withmore than $2.5 billion in annual revenue in 1996. The state’s poultry industry iscontinuing to expand as broiler production in Georgia increased from 20.6million per week in 1995 to 22.2 million per week in 1996. The urbanization ofnorthern Georgia is causing the broiler expansion to occur primarily in the state’ssouthern section. Because of the intensive management system, poultryproducers emphasize disease prevention. VMES scientists have responded toindustry demands by developing vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. Theyare also helping to improve poultry health by developing inexpensive, rapid, andaccurate methods for disease diagnosis. Although the primary poultry healthconcerns are respiratory diseases, recent efforts have been initiated to controltype J avian leukosis virus, a major cause of the tumor, myeloblastosis.Researchers are also focusing on the reduction of potential human pathogens onpoultry products nationwide.Increasing Resistance to Marek’s Diseasevia Immune ModulationDiagnostics for Avian Enteric CoronavirusInfections in Commercial Poultry6The overall objectives of this project are toestablish the importance of natural killer (NK)cell-like activity in the innate ability of chickensto resist Marek’s disease virus (MDV)infection and to then determine whether modulationof this natural immunity (NK cell activity)could be used as part of Marek’s diseaseprevention programs.We have assessed NK-like activity ofchickens having haplotypes reported to confereither resistance, N-2a chickens (B13), or sensitivity,P-2a chickens (B21), to MDV. Theresults from cytotoxicity assays indicate N-2achickens have greater killing capabilities byNK cells than the P-2a chickens. The N-2achickens displayed greater killing at one, two,and three weeks of age, with the increasebecoming significant by the third week. Wehave also compared NK activities in two commerciallines of broilers: Arbor Acres line andPerdue line. Between these two broiler lineswe found the Perdue birds to have significantlyhigher natural cytotoxic ability. Studies wereperformed to assess the efficacy of possibleimmune modulators on susceptibility toMarek’s disease. NK cell activity was assayedat day 7 postvirus challenge (day 14 postmodulation).Surviving birds were euthanized, andnecropsy with histopathology was performedat six weeks for determination of disease susceptibility,organ involvement, and severity ofdisease. In the broiler line (Arbor Acres), theimmunomodulator significantly increased theNK-like cytotoxic activity. Comparison ofimmunomodulated birds with birds thatreceived only virus suggests that theimmunomodulator may be a protective factoragainst Marek’s disease in this broiler line.Denise I. Bounous, Steven E. Poet, William L.Ragland, Mark A. Goodwindbounous@calc.vet.uga.eduVirus neutralizing polyclonal antibodieswere developed in rabbits using multipleimmunizations of adjuvant plus purified cellculture-origin sucrose gradient purified avianenteric coronavirus (AEC). The antibodieswere used to develop 1) an indirect immunofluorescentantibody detection system (IFA)for either AEC or anti-AEC antibody afterinfection; 2) fluorescent detection of AEC infrozen tissue sections; and 3) immunohistochemicaldetection of AEC in formalin-fixedtissue sections. The IFA system was adapted to96 well microtiter plates to increase throughput.The latter antibody technique is currentlybeing used as part of the eradication plan todetect flocks naturally infected with AEC, sothey can be eliminated to prevent spread toother poultry farms. Bovine enteric coronaviruswas found to infect commercial turkeys.Infection of poultry with this virus leads toconfusion in AEC eradication programs. Wehave developed seven monoclonal antibodies(Mabs) against AEC surface proteins. TheseMabs are being used in the IFA test to differentiateAEC infection from bovine coronavirus(BCV) infection in cell cultures and birds.Genes coding for the S surface viral proteinof multiple AEC isolates have beensequenced and primer sets constructed to identifythese genes. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assays have been developed based onthese primers. These PCR primers and additionalprimer sets are currently being investigatedfor in situ use as probes for AEC. Inaddition, sequences coding for AEC viral proteinS are being cloned into vectors for productionof vaccinal quantities of this viral proteinfor test immunization.Thomas P. Brown, Doris D’Souza, Laura Kelly,AnaPatricia Garciatbrown@arches.uga.edu

Differential Diagnosis of InfectiousLaryngotracheitis Viruses by PCRInfectious Laryngotracheitis is a severeacute respiratory disease of chickens caused byInfectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV), amember of the family Alphaherpesviridiae.During 1994-1995, ILT outbreaks were reportedin Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, andDelaware. These outbreaks caused severefinancial losses to the poultry industry. Themajor obstacle against the effective control andprevention of the disease is the inability toclearly and easily determine the source of outbreaks.Therefore, discrimination of ILTVstrains of different pathogenicity, and particularlyof field isolates from vaccine strains, is amajor necessity. The main objective of thisproject is to develop a polymerase chain reaction(PCR) test capable of distinguishingamong ILTV strains circulating in the field.We have identified restriction enzyme site differencesin the gE gene, and the upstreamregion of the ICP4 gene. Digestion of PCRproducts with specific enzymes, deduced fromthe sequence data obtained during this year’sproject, has allowed us to characterize fieldisolates as either “chicken embryo origin(CEO) like,” or “tissue culture origin (TCO)like” vaccine strains. Most importantly, wehave identified restriction enzymes that producerestriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) patterns unique to some of the fieldisolates analyzed. These indicate that specificmutations are acquired by field isolates atthese particular areas of the genome, for example,digestion of PCR products of the sevenfield isolates with enzymes DdeI, MnLI,and Ple.Maricarmen Garcíamcgarcia@arches.uga.eduprocess of producing a recombinant chickenbeta-defensin.Recombinant peptides will be used tocharacterize the complete spectrum of antimicrobialactivity against avian pathogens.Moreover, development of resistance to theseendogenous antibiotics by pathogenic bacteriacan be studied using recombinant defensins.Ultimately, it may be possible to manipulatethis endogenous defense system to enhancedisease resistance in poultry.Barry G. Harmon and Mark W. Jackwoodharmonb@calc.vet.uga.eduRecombinant Vaccines for InfectiousBronchitis VirusThe main objective of this proposal is todevelop a recombinant vaccine for infectiousbronchitis virus (IBV). A plasmid expressionvector that works in an avian cell line is beingused to express the immunogenic spike glycoproteinof IBV. The expressed protein is beingcharacterized and tested for its suitability as asubunit vaccine in chickens. In addition, anewly redesigned nucleic acid vaccine for IBV,which provides higher expression of the IBVspike glycoprotein, was tested and found to beefficacious when given to young chickens byintramuscular injection at 1 and 14 days ofage. We are currently examining the immuneresponse generated by that vaccine, as well astesting for its suitability when given in ovo.Mark W. Jackwoodmjackwoo@arches.uga.eduAntimicrobial Peptides in Broiler ChickensAntimicrobial peptides are important componentsof innate disease resistance in vertebrateand invertebrate animals. These peptidesarm phagocytic leukocytes and mucosalepithelial cells of the gastrointestinal and respiratorytract with a broad spectrum of antimicrobialactivity and serve as the first line ofdefense against microbial pathogens. Recently,we discovered the cDNA sequences for twochicken and two turkey heterophil antimicrobialpeptides, referred to as betadefensins.We will now attempt to sequencethe genes that encode the avian defensins andthen study the regulation and expression ofthese genes. We have cloned the cDNAsequences for a chicken peptide and are in theVictoria Leiting works on DNA fingerprinting of Mycoplasma organisms.7

8Avian MycoplasmosisThe avian mycoplasmas,Mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG) and Mycoplasma.synoviae (MS) occur as eggtransmittedinfections causingrespiratory, joint, and tendondisease in chickens andturkeys. The objectives of thisstudy were to improve detectionand control measures foravian mycoplasma infection,to study pathogenesis, and todetermine the incidence ofavian mycoplasmas by DNA“fingerprinting.” A polymerasechain reaction (PCR)with random primers(RAPD), developed for rapididentification of specificstrains of MG and other avianmycoplasmas is now routinelyused to identify (fingerprint)specific strains andidentify sources of infection.A library of avian mycoplasmaisolates containing severalDr. Susan Sanchez perpares an ELISA test tohundred isolates has provento be very useful in studyingdetect Pasteurella multocida.strain variation. In addition,PCR primers that detect allknown mycoplasmas, followed by cutting thePCR product with specific enzymes, were utilizedto identify specific strains of MG. MGstrains could be categorized into at least sixgroups by this method. This may provide amethod of “fingerprinting” that would notrequire prior isolation of the organism, whichis often very difficult and might take up tothree weeks.MG vaccine strain ts-11, previouslyshown by us to be effective in multiple agecommercial egg operations for MG control anderadication, has been studied in broiler breeders.This strain was very effective in the field,and measurable protection continued for thelife of the flock. MG, which is pathogenic forchickens and turkeys, is widespread in wildhouse finches and now seems to be on thedecline. Few new cases were identified. Amodel for consistent reproduction of clinicalsynovitis with field strains of MS was developed.This method will prove useful in studiesevaluating antibiotic medication and/or vaccination.In collaboration with Dr. DusanBencina at the University of Ljubljana inSlovenia, the hemagglutinin (HA) of MS wasidentified as a virulence factor. HA positiveclones were pathogenic, whereas HA negativestrains were not. These results improve ourability to detect and control MG and othermycoplasmas in commercial poultry.Stanley H. Kleven, Willie D. Hall, MarcusHead, Kathy Turner, and Victoria Leitingskleven@arches.uga.eduNeuraminidase is a Conserved Antigen ofPasteurella multocida“Sometimes there breaks out in the poultry-yarda disastrous disease, commonlyknown as chicken cholera. The animal whichis prey to this infection is without strength,trembles and has drooping wings.” LouisPasteur spoke these words in 1880 when herevealed his fowl cholera vaccine to the ParisAcademy of Sciences. Pasteur, now known asthe father of modern microbiology, developedthe first attenuated-live vaccine effectiveagainst infection. Live vaccine strains are stillused today to prevent fowl cholera. However,the available live vaccine strains are often toopathogenic for use in chickens, and killed vaccinesinduce protection only against closelyrelated strains of Pasteurella multocida, thebacterium responsible for the disease. We proposeto create a recombinant vaccine that willinduce protection against all P. multocidastrains. We have cloned and sequenced a genepresent in all strains of P. multocida.Furthermore, we have protected chickens fromfowl cholera using recombinant protein fromthis gene. The long-term goal of our researchis to create an effective broadly protective vaccineagainst fowl cholera that can be inexpensivelyused by Georgia poultry producers.Margie D. Leeleem@calc.vet.uga.eduThe Distribution of Virulence Specific-Genesamong Avian Escherichia coli IsolatesAlthough usually commensal residents inmammals and birds, a small percentage ofEscherichia coli isolates can cause disease intheir hosts. Virulence of any microbe is dependenton the organism’s genetics. We haveexamined the distribution of specific virulencegenes among avian E. coli encountered innorthern Georgia. Genes encoding forhemolysins and toxins were absent in avian E.coli as determined from either polymerasechain reaction (PCR) or Southern blots. Othergenes, such as the capsule gene kps and sialicacid-binding lectin sfa, are present in avian E.coli but at a low frequency. Emphasis has beenplaced on looking at the distribution of P-fimbrialgenes among avian E. coli. We lookedspecifically at the adhesin protein of the P-pili,PapG. This protein determines specificity ofdisaccharides recognized by the pili. Inuropathogenic E. coli, there are three PapGalleles, PapG J96 , PapG Ia , and PrsG, that recognizethree different galactosyl disaccharidespresent on the glyolipids of red blood cells.The PapG allele, PapG Ia, is the only adhesinthat has been identified in avian E. coli byeither PCR or Southern blot. This gene waspresent in 25% of the E. coli isolatesexamined.

Hemolysin is one type of virulence factorthat assists in the pathogenesis of E. coli.Currently, hemolytic activity in E. coli hasbeen attributed to one of two alpha hemolysingenes found in either uropathogenic of enterohemorrhagicE. coli. Hemolytic avian E. coliisolates, however, lack both these E. colihemolysin genes. A “new” E. coli gene, hylE,was identified which lacked the conservedamino acid sequence and accessory genescommon to alpha hemolysin. The hlyE genewas found to map at position on the E. colichromosome where virulence genes are commonlyfound in uropathogenic E. coli. Incloning another E. coli hemolysin gene, an E.coli gene was identified that was similar to aSalmonella virulence gene. We are currentlyinvestigating the distribution of this “new”gene among E. coli pathogenic for poultry.Characterization of these virulence genes willassist in our development of probes and crossprotectivevaccines against avian E. coli.John J. Maurerjmaurer@arches.uga.eduInvestigation of Hatchery DisinfectantEfficacy and Effect on Broiler ProductionHatchery sanitation has a significantimpact on chick quality. The proper use of disinfectantsis essential. A disinfectant with greatpromise as a hatchery sanitizer due to its lowcost, efficacy, and low level of toxicity ishydrogen peroxide. Aerosol bacterial counts,egg moisture loss, hatchability, chick quality,and broiler productivity were measured in eggsexposed to hydrogen peroxide fogging andcompared with eggs not exposed to disinfectantduring the incubation period. The efficacyof hydrogen peroxide was also evaluated in thepresence of severe challenge withStaphylococcus aureus contaminated eggs.There was a significant reduction in aerosolbacterial counts within the hatcher when incubatorswere fogged with 3% hydrogen peroxidewhen compared with water-foggedmachines, even in the face of high bacterialchallenge. Eggs exposed to hydrogen peroxidelost a significantly greater amount of moistureduring incubation, but hatchability was notaffected. The use of hydrogen peroxide as ahatchery sanitizer did not affect broiler livability,body weight, or feed conversion but didreduce the incidence of retained yolk sacs in42-day old chickens.Jean E. Sander and Jeanna L. Wilsonjsander@arches.uga.eduIncorporation of Computer-AssistedLearning in Poultry Disease TrainingThe poultry industry in the United Statesis a $40 billion industry, which requires theattention of qualified experts in the field ofpoultry health. An explosion of knowledge isoccurring in veterinary and agricultural sciences.The study of poultry health is highlyspecialized with a few select students enteringthe field. Because the majority of students leanin other directions, many veterinary and agriculturalcurriculums are unable to maintainpoultry health courses. A computerized autotutoriallearning system for the study of poultrydiseases is being developed to fill this educationalvoid. The main objective of this computerprogram is to support the teaching ofanatomy and pathology of different poultryspecies. The disease topics are presented byorgan system and etiology. Basic informationsuch as a glossary, detailed postmortem directions,description of the types of poultry, andinformation on husbandry practices such asbiosecurity is offered to the student to accommodateevery level of knowledge. The formatof the program uses the Internet throughNetscape with only local use allowed. Linksare provided within the program to allow thestudent to access a selected topic for study, orthe student can proceed through the programfrom beginning to end. Images are incorporatedin the text to allow the student to see thelesions associated with each disease.Jean E. Sanderjsander@arches.uga.eduInvestigation of Natural Disease Outbreaksand Field Trial StudiesRespiratory diseasewas investigated in onebroiler operation. Viralserology, isolation, andpolymerase chain reaction(PCR) were used to identifythe primary agent as infectiousbronchitis. Secondarybacterial infection withBordetella avium,Escherichia coli, andOrnithobacteriumrhinotracheale (ORT) wasconfirmed by bacterial cultureof tracheal swabs.Modification of the vaccinationprogram helped toalleviate the problem.Aspergillus fumigatuswas isolated from youngchicks with early mortalityand respiratory problems.Recommendations from ourclinical veterinarians helpedthe integrator to bring theproblem under control.Hemagglutination-inhibition(HI) serology, virusisolation, and PCR testsrevealed that Arkansas 99strain of infectious bronchitisvirus was the cause of aDr. Jean Sander performs a preliminary examinationof day-old chickens prior to microbiological tests.9

10respiratory problem in a broiler operation.Modification of the vaccination programbrought the problem under control. The estimatedannual saving is more than $100,000.The PCR technique has permitted generationof more useful and timely informationthan classical diagnostic techniques for infectiousbronchitis and mycoplasmas. Researchcontinues and new PCR tests will be applied todiagnostics as applications are developed.Diagnostic Services Laboratory activity isrepresented by 5,107 accessions, 20,481 bacterialprocedures, 979 antimicrobial susceptibilities,56,832 enzyme-linked immunoadsorbentassay (ELISA), 17,632 infectious bronchitishemagglutination-inhibition (IBV-HI) tests,22,000 histopathology slides, 248 diagnosticPCR tests, and 579 necropsies.Stephan G. Thayer, R. Kenny Page, George N.Rowland, Thomas P. Brown, Jean E. Sander,John R. Glisson, Stanley H. Kleven, PedroVillegas, Stanley A. Vezeysthayer@arches.uga.eduIsolation, Identification, and Control ofAvian VirusesSeveral molecular techniques, includingpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase-polymerasechain reaction (RT-PCR),restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP), and in situ hybridization, were used toanalyze important sequences of the nucleicacid of field strains of infectious bursal diseasevirus (IBDV). One strain from Georgia wassimilar in sequence to Delaware E variantstrain, a second strain was similar to the GLSstrain also reported from the Delmarva area,and a third strain was similar to the pathogenicclassic standard strain. The results obtainedwere similar with all the molecular techniquesevaluated. Analysis of portions of the viralDr. Pedro Villegas examines a tissue culture for lesions associated with infectionof avian viruses.nucleic acid indicated that the genetic variationobserved among the IBDV isolates are due tonatural genetic drift rather than to selectivepressures.Four pathogenic adenoviruses isolatedfrom field cases associated with inclusion bodyhepatitis were classified as group E adenovirus,using restriction patterns of extractedviral DNA generated by the restriction endonucleasesBamHI and HindIII. These results confirmedthe pathogenicity of the isolates.A rapid method to identify strains ofinfectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has beendeveloped. Using neuraminidase to treat theallantoic fluid obtained from chicken embryos,a hemagglutination reaction indicates the presenceof the IBV. The method had a 98% correlationwhen compared with RT-PCR, which isconsiderably more expensive.Pedro VillegasPedrov@arches.uga.eduLarge Molecular Weight Plasmid Role inthe Pathogenesis of Avian E. coliFinancial losses due to colibacillosis costthe poultry industry hundreds of millions ofdollars annually. Virulence traits of bacterialorganisms are encoded by specific genes locatedon the bacterial chromosome or on largemolecular weight (MW) plasmids. Escherichiacoli strain V-1 (V-1 wt ) is a well characterized,pathogenic avian strain isolated from a broilerchicken with colisepticemia, which containsseveral plasmids, two of which are high MWplasmids.We are looking for a genetic marker (designatedepv) that indicates the putative virulencegene located on the virulence plasmid,pWT3 (of E. coli strain V-1), and we want todetermine what this virulence factor contributesto the mechanism of pathogenicity inavian disease. The organisms to be testedinclude E. coli strain V-1 wt , E. coli strain V-1 wt restored with the virulence gene, andappropriate positive and negative controls. Theability of the organisms to kill chicken embryonatedeggs will be used as a measure of virulencefor the organisms tested. Twelve-day-oldchicken embryos will be inoculated withapproximately 10 2 colony forming units(CFUs) of the appropriate isolate, which isdeposited into the allantoic fluid. In anotherprocedure, 10 2 CFUs will be inoculated intothe yolk sac of six-day-old embryos. Embryoswill be candled daily. The number of deathswill be recorded, and tissues will be taken forreisolation and histopathology. Previous statisticalanalysis has shown us the EmbryoLethality Assay performed with 20 embryos/group repeated at least three times is sufficientsampling for statistical analysis. Once the epvgene is delineated, we want to compare themechanism(s) of pathogenicity between thewild-type organism and the wild-type organ-

ism without the epv gene. The results of theembryo lethality will then be used to decidethe challenge model for adult chickens tofurther the understanding of the virulencemechanism(s) associated with pWT3 of E. colistrain V-1 wt .Richard E. Wooley, Penelope S. Gibbs ,andThomas P. Brownrwooley@calc.vet.uga.eduEvaluation of Mechanism of Tendon Failurein Heavy Meat Type BirdsIn heavy meat type birds, lack of tendonintegrity and associated lameness are poorlyunderstood. The specific role of growth rate,management practices, and strain of bird in thegenesis of the problem is not clear. Tendonsmay fail with no apparent lesion to explaincause. A procedure to detect alteration in fibrillarcollagen type would help define a prefailurechange in tendon quality. Utilization of monoclonalantibodies to procollagen type I and collagentype III in an immunodection procedurehas been developed to show differentialresponses of avian tendon to heat, exercise,and rupture. Eighteen day-old embryonic tendonexplants grown at 43 o C had decreasedprocollagen and expression. Treadmill exercisefor four weeks increased procollagen collagenwith no change in collagen III. In ruptured tendons,the staining in tendon fibers was diminishedfor both procollagen I and collagen III.The peritenon and epitenon, however, hadincreased reactivity to both collagen typesindicative of prior injury to the tendons.Changes in level of expression of collagen typecorrelated with changes in the regulatory proteinsTGF B messenger RNA.Dr. George N. Rowlandgrowland@arches.uga.eduDr. George Rowland prepares tissue sections of avian tendon to aid in detemining why thesetissues fail in heavy meat birds.11

FishGeorgia’s aquaculture industry continues to expand with its greatest increase inchannel catfish. Since 1995, pond acreage for catfish farming has grown from6,000 to 8,000 acres. Major areas of disease concern continue to be losses causedby channel catfish virus and the bacteria Flavobacterium columnare andEdwardsiella ictaluri. Furthermore, there have been extensive losses in Georgiathis spring because of the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis or Ich.In addition to Georgia’s food fish industry, there is an increasing interest inornamental fish production. As Georgia’s aquaculture industries continue togrow, research aimed at improving the health of aquatic animal species willultimately help growers reduce production costs and improve profits.Role of Signaling Phosphoproteins inCatfish Antibacterial Innate ResistanceNonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) are theteleost equivalent of mammalian natural killercells. NCC lyse protozoa and tumor cells andNCC may participate in anti-bacterial resistanceby the release of cytokines and amplificationof inflammatory responses. We haverecently identified an antigen receptor (i.e.,natural killer receptor protein-1/NCCRP-1) onthe membrane of NCC. Cross-linkage of thisreceptor with monoclonal antibody ortumor/protozoan antigen initiates a downstreamsignaling process that eventually activatescytotoxicity. A major consequence of thisactivation/signaling process is the phosphorylationof many different intermediate proteinsnecessary for NCC function. In the presentstudy, we identified different “species” ofphosphoproteins. NCCRP-1 was phosphorylatedon both tyrosine and serine residues. Thiswas identified in Western blots using monoclonalantibodies specific for phosphotyrosineand phosphoserine residues. BOX-1 motifs areproline-rich consensus sequences found on theN-terminus of NCCRP-1 and on differentcytokine receptors, on growth hormone receptors,and so on. These motifs are the knowndocking sites for JAK kinases. NCC membranelysates were treated with the chemical crosslinkerDSS, and it was found that JAK-2 wasphysically associated with NCCRP-1.Additional data suggesting that NCCRP-1 is animportant signaling phosphoprotein was thepresence of STAT-6 in NCC cytosol preparations.Evidence that this protein may be associatedwith transcriptional activation was shownby demonstrating that STAT-6 translocates tothe NCC nucleus. These studies demonstratedthat NCCRP-1 may be responsible for bothsignaling responses and gene transcriptionalactivation.Liliana Jaso-Friedmann and Donald L. Evansdevans@calc.vet.uga.eduCatfish Immune Response to PlasmidVaccinationChannel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)farming accounts for approximately half thetotal aquaculture production and farm gatevalue in the United States. Compared with terrestrialfood animal production industries, verylittle is known about the health managementaspects of channel catfish, especially withregard to infectious disease. As with mostcommercially important food animals, there isa pressing need for safe, effective, and inexpensivevaccines in the channel catfish cultureindustry. DNA-mediated vaccines, or plasmidvaccines, are a rapidly emerging variation ofsubunit vaccines. The long-range goal of thisresearch is to develop safe, effective, andaffordable plasmid vaccines for infectious diseasesimportant to the channel catfish cultureindustry. The current objective in pursuit ofthis goal is to investigate the catfish immuneresponse, both humoral and cellular, generatedby immunization with a plasmid vaccine. Ourlaboratory has demonstrated that foreign proteingenes under the control of mammaliantranscription promoters will be expressed bychannel catfish cells both in vitro and in vivo.Our expectations are that, at the end of thisproject, we will have demonstrated that channelcatfish will mount a humoral and cellmediatedimmune response against an in vivoexpressed foreign antigen delivered by plasmidvaccination. These observations will providepreliminary data that will facilitate funding forfuture research towards the development ofvaccines targeted against specific channel catfishdisease agents, such as channel catfishvirus and the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri.Steven E. Poet and Donald E. Evanspoets@calc.vet.uga.edu12

Cattle and Other RuminantsCattle, sheep, and goats are three of Georgia’s important food-animal ruminants.They are considered ruminants because their four-chambered stomach enablesthem to digest copious roughage, which is inedible for direct humanconsumption. These three industries have gone through recent dynamic changes.The beef and dairy industries have liquidated their herds because of a relativelylarge cattle supply, high grain market, and low milk and beef prices. Today’s cattleproducers are working with narrow profit margins and must watch theirexpenses more closely than ever. Consequently, biomedical researchers arechallenged to provide these industries with ways to maintain healthy animals,which will help reduce production costs. Mastitis, Johne’s disease, brucellosis,pasteurellosis, pneumonia, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR),Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3), and leptospirosis continue to challenge the immunesystems of Georgia’s cattle herds. Ruminant herd health as it pertains to foodsafety is also a major concern to consumers and producers. Scientists need toinvestigate pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and otherfood-borne organisms as to their origin, transmission, and prevalence.Surface Immunity against Fescue ToxicosisTall fescue is a major cool weather foragein the humid areas of the eastern and southernUnited States. The fescue plants are naturallyinfected with an endophyte fungus(Neotyphodium coenophialum) that is importantfor persistence of the grass and for maximumforage production. Endophyte-infectedtall fescue contains ergot alkaloids. Cattlegrazing endophyte-infected tall fescue absorbthese alkaloids and develop fescue toxicosis,which results in decreased weight gains andcalving rates. The negative effect of fescuetoxicosis is estimated to exceed $750 millionannually. Various strategies have been developedto reduce or prevent fescue toxicosis.Nevertheless, to date, no management or treatmentprocedure has proved successful. Ourresearch group has been investigating the possibilityof immunizing cattle against the effectsof the ergot alkaloids. We have developed avaccine that stimulates antibodies that willbind to the ergot alkaloids. In the presentstudy, we are investigating whether the inductionof surface immunity (production of antibodiesin the mucus covering the digestivetract) will prevent the absorption of the ergotalkaloids in ingested fescue forage. Phase oneof the study will determine if surface antibodiescan be induced by a combination of injectionof the vaccine and nasal infusion of thevaccine. The surface immune system is a unit,and stimulation at any internal surface willresult in antibody production at all internal surfaces.Based on the results of this phase, anefficacy trial will be done where immunizedand placebo-immunized cattle will be grazedon endophyte-infected tall fescue. The efficacyof this vaccine will be determined by measuringthe urinary excretion of ergot alkaloids. Wehave determined that cattle excrete ergot alkaloids24 hours after starting to graze endophyte-infectedtall fescue. If these trials aresuccessful, more extensive trials will bedesigned to determine the optimum dose andthe number of vaccinations needed to providelong-term protection against fescue toxicosis.Donald L. Dawe, Frederick N. Thompson,Nicholas S. Hill*, and John A. Stuedemann**dldawe@calc.vet.uga.edu*Crop and Soil Sciences**Southern Piedmont Conservation ResearchCenterThe Role of Parasite Adhesion Proteins inthe Disease ProcessParasites exploit molecules on the surfaceof host cells by producing adhesion proteinscapable of binding to them. The parasite’s goalis to enhance its survival, which as a consequencecontributes to the development of diseasein humans and animals. The adhesion proteinsproduced by the parasite are therefore ofconsiderable interest, as blocking their interactionwith host molecules should interfere withan important step in the disease process. Thefocus of work in this laboratory is to betterunderstand these interactions between parasiteadhesion proteins and the host molecules theybind. The starting point of this research is afamily of adhesion molecules in the parasitePlasmodium falciparum, an agent of humanmalaria. During the past year, the completesequence of the gene encoding a new adhesionmolecule has been obtained, and work isunderway to determine how it interacts with13

14Dr. Fred Thompson, a recognized authority in fescue toxicosis, has been workingin this area of research for 15 years.target molecules on host cells. Using the DNAsequence of this gene, several other putativeadhesion molecules have been identified.There are significant similarities between P.falciparum and several parasite pathogens ofveterinary importance, most notably speciesBabesia (parasites of cattle, horses, and dogs).The techniques and reagents developed for thestudy of adhesion molecules in Plasmodiumare now being used to detect similar moleculesin Babesia. The discovery of novel adhesionmolecules in Babesia will allow these techniquesto be adapted to the detection of adhesionmolecules in a wider array of pathogenicparasites that impact human and animal health,such as Cryptosporidium and Eimeria. Theseadhesion molecules are expected to provideimportant new targets for development of vaccinesand antiparasite drugs.David S. Peterson and David Allred*dpeterso@calc.vet.uga.edu*University of FloridaSequential Western Blot Analysis of BovineHumoral Immunity to ParatuberculosisJohne’s disease (paratuberculosis) causedby Mycobacterium avium subs. paratuberculosis(MPTB) is a chronic wasting disease ofruminants that spreads slowly and may be presentin a herd for years prior to diagnosis. Inthe United States, it is estimated that the prevalenceof infection is between 5-20%. Infectedcows have diarrhea, decreased milk production,and body condition. Losses to the dairyindustry alone exceed $1.5 billion per year.Though controversial, MPTB may also be ahuman pathogen. Crohn’s disease is a chronictransmural inflammatory disease of the intestinaltract that has clinical and pathologic featuressimilar to paratuberculosis. The sequentialhumoral immune response to MPTB is notwell studied, and this lack of information hindersdevelopment of serologic tests that targetmolecules recognized early in the immuneresponse. The objective of this project is toanalyze by Western blot, the sequentialhumoral immune response of calves infectedwith MPTB. Our long-term goal is to developserologic diagnostic assays that have greaterpotential to diagnose this chronic disease thanis currently possible. Detection of early infectionwould allow producers a better tool toidentify and eliminate MPTB infected cattleand limit spread to other animals and the environment.Holstein calves obtained from herds withMPTB test-negative status were orally inoculatedwith MPTB strain 19698. A Western blotassay to detect MPTB antibody has beendeveloped utilizing enhanced chemiluminescence.Serum samples are collected and analyzedevery four weeks for antibody to MPTBby Western blot. Preliminary data suggest thatby 18 months postinfection, three of six MPTBchallenged calves have developed an immuneresponse to an antigen comigrating at the sameapparent molecular mass. One other MPTBchallenged calf has a similar weak immuneresponse that is considered suspicious. Thisimmune response is not seen in sera from anycontrol calves. Antibody from only one of theMPTB challenged calves identified this antigenbefore 15 months indicating that the numberof MPTB calves mounting an immuneresponse to this antigen is significantlyincreasing. Identification of MPTB specificantigens may provide candidate molecules thatcan be targeted for improved diagnostic assaysfor this chronic disease.Gordon A. Hullinger, Murray E. Hines II,John R. Cole, Charles A. Baldwingah@tifton.cpes.peachnet.eduA Survey of Genes Expressed in BovineSkeletal MuscleBeef, a major food commodity, is comprisedof the products of genes expressed inbovine muscle tissue, yet our knowledge ofthese genes is currently limited. Accordingly,as a first step toward the identification, characterization,genetic mapping, and monitoring ofexpression of muscle genes influencing beefquality traits, we have initiated a bovine muscleEST (Expressed Sequence Tag) project.This work involves the isolation and partialsequencing of numerous unique cDNAs from abovine skeletal muscle cDNA library. Thesequences can be analyzed in light oftheir homologies to the expanding databases ofhuman sequences; inferences can be madeabout their map locations via comparativemapping; and the set of sequences provides abasis for further study into the molecular regulationof muscle structure and function.Royal A. McGrawmcgraw@bscr.uga.edu

The Use of in situ Hybridization to DetectBovine Cytokines in TissueCytokines are a diverse group of low molecularweight proteins that modulate virtuallyall biological processes. In infectious diseases,cytokines are particularly important, becausethe outcome of an infection depends largely onthe interplay between the infectious agent andthe cytokines induced by the host and modulatedby the agent. Studying the interactionsbetween the infectious agent and the cytokinecan best be done through in situ hybridization,a process allowing for visualization of thecytokine within the tissue using nucleic acidprobes. We have made probes to many of themain bovine cytokines, including interleukin(IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α , interferon (IFN)-γ , and IFN-α .Using in situ hybridization, we have examinedthe presence of these cytokines in tissues fromcattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis andfoot-and-mouth disease. In tuberculous cattle,TNF-α and IL-10 are prominent cytokines.Interleukin-10 is noted for its ability to dampenthe cellular immune response, perhapsallowing M. bovis to persist. In foot-and-mouthdisease, two anti-viral cytokines, IFN-α andIFN-γ, are produced in the acute infection, butin quantities insufficient to overcome theextremely rapid proliferation of the virus.Corrie Browncorbrown@calc.vet.uga.eduIn situ hybridization for vesicular stomatitis viral nucleic acid in neurons of cerebral cortex.15

HorsesThe Georgia horse industry is experiencing significant growth as more than250,000 horses reside in this state. Equine-related services contribute about $750million to the state’s economy. These numbers are expected to rise as Georgia’spopulation continues to grow. The number of new equine training programs inthe Southeast continues to expand, and more professional trainers have moved tothe Southeast. With this growth comes an increasing concern about equine colicand laminitis. These diseases cause major losses to the equine industry. Thus,VMES researchers have focused on identifying better ways of treating horseswith these diseases. To date, researchers have determined the effects of bacterialtoxins absorbed during serious episodes of colic, developed treatment methodsthat inhibit action of some of the toxins, developed improved techniques to anesthetizehorses, and identified the earliest changes that occur in the digit of horsesthat develop acute laminitis. It is the researchers’ collective goal to learn moreabout the development of these diseases so that appropriate measures can bedesigned to prevent them in the future.16Evaluation of the Effect of Polymyxin BSulfate on ex vivo Endotoxemia in HorsesGram-negative bacterial septicemia andacute gastrointestinal disease are leading causesof death in foals and adult horses, respectively.The high mortality rate in these diseasesis associated with the release of bacterial endotoxin.Once in the blood, endotoxin binds toand activates leukocytes to secrete mediators,such as tumor necrosis factor, which in turnchannel the host’s defense mechanisms towardself-destruction and shock. The purpose of thisproposal is to evaluate polymyxin B sulfate, anantibiotic that binds endotoxin, thereby neutralizingits toxic effects.This project involved an ex vivo model ofequine endotoxemia in which three doses (100,1000, and10,000 units/kg) of polymyxin B sulfateor saline (time and drug control) weregiven as an intravenous bolus to eighthealthy horses. Blood was drawn at varioustimes before and after the administration ofpolymyxin B sulfate (or saline) andEscherichia coli or Salmonella minnesotaendotoxin (1 ng endotoxin/ml blood) wereadded to heparinized blood ex vivo. After a4-hour incubation, the plasma was assayedfor tumor necrosis factor activity. To date,all eight horses have received the threedoses of polymyxin B sulfate or saline, andtumor necrosis factor activity results havebeen compiled on six horses for all threedoses of polymyxin B sulfate and on threehorses that received the saline control.As expected, incubation of blood withendotoxin induced tumor necrosis factoractivity ex vivo. In horses given saline as acontrol, tumor necrosis factor activity wasconsistently induced by endotoxin. Allthree doses of polymyxin B sulfate significantlyinhibited endotoxin-induced tumor necrosisfactor. Inhibition was slightly better against E.coli endotoxin, as compared with S. minnesota.Preliminary results indicate that the 10,000units polymyxin B sulfate/kg dose effectivelyinhibited 90% of endotoxin-induced tumornecrosis factor activity for up to 6 hours,whereas the 1,000 units/kg dose inhibited 75%of endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factoractivity for 3 hours. The latter dose wouldcost only approximately $10 for a single treatmentfor a 450 kg horse. Signs of drug toxicitywere not detected. Our ultimate goal is to identifyan affordable, safe, and effective dose ofpolymyxin B sulfate for the treatment ofequine endotoxemia in the clinical setting.Michelle H. Barton and Anna Parviainenmbarton@calc.vet.uga.eduDr. Anna Parviainen is preparing serum for anex vivo test for exdotoxin-leukocyte binding inhorses.

Endotoxin Antagonists: Characterizing theirInteraction with Equine MonocytesDiseases characterized by endotoxemiaremain the largest cause of death in horsesnationwide. In equine veterinary practice,endotoxemia occurs most frequently in horseswith colic and foals with septicemia. For thesereasons, we have initiated studies designed toidentify the mechanisms by which endotoxincauses its deleterious effects and have initiatedtreatments to prevent these effects. The resultsof our previous studies indicated that peripheralblood monocytes play a key role in thedevelopment of many of the complicationsassociated with endotoxemia. Consequently,the goals of this study were to characterize thebinding of fluorescent endotoxin molecules tohorse monocytes using flow cytometry andthen to determine if unique endotoxin moleculesisolated from nitrogen-fixing organismsfrom plants would serve as antagonists ofendotoxin activity in horses. Initially, we determinedthat excessively high concentrations(10 µgrams/ml) of commercially available fluorescentendotoxins had to be used to detecttheir binding to the horse monocytes. Theseconcentrations exceeded those measured in thecirculation of horses with colic by more than1,000-fold. We then adapted a new method tolabel endotoxins with fluorescent markers ourselvesand were able to detect significant bindingto horse monocytes at 6-10 ng/ml. Theresults of these experiments will allow us tomore accurately characterize the binding ofendotoxins to horse cells at concentrations thatoccur in natural cases of colic.James N. Moore, Donald L. Evans, andRussell W. Carlson*jmoore@calc.vet.uga.edu*Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterEffect of a Hyaluronate Membrane onAdhesions and Anastomotic Healing inHorsesIntra-abdominal adhesions are a commoncause of postoperative intestinal obstructionand mortality in horses. Adhesions become aclinical problem when they compress or distortthe intestine and lead to intestinal constrictionor incarceration, predisposing the patient tointestinal obstruction and signs of abdominalpain. A bioresorbable hyaluronate membrane(HA-membrane) has been developed to reducepostoperative adhesion formation in people.The HA-membrane is placed on the intestineto prevent serosal-serosal or serosal-peritonealapposition during the early postoperative healing.Agents that reduce adhesion formationwithout adversely effecting normal peritonealhealing may reduce the morbidity and mortalityassociated with abdominal surgery in horses.The purpose of this study was to evaluate theeffect of a bioresorbable HA-membrane onexperimentally induced adhesion formationand anastomotic healing in horses.The effect of a HA-membrane on postoperativeadhesion formation was evaluated in 12healthy horses using an established model ofserosal trauma to induce intra-abdominal adhesions.Ventral midline celiotomies and twohand-sewn, jejunal resections and end-to-endanastomoses were performed. Two separateareas of the jejunum were briskly rubbed 100times using sterile, dry gauze, and three simpleinterrupted chromic gut sutures were placed inthe abraded area. In treated horses (n=6), HAmembraneswere applied to the jejunum tocompletely cover the anastomoses and abradedareas of jejunum. Nontreated horses (n=6)served as controls. Horses in both groups wereeuthanatized ten days after surgery. Theabdominal cavity was evaluated for adhesionformation and the jejunal anastomoses evaluatedhistologically for quality of healing.Fibrous adhesions were associated withboth abraded jejunal sites in all six controlhorses. Of the treated horses, only one abrasionsite of one horse formed an adhesion.There were significantly fewer adhesions at thejejunal abrasion sites in the HA-membranegroup as compared with the control group.There were no differences in anastomotic healingbetween groups.The results of this study suggest that inhorses at an increased risk of intra-abdominaladhesion formation, the use of HA-membranesduring exploratory celiotomy may reduce themorbidity and mortality associated withabdominal surgery.P. O Eric Mueller, William P Hay,Barry G. Harmon, and Lisa Amorosoemueller@calc.vet.uga.eduDr. Eric Mueller examines a client’s horse at the Large Animal Teaching Hospital.17

SwineMany of Georgia’s hog producers have recently converted their finishing unitsinto farrowing houses. More hog operations are sending their two-week-old pigsto nurseries in neighboring states and to finishing floors and packing plants inthe Midwest. Propelling this change was the closing of the state’s only majorswine processing plant in June 1996.With these changes in production scheme, biomedical researchers are focusingon the health needs of a sow production system. Georgia scientists are workingto improve herd health by eliminating porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS), pseudorabies, and brucellosis. With respect to food safety, VMESscientists are testing ways to reduce the numbers of microbial agents inGeorgia’s hog farms, thereby reducing human foodborne pathogens.18Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in SwineLymphoid Tissue Experimentally Infectedwith Mycobacterium avium Serovar 2Swine mycobacteriosis (tuberculosis) is acommon cause of carcass condemnation inSouth Georgia swine. Once the infection isestablished in a swine herd, it is difficult toeffectively prevent or eliminate the disease.Mycobacterium avium infections in swine areof great economic importance to swine producersin Georgia and other regions with highswine populations. The maximum incidence ofdetectable lesions often corresponds to traditionalslaughter weights. As clinical signs areusually not apparent at slaughter, considerablefinancial loss to producers occurs due to carcasscondemnations. Evaluation of in vivomRNA cytokine profiles in lymphoid tissuefrom swine infected with M. avium shouldallow the elucidation of cytokine interactionsinvolved in clearance of the organism and resolutionof lesions. We hypothesize that thecytokine secretion profile in infected swinelymphoid tissue is altered from the normalstate by local factorspresent on or secretedby M. avium;thereby preventingan appropriateimmune responsecapable of effectiveclearance and preventionof disease.Our objective is toevaluate the inflammatorycytokinemRNA expression(TNF, IL-1, IL-6,and IL-8) of swinelymphoidtissue (mandibularlymph node and tonsil)experimentallyinfected (160 days postinoculation) with M.avium serovar 2 by morphological localizationof cytokine mRNA by in situ oligoprobehybridization. Preliminary data suggest amarked increase in TNF expression, a mildincrease in IL-8 expression, and a mildincrease in IL-1 expression in mandibularlymph nodes from infected swine. A mildincrease in IL-6 expression was observed intonsils from infected swine. This data on localizedcytokine expression (in vivo) at a stage ofdisease where a cell-mediated response isactive in resolution of the disease should allowdevelopment of more effective vaccine.Murray E. Hines II, Kendall S. Frazier,Corrie C. Brownmhines@tifton.cpes.peachnet.eduDr. Corrie Brown testing swine for Mycobacterium avium.

WildlifeGeorgia’s wildlife habitat is continually changing as more people and domesticanimals move into the countryside. This change brings concerns about diseaseinteraction among wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. In addition, hunting,a popular form of wildlife recreation, adds hundreds of millions of dollars toGeorgia’s economy, and as such, depends on the health of the state’s wildlife.VMES researchers are studying many wild species, including white-tailed deer,wild turkeys, wild swine, foxes, raccoons, skunks, small rodents, and songbirds,to learn more about each animal’s role in disease maintenance and transmission.Recent research projects have involved diseases such as rabies, Escherichia coliO157:H7, leptospirosis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, pseudorabies, swinebrucellosis, sarcoptic mange, and mycoplasmosis. Although research objectivesvary by project, the main goals are to determine the importance of each diseaseto the health of wildlife, domestic animals, and people, and to devise ways tominimize that disease’s undesirable impact. At times, researchers have identifiedwildlife as a key part of a specific disease problem, but there also are numerousinstances in which studies clearly demonstrate that wildlife is not involved.Either way, research provides the understanding that is required before rationalsolutions are possible to maintain a healthy environment for Georgia’s peopleand animals.P-selectin Regulation in EpizooticHemorrhagic Disease Virus InfectionThe epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses,along with the closely related bluetongueviruses, cause a devastating disease in whitetaileddeer commonly known as hemorrhagicdisease. These viruses occasionally cause diseasein cattle, and the bluetongue viruses causesignificant morbidity and mortality in sheep.Although it is known that these viruses infectand kill the cells that line blood vessels resultingin severe hemorrhage, infection of thesecells no doubt triggers other events that eitherpotentiate or ameliorate the disease. P- and E-selectin are proteins that are expressed on thesurface of the cells lining the blood vesselswhen these cells are activated by a variety ofinsults. When expressed, these proteins directthe migration of cells involved in cellularimmunity, inflammation, or hemostasis to sitesof vascular injury. Little is known, however,about the expression or role of selectins duringviral infections. We have found that both P andE selectin are expressed on the cells lining theblood vessels during epizootic virus infection,both in vitro and in vivo. Expression was higherin cattle, which rarely develop disease followinginfection, than in the extremely susceptiblewhite-tailed deer. This low-level ofselectin expression in white-tailed deer followinginfection with epizootic hemorrhagic diseasevirus may partially explain the extremesusceptibility of deer to these viruses.Elizabeth W. Howerth and David E. Stallknechtehowerth@calc.vet.uga.eduVeterinary student Debbie Perzak, a participantin the Merck Summer Scholar ResearchProgram, working on vesicular stomatis virus.Survey of Wild White-tailed Deer inGeorgia for Escherichia coli O157:H7Cattle are a source of the human foodbornepathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7.Deer also are suspected as a source because ofrecent isolations of the bacteria from deerfeces and confirmation of venison as thesource of two small clusters of human disease19

in Oregon. The objective of this study was todetermine if white-tailed deer in Georgia carryE. coli O157:H7.During summer 1997, more than 300 freshdeer fecal samples were collected from theground at five Georgia wildlife areas. Duringautumn 1997, nearly 400 fecal samples werecollected directly from hunter-killed deer at thesame locations plus an additional area. Fecalsamples were cultured for E. coli O157:H7.All samples collected from the groundwere culture-negative. Three samples (0.8%)collected directly from deer were positive forE. coli O157:H7. The three isolates were from77 deer sampled (3.8%) during November atone area. Two of the three isolates had identicalDNA fingerprints. All three isolates producedShiga-like toxins 1 and 2. Samples offrozen processed meat from the three positivedeer were culture-negative for E. coliO157:H7.Results of this study suggest that the overallprevalence of E. coli O157:H7 is low infree-ranging deer; however, there may be focalareas where deer harbor the bacteria. Cattlewere present in the vicinity where the positivedeer were found, but they also were present atother sites where deer were culture-negative.Additionally, the results suggest that contaminationof meat did not occur during field dressingand processing of the three deer carryingE. coli O157:H7.John R. Fischer, Tong Zhao, andMichael P. Doyle *jfischer@calc.vet.uga.edu* Food Science and TechnologyExperimental Infection of Deer Mice withVesicular Stomatitis VirusVesicular stomatitis (VS) is a viral diseaseof cattle, horses, and swine, that causes substantialeconomic losses to livestock producers.The epidemiology of this disease is currentlyundefined, but it is suspected that the virus ismaintained in a vertebrate/insect vector cycleinvolving wildlife. To determine if native wildrodents may be involved in this cycle, a pilotstudy involving experimental infection of 100deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) withvesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), New Jersey(NJ) serotype, was performed. The virus usedin this study was originally isolated from sandflies collected on Ossabaw Island, Georgia.Viremia was detected in infected mice duringpostinoculation days one through three. Viruswas isolated from various tissues from 96 of100 mice from postinoculation days onethrough seven, and virus isolation results wereconfirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR), immunohistochemical detection ofvirus in tissues, and in situ hybridization ofviral RNA in tissues. Following this pilotstudy, a series of experiments were conductedto compare the outcome of infection in deermice with two different strains of VSV-NJ. TheOssabaw Island strain was compared with aVSV-NJ isolate from a recent VS outbreak(1995) in Colorado, with emphasis on developmentof viremia, clinical outcome, and distributionof virus in tissues. The Colorado strain ofVSV-NJ produced a significantly higher levelof viremia and caused central nervous systemdisease sooner than the Ossabaw Island strainof VSV-NJ. Further experiments using thisdeer mouse model are planned to investigatethe effects of route of inoculation and dose ofvirus on development and extent of viremia,the effects of pregnancy on infection, andeventually, the potential for viremic deer miceto infect appropriate insect vectors. Resultsfrom this study provide the first evidence that avertebrate host can become viremic and thusprovide a source of VSV-NJ to biting arthropodsand eventually livestock. Results alsoindicate that the deer mouse can provide avaluable research tool to further study vectorcompetence of suspected biting insect species.David E. Stallknecht, Elizabeth W. Howerth,and Todd E. Cornishdstall@calc.vet.uga.edu20

Companion AnimalsCompanion animals reside in 55 million U.S. homes. These animals include anestimated 66 million cats, 58 million dogs, 88 million fish, 40 million birds,13 million small animals (rabbits, hamsters, and gerbils), and 8 million reptiles.Companion animals’ popularity can be attributed to aging baby boomers lookingto pets for companionship after their children leave home. And while U.S. petownership is at an all-time high, these animals are living longer than theirpredecessors because of medical advances. Longer life, however, means moreage-related diseases and ailments, such as cancer, neural degeneration, kidneydysfunction, poor circulation, decreased respiratory capacity, and decreased liverfunction.It is up to biomedical researchers to come up with treatments for these and otherdiseases and ailments that affect companion animals. Nevertheless, unlike otherresearch areas, no federally funded support exists for studies that specificallybenefit companion animals. Yet, many of these studies affect human medicine.For example, articificial hip studies were initially performed on dogs in order todevelop a model for replacing diseased hips in humans. Now older dogsroutinely undergo joint replacement. This is just one of many examples of howbiomedical research benefits both human and animal health.Canine Hepatocerebellar Degeneration: APotential Model of CDGS1Dr. Paige Carmichael explains the pathogenesisof CHD to a group of visiting pathologists.Canine Hepatocerebellar Degeneration(CHD) is an insidious and debilitating neurologicdisorder that has been described inBernese Mountain Dogs, although it is conceivablethat other breeds may also be affected.We have determined that this syndrome is anautosomal recessive inherited cerebellar corticaldegenerative disease that has consistenthepatic involvement. CHD is biochemicallyand morphologically similar to a recentlymapped human genetic disorder known asCarbohydrate-deficient GlycoproteinSyndrome type 1 (CDGS1). We are studying agroup of related purebred Bernese MountainDog puppies with CHD and intend to examineboth the pathogenesis of Purkinje cell degenerationin this newly described disease in dogs aswell as probe the underlying molecular geneticbasis of the disease. Development of a genetictest for carrier animals will provide an effectiveand humane way to breed healthy animalsand to prevent the perpetuation of this diseasewithin the breed.K. Paige Carmichael and Royal A. McGrawkpc@calc.vet.uga.edu21

Pharmacokinetics of Troglitazone, a NewAnti-diabetic Agent in the CatDiabetes mellitus is an importantendocrine disease in the cat. About 50% ofdiabetic cats have the noninsulin-dependentform characterized by several metabolic alterations,most prominently hyperglycemiacaused by increased hepatic glucose output,increased gluconeogenesis, and hyperlipidemia.Currently, diabetic cats are treatedeither with insulin or the oral drug, glipizide.Both treatments are associated with problems.Cats have variable responses to insulin, andlarge fluctuations in glucose occur frequentlymaking insulin treatment a frustrating experiencefor the owner and dangerous for the cat.Glipizide treatment is not successful at all inmany cats or is successful only for a limitedtime period. Both lead to an increase in insulinconcentrations, which causes weight gain anddeterioration in the insulin resistant state. Thethiazolidinedione, troglitazone, has recentlybeen approved for the treatment of diabetes inpeople. This drug improves insulin resistance,hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia in bothdiabetic and nondiabetic obese patients andleads to a normalization of the hyperlipidemia.This drug might also be valuable in the treatmentof the diabetic cat.To use troglitazone in the diabetic cat, weestablished pharmacokinetic parameters fortroglitazone by single dose intravenous andoral administration studies in healthy normoglycemiccats first. This information is necessarybefore troglitazone can be given to diabeticanimals.Margarethe Hoenig, Duncan C. Fergusonmhoenig@calc.vet.uga.eduThe Effect of Canine Distemper Virus onMouse Motor Neuron Viability andPhysiologyCanine distemper virus infects both petand wild canids producing severe disease ofthe immune, respiratory, gastrointestinal andnervous systems. Untreated animals that survivethe acute illness usually die from fatalencephalitis. The neuropathology produced byCDV is similar to that produced in MultipleSclerosis. In spite of this, little informationexists concerning the exact cellular mechanismsof this virus in the nervous system.Current control of the virus in the pet dog populationentails vaccination. In spite of thesecontrol measures, CDV is still a leading causeof infectious encephalitis in dogs. In Georgiaalone, CDV was second only to parvovirus inthe number of infectious disease cases reportedto the Georgia Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratoriesbetween 1993-1995 (420 cases/3 years).The reasons for continued existence of the diseaseinclude unvaccinated animals, vaccinefailure, persistence of the virus in wild canids,and the existence of an inadequately controlledroaming dog population. A study of CDV inthe gray fox population of the southeasternstates found that the disease occurred in 78%of the dead or sick foxes studied. It is noteworthythat 75% of the animals were fromGeorgia. In addition, CDV infection has alsobeen reported in coyotes in Georgia and SouthCarolina. Therefore, it is likely that CDV willcontinue to be a significant threat to domesticcanids and wildlife in Georgia. This warrantsadditional research in understanding its mechanismsof action at the cellular level, as well asthe development of more effective treatmentand control measures. The objective of the currentstudy is to develop an in vitro model systemthat can be used to study the action ofCDV at the cellular level. Currently, we areusing mouse spinal cord tissue to grow motorneurons in cell culture, and electrical recordingsto measure the activity of these cellsbefore and after infection with CDV, in aneffort to better understand the cellular actionof CDV.Julie A. Coffieldcoffield@calc.vet.uga.edu22Dr. Gina Michels performs a physical examinationon a diabetic cat.Assisted Reproductive Techniques for theTreatment of Canine InfertilityDue to the increasing numbers of valuablecanine patients being seen by the VeterinaryMedical Teaching Hospital for reproductiveproblems, this research has been undertaken toprovide new clinical therapeutic modalities formany of these otherwise untreatable diseases.Although assisted reproduction rarely offers acure, it does allow for the procreation of valuedbut otherwise sterile patients. The followingis a summary of the canine specific

esearch paid for by VMES funds where weinvestigated the harvesting of oocytes, in vitromaturation of oocytes, in vitro capacitation ofcanine spermatozoa, and two in vitro fertilizationtechniques.Harvesting of oocytes by the dissectionmethod was significantly (p

Financial HighlightsResearch FundingFunding Source * Fiscal Year ‘97 Fiscal Year ‘98VMES Budget $2,887,931 $2,984,133Federal Grants and Contracts 1,282,230 1,327,683State Grants and Contracts 109,770 142,650Private Grants and Contracts 2,104,767 2,904,553*Excluding carryover fundsGeorgia Livestock and Poultry: Inventories and Values aNumber on FarmsSpecies and/or Produced Production ValueCattle Beef 1,392,000 $497,220,000Dairy 98,000 355,680,000 bHogs 1,640,000 209,200,000Poultry Broilers 1,182,800,000 2,276,890,000Non-broilers 19,869,000 17,112,000Eggs 4,867,000,000 358,941,000Turkeys 175,000 2,591,000Horses and Ponies 251,000 125,500,000aBased in part on information published by the Georgia Agricultural Statistics Service, Athens, GeorgiabIncludes value to dairy cattle and milk producedGeorgia Farm Cash ReceiptsCrops and Farm Forest (43.8%)Poultry and Eggs (44.3%)Dairy Products (4.2%)Meat Products (6.9%)Other Livestock (0.8%)24

Research Contracts and GrantsAllen, S.W. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of transdermalfentanyl patches in cats and their effect on serum cortisolconcentrations. American College of VeterinarySurgeons, $10,000.The use of Monocryl in feline ovariohysterectomy.Mallinckrodt Veterinary, Inc., $4,000.Barton, M.H. Evaluation of the effects of polymyxin b onex vivo endotoxemia in horses. American VeterinaryMedicine Foundation, $12,998.The effects of endotoxin on equine leukocyte receptorexpression. U.S. Department of Agriculture, $16,561.Bounous, D.I. Genetic resistance through cellular immunemechanisms during the early phase of Marek’s diseaseinfection. U.S. Poultry and Egg Association, $32,261.Brown, S.A. Choice of antihypertensive agents in cats.Morris Animal Foundation, $31,386.Obesity, systemic hypertension, and progressive renaldisease in dogs. Morris Animal Foundation, $25,673.Potential benefits of benazepril in cats with chronicrenal insufficiency. Novartis Animal Health, $12,022.Brown, T.P. Study of spiking mortality of turkeys. NorthCarolina State University, $64,310.Diagnostics for avian enteric coronavirus infections incommercial poultry. U.S. Department of Agriculture,$10,205.Budsberg, S.C. Comparison of perioperative analgesiceffects of meloxicam and butorphanol in dogs undergoingstabilization of the stifle for cranial cruciate rupture.Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Inc.,$42,150.Role of n-3/n-6 fatty acids in the development ofdegenerative joint disease: A dog stifle model. Hill’sPet Nutrition, Inc., $16,500.The effects of carprofen on the ground reaction forcesin a canine chronic stifle osteoarthritis model. Pfizer,Inc., $28,279.Crowell-Davis, S.L. Effect of litterbox location on normaland inappropriate elimination behavior in cats. The PetCare Trust, $8,758.Dickerson, H.W., Jr. Can a DNA vaccine induce cutaneousimmunity in fish? Cornell University, $20,065.Dreesen, D.W. Antibody response to Rab Avert in veterinarystudents. Chiron Behring GmbH & Co., $55,994.The evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a newchromatographically purified rabies vaccine (CPRV) inhealthy adult volunteers. Connaught Laboratories, Inc.,$19,424.Edwards, G.L. Afferent mediation of Amylin action.Amylin Pharmaceuticals, $3,000.Effect of CLA Supplementation in Dogs. Hill’s PetNutrition, Inc., $70,000.Evans, D.L. Analysis of chicken lymphocytes respondingto Campylobacter extracts. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, $10,000.Streptococcus intial infections in trout and tilapia. U.S.Department of Agriculture, $133,200.Fayrer-Hosken, R. Development of a natural injectablesterilant vaccine for dogs and cats and the elucidationof a synthetic sterilant vaccine for dogs and cats. SpaySafe LLC, $729,687.Immunocontraception in African elephant usingporcine zona pellucida vaccine. Humane Society of theUnited States, $28,990.Investigating potential for PZP immunosterilization offeral pigs. The Nature Conservancy, $7,500.Ferguson, D.C. Production of a highly sensitive caninethyrotropin immunoassay using bioluminescence.Georgia Institute of Technology, $46,000.Finco, D.R. Beneficial effects of an ultralow phosphorusdiet on dogs with induced chronic renal failure. TheIAMS Company, $28,966.Garcia, M. Development of polymerase chain reactiondiagnostic method capable of distinguishing amonginfectious laryngotracheitis strains. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, $3,650.Hanson, W.L. Evaluation of potential antileishmanialdrugs in animal models. U.S. Army, $207,000.Harmon, B.G. Carrier state for toxin-producing bacteriain cattle. U.S. Department of Agriculture, $16,010.Hoenig, M.E. Development of a specific and sensitiveassay for feline insulin and proinsulin. Morris AnimalFoundation, $11,600.25

Jackwood, M.W. Genetic drift in the Arkansas serotype ofinfectious bronchitis virus. U.S. Poultry and EggAssociation, $61,298.Recombinant vaccines for infectious bronchitis virus.U.S. Department of Agriculture, $5,320.Kleven, S.H. Avian mycoplasmosis. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, $3,620.Maurer, J.J. Identification of virulence specific genes inavian Escherichia coli by RAPD PCR. U.S. Poultryand Egg Association, $22,247.The distribution of virulence specific genes amongavian Escherichia coli isolates. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, $1,990.McCall, J.W. Antifilarial drug testing in dogs. WorldHealth Organization, $160,540.Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis and screeningof filaricides. World Health Organization, $104,696.Filariasis repository research services. NationalInstitutes of Health, $227,160.Standardization of a model for canine ehrlichiosisusing tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) induced infectionsof Ehrlichia canis in beagles. Georgia StateUniversity/Georgia Research Alliance, $30,000.Standardization of a model for canine ehrlichiosisusing tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) induced infectionsof Ehrlichia canis in Beagles. Merial Limited,$30,000.McGraw, R.A. Genetics of between-breed resistance tonematode infection in sheep. Louisiana StateUniversity, $136,146.Murray, T.F. Affinity labels for opioid receptors.University of Maryland, Baltimore, $53,759.Dextrorotatory opioids as probes for PCP receptors.National Institutes of Health, $488,249.New reactor for drug discovery libraries. BendResearch, Inc., $32,400.Screening of compound derivative libraries for adenosinereceptor affinity. Bend Research, Inc., $3,807.Nettles, V.F. Assess possible risk factors for exposure toEhrlichia. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,$40,949.Development and evaluation of alternate baits fordelivery of V-RG rabies vaccine to wildlife. MerialLimited, $66,650.Development and evaluation of alternate baits fordelivery of V-RG rabies vaccine to wildlife. GeorgiaState University/Georgia Research Alliance, $66,650.Development of scientific information on animal trapsfor selected wild vertebrate species. U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, $53,334.Southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study.Southeastern Association of Fish and WildlifeAgencies, $194,920.Rawlings, C.A. Stress incontinence due to intrinsicsphincter deficiency (ISD). Ethicon, Inc., $132,680.In vivo evaluation of resorbable urethral stent in thecanine cystoscopy model. Indigo Medical, Inc.,$80,000.Ritchie, B.W. Post-graduate support in zoo/exotic animalpathology. Zoo Atlanta and Riverbanks Zoo, $36,000.Rowland, G.N. Evaluation of mechanisms of tendon failurein heavy meat-type birds. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, $2,190.Sander, J.E. Enumeration of bacteria before and after disinfectionof various types of SLAT material used tohouse broiler breeders. Riverdale Mills Corporation,$4,029.Investigation of hatchery disinfectant efficacy andeffect on broiler production. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, $2,660.Stallknecht, D.E. Mycoplasma gallisepticum in housefinches and other wild birds. U.S. Poultry and EggAssociation, $34,249.Thayer, S.G. Investigation of natural disease outbreaksand field trial studies. U.S. Department of Agriculture,$18,980.Thompson, F.N. Evaluation of vaccines against fescuetoxicosis. U.S. Department of Agriculture, $22,634.Villegas, P. Inoculation study of Marek’s disease virus.Pfizer, Inc., $13,014.Isolation, identification, and control of avian viruses.U.S. Department of Agriculture, $6,585.26

Administrators and AdvisorsThe University System of GeorgiaBoard of RegentsEdgar L. Jenkins, Vice ChairmanStephen R. Portch, ChancellorTom Thompson, PresidentGeorgia Milk Producers, Inc.J. Tom Coleman, Jr., SavannahState-at-Large (2002)A. W. Dahlberg, AtlantaState-at-Large, (2004)Hilton H. Howell, Jr., AtlantaState-at-Large (1999)Charles H. Jones, MaconState-at-Large (2002)Donald M. Leebern, Jr., AtlantaState-at-Large (2005)David H. Averitt, StatesboroFirst District (1999)John Hunt, TiftonSecond District (2004)Shannon L. Amos, ColumbusThird District (2000)Juanita P. Baranco, MorrowFourth District (2005)Elridge W. McMillan, AtlantaFifth District (2003)Kenneth W. Cannestra, AtlantaSixth District (2001)Edgar L. Rhodes, BremenSeventh District (1999)S. William Clark, Jr., WaycrossEighth District (1999)Edgar L. Jenkins, JasperNinth District (2001)Thomas F. Allgood, Sr., AugustaTenth District (2000)Glenn S. White, LawrencevilleEleventh District (2005)Officers and StaffS. William Clark, Jr., ChairmanJames L. Muyskens, Senior ViceChancellor - Academic Affairs/DeputyLindsay Desrochers, Senior ViceChancellor - Capital Resources/TreasurerArthur N. Dunning, Senior ViceChancellor - Human and ExternalResourcesThomas E. Daniel, Vice Chancellor -External AffairsWilliam K. Chatham, Vice Chancellor -FacilitiesBarry A. Fullerton, Vice Chancellor -Student ServicesE. Michael Staman, Vice Chancellor -Information/Instructional Technology/CIOThe University of GeorgiaUniversity & College AdministratorsMichael F. Adams, PresidentThe University of GeorgiaJoe L. Key, Vice President for Researchand Associate ProvostThe University of GeorgiaKeith W. Prasse, DeanCollege of Veterinary MedicineHarry W. Dickerson, DirectorVeterinary Medical Experiment StationVeterinary Advisory BoardBetts Berry, PresidentGeorgia Cattlemen’s AssociationLee Brooks, State VeterinarianGeorgia Department of AgricultureBill Taff, ChairmanEquine Advisory BoardJohn Walters, PresidentGeorgia Pork Producers AssociationAlan Habagger, PresidentGeorgia Poultry FederationEd Taylor, PresidentGeorgia Veterinary Medical AssociationJerry Case, Past PresidentGeorgia Veterinary Medical AssociationCouncil to the Advisory BoardGlenn Smith, Executive Vice PresidentGeorgia Cattlemen’s AssociationMelinda Woliver, DirectorEquine DivisionGeorgia Equine Advisory BoardWayne Dollar, PresidentGeorgia Farm BureauBill Moore, Executive DirectorGeorgia Milk Producers, Inc.Roger Bernard, Executive SecretaryGeorgia Pork Producers AssociationAbit Massey, Executive SecretaryGeorgia Poultry FederationJames Scroggs, Executive DirectorGeorgia Poultry Lab ImprovementAssociation, Inc.Kelly Scott, PresidentGeorgia Ratite CouncilM. Randy Clayton, DirectorGeorgia Sheep and WoolJames Strickland, Extension VeterinarianThe University of Georgia27

ResearchersAllen, Douglas, Jr., DVM, MS, Associate Professor andHospital Director, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-5558Allen, Sheila W., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, (706) 542-5728Aron, Dennis N., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,(706) 542-6387Baldwin, Charles A., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, TiftonDiagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340Barsanti, Jeanne A., DVM, MS, Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6379Barton, Michelle H., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, LargeAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-8319Berman, Frederick W., DVM, PhD, Assistant ResearchScientist, Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-0167Bienzle, Dorothee, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Pathology,(706) 542-5847Bounous, Denise I., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology,(706) 542-5846Brackett, Benjamin G., DVM, PhD, Professor, Physiology andPharmacology, (706) 542-5859Broderson, J. Roger, DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Pathology,and Director of Animal Care, (706) 542-5938Brown, Cathy A., VMD, PhD, Assistant Professor, AthensDiagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5917Brown, Corrie C., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, Pathology,(706) 542-5842Brown, Scott A., VMD, PhD, Associate Professor, Physiologyand Pharmacology, (706) 542-5857Brown, Thomas P., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, AvianMedicine, (706) 542-2066Budsberg, Steven C., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, SmallAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-6574Calvert, Clay A., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,(706) 542-6378Carmichael, Karen P., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor,Pathology, (706) 542-5834Caudle, Alfred B., DVM, Professor, Large Animal Medicine,(706) 542-6322Chambers, Jonathan N., DVM, Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6313Coffield, Julie A., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiologyand Pharmacology, (706) 542-5979Cole, John R., Jr., PhD, Professor, Tifton DiagnosticLaboratory, (912) 386-3340Colvin, Billy M., PhD, Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory,(912) 386-3340Cornelius, Larry M., DVM, PhD, Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6314Crowell-Davis, Sharon L., DVM, PhD, Professor, Anatomy andRadiology, (706) 542-8343Davidson, William R., MS, PhD, Professor, Wildlife DiseaseStudy, (706) 542-1741Dawe, Donald L., DVM, PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiologyand Parasitology, (706) 542-5793Dickerson, Harry W., Jr., BVSC, PhD, Professor, MedicalMicrobiology and Parasitology, and Director, VeterinaryMedicine Experiment Station, (706) 542-5734Dookwah, Hugh D., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Anatomyand Radiology, (706) 542-5595Downs, Myron O., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, SmallAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-6317Dreesen, David W., DVM, MPVM, Professor, MedicalMicrobiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5789Dzimianski, Michael T., DVM, Research Associate, MedicalMicrobiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-8449Edwards, Gaylen L., DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor,Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5854Egger, Christine M., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6432Evans, Donald L., MS, PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiologyand Parasitology, (706) 542-5796Fayrer-Hosken, Richard, BVSC, DVM, PhD, MRCVS,Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine,(706) 542-6451Ferguson, Duncan C., VMD, PhD, Professor, Physiology andPharmacology, (706) 542-5864Finco, Delmar R., DVM, PhD, Professor, Physiology andPharmacology, (706) 542-5870Fischer, John R., DVM, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,Wildlife Disease Study, (706) 542-5700Frazier, Kendall S., PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton DiagnosticLaboratory, (912) 386-3340Garcia, Maricarmen, PhD, Assistant Professor, AvianMedicine, (706) 542-5656Glisson, John R., DVM, MAM, PhD, Professor, AvianMedicine, (706) 542-5652Greenacre, Cheryl B., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-2376Greene, Craig E., DVM, MS, Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6380Hall, D. Gregory, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Pathology,(706) 542-5832Halper, Jaroslava, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology,(706) 542-5830Harmon, Barry G., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology,(706) 542-5831Hawkins, Larry L., DVM, Associate Professor, Large AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6320Hay, William P., DVM, Assistant Professor, Large AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6368Hines, Murray E., II, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, TiftonDiagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340Hnilica, Keith A., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6350Hoenig, Margarethe E., Dr. med. vet., PhD, Professor,Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5869Hollett, R. Bruce, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, LargeAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-5508Howerth, Elizabeth W., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor,Pathology, (706) 542-583328

Hullinger, Gordon A., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, TiftonDiagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340Jackwood, Mark W., MS, PhD, Associate Professor, AvianMedicine, (706) 542-5475Jacobs, Gilbert J., DVM, Associate Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6375Jacobsen, Karen L., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, LargeAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-9321Jain, Anant V., PhD, Senior Public Service Associate, AthensDiagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5919Jaso-Friedmann, Liliana, MS, PhD, Associate ResearchScientist, Medical Microbiology and Parasitology,(706) 542-5808Kaswan, Renee L., DVM, Sr. Research Vet. Ophthalmologist,Small Animal Medicine, (770) 687-9997Kemp, Douglas T., D. Pharm., Clinical Pharmacy Associate,Teaching Hospital, (706) 542-5510Kleven, Stanley H., DVM, PhD, Research Professor and Head,Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5644Latimer, Kenneth S., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology,(706) 542-5844Lee, Margie D., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, MedicalMicrobiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5778Li, Wan-I Oliver, DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor,Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5853Liggett, Alan D., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, TiftonDiagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340Little, Susan E., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, MedicalMicrobiology and Parasitology (706) 542-8447Lowder, Michael Q., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, LargeAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-6431Lukert, Phil D., DVM, PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiologyand Parasitology, (706) 542-5795Mahaffey, Edward A., DVM, PhD, Professor and AssociateDean for Public Service and Outreach (706) 542-5716Mahaffey, Mary B., DVM, MS, Professor, Anatomy andRadiology, (706) 542-8321Martin, Charles L., DVM, MS, Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-5602Maurer, John J., PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine,(706) 542-5071McCall, John W., PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiology andParasitology, (706) 542-8449McDonnell, John J., MS, DVM, Assistant Professor, SmallAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-7415McGraw, Royal A., MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Physiologyand Pharmacology, (706) 542-0661Medleau, Linda, DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,(706) 542-2377Miller-Liebl, Doris M., DVM, PhD, Professor and Director,Athens Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5915Moore, James N., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, LargeAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-3325Mueller, P. O. Eric, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, LargeAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-7367Munnell, John F., VMD, PhD, Associate Professor, Anatomyand Radiology, (706) 542-8342Murray, Thomas F., PhD, Professor and Head, Physiology andPharmacology, (706) 542-3014Nettles, Victor F., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor and Director,Wildlife Disease Study (706) 542-1741Neuwirth, Lisa, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6381Newman, Louis E., III, DVM, PhD, Professor and Director,Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory, (912), 386-3340Odend’hal, Stewart, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Anatomyand Radiology, (706) 542-5551Parks, Andrew H., MA, Vet MB, MS, MRCVS, AssociateProfessor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6372Peterson, David S., PhD, Assistant Professor, MedicalMicrobiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5242Poet, Steven E., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, MedicalMicrobiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-4784Prasse, Keith W., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, and Dean,(706) 542-3461Purinton, Paul T., DVM, PhD, Professor, Anatomy andRadiology, (706) 542-8302Quandt, Jane E., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6386Ragland, William L., III, DVM, PhD, Professor, AvianMedicine, (706) 542-5647Rakich, Pauline M., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, AthensDiagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5568Rawlings, Clarence A., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, SmallAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-6385Reeves, David, DVM, Associate Professor, Large AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-9330Ritchie, Branson W., DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor,Small Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6316Roberts, Arthur W., MS, Public Service Associate, AthensDiagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5568Roberts, Royce E., DVM, MS, Professor and Head, Anatomyand Radiology, (706) 542-8309Rowland, George N., III, DVM, PhD, Professor, AvianMedicine, (706) 542-5084Sander, Jean, DVM, MAM, Associate Professor, AvianMedicine, (706) 542-5058Sangster, Lowell T., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, TiftonDiagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340Selcer, Barbara A., DVM, Professor, Anatomy and Radiology,(706) 542-8305Sharma, Raghubir P., DVM, PhD, Professor, Physiology andPharmacology, (706) 542-2788Smith, Frederick G., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Anatomyand Radiology, (706) 542-5550Stallknecht, David E., MS, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,Wildlife Disease Study, (706) 542-7952Steffens, Walstine L., PhD, Associate Research Scientist,Pathology, (706) 542-5536Stiles, Jean, DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Small AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6369Styer, Eloise L., PhD, Public Service Associate, TiftonDiagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-334029

Supakorndej, Prasit, MS, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-8449Thayer, Stephan G., MS, PhD, Senior Public Service Associate,Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5057Thompson, Frederick N., Jr., DVM, PhD, Professor,Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5862Trim, Cynthia M., BVSC, MRCVS, Professor, Large AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6318Villegas, Pedro, DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine,(706) 542-5085Weiss, Raul, DVM, Associate Professor, Athens DiagnosticLaboratory, (706) 542-5914White, Susan L., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large AnimalMedicine, (706) 542-6319Williamson, Lisa, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, LargeAnimal Medicine, (706) 542-9323Wooley, Richard E., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, MedicalMicrobiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-582530

Selected PublicationsAllen, S.W., Chambers, J.N.: Computer assisted instruction offundamental surgical motor skills. J. Vet. Med. Educ. 24:2-5, 1997.Anderson, D.E., Allen, D., St. Jean, G., Parks, A.H.: Use of amultifenestrated indwelling lavage system for treatment ofseptic digital tenosynovitis in cattle. Aust. Vet. J. 75:796-799, 1997.Anderson, M., Palmer, R., Aron, D.N.: Improving pin selectionand insertion technique for external skeletal fixation.Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 19:485-494, 1997.Aron, D.N., Selcer, B.A., Smith, J.D.: Autogenous tensor fascialata graft replacement of the patellar ligament in a dog. Vet.Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 10:141-145, 1997.Arttamangkul, S., Ishmael, J.E., Murray, T.F., Grandy, D.K.,DeLander, G.E., Kieffer, B.L., Aldrich, J.V.: Synthesisand opioid activity of conformationally constrained dynorphinA analogues: Part II. Conformational constraint in the“address sequence.” J. Med. Chem. 40:1211-1218, 1997.Barsanti, J.A.: Management of urinary tract infections in dogs.Ir. Vet. J. 30:385-392, 1997.Barton, M.H., Ferguson, D.C., Davis, P.J., Moore, J.N.:The effects of pentoxifylline infusion on plasma 6-ketoprostaglandinF1 alpha and ex vivo endotoxin-induced tumornecrosis factor activity in horses. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther.20:487-492, 1997.Barton, M.H., Moore, J.N., Norton, N.: Effects of pentoxifyllineinfusion on response of horses to in vivo challengeexposure with endotoxin. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:1300-1307,1997.Barton, M.H., Morris, D.D., Norton, N., Prasse, K.W.:Hemostatic and fibrinolytic indices in neonatal foals withpresumed septicemia. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 12:26-35, 1998.Baskett, A., Barton, M.H., Norton, N., Anders, B., Moore,J.N.: Effect of pentoxifylline, flunixin meglumine, and theircombination on a model of endotoxemia in horses. Am. J.Vet. Res. 58:1291-1299, 1997.Berman, F., Murray, T.F.: Domoic acid neurotoxicity in culturedcerebellar granule neurons is predominantly mediatedby NMDA receptors that are activated as a consequence ofexcitatory amino acid release. J. Neurochem. 69:693-703,1997.Brandon, C.I., Srivastava, P.M., Heusner, G.L., Fayrer-Hosken, R.A.: Extraction and quantification of acrosin,beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and arylsulfatase-A fromequine ejaculated spermatozoa. J. Exp. Zool. 279:301-308,1997.Brown, C.C.: A review of three pathology-based techniques forretrospective diagnosis of rinderpest, with comparison tovirus isolation. Res. Vet. Sci. 63:103-106, 1997.Brown, C.C.: Emerging diseases: What veterinarians need toknow. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 9:113-117, 1997.Brown, S.A., Crowell, W.A., Brown, C.A., Barsanti, J.A.,Finco, D.R.: Pathophysiology and management of progressiverenal disease in dogs. Bri. Vet. J. 154:93-109, 1997.Brown, S., Langford, K., Tarver, S.: Effects of certain vasoactiveagents on the long-term pattern of blood pressure, heartrate, and motor activity in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:647-651,1997.Brown, T.P., Garcia, A., Kelley, L.: Spiking mortality of turkeypoults: 1. Experimental reproduction in isolation facilities.Avian Dis. 41:604-609, 1997.Brown, T.P., Garcia, A., Sellers, H., Kelley, L.: Spiking mortalityof turkey poults: 2. Effect of six different in vitro disinfectiontechniques on organ homogenates capable of reproducingSMT. Avian Dis. 41:906-909, 1997.Browning, R., Jr., Schrick, F.N., Thompson, F.N., Wakefield,Jr., T.: Reproductive hormonal responses to ergotamine andergonovine in cows during the luteal phase of the estrouscycle. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1448-1454, 1998.Budsberg, S.C.: Outcome assessment in clinical trials involvingmedical management of osteoarthritis in small animals. Vet.Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 27:815-823, 1997.Buhr, R.J., Cason, J.A., Rowland, G.N.: Feather retentionforce in broilers ante-, peri-, and post-mortem as influencedby carcass orientation, angle of extraction, and slaughtermethod. Poult. Sci. 76:1591-1601, 1997.Buhr, R.J., Cason, J.A., Rowland, G.N.: Feather retentionforce in broilers ante-, peri-, and post-mortem as influencedby electrical and carbon dioxide stunning. Poult. Sci.76:1602-1606, 1997.Calvert, C.A., Hall, G., Jacobs, G.J.: Clinical and pathologicalfindings in doberman pinschers with occult cardiomyopathythat died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure. J.Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 210:505-510, 1997.Calvert, C.A., Jacobs, G.J., Pickus, C.W.: Signalment, survival,and prognostic factors in doberman pinschers withend-stage cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 11:323-331,1998.Calvert, C.A., Kraus, M., Jacobs, G.: Possible late potentialsin four dogs with sustained ventricular tachycardia. J. Vet.Intern. Med. 12:96-102, 1998.Chambers, J.N., Selcer, B.A., Sullivan, S.A., Coates, J.R.:Diagnosis of lateralized lumbosacral disk herniation withmagnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.33:296-299, 1997.Choi, H., Murray, T.F., DeLander, G.E., Schmidt, W.K.,Aldrich, J.V.: Synthesis and opioid activity of [D-Pro10]Dynorphin A- (1-11) analogues with N-terminal alkyl substitution.J. Med. Chem. 40:2733-2739, 1997.Clare, A., Medleau, L.: Mosquito bite hypersensitivity in a cat.Vet. Med. 92:728-733, 1997.Clark, J.D., Rager, D.R, Crowell-Davis, S.L., Evans, D.L.:Housing and exercise of dogs: Effects on behavior, immunefunction, and cortisol levels. Lab. Anim. Sci. 47:500-510,1997.Clark, T.G., Dickerson, H.W.: Antibody-mediated effects onparasite behavior: Evidence of a novel mechanism of immunityagainst a parasitic protist. Parasitol. Today 13:477-480,1997.31

Colbert, M.C., Hall, D.G., Kimball, T.R., Witt, S.A., Lorenz,M.I., Kirby, M.L., Hewett, T.E., Klevitsky, R., Robbins,J.: Cardiac compartment-specific overexpression of a modifiedretinoic acid receptor produces dilated cardiomyopathyand congestive heart failure in transgenic mice. J. Clin.Invest. 100:1958-1968, 1997.Cornelius, L.M.: Interpreting increased liver enzyme activity indogs. Vet. Med. 92:876-881, 1997.Coy, S.L., Lee, M.D., Sander, J.: Intrastrain-variation oflipopolysaccharide of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys. Am.J. Vet. Res. 58:755-759, 1997.Creekmore, T.E., Fletcher, W.O., Stallknecht, D.E.:Evaluation of two oral baiting systems for wild rodents. J.Wildl. Dis. 34:369-372, 1998.Cross, A.R., Budsberg, S.C., Keefe, T.J.: Kinetic gait analysisassessment of meloxicam efficacy in a sodium urate-inducedsynovitis model in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:626-631, 1997.Cross, A.R., Chambers, J.N.: Ununited anconeal process of thecanine elbow. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 19:349-361, 1997.Dickerson, H.W., Clark, T.G.: Immune response of fishes tociliates. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 6:107-120, 1997.Downs, M.O., Miller, M.A., Cross, A.R., Selcer B.A., Abdy,M.J., Watson, E.: Liver lobe torsions and liver abscess in adog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 212:678-680, 1998.Dreesen, D.W.: A global review of rabies vaccines for humanuse. Vaccine 15:S2-S6, 1997.Dubey, J.P., Rollor, E.A., Smith, K.E., Kwok, O.C.H.,Thulliez, P.: Low seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii inferal pigs from a remote island lacking cats. J. Parasitol.83:839-841, 1997.Duke, T., Egger, C.M., Ferguson, J.: Cardiopulmonary effectsof propofol infusions in llamas. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:153-156, 1997.Edwards, G.L., White, B.D., He, B., Dean, R.G., Martin,R.J.: Elevated hypothalamic neuropeptide Y levels in ratswith dorsomedial hindbrain lesions. Brain Res. 755:84-90,1997.Ennulat, D., Brown, C.A., Brown, S.A.: Mitogenic effects ofepidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factoron canine and equine mesangial cells in vitro. Am. J. Vet.Res. 58:1308-1313, 1997.Fayrer-Hosken, R.A., Brooks, P., Bertschinger, H.J.,Kirkpatrick, J.F., Turner, J.W., Liu, I.K.M.: Managementof African elephant populations by immunocontraception.Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25:18-21, 1997.Finco, D.R., Brown, S.A., Barsanti, J.A., Bartges, J.W.,Cooper, T.L.: Reliability of using random urine samples for“spot” determination of fractional excretion of electrolytesin cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:1184-1187, 1997.Finco, D., Brown, S., Barsanti, J., Brown, C., Crowell, W.,Brown, C., Cooper, T.: Effects of dietary protein/calorie oncats with induced renal failure. Am. J. Vet. Res. 59:575-582,1998.Fischer, A., Mahaffey, M.B., Oliver, J.E.: Fluoroscopicallyguidedpercutaneous disk aspiration in ten dogs with discospondylitis.J. Vet. Intern. Med. 11:284-287, 1997.Forrester, D.J., Davidson, W.R., Lange, Jr., R.E., Stroud,R.K., Alexander, L.L., Franson, J.C., Haseltine, S.D.,Littell, R.C., Nesbitt. S.A.: Winter mortality of commonloons in Florida coastal waters. J. Wildl. Dis. 33:833-847,1997.Foutz, T.L., Rowland, G.N., Evans, M.A.: An avian modelingapproach for analyzing bone loss due to disuse. Trans. Am.Soc. Agric. Eng. 40:1719-1725, 1997.Foutz, T.L., Rowland, G.N., Evans, M.A.: Vibration techniquesto test avian bone in vivo. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.40:1727-1731, 1997.Frazier, K., Colvin, B.M., Hullinger, G.A.: Postmortem diagnosisof accidental cocaine intoxication in a dog. Vet. Hum.Toxicol. 40:154-155, 1998.Frazier, K., Colvin, B.M., Styer, E.L., Hullinger, G.A.,Garcia, R.: Microcystin toxicosis in cattle due to overgrowthof blue-green algae. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 40:23-24,1998.Garcia, M., Gerchman, I., Meir, R., Jackwood, M.W.,Kleven, S.H., Levisohn, S.: Detection of Mycoplasmameleagridis and M. iowae from dead-in-shell turkeyembryos by polymerase chain reaction and culture. AvianPathol. 26:765-778, 1998.Gerwick, W.H., Wise, M.L., Soderstrom, K., Murray, T.F.:Biosynthesis and cannabinoid receptor affinity of the noveleicosanoid, conjugated triene anandamide. Adv. Exp. Med.Biol. 407:329-334, 1997.Glaus, T., Hoffmann-Lehmann, R., Greene, C.E., Glaus, B.,Wolfensberger, C., Lutz, H.: Seroprevalence of Bartonellahenselae infection and correlation with disease status in catsin Switzerland. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2883-2885, 1997.Gregory, C.R., Harmon, B.G., Latimer, K.S., Hafner, S.,Campagnoli, R.P., McManamon, R.M., Steffens, W.L.:Malignant chromatophoroma in a canebrake rattlesnake(Crotalus horridus atricaudatus). J. Zool. Wildl. Med.28:198-203, 1997.Gregory, C.R., Latimer, K.S., Niagro, F.D., Roberts, A.W.,Campagnoli, R.P., Pesti, D.A., Ritchie, B.W., Lukert,P.D.: Investigations of eastern equine encephalomyelitisvirus as the causative agent of psittacine proventricular dilationsyndrome. J. Avian Med. Surg. 11:187-193, 1997.Gregory, E., Barnhart, H., Dreesen, D.W., Stern, N.J., Corn,J.L.: Epidemiologic study of Campylobacter spp. in broilers:Source, time of colonization, and prevalence. Avian Dis.41:890-898, 1997.Hafner, S, Latimer, K.: Cutaneous mast cell tumors with pulmonarymetastasis in a hen. Avian Pathol. 26:657-663, 1997.Hall, D.G., Steffens, W.L., Lassiter, L.L.: Lafora bodies associatedwith neurologic signs in a cat. Vet. Pathol. 35:218-220,1998.Hay, C.W., Chu, Q., Budsberg, S.C., Clayton, M.K., Johnson,K.A.: Synovial fluid interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor,and nitric oxide values in osteoarthritis secondary to cranialcruciate ligament rupture. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:1027-1032,1997Hay, W.P., Baskett, A.: Lameness caused by a ganglion in amare. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 18:1352, 1996.32

Hay, W.P., Baskett, A., Abdy, M.J.: Complete upper airwayobstruction and syncope caused by a subepiglottic cyst in ahorse. Equine Vet. J. 29:75-76, 1997.Hay, W.P., Baskett, A., Gregory, C.R.: Testicular interstitialcell tumor and aplasia of the head of the epididymis in acryptorchid stallion. Equine Vet. Educ. 9:240-241, 1997..Hay, W.P., Moore, J.N.: Management of pain in horses withcolic. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 19:987-990, 1997.He, B., White, B.D., Edwards, G.L., Martin, R.J.: Longertermfourth ventricular 5-thioglucose increases body fat inthe rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217:168-172, 1998.He, B., White, B.D., Edwards, G.L., Martin, R.J.:Neuropeptide Y antibody attenuates 2-deoxy-D-glucoseinduced feeding in rats. Brain Res. 781:348-350, 1998.Heard, D.J., Ginn, P.E., Neuwirth, L.: Mycobacterium aviumintracellularinfection in a white-faced saki (Pithecia pithecia).J. Zool. Wildl. 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