Nucleic acids

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Electron Transport ChainComplex I NADH DehydrogenaseAt Complex I,• hydrogen and electrons are transferred from NADH to FMN.NADH + HP +P + FMN NADP + P + FMNHB2B• FMNHB2B transfers hydrogen to Fe‐S clusters and then to coenzyme Q reducing Qand regenerating FMN.FMNHB2 B+ Q QHB2B + FMN• QHB2B, a mobile carrier, transfers hydrogen to Complex III.Complex Succinate Dehydrogenase IIAt Complex II, with a lower energy level than Complex I,• FADHB2B transfers hydrogen and electrons to coenzyme Q reducing Q andregenerating FAD.FADHB2 B+ Q QHB2B + FAD• QHB2B, a mobile carrier, transfers hydrogen toComplex III.Complex CoQ‐Cytochrome c reductase IIIAt Complex III, electrons are transferred• from QHB2B to two Cyt b, which reduces Cyt b and regenerates Q.2Cyt b (Fe3+) + QH2 2Cyt b (Fe2+) + Q + 2H+• from Cyt b to Fe‐S clusters and to Cyt c, the second mobile carrier.2Cyt c (Fe3+) + 2Cyt b (Fe2+) 2Cyt c (Fe2+) + 2Cyt b (Fe3+)Complex Cytochrome c Oxidase IVIn the chemiosmotic model• protons (HP +P ) from Complexes I, III, and IV move into the intermembrane space.• a proton gradient is created.• protons return to matrix through ATP synthase, a protein complex.• the flow of protons provides energy for ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation).ADP + PBiB + Energy ATPAt ATP synthase,• protons flow back to the matrix through a channel in the protein complex.• energy is generated to drive ATP synthesis.
Chemiosmotic Model of Electron TransportElectron Transport and ATPIn electron transport, sufficient energy is provided from• NADH (Complex I) oxidation for 3ATPs.NADH + 3ADP + 3PBiB NADP +P + 3ATP• FADHB2B (Complex II) oxidation for 2ATPs.FADHB2 B+ 2ADP + 2PBiB FAD + 2ATPATP from Electron TransportATP Energy from GlucoseThe complete oxidation of glucose yields• 6COB2B,• 6HB2BO, and• 36 ATP.ATP from GlycolysisIn glycolysis• glucose forms 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2NADH.• NADH produced in the cytoplasm cannot enter the mitochondria.• a shuttle compound (glycerol‐3‐phosphate) moves hydrogen and electrons into themitochondria to FAD, which forms FADHB2B.• each FADHB2B provides 2 ATP.Glucose 2 pyruvate + 6 ATPATP from GlycolysisReaction Pathway ATP for One GlucoseATP from GlycolysisActivation of glucose‐2 ATPOxidation of 2 NADH (as FADHB2B)4 ATPDirect ADP phosphorylation (two triose)U4 ATP6 ATPSummary:CB6BHB12BOB6B 2 pyruvate + 2HB2BO + 6 ATPglucoseATP from Two PyruvateUnder aerobic conditions• 2 pyruvate are oxidized to 2 acetyl CoA and 2 NADH.• 2 NADH enter electron transport to provide 6 ATP.Summary:2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA + 6 ATPATP from Citric Acid Cycle
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Nucleic acids

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