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Is <strong>Cannabis</strong> Safe? 191rately gauged dose of THC but unfortunately, it carries with it specialhazards. Although THC itself appears to be a relatively safe drug, thesame cannot be said of marijuana smoke.Marijuana Smoke and Smoking BehaviorAlthough relatively little research has been done on the effects of marijuanasmoke, a great deal is known about the toxic components in tobaccosmoke and their biological effects. Marijuana smoke is very similarin chemical composition to tobacco smoke, so it is not unreasonable tosuggest that our knowledge of the dangers of tobacco can provide usefulpredictions about the hazards of smoked marijuana. A burning tobaccocigarette has been described as a "miniature chemical factory." In additionto the large number of chemical components present in the driedplant material, hundreds of additional chemicals are created during theprocess of combustion. More than 6000 chemical constituents have beenidentified in tobacco smoke and thousands more are present in traceamounts. The composition of tobacco smoke varies according to themanner in which the material is smoked. The nature of the wrappingpaper, for example, alters the burning characteristics and consequentlyalters the chemical composition of the smoke. There is no reason tothink that the same considerations do not also apply to marijuana. Table5.1 summarizes the components present in a typical cigarette or marijuanajoint. Apart from the fact that the former contains nicotine whereasthe latter contains THC, the profiles are otherwise remarkably similar.Smoke consists of two components, the minute droplets present in theparticulate phase, and the various volatile chemicals or gases in the vaporphase. About 10% of the total weight of fresh tobacco or marijuanasmoke is in the particulate phase, which contains most of the active drug(nicotine or THC). The particulate phase consists of minute droplets ofcondensed fluid, less than a quarter of a millionth of a meter in diameter(less than 1/1000 of a millimeter), with as many as 5 billion droplets permilliliter of smoke. Both vapor and particulate phases of both marijuanaand tobacco smoke contain a number of toxic chemicals, several ofwhich are known to be capable of promoting the development of
Table 5.1. Composition of Mainstream Smoke from Marijuana andTobacco CigarettesAverage weight (mg)Moisture (%)Gas PhaseCarbon monoxide (mg)Carbon dioxide (mg)Ammonia (mg)Hydrogen cyanide (|xg)Cyanogen (ng)Isoprene (ng)Acetaldehyde (|xg)Acetone (ng)Acrolein (ng)Acetonitrile (ng)Benzene (ng)Toluene (|xg)Vinyl chloride (ng)*Dimethylnitrosamine (ng) *Methylethylnitrosamine (ng)*Particulate PhaseTotal particulate matter (mg)Phenol (ng)o-Cresol (|xg)m- & p-Creso\ (ng)Dimethylphenol (ng)Catechol (ng)Cannabidiol (ng)A 9 -THC (ng)Cannabinol (ng)Nicotine (ng)N-nitrosonornicotine (ng)*Naphthalene (ng)Marijuana Cigarette1115.010.317.657.30.3532.019.083.01200.0443.092.0132.076.0112.05.475.027.022.776.817.954.46.8188.0190.0820.0400.0--3.0Tobacco Cigarette1110.011.320.265.00.2498.020.0310.0980.0578.085.0123.067.0108.012.484.030.039.0138.524.065.014.4328.0---2850.0390.01.2(continued)
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The Science°fMarijuana
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TheScienceofMarijuanaLeslie L. Iver
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ForewordSOLOMON H. SNYDERMore than
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The Science of Marijuanaviimore dan
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XTHE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAAmerican v
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X/VTHE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANASome Phy
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xviTHE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANASoutheas
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varijuana (cannabis) is among the m
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4 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAin a Lond
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6 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANA30 differ
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Figure 1.1. Engravings showing the
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10 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANANameMari
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Introduction 13of September Hemp ri
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Introduction 15joint has been smoke
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Introduction 17this in a normal tob
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Introduction 19hemp was cultivated
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Introduction 21persuaded Hayder to
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Introduction 23were happy about thi
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Introduction 25The book captured th
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Introduction 27colorful accusations
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2The Pharmacology of THC,the Psycho
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The Pharmacology of THC 31into aque
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The Pharmacology of THC 33Marshall'
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The Pharmacology of THC 35Adams's c
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The Pharmacology of THC 37and nucle
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The Pharmacology of THC 39pany labo
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The Pharmacology of THC 41aspirin-l
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The Pharmacology of THC 43The prese
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The Pharmacology of THC 45the canna
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The Pharmacology of THC 47for many
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The Pharmacology of THC 49Figure 2.
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The Pharmacology of THC 51number of
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The Pharmacology ofTHC 55Table 2.1.
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The Pharmacology ofTHC 57Figure 2.9
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The Pharmacology ofTHCC59that might
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The Pharmacology ofTHC 61periphery.
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The Pharmacology of THC 63of PSM to
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The Pharmacology of THC 65in the re
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The Pharmacology of THC 67effect no
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The Pharmacology of THC 69counts. T
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The Pharmacology of THC 71may somet
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The Pharmacology of THC 73and barki
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3The Effects of Cannabis on theCent
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The Effects of Cannabis on the Cent
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The Effects ofCannabis on the Centr
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The Effects ofCannabis on the Centr
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118 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAthat th
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Cannabis has been used as a medicin
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124 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANA1842).
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126 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANARiver.
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132 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAthat is
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734 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAdocumen
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136 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAcontrol
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138 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAwho rep
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Page 197 and 198: The initial enthusiasm for cannabis
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242 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAto have
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244 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAWard's
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246 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAWe thin
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248 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAIn Aust
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260 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAopiate
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264 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAments.
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266 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANApublic
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270 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAAndreas
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272 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAtwo can
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274 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANALiu, B-
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276 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAcare us
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278 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAWu, T.
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280 INDEXCannabisdebate, 240-68in E
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282 INDEXNabilone, 40, 40f, 139-40,
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