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Referencess271Clifford, D. B. Tetrahydrocannabinol for tremor in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol13:669-671, 1983.Comitas, L. Cannabis and work in Jamaica: a refutation of the amotivationalsyndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 282:24-32, 1976.Consroe, P. R, and Snider, R. Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in neurologicaldisorders. In Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents, R. Mechoulam, ed,pp 21-49. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1986.Consroe, P., R. Musty, J. Rein, W. Tillery, and R. Pertwee. The perceived effectsof smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol 38:44-48,1996.De Fonseca, F. R., M.R.A. Carrera, M. Navarro, G. F. Koob, and F. Weiss. Activationof corticotropin-releasing factor in the limbic system during cannabinoidwithdrawal. Science 276:2050-2054, 1997.Devane, W. A., A. Dysarz, M. R. Johnson, L. S. Melvin, and A. Hewlett. Determinationand characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mo/Pharmacol 34:605-613, 1988.Devane, W. A., L. Hanus, A. Breuer, R. G. Pertwee, L. A. Stevenson, G. Griffin,D. Gibson, A. Mandelbaum, A. Etinger, and R. Mechoulam. Isolation andstructure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science258:1946-1949, 1992.Di Marzo,V., D. Melck, T. Bisogno, and L. De Petrocellis. Endocannabinoids:Endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands with neuromodulatory function.Trends Neurosci 21:521-528, 1998.Dixon, W. E. The pharmacology of cannabis indica. BMJ Nov 11:1354-1357,1899.Doll, R., R. Peto, K. Wheatley, R. Gray, and I. Sutherland. Mortality in relationto smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 309:901-910,1994.Duane Sofia, R. Cannabis: Structure-activity relationships. In Handbook of PsychopharmacologyVol. 12 L. L. Iversen, S. D. Iversen, and S. H. Snyder, eds,pp 319-371. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.Emrich, H. M., F. M. Leweke, and U. Schneider. Towards a cannabinoid hypothesisof schizophrenia: Cognitive impairments due to dysregulation of the endogenouscannabinoid system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56:8030-8080,1997.Engelsman, E. L. Dutch policy on the management of drug-related problems. Br/Addiction 84:211-218, 1989.Felder, C. C., and M. Glass. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists.Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:179-200, 1998.Fields, H. L., and Meng, I. D. Watching the pot boil: Selective antagonists of the
272 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAtwo cannabinoid receptors unveil distinct but synergistic peripheral analgesicactivities for endogenous cannabinoids. Nat Med 4:1008-1009, 1998.Fletcher, J. M., Page, J. B., Francis, D. ]., Copeland, K., et al. Cognitive correlatesof long-term cannabis use in Costa Rican men. Archiv Gen Psychiatry53:1051-1057, 1996.French.E. D., K. Dillon, and X. Wu. Cannabinoids excite dopamine neurons inthe ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra. NeuroReport 8:649-652, 1997.Fried, P. A. Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana: Effects during pregnancy,infancy, and early childhood. Clin Obstet Gynecol 36:319-337, 1993.Ghodse, H. When too much caution can be harmful. Addiction 91:764-766,1996.Giuffrida, A., L. H. Parsons, T. M. Kerr, F. R. de Fonseca, M. Navarro, and D.Piomelli. Dopamine activation of endogenous cannabinoid signalling in dorsalstriatum. Nat Neurosci 2:358-363, 1999.Goode, E. The Marijuana Smokers. New York: Basic Books, Inc, 1970.Grinspoon, L., and J. B. Bakalar. Marihuana, the Forbidden Medicine. New Haven,CT: Yale University Press, 1993 (Revised and expanded edition 1997).Grinspoon, L., and J. B. Bakalar. Marihuana as medicine. A plea for reconsideration./.Am. MedAssoc, 273:1875-1876, 1995.Grufferman, S., H. H. Wang, E. R. DeLong, S.Y.S. Kimm, E. S .Delzell, and J.M. Falletta. Environmental factors in the etiology of rhabdomyosarcoma inchildhod. / Nat Cancer Inst 68:107-113, 1982.Grufferman, S., et al. Parent's use of cocaine and marijuana and increased risk ofrhabdomyosarcoma in their children. Cancer Causes Control 4:217-224, 1993.Hall, W., and N. Solowij. Long-term cannabis use and mental health. Brit JPsychiatry 171:107-108, 1997.Hall, W., N. Solowij, and J. Lemon. The Health and Psychological Consequencesof Cannabis Use Monograph Series No 25, National Drug Strategy. Canberra:Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994.Hampson, A. J., M. Grimaldi, and J. Axelrod. Cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolare neuroprotective antioxidants. Proc Natl head Sci USA95:8268-8273, 1998.Herkenham, M., A. B. Lynn, M. R. Johnson, L. S. Melvin, B. R. de Costa, andK. C. Rice. Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptors in ratbrain: A quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study. / Neurosci 11:563-583,1991.Herer, J. The Emperor Wears No Clothes. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: GreenPlant Co, 1993.Himmelstein, J. L. The Strange Career of Marihuana. Contributions in PoliticalScience, No 94. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.Hollister, L. E. Health aspects of cannabis. Pharmacol Rev 38:1-20, 1986.
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The Science°fMarijuana
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TheScienceofMarijuanaLeslie L. Iver
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ForewordSOLOMON H. SNYDERMore than
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The Science of Marijuanaviimore dan
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XTHE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAAmerican v
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X/VTHE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANASome Phy
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xviTHE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANASoutheas
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varijuana (cannabis) is among the m
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4 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAin a Lond
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6 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANA30 differ
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Figure 1.1. Engravings showing the
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10 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANANameMari
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Introduction 13of September Hemp ri
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Introduction 15joint has been smoke
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Introduction 17this in a normal tob
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Introduction 19hemp was cultivated
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Introduction 21persuaded Hayder to
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Introduction 23were happy about thi
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Introduction 25The book captured th
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Introduction 27colorful accusations
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2The Pharmacology of THC,the Psycho
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The Pharmacology of THC 31into aque
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The Pharmacology of THC 33Marshall'
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The Pharmacology of THC 35Adams's c
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The Pharmacology of THC 37and nucle
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The Pharmacology of THC 39pany labo
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The Pharmacology of THC 41aspirin-l
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The Pharmacology of THC 43The prese
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The Pharmacology of THC 45the canna
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The Pharmacology of THC 47for many
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The Pharmacology of THC 49Figure 2.
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The Pharmacology of THC 51number of
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The Pharmacology ofTHC 55Table 2.1.
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The Pharmacology ofTHC 57Figure 2.9
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The Pharmacology ofTHCC59that might
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The Pharmacology ofTHC 61periphery.
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The Pharmacology of THC 63of PSM to
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The Pharmacology of THC 65in the re
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The Pharmacology of THC 67effect no
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The Pharmacology of THC 69counts. T
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The Pharmacology of THC 71may somet
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The Pharmacology of THC 73and barki
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3The Effects of Cannabis on theCent
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The Effects of Cannabis on the Cent
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The Effects ofCannabis on the Centr
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The Effects ofCannabis on the Centr
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118 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAthat th
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Cannabis has been used as a medicin
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124 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANA1842).
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126 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANARiver.
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128 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAVictori
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130 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAThe pop
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132 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAthat is
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734 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAdocumen
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136 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAcontrol
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138 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAwho rep
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140 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAeffects
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142 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAeffecti
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144 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAbeforeh
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146 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAseen a
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148 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAExperim
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150 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAPainAs
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152 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAcentury
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154 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAsuffere
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156 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAmyelin
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158 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAment pe
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Figure 4.3. Double-blind, placebo c
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162 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAparticu
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764 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAthan 10
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166 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAFigure
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168 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAically
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170 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANACannabi
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772 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAin volu
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174 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAexposur
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The initial enthusiasm for cannabis
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180 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAChan et
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182 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAimpairm
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184 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAproved
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186 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAnormali
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188 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAtween c
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190 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAcal tra
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Table 5.1. Composition of Mainstrea
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194 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANATable 5
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196 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAwhite b
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198 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAfrom ma
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200 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAof ciga
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202 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAFigure
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204 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAto deli
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206 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANApsychot
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208 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANASome of
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The use of cannabis as a recreation
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212 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAfor 18-
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214 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAin Brit
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216 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAmonly s
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218 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANADistrib
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Page 249 and 250: 230 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANApsychol
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Page 287 and 288: 268 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAever ra
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Page 295 and 296: 276 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAcare us
Page 297 and 298: 278 THE SCIENCE OF MARIJUANAWu, T.
Page 299 and 300: 280 INDEXCannabisdebate, 240-68in E
Page 301 and 302: 282 INDEXNabilone, 40, 40f, 139-40,
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