60Green Manure/Cover Crop Systemsshould <strong>the</strong>refore also teach <strong>the</strong> community to winnow <strong>the</strong> grain as Asians do <strong>the</strong>ir riceand o<strong>the</strong>r small grains.S10. Tomatoes/jackbeans. Jackbeans are intercropped in <strong>the</strong> rows between tomatoplants. They are usually planted at <strong>the</strong> same time as <strong>the</strong> tomatoes. When <strong>the</strong>y begin toshade <strong>the</strong> tomatoes, <strong>the</strong>y are pruned back to a height of about 30 to 40 cm, whichforces <strong>the</strong>m to sprout more branches and grow laterally ra<strong>the</strong>r than vertically. Atmost one hundred farmers use this practice that was developed in Yucatan during <strong>the</strong>1980s.S11. Chili peppers/jackbeans. Jackbeans are managed in chili pepper fields in Yucatan<strong>the</strong> same way as in <strong>the</strong> tomato fields in S10.GuatemalaS12. Maize/runner bean-1. In <strong>the</strong> Department of San Marcos, scarlet runner beansare intercropped very sparsely with maize. The runner beans produce a good deal oforganic matter. Since <strong>the</strong>y are climbers, <strong>the</strong>y can cause <strong>the</strong> maize to fall over toward<strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> growing season. Therefore, farmers tend to plant it quite sparsely, usingas few as one or two seeds in each 3 m x 3 m sector. The runner bean is planted at <strong>the</strong>same time as <strong>the</strong> maize. At least 3,000 to 5,000 farmers use this traditional system.This “problem” of <strong>the</strong> production of a massive amount of organic matter by <strong>the</strong> runnerbean could be a tremendous advantage in terms of soil fertility and productivity. Isuspect that if <strong>the</strong> runner bean and maize could be supported by a third, fast-growing,woody-stemmed plant (perhaps tephrosia?), <strong>the</strong> system could become one of <strong>the</strong> mostprofitable and sustainable highland maize-growing systems anywhere. This possibilityneeds to be researched.S13. Maize/runner bean-2. In <strong>the</strong> central highlands a variety of runner bean is intercroppedmuch more densely with maize (up to one seed for every 2 square metres)(Photo 19). Maize yields have been maintained for up to 20 years in many placeswith this system. Before <strong>the</strong> Europeans arrived, similar systems were apparently usedin virtually all <strong>the</strong> temperate or highland areas from New York State in <strong>the</strong> UnitedStates, south to Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia andnor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile. Hundreds of thousands of farmers, stretching from Mexico to Bolivia,use this system today.S14. Maize/mucuna-4. Mucuna is rotated with maize in <strong>the</strong> Cerro San Gil region,Department of Izabal (Photo 31). The maize is planted when <strong>the</strong> rains start in Mayor June, and mucuna is relay-cropped into <strong>the</strong> maize 30 to 40 days before <strong>the</strong> maize isharvested (Photo 32). Maize following mucuna, without chemical fertilizer, has producedup to 7.4 MT/ha on Brazilian experimental stations. 16 This is evidence of <strong>the</strong>potential yields that can be achieved by rotating or relaying mucuna with maize. Thissystem is also used in Nicaragua and Brazil. In Paraguay some farmers wait to plant16Lathwell, op. cit.
Green Manure/Cover Crop Systems6133. Guatemala. For centuries, choreque was intercroppedwith maize. This photo, taken at <strong>the</strong> end of<strong>the</strong> dry season, shows that only <strong>the</strong> choreque anda few trees and bushes have remained green.31. Honduras. Mucuna in a maize field after <strong>the</strong>maize harvest. Most farmers in Honduras whointercrop a gm/cc with <strong>the</strong>ir maize no longer usemucuna because <strong>the</strong>re is too much danger that itwill smo<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> maize. Farmers prefer to use <strong>the</strong>less aggressive jackbean, or something that ismore useful, such as lablab beans.32. Honduras. The maize/mucuna-4 system asused in Honduras34. Guatemala. We failed to spread choreque too<strong>the</strong>r areas of Central America because it has avery narrow ecological niche. The climate mustbe cold, but <strong>the</strong> plant will not withstand frosts.Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong> runner bean and sweet clovercan do what <strong>the</strong> choreque does, with a number ofimportant additional advantages.35. Honduras. In this field of second-season maize, <strong>the</strong>maize is tall enough to have needed a second weeding.Never<strong>the</strong>less, because <strong>the</strong> owner of this field is using <strong>the</strong>maize/mucuna-6 system, <strong>the</strong> field was not weeded. Thisis one very clear example, among many, of <strong>the</strong> fact that<strong>the</strong> oft-stated belief that eco-agricultural practices alwaysrequire additional work is not correct.