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Foliicolous fungi of Silent Valleydrops of DPX was again added on the flip and clean coverglass was placed over it and gentle pressure on the coverglass brings out the excess DPX and it was removed afterdrying. These slides were labeled and placed in the dustfree chamber for one to two days for drying.In some species, the septa were not visible due toheavy pigmentation. In such cases, scrape was takendirectly from the infected host and mounted in 10% KOHsolution. After 30 minutes, KOH was replaced by lactophenol (Rangaswamy 1975). Both the mountants workedwell as clearing agents and made the septa visible.The individual material was assigned to its taxonomicrank and prepared for herbarium carrying the details offungus name, host name, date of collection, locality,name of the collector, expert who identified thespecimen and its herbarium number. The envelopeswere serially arranged in a rack based on their collectionnumber. Part of the herbarium material is deposited inthe Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis (HCIO),IARI, New Delhi and part of it in the Jawaharlal NehruTropical Botanic Garden Travancore herbarium (TBGT),Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.Black mildewsBlack or dark mildews, in contrast to Powderymildews, are obligate but mostly ectoparasites produceblack colonies on the surface of the host plants. Theterm “sooty moulds” was loosely applied to the entireblack colony forming fungi. Hughes (1976) clearlymade a distinction between “sooty moulds’ and “blackmildews”. Sooty moulds are totally distinct from thesein their nutritional habit, grow on insect secretion oron nectar produced by the plants and spread on entiresurface (irrespective of leaf, petiole, stem or dead bark)of plants. When handled, such colonies stick-on tohands and clothes. Close observation of these uniformlyspread dense colonies reveal their association withants, thrips or nectar glands of the plants. In contrastto these, black mildews are obligate parasites and arespecific in infecting their compatible hosts. In short, blackmildews are obligate parasites, while, sooty moulds aresaprophytes. These fungi flourish well in tropics andhave extended their distribution to sub-temperate totemperate regions of the World. Since these fungi do notcause any appreciable pathogenicity on the staple foodproducing crop plants, attention has not been paid muchto this group. Economically, like other biotrophs, thesefungi increase the temperature in the areas coveredby the black colonies, initiate more respiration, reduceHosagoudar & Rijuthe efficiency of the chlorophyll, reduce total sugars,etc. Hosagoudar et al. (1997). Hence, Wellman (1972)stated that “nowhere are these black mildews beingmade a subject of major pathological study, althoughagriculturists who observe their crops well, know thatat times these fungi are very damaging in their effects”(Hosagoudar 2010).Order MeliolalesMeliolales Gaumann ex Hawksworth & O. Eriksson,Systema Ascomycetum 5: 142, 1986; Hosagoudar,Meliolales of India 2: 28, 2008; Hosagoudar & Agarwal,Taxonomic studies of Meliolales. Identification Manual,p. 3, 2008.Parasites on vascular plants. Mycelium mostlysuperficial, appressoriate. Appressoria mostly two celled,rarely many celled. Phialidic (in Meliolaceae), phialidesunicellular. Ascomata flattened-globose to globose, ±ostiolate, peridium smooth, surface cells protruded,often supplemented with setae and or appendages;asci born on basal hymenium, unitunicate, 2–8 spored,clavate to cylindrical, evanescent; ascospores 1–4septate, brown at maturity.Type family: MeliolaceaeFamly ArmatellaceaeArmatellaceae Hosag., Sydowia 55: 162, 2003;Hosagoudar, Meliolales of India 2: 28, 2008; Hosagoudar& Agarwal, Taxonomic studies of Meliolales. IdentificationManual, p. 3, 2008.Leaf parasites, ectophytes, mycelium with appressoria,phialides absent, mycelial setae absent. Perithecia onsuperficial hyphae, globose, verrucose; asci 4–8–spored;ascospores 1–2-septate, brown at maturity.Type genus: Armatella Theiss. & Syd.This family comprises of two genera, Armatella andBasavamyces, but is represented here by the formergenus.Family MeliolaceaeMeliolaceae Martin ex Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 23,1946; Hosagoudar, Meliolales of India 2: 29, 2008;Hosagoudar & Agarwal, Taxonomic studies of Meliolales.Identification Manual, p. 4, 2008.Parasitic on vascular plants; mycelium mostlysuperficial; appressoriate, phialidic. Ascomata flattenedgloboseto globose, ± ostiolate, peridium with conoidcells, larviform and striated appendages, or with repentor strong setae. Asci unitunicate, 2–4–spored, clavate tocylindrical, evanescent; ascospores 3–4–septate, brownat maturity.3710Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 05 March 2013 | 5(3): 3701–3788
Foliicolous fungi of Silent ValleyType genus: Meliola FriesTo identify the meliolaceous fungi up to species level,it is essential to know: the identity of the host and itsfamily. Further, the description in digital form.Digital formulaBeeli formula consists of eight digits. The first fourdigits before the stop (left side to the stop) representthe morphological characters like ascospore septation,presence or absence and the nature of the perithecialsetae or appendages, presence or absence and thenature of the mycelial setae and the arrangements ofappressoria, respectively. The second 4 digits, after thestop, represent the measurements such as length andbreadth of ascospores, diameter of perithecia and lengthof mycelial setae, respectively. The species having bothsimple and dentate setae is denoted by ⅓, while specieshaving straight and uncinate setae are designated as ½.The Beeli formula is modified here to accommodate thegenus Armatella having 1-2 septate ascospores. Further,for Prataprajella, the second digit becomes ¾ or so.I. Morphology (first four digits from left)1. Normal septation of ascospores1. 1-septate2. 3-septate3. 4-septate2. Perithecia1. Without setae or appendages2. With larviform, horizontally striatedappendages3. With uncinate or coiled setae4. With straight setae3. Mycelial setae (often on perithecia and fromsubiculam)0. Absent1. Simple2. Simple, entire, uncinate or coiled3. Dentate or shortly furcate (up to 30µm)4. Branched (branches more than 30µm)4. Appressoria1. Alternate or unilateral (less than 1% opposite)2. Regularly opposite3. Both opposite and alternateII. Measurements (second four digits from the full stop)5. Maximum ascospore length1. Below 20µm2. 21–30 µm3. 31–40 µm4. 41–50 µm5. 51–60 µm6. More than 60µm long6. Maximum ascospore width1. Up to 10µm2. 11–20 µm3. 21–30 µm4. More than 30µm7. Maximum diameter of perithecia1. Up to 100µm2. 101–200 µm3. 201–300 µm4. More than 301µm8. Maximum length of mycelial setae1. Up to 300µm2. 301–500 µm3. 501–1000 µm4. More than 1000µm0. Absent.Hosagoudar & RijuThe treatment of species and varieties consists ofthe original citation of the correct name, citation ofthe World monograph and Indian monograph, relevantsynonyms (if any) based on the monographs by Hansford(1961) and Hosagoudar (1996). The citation is followedby the description based on the present collections,which are deposited in TBGT (Tropical Botanic Gardenand Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram) and HCIO(Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis), New Delhiand few are at ILLS (Illinois Natural History Survey, Illinois,USA). At the end of the description of each taxon, noteshave been provided regarding their identification anddistribution. Line drawings have been provided to mostof the studied taxa.Description of speciesThe genus AmazoniaAmazonia elaeocarpi Hosag., D.K. Agarwal, H. Biju &Archana, Indian Phytopath. 60: 82, 2007 (Fig. 1)Colonies amphigenous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter.Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching alternate toopposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,cells 13–35x4–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,antrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, 11–24 µm long;stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–10 µm long; headcells ovate, oblong, cylindrical, straight to curved, entireto angular, broadly rounded to truncate at the apex,8–16x6–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 05 March 2013 | 5(3): 3701–37883711
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