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IMPACTFUL STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES OF ONE-TO-ONE ...

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25divide showed that technology access is a replicating, if not exacerbating, factor ofsocietal inequities (Brown, 2002; Clark & Gorski, 2002; DiBello, 2005; Servon, 2002;Subramony, 2007; Warschauer et al., 2004).The available literature has shown that resultant inequities of the Digital Dividehave been perpetuated within the classroom. Researchers asserted that inequitable accessto academic technology exemplifies the role of education in maintaining socioeconomicstrata (Ba et al., 2001; Clark & Gorski, 2002; DiBello, 2005, Kalyanpur & Kirmani,2005; Light, 2001, Subramony, 2007; Warschauer et al., 2004). High SES students,through access to school supplied Internet enabled computers, attained informationliteracy and societal influence, whereas low SES students, having little to no access tocomputers or the Internet, were denied these benefits (DiBello, 2005). The literaturesuggested that access to technology further entrenches high SES students in theirpositions within the dominant culture while low SES students are relegated to continuedsocietal oppression (Subramony, 2007; Warschauer, 2003). Thus, researchers cite theEducational Digital Divide as evidence that education in the United States hasinstitutionalized the Digital Divide en route to furthering societal inequality. Yet, theliterature showed that digital inequity in schools has broad reaching impacts thatencompass not only students’ access to technology, but also the ways they use technologyin the classroom and the resultant implications of that usage.Hohlfeld et al. (2008) illustrated the multi-leveled complexity of the EducationalDigital Divide in their seminal work on computer literacy. In their model, the Educational

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