Gorakhpur City - acccrn

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban AreasA case of Gorakhpur CitySYNTHESIS REPORTAUGUST 2012The Energy and Resources Institute

MainstreaMing CliMateresilienCe in Urban areasa case of gorakhpur Citysynthesis reportaUgUst 2012The Energy and Resources Institute

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ContentsPrefacevii iii

list ofabbreviations v

prefaCeT vii

Prefaceviii

aCknowledgeMents ix

projeCt teaM

exeCUtive sUMMaryand key MessagesT xi

introdUCtion1. Introduction Map 1 Gorakhpur City1

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Study Approach Ecosystemconservationand floodmanagementEnergyBasic services(water, drainage,solid waste management,and services to poor)Water loggingHealthHousing andurban planningFigure 1 Options to address risk of water logging2

institUtionalanalysis2. Institutional AnalysisT 2.1 Urban PlanningNational level framework 1 State level framework Gorakhpur city 2 1 2 3

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas 2.2 HousingNational level framework State level framework Gorakhpur city2.3 Water Supply and SanitationNational level framework State level frameworkGorakhpur city 4

Institutional AnalysisTable 1 Institutional setupInstitution/ department Functions Supporting /enabling regulatory framework LevelUrban Planning and ManagementMinistry of UrbanDevelopment (MoUD), GoITown and Country PlanningOrganizationTown and Country PlanningDepartment under Housingand Urban PlanningDepartment of GoUPGorakhpur DevelopmentAuthorityMunicipal Corporation ofGorakhpurGorakhpur IndustrialDevelopment AuthorityHousing and InfrastructureMinistry of Housing andUrban Poverty Alleviation(MoHUPA)UP Awas Vikas Nigamunder Housing and UrbanPlanning Department ofGoUPUP Jal NigamEntrusted with activities related to urban development,it is responsible for formulating national level policies,supporting and monitoring programmes, andcoordinating the activities of various Central ministries,State governments, and other nodal authorities relatingto urban development issues in the country.Technical advisory and consultant wing of the MoUDon matters concerning urban and regional planningstrategies, research, appraisal, and monitoring ofcentral government schemes and developmentpolicies.Preparation of Master Plans for rural as well as urbanareas.Master Planning, Service (water supply, sewerage/drainage facilities) and infrastructure provision (roads,street lighting) and housing for GDA colonies andperi-urban areas (areas that do not fall under MunicipalCorporation’s jurisdiction)obtaining building permission in the Corporation area,Property Tax collection.Housing, infrastructure, and basic service provision forGIDA area.Apex authority of GoI to formulate policies, sponsorand support programme, coordinate the activities ofvarious Central ministries, State governments, andother nodal authorities and monitor the programmesconcerning all the issues of urban employment,poverty and housing, and basic services in thecountry.Nodal agency for housing. The agency is also involvedwith planning, construction, and development of urbandevelopment projects in the state. Autonomous body.Water supply and sewerage, including design andconstruction of water supply, sewerage networks, andtreatment plants.Model Town and Country Planning Act 1960Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban renewalMission (JnNURM)Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme forSmall and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)National Mission on Sustainable Habitat(NMSH)Urban Development and Plan Formulation andImplementation (UDPFI) GuidelinesUP Urban Planning and Development Act 1973Gorakhpur Master PlanBuilding Construction and DevelopmentRegulation 2008UP Municipal Corporation Act 1959National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy2007Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP) schemeunder JnNURMRajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme forSmall and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)Standardized Service Level Benchmarks(SSLBs)UP Avas Evam Vikas Parishad Adhiniyam,1965UP Special Area Development Authorities Act,1986Uttar Pradesh Water Supply and SewerageAct, 1975NationalNationalStateCityCityDistrictNationalStateState5

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban AreasTable 1 Institutional setupInstitution/ department Functions Supporting /enabling regulatory framework LevelState Urban DevelopmentAuthority (SUDA)District Urban DevelopmentAuthority (DUDA)Public Works Department(PWD)Gorakhpur DevelopmentAuthorityMunicipal Corporation ofGorakhpurGorakhpur Jal KalDepartment (Part ofMunicipal Corporation ofGorakhpur)Gorakhpur IndustrialDevelopment AuthorityEnvironment and Disaster ManagementMinistry of Environmentand Forests (MoEF)National DisasterManagement Authoritytargeted towards them, in the area of livelihood,services, shelter, sanitation, etc.This is the implementation agency for plans preparedby SUDA. Functions include community developmentworks in slums, construction of community toilets,assisting households in construction of individualtoilets, awareness generation, etc.Construction of roads, main roads, and transportinfrastructure.Construction and maintenance of Government housesand institutions.Development of housing and provision of services forGDA colonies and peri-urban areas (areas that do notfall under Municipal Corporation’s jurisdiction)Provision of basic services to Corporation area,operation and maintenance of services andinfrastructure within corporation area like water supplylines, solid waste management, O&M of internal sewers/drains and community toilets, etc. Collection of propertytax, management of ghats (river banks), constructionand O&M of community toilets.Nodal agency for water supply in the city. O&M ofwater supply and sewerage assets. Propose tariffs(and receive approval from UP Jal Nigam and theState government) and collect revenues.Housing, infrastructure, and basic service provision forGIDA area.Formulating policies, supporting and monitoringprogrammes, and coordinating the activities of variousCentral Ministries, State governments, and other nodalauthorities relating to environmental and forestry issuesin the country. The primary concerns of the Ministry areimplementation of policies and programmes relating toconservation of the country’s natural resources and theprevention and abatement of pollution for sustainabledevelopment and enhancement of human well-being.To spearhead and implement a holistic and integratedapproach to Disaster Management in India. NDMAis mandated to lay down the policies, plans, andguidelines for disaster management to ensure timelyand effective response to disasters.6Steers the following schemes: IntegratedLow Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS), SwarnaJayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY),Integrated Housing and Slum DevelopmentProgramme (IHSDP), The Urban SelfEmployment Programme (USEP). Importantpoints regarding formulation and execution ofBSUP and IHSDP Projects.UP Urban Planning and Development Act,1973Municipal Solid Waste Management andHandling Rules, 2000UP Municipal Corporation Act, 1959Municipal Solid Waste Management andHandling Rules, 2000UP State Water PolicyUP Municipal Corporation Act, 1959Environment (Protection) Act, 1986Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act),1974Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Rules, 1975Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling)Amendment Rules, 2003Air (Prevention and Control Act), 1971Municipal Solid Waste Management andHandling Rules, 2000Disaster Management Act, 2005StateStateCityCityCityCityNationalNational

Institutional AnalysisTable 1 Institutional setupInstitution/ department Functions Supporting /enabling regulatory framework LevelUP Pollution Control Boardunder Department ofEnvironment, GoUPUP State DisasterManagement AuthorityDisaster Management Cell,Gorakhpurindustries.River Board Act, 1966UP Draft Environmental Policy, 2010Environment (Protection) Act, 1986Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act),1974Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Rules, 1975Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling)Amendment Rules, 2003Air (Prevention and Control Act), 1971Municipal Solid Waste (Management andHandling) Rules, 2000Disaster management, preparedness, and response Disaster Management Act, 2005 StatereductionDisaster Management Act, 2005StateDistrict/city Health District/cityMunicipal Corporation Sanitation and hygiene UP Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 City2.4 Solid WasteNational level framework State level framework Gorakhpur city 2.5 Environment and disastermanagementEnvironmentNational level frameworkState level framework 7

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas Gorakhpur city Disaster managementNational level framework State level framework Gorakhpur city 8

seCtorialanalysis3. Basic services 3.1 Solid waste management3.1.1 Status 1 Map 2 Solid Waste Dumping Locations 19

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas`Action Points 1 2 Short termMedium to long termSuitabilityanalysis ofpresentdumpinggroundsRestrictingdumping inunsuitabledumping groundwith immediateeffectDoor todoorcollectionof wasteTransportPrimarycollectioncenters andsegregationTransportTreatmentanddisposalDevelopment Authority andMunicipal Corporation as pertheir respective jurisdictionsDevelopment Authority and MunicipalCorporation as per their respectivejurisdictionsInvolveNGOs,RWAs andSHGsSet up primary collectioncenters as per thenumber of wards to becovered and populationto be cateredDemarcate andbuffer the proposedSWM plant withinthe land-use planof the citySchedule II, Point 2 stipulates municipal body to organizeawareness generation programs and undertake phasedprogram ensuring community participation in waste segregationDevelopment Authority is an autonomous bodyand the Vice Chairman of the developmentauthority has the power to notify such changeswithin the development planDistrict magistrate/Deputy Collector of the District and the State Pollution Control Board tomonitor implementation as per the standards laid down under the MSW Rules 2000(Bio-medicalWaste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 and the hazardous wastes should be managed inaccordance with the Hazardous Waste(Management and Handling )Rules 1989Figure 2 TERI’s proposal on Solid Waste Management10

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas ` Action PointsP P P P P Revisiting DrainageProposalFrequency of cleaning drivesUse of polytheneSetting up interdepartmentalcommitteeUP jal Nigam,,GDA,MCGOption 1Allow for phase IIinclude sewer lines andsewer treatment plantsRevisit drainage planidentifychannels fordisintegration of sewerin futureOption 2Ascertained andnotified by MunicipalCorporationSpecial cleaning drivesduring and pre monsoonvide notification fromDivisional Commissionerand carried out byDept of healthBanning use ofpolythene videintroducing changein the Nagar NigamAct (example:KanpurStrict enforcementInvolveUP PCBUP Urban Plng DeptUP Jal NigamGMCGDAGIDADiv commSought technicalfinancial assistanceGo for decentralizedsewer systemsJal Nigam and GDAcommissions astudy and resultsincorporatedState Incentivizingsmall scale industryproducing clothbagsSettinginterdepartmentalassistance mechanismRules and guidelines of UP Pollution Control Board as applicable to the local authority of the city.Figure 3 TERI’s proposal on drainage and sewerage12

Sectorial Analysis Enabling MechanismTable 3 Institute and regulations for drainage andsewerage systemInstitute andregulationsUP Jal NigamGMC (As per UPMunicipal CorporationAct, 1959)Health Department,GMCGDAGIDAUP Pollution ControlBoardDescriptionResponsible for design and constructionof the sewerage and drainage systems,including networks as well as treatmentplants in the cityKey agency for the O&M of the existingsewerage and drainage systems in the cityPeriodic cleaning of the sewers/drainsResponsible for provision of sanitationsystems in its colonies and then handover toGMC for O&M.Has not happened in most cases, only adhocprovisions for water supply/sewerage/drainage available.Responsible for provision, operation, andmaintenance of water supply, sewerage,systems in its jurisdiction.No adequate system at present, only ad-hocprovisions are in place.Norms and guidelines are applicable to localdepartments at city level for activities likesolid waste management (by GMC), industrialwater management (by GMC), etc.Present status of implementation of thesenorms (especially for O&M) not verypromising in the city.3.3 Drinking Water3.3.1 Status ` Action PointsQuality of ground water 7 713

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas Multiple channels for data collection andreporting 1Quality monitoring ofwater at source anddestinationTechnical assistancefrom GWD Executionand coordinationJal Nigam/parastatalproviding waterinfrastructure/GMCFrequency of quality checks andchoice of locations for datacollection to be brought underLaw/stipulated through gazettenotification by State GovernmentThe State Housing and Urban PlanningDepartment’s notification no U035/8-1-2005stipulates the State Ground WaterDepartment as a nodal agency for the research anddevelopment, long-term management andplanning for groundwater conservation and rechargingUP Ground Water Conservationprotection and Development(management, control andregulation)Bill 2010.2Establish multiple channels for datacollection and reportingBased at GWD local office atGorakhpur or Based at MCG withtechnical assistancefrom E governance wing and GWD3Ground water recharge andrainwater harvestingRegular assessment of aquifersConservation and restoration ofnatural water bodies andcatchment areasDemarcation and identificatioto be carried out by GDA inassociation with GorakhpurUniversityModel UP Zoning Regulation Section1-6 stipulates preparation of inventory of naturalwater bodies in a city and states that theresponsibility of maintaining and conserving thesewater bodies would be that of the local body.Figure 4 TERI’s proposal for drinking water14

Sectorial Analysis Ground water recharge and rainwaterharvesting 3.3.3 Enabling MechanismTable 4 Institute and regulations for drinking watermanagementInstitute andregulationsUP Jal NigamGMCJal Kal Department,Municipal CorporationState Ground WaterBoard (GWD)The State Housingand Urban PlanningDepartment’s1-2005DescriptionResponsible for design and constructionof the new water supply schemes. Thisinvolves construction of tube wells,pipelines, Over Head Tanks (OHT),installation of hand pumps, etc.Involved with the treatment, distribution, andrevenue collection of the water supplythe prescribed normsHas a dynamic repository of data onetc., which is available for use to otherdepartment, research institutes, planners,and managers.Also assists in identifying appropriatelocations for tube wells for the purposeof withdrawal and necessary technicalassistance on the design, distance, depth,etc. of the tube wells.Provides information and advisory on therainwater harvesting policy of the State;Model UP ZoningRegulationsThe Uttar PradeshGround WaterConservation,Protection andDevelopment(Management, Control,and Regulation) Bill,2010The Government ofUttar Pradesh vide1-2005 dated- 25 April2006 (refer GorakhpurDevelopment Plan,page 160, Annexure 4)It establishes the State Ground WaterDepartment as a nodal agency for researchand development, long-term management,and planning for groundwater conservationand recharging.Sections 1–6 stipulate maintaining thenatural water bodies, ponds, and lakesin a city, which are larger than 1 acre inthat the natural water bodies should notbe disturbed; instead it stipulates that aninventory of such water bodies should bemade and maintained and included in thedevelopment plan/zonal plans and lay outplans and all measures for the conservationof these water bodies should be made bythe local authority.(Chapter iii, section 32, point 2, 3, 11,12) gives the ground water authority theroof top rainwater harvesting structuresm or more. The Law goes further to theextent saying that the water and electricityconnections will be granted only afterThe authority also has powers to issuedirections to the Housing Department forproviding combined rainwater harvestingsystem for existing urban colonies alongwith provisions of maintenance. It alsostipulates involving government agencies,NGOs, volunteer organizations, etc., forawareness generation towards rainwaterharvesting.Section 16(1), 17(1), and 18 of the Act,deals with rules to be followed duringextraction of ground water in urban areas asper the degree of criticality of that particulararea.Outlines several measures for introducingground water recharging and rainwaterharvesting within the city. For instance,it proposes that the area prone to waterlogging should not be subjected to anyrecharge; instead the area should be usedfor storage and reuse.815

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas3.4 Ecosystem Conservation & FloodManagementStatus P P P P Action Points Mapping and demarcation Protection from encroachments and reclamation Revisiting the impact feeMap 3 Natural Water Bodies & Drains,GorakhpurSource Vulnerability Assessment Report, 2009; GEAG –ACCCRN 16

Sectorial AnalysisECOSYSTEMCONSERVATIONWater bodiesGreen areasMapping andDemarcationProtection fromencroachmentand reclamationPollutionabatement andConservationPublic AwarenessMunicipal Corporation with support from other departments like GDA(for mapping & demarcation), SPCB (for pollution abatement), GDA &UP Jal Nigam (for provision of environmental infrastructure), etc.Utilize study onwater bodies byGorakhpurUniversityConsideration while land use allocationLow built/ no development zonesEffective enforcement of Master PlanProvision & maintenance of environmentalinfrastructure for preventive actionCheck solid waste disposal in water bodies/greensWetland ConservationRole of NGOs, etc.UP State Environmental Policy identifies protection and conservation of environmental resources as one of itsthrust areas.74th CAA stipulates for the ULB as nodal agency for coordinating environmental conservation activities.UP UP&D Act, 1973 identifies GDA as the nodal agency for provision of environmental infrastructure–drainage,sewerage, etc.UP Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 Sanitation & Hygiene and maintenance of civic services as one of theMunicipal functions.UP Parks, Playgrounds and Open Spaces (Preservation and Regulation) Act, 1975 identifies GMC for parks/green spaces.SPCB identified for pollution monitoring as per Environment Protection Act, 1986Need toenforceFigure 5 TERI’s proposal for ecosystem conservation Pollution abatement and conservation 17

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas Public awareness Coordination Enabling MechanismTable 5 Institute and regulations for ecosystemInstitute and regulationsGMC under provisions of UPParks, Playgrounds, and OpenSpaces (Preservation andRegulation) Act, 1975Model UP Zoning RegulationsDescriptionNodal agency for mappingand demarcation, protection,conservation, pollution abatement,and maintenance of open/ greenspacesSections 1–6 stipulate preparation ofinventory of natural water bodies in acity and state that the responsibilityof maintaining and conserving thesewater bodies would be that of thelocal body.as to which local body this would be.The UP State EnvironmentalPolicy and Wetlands(Conservation andManagement) Rules, 20103.5 Flood ManagementStatusconservation of environmentalresources as one of its thrust areas;including forests, biodiversity, andwater bodies. It also recommendsformulation of water conservationstandards and preparing aninventory of wetlands in the state. P P Action PointsLong-term measuresP Th P 18

Sectorial Analysis P P P Short-term measureP Flood ManagementShort termMedium to Long termPreparation andenforcement ofFlood ManagementPlanPublic AwarenessSensitiveland useallocationDrainageInfrastructureDDMA in coordination with state linedepartments like Flood Control &Irrigation, Public Health, etc. & GMC.Preparedness,Response, Relief &RecoveryWard levelResilience PlanningRole ofNGOs, etc.Provision for preparation of Flood ManagementPlan under: Disaster Management Act, 2005(DDMA); 74th CAA and the State WaterPolicy (GMC)Development AuthorityConsidering land usesuitability studies forallocation of land usesappropriate to topography,geohydrology, etc.Preparation of Land use Plan as partof the Master Plan by the GDA underthe provision of UP UP&D Act, 1973GDA, GMC & UP Jal Nigam as pertheir respective jurisdictionsProvision and managementof drainage infrastructureAssessment of designparameters like capacityfor peak flow, etc.Provision & maintenance ofdrainage by GDA, Jal Nigam & GMCunder the UP&D Act, 1973 & UP M.Corp. ActNeed of integrating environmental/ disaster risk reduction concerns in the Development Act/ Rules of the State.Need to integrate the provisions of State Water Policy and provisions of Disaster Management Act, 2005 forFlood management- sort out issue of multiple agencies and functions.Need of implementation of 74th CAA for dissolution of powers to ULB for Disaster Management/ ResiliencePlanning at city & ward level.Figure 6 19

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas 9 P Enabling Mechanism Table 6 Institute and regulationsGorakhpur UniversityDDMA’s District DisasterManagement and RiskReduction PlanDescriptionHas conducted a study on the geo-hydrology and water bodies in the city, which should be utilized by GMC and othernodal agencies while planning. Establishment of a 24-hour Control Room for real time monitoring, analysis of meteorological observations,issuance of early warnings, and rapid responses Maintenance and upgrade of drains and pumping stations Regular cleaning of drains Regular maintenance and protection of bunds through buffers, etc. in various areas of the district, includingGorakhpur city gives detailed directions on deployment of resources and is also supplemented by various maps including theroad map, which may be referred for evacuation and relief. Gives a list of all the hospitals, clinics, etc. in the city to facilitate easy access and minimizing impacts on Public Gives a list of the pumping stations established in the city, which start working to minimize resulting water logging.GDA Nodal agency for preparation of the Master Plan, which allocates land uses under the UP UP&D Act, 1973UP Jal NigamGMCState Disaster ManagementAuthority (SDMA)For drainage infrastructure, GDA is responsible for construction, operation, and maintenance in its jurisdictionIn GMC area, UP Jal Nigam is the responsible authority for construction of the system, whereas, removal ofencroachments and proper maintenance and cleaning of existing drains is to be done by GMC as per the municipalNodal agency for preparation and enforcement of Flood Management Plan/Resilience Plans under 74th CAA (yet tobe implemented in State) and the State Water Policy.DM Act, 2005 has constituted SDMA for disaster management/resilience planning.920

Sectorial Analysis 3.6 Public HealthStatus P P 3.6.2 Action PointsHealth surveillance systemP HEALTHHealth Surveillance SystemPreventiveHealth MeasuresDataCollectionReportingPreparednessResponseSanitation &HygienePublic AwarenessDistt. Admin.(CMO Office)Municipal Corporation(Deptt. of Health & IDH)and Distt. Admin. (CMOOffice & DDMA)Municipal Corporation(Deptt. of Health & IDH)and Distt. Admin. (CMOOffice & DDMA)Set upControlRoomsNetwork(Existing +UHI Posts)To GMC,Distt Admin.(CMOOffice,DDMA),SDMAAssessment of manpower& infrastructurerequirement for cases ofepidemic outbreaksPreventive health measuresRole of NGOs &SHGs, Youth, etc.Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for epidemics havebeen prepared under the provisions of Disaster ManagementAct, 2005 by SDMA and define the process for surveillance &response in case of outbreak of epidemics.UP Municipal Act, 1959defines Sanitation &Hygiene as one of theMunicipal functionsFigure 7 TERI’s proposal on health21

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas P P Preventive health measures and practices P P P Enabling Mechanism.Table 7 Institute and regulations for public healthmanagementInstitute andregulationsHealth Department,GMCCMODDMAThe Department ofMedical Health andFamily WelfareSDMADescriptionNodal agency for public health and sanitationat the city level under the UP Municipal Act,1959;Responsible for running of the InfectiousDiseases Hospital (IDH) in the city;responsible for carrying out sanitation andhygiene works in the city. This involves regularcleaning, fogging, chlorination, spraying indrains, management of solid waste, etc.responsible for all related activities in urbanas well as rural areas of the District. The CMOurban area, with paramedics, computeroperators (statistical assistant), and doctors.It is the nodal agency for preparing andenforcing the District Disaster Managementand Risk Reduction Plan in the district andalso the Urban risk Reduction Programme(of UNDP), under the UP State DisasterManagement Act, 2005. The Plan looks aftervarious affected sectors, including health, incase of a disaster.It is the nodal agency for public health in thestate; only looking at family welfare and fewother programmes like control of AIDS, TB,leprosy, etc.It is the nodal agency for preparing andenforcing the Disaster Management Plans andall other related activities as per the provisionsof the UP State Disaster Management Act,2005;Prepared the Standard Operating Proceduressurveillance, preparedness, and response incase of outbreak of epidemics22

Sectorial Analysis3.7 Urban PlanningStatus Action PointsP P P Map 4 Maps showing residential land uses falling under the water logged area23

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban AreasUrban PlanningInstitutional review of Master PlanWard level resilience planInclude chapter on climate resilience in developmentplanState enacts 74th ConstitutionalAmendment ActLand use planning integrated with a scientiticallydesigned sewerage/drainage system and solid wastemanagement systemCity government draws lessons from theGEG's pilot project on ward resilienceplanningIMPACT FEE Rule needs to be revisited andamendments be made to incorporate environmentalissuesFigure 8 TERI’s proposal on urban planning P Enabling Mechanism 3.8 HousingStatus 2 TABLE 8 Land use of Gorakhpur CityS. No. Land use Area (ha.)1 Residential 4103.30 72.102. Commercial 173.20 3.053. Industrial 445.00 7.824. Govt. organization 161.00 2.835. Public and semi-publicservices398.32 7.016. Park and open space 291.2 5.127. Transport 117.10 2.07Total 5689.12 100.00Source GDA, Gorakhpur Master Plan 2021% of developedarea24

Sectorial AnalysisAction PointsP P P New construction P P P HousingExistingBuildings/coloniesNew constructionAvoidanceResistanceResilienceExists partiallyExists partiallyAbsentGIDADUDADevelopmentAuthorityNagar NigamRWAs and NGOsSuggested strategiesSUDSSeptic tanks/soak pitsSumpsGround water recharging(at places close to water withdrawal)Demonstration projectsidentificationRevising/customizing Building Constructionand Development Regulations, 2008Suggested strategiesBuilding envelopeBasements avoidanceSUDSPlinth levelInternal layoutDPMFloor finishesSeptic tanks/soal pttsSumpsFigure 9 TERI’s proposal on housing25

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas P P P Existing buildings/ coloniesP P Enabling Mechanism 3.9 Energy3.9.1 StatusP P P 10 11 101126

Sectorial Analysis3.9.2 Action PointsP P 3.9.3 Enabling Mechanism 27

ConClUsionT 4.1. Sector specific recommendationsfor building resilience for future study:Table 9 Sector Institutions Regulations CommunityHousingUrban PlanningBasic services Need for stringent compliancemechanism if the suggestedchanges in the building bylawshappen Ensure Implementation of MasterPlans Develop mechanisms that evaluateand monitor the implementation(This is partially carried out now atthe time of revision) Resilience measures to be includedin the master planning process Strengthening technical capacity ofthe institutions to do so Ensuring inter-institutionalcoordination and integration Developing monitoring andevaluation mechanisms Database management and datasharing Developing capacity of institutions Revision/customization of Building Constructionand Development Regulations 2008 Bringing in sustainability, environmental, andclimate change related issues within a purviewof a single Act (an Urban Development Act thattalks of urban development in totality) Master Plan to be guided by the new proposedAct Implementing 74th CAA to ensure planning atgrassroot level Enforcement of 74th CAA (service provision anduser charges) Bringing in law that sets standards of servicedelivery and prescribes measurement of servicelevel particularly targeting urban local bodies For implementation of SUDS,improvised septic tanks, andrainwater recharging/storingschemes, community buy-infew demonstration projects willbe essential Awareness programme on casestudies for community Ensure participation within theMaster Planning process bydeveloping a transparent andeasy mechanism to includepeople in the decision makingsystem/planning Public awareness programmesthrough involvement of NGOs,schools, volunteers, etc. onbehavioural issues28

ConclusionEcologicalConservationand FloodManagementPublic Health Strengthening of the ULB byadoption of 74th CAA (ScheduleXII devolves powers to ULB forenvironment, climate change anddisaster risk reduction issues) building Setting-up of a surveillance systemfor public health management Capacity building of thegovernment health set-ups in theinfrastructure and manpower Need to enforce the provisions of variousregulations and guidelines—UP DraftEnvironmental Policy, Parks, Playgrounds, andOpen Spaces (Preservation and Regulation) Act,1975, Model UP Zoning Regulations, etc. Enforcement of 74th CAA to give a legal backingto ward level plans (currently under preparation) Ward resilience plans should take climate changerelated future vulnerability into account Draw up a city health and sanitation policyguided by the provisions of the NationalSanitation Policy, the Air Pollution Act, theEnvironment Act, and the Water Pollution Act Public awareness programmesthrough involvement of NGOs,schools, volunteers, etc. onclimate change, conservationof natural resources, pollutionabatement, etc. Participation of localcommunity in formulation andimplementation of various plansfor better enforcement Public awareness programmeson preventive sanitation andhealth measures— role ofNGOs, schools, youth, etc.4.2. Summary of Immediate ActionPoints Table 10 Solid waste managementCity Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMedium termPhasing out current dumping grounds, particularlythose in the low lying areas of the cityFacilitating door to door collection of waste in thecitySetting up primary collection systems withsegregation facilityConsider decentralized solid waste managementsystem for peri-urban areas.Campaign to create public awareness to keepthe city cleanFor cleaning open drains: Special drives forcleaning the drains pre-monsoon and during themonsoonBanning use of polythene:Prepare a project for plastic recycling andimplement 12Strict enforcementMunicipal Corporation of GorakhpurMunicipal Corporation of Gorakhpur withhelp from NGOs, CBOs, SHGs , RWAs,and communityMunicipal Corporation of Gorakhpur andDevelopment AuthorityMunicipal Corporation of Gorakhpur andDevelopment AuthorityMunicipal Corporation of Gorakhpur andDevelopment AuthorityRegular cleaning drives to be ascertainedGorakhpurMunicipal Corporation of GorakhpurOverseen by Divisional Commissioner,GorakhpurLong term Prepare detailed SWM scheme Municipal Corporation of Gorakhpur,Development AuthorityMSW Rules 2000MSW Rules 2000MSW Rules 2000CPHEEO guidelines on solidwaste managementRules and guidelines of UPPollution Control BoardMSW Rules 2000, CPHEEOguidelines on solid wastemanagement1229

Make an application for grant of authorization forsetting up waste processing and disposal facility,BoardDevelopment, Operation, and maintenance ofSWMManage bio-medical waste (waste from hospitals)Manage hazardous wasteMainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban AreasMunicipal Corporation Section 4 MSW rules 2000Municipal CorporationDevelopment authority, MunicipalCorporation, and Health DepartmentDevelopment authority, MunicipalCorporation, and GIDABio-medical Waste (Managementand Handling) Rules 1998Hazardous Waste (Managementand Handling) Rules 1989Note: The District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner of the district shall have the responsibility of enforcement of the provisions of the MSWTable 11 Drainage and SewerageCity Actions Institutions Supporting Regulation/policyMedium termLong termDrainage and sewerage in the cityOption 1: Revisit the drainage (storm waterdrainage) project sanctioned under UIDSSMTto allow for disintegration points and channelsto ensure disintegration of storm water drainsappropriately with the new sewer drains whenthey are sanctioned.Conduct a feasibility analysis for a centralizeddual systemOption 2: City goes for decentralized systems-DEWATS at level of residential units/wardsStrict action on encroachment of drainsConstitute an interdepartmental committee toprojects and also to resolve the jurisdictionaloverlaps and other coordination issuesMunicipal Corporation of Gorakhpurwith technical team of the Jal NigamMunicipal Corporation of Gorakhpurwith technical team of the Jal NigamMunicipal Corporation of Gorakhpur,Development Authority, Jal Nigam(Technical assistance could also besought from ACCCRN partners ARUPthrough GEAG)Municipal Corporation of GorakhpurMunicipal Corporation takes thelead and involves UP PCB, UPUrban Planning and DevelopmentDepartment, UP Jal Nigam, Div.Commissioner, GDA, GIDA in thecommitteeCPHEEO guidelines on sewerageand sewage system and, Manualon Norms and Standards forenvironmental clearance of largeConstruction project, Ministryof Environment and Forests,Government of IndiaState Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMedium termLong termBanning use of polythene by means ofamendment made under the Municipal Act 13Incentivize small scale industries that producecloth bags and popularize the use of cloth bagsAllows for phase II of the project where separatesewer system along with the sewer treatmentplant is sanctionedState GovernmentState GovernmentUrban Development Department1330

ConclusionTable 12 Drinking waterCity Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMediumtermLongtermQuality monitoring of water at source andtesting in a professional manner.Ground water recharge and rainwaterharvesting: Use of roof top water forcollection and storage. Start practice frompublic buildings and let them become ademonstration projects which people canreplicate.Conservation and restoration of natural waterbodies and catchment areasEstablish multiple channels for data collectionand reportingTechnical assistance from GWD,execution and coordination Jal Nigamand GMCAll Departments, especially MunicipalCorporation and GDAMunicipal Corporation of Gorakhpurand Ground Water Boardcarried out by GDA in consultationwith Gorakhpur University (Prof.Verma’s team that was involved in thegeo-hydrological study of the city)at Gorakhpur Or Based at MCGwith technical assistance from E-governance wing and GWDThe State Housing and Urban Planning2005 stipulates the State Ground WaterDepartment as a nodal agency for researchand development, long-term management andplanning for groundwater conservation andrechargingBy order from the Divisional CommissionerBy order from the Divisional CommissionerModel UP Zoning Regulations Section 1–6stipulates preparation of inventory of naturalwater bodies in a city and states that theresponsibility of maintaining and conservingthese water bodies would be that of the localbodyState Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMediumtermof locations for data collection to be broughtunder law, stipulated through gazetteState GovernmentUP Ground Water Conservation Protectionand Development (Management, Control, andRegulation)Bill 2010Table 13 Urban planningCity Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMediumtermInclude a chapter on climate change resilience in the Master Plan of the city:Gorakhpur resilience strategy, vulnerability report, geo-hydrology report, andTERI’s report could guide such a chapterGDAGDA is an autonomousbody, Vice Chairmancan introduce this as anamendment in consultationwith the Board of the GDA.Overlay water logging plan(prepared by GEAG and Gorakhpur University)with land-use plan of the Master Plan and identify areas where no build upGDABy order from the DivisionalCommissionershould be further allowedLong term drainage system and solid waste system to further reduce city’s vulnerabilityGDA and JalNigam31

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban AreasState Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMediumtermRevisit ‘Impact Fee ‘rule 14 . Bring in environmental impact assessment ofany land-use change that is proposed deviating from the Master Plan andUP Housing andUrban PlanningUP Urban Planning andDevelopment Act, 1973 16restrictions on the same if the environmental criteria are not met. (Right now,the rule does say that impact fee is levied as a return on the anticipated 15 .It also says that 90% of the fee collected will be sent to the infrastructurefund. However, it does not specify that the funds so collected will be used formitigation of the impacts that will be felt.)Department,Government of UPState adopts and implements 74th Constitution Amendment ActTable 14 Housing/buildingsCity Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMediumtermMediumtermNew Construction:enabling design strategies 17Provision to elevate proposed buildings in select areas aboveProvision for improvised septic tanks and/or appropriatedecentralized sewerage system (since conventional septic tankstime); prohibition of standalone soak pitsCustomization of rainwater recharging structures along withImplementation/compliance of above changesProvision of low-cost, decentralized basic services (storm water,sewage management) for all slum development schemesExisting developmentSelection of few demonstration projects/colonies showingimplementation of rainwater recharging by intervening stormwater drains (to prevent water logging); appropriate decentralizedwastewater (sewage) management system; conversion of existingseptic tanks to improvised septic tanksImplementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)at selected colony/mohalla scale for demonstration. SUDS employgreen roofs, dry ditches (swales), detention/attenuation ponds,permeable paving, underground storage tanks, and many othermeasures, all of which aim to detain run-off and release it slowlyinto watercourses or to groundGorakhpur Development Authority/Town and Country PlanningDepartment, Uttar PradeshGorakhpur Development Authority/Town and Country PlanningDepartment, Uttar PradeshGorakhpur Development Authority/Town and Country PlanningDepartment, Uttar PradeshGorakhpur Development Authority/Town and Country PlanningDepartment, Uttar PradeshGorakhpur Development Authority,with support from organizationslike GEAG, Centre for Science andEnvironmentMunicipal Corporation, GDA, GIDADUDAGDA, GIDA in their colonies withsupport from design agenciescapable to do SUDS and involvingcommunitiesBuilding Construction andDevelopment Regulations,20081415161732

ConclusionLongtermCustomizing Building construction and Development Regulations,2008 for Gorakhpur. The regulations should be customized, suchthat the building bylaws proposed are simple to understand andimplement and ensure compliance of the same.Development Authority andMunicipal CorporationUP Building Constructionand DevelopmentRegulations, 2008Table 15 EnergyCity Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyShort termMediumtermpumpsFeasibility of converting the existing pumps tosolar PV basedImplementing rainwater recharging structuresin priority areas (low lying areas as given in theGorakhpur District Disaster Management & RiskReduction Plan-2011)District Disaster Management Centreto coordinate with Jal Nigam, MunicipalCorporation, and Development AuthorityImplementing SUDS strategies in all existingparks and open spaces in the cityDistrict Disaster Management Centre tocoordinate with Jal Nigam and MunicipalCorporationDistrict Disaster Management Centre tocoordinate with Jal Nigam and MunicipalCorporationGorakhpur District Disaster Management& Risk Reduction Plan-2011GDA, GIDA, and Municipal Corporationwith support from design agenciescapable to do SUDSGorakhpur District DisasterManagement & Risk ReductionPlan-2011Gorakhpur District DisasterManagement & Risk ReductionPlan-2011Gorakhpur District DisasterManagement & Risk ReductionPlan-2011Table 16 City Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMediumtermLongtermMapping and demarcation of green areas and water bodies inthe city to regulate encroachment and reclamation (study byGorakhpur University on water bodies can be utilized for this)Pollution abatement:Regular cleaning and maintenance of drains and parks/playgrounds.Regulating solid waste disposal in water bodies/green areasRegulating encroachment: Effective enforcement of MasterPlanPreparation and enforcement of Flood Management Plan:Should include measures for Preparedness, Response,Relief, and RecoveryProtection from reclamation: Consideration of land suitabilityand demarcated green areas/ water bodies during landuseallocation; water bodies/ green/ sensitive areas to bedemarcated as low- built/ no-development zonesProvision of environmental infrastructure: Sewerage,drainage, green/ open areasGMC and GDAGMCGDA and GMCDDMA and GMCin coordinationwith otherrelevant statedepartmentsGDAGDA, UP JalNigam, and GMCin their respectivejurisdictionsUP Parks, Playgrounds and Open Spaces(Preservation and Regulation) Act, 1975 and UP ModelZoning Regulations vest the powers in GMC and GDA,respectively; UP State Environmental PolicyBy order from the Divisional Commissioner/ MunicipalCommissioner; UP State Environmental PolicyMaster Plan and Model Zoning Regulations under theprovision of UP UP&D Act, 1973Provision for preparation of Flood Management Planunder Disaster Management Act, 2005 and 74th CAAMaster Plan and Model Zoning Regulations underthe provision of UP UP&D Act, 1973; UP StateEnvironmental PolicyMaster Plan and Model Zoning Regulations, UPMunicipal Corporation Act, 1959, Uttar Pradesh WaterSupply and Sewerage Act, 197533

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban AreasCapacity building and awareness generation of the stateagencies/ ULB/ and local communityStateGovernment/DistrictAdministrationwith supportfrom civil society,NGOs, etc.By order from the Divisional Commissioner/ MunicipalCommissioner; UP State Environmental PolicyState Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMediumtermState adopts and implements 74th Constitution AmendmentActTable 17 Public healthCity Actions Institutions Supporting regulation/policyMedium termLong termData collection and reporting:Setting up of additional controlrooms for wide round-the-clockreportingPreventive health measures:Sanitation and hygieneHealth surveillance system(Reporting, preparedness,and response mechanism):Assessment of manpower andcases of epidemic outbreaksPublic awarenessGMC (Health Department) andDistrict Administration (CMOGMC (Health Department) withsupport from civil society, NGOs,and local communityGMC (Health Department) andDistrict Administration (CMOconsultantsGMC (Health Department) andDistrict Administration (CMOcivil society, NGOs, and localcommunityStandard Operating Procedures(SOP) for epidemics preparedunder the provisions of DisasterManagement Act, 2005 by SDMAsanitation and hygiene as one ofthe municipal functionsStandard Operating Procedures(SOP) for epidemics preparedunder the provisions of DisasterManagement Act, 2005 by SDMABy order from the DivisionalCommissioner/MunicipalCommissioner34

disCUssions andway forward Cities and Climate change:policy directions 181835

Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Urban Areas 19 20 192036

Discussions and Way Forward P P P P P P P 21 2137

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list ofreferenCes 2: 39

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