The Ecology of coastal Marshes of Western Lake Erie: A Community ...

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CONVERSION FACTORSFOR METRIC (521) UNITS TO U.S. CUSTOMARY UNllS OF MEASUREMENTVetric ($1) unlts of measurement used in thfs report can be convertec' to L1.S.customary unlts as follows:L I near measurementsmi 11 ?metres (mm)cent intetres (cm)metres (m)k i I ometres I km)0.039 inches (In)0.394 inches (in)3.281 feet (ft)0.621 miles (mi)square metres (12)hoctares (ha)square k l lonietres (km2)10.764 square feet (ft2)2.471 acres0.386 square miles (mf2)cublc metres (163)cublc metros (m3)cublc kilometres (km3)35.318 cubic feet (fd)1.308 cubic yards (yd3)0.240 cubic miles (mi3)grams (g)kilograms (kg)metric tons (m ton)0.035 ounces (oz)2.205 pounds (lb)1.102 U.S. tons (ton)contlmetros par second (cm/sec) 0.394 fnches per second (In/sec)metres par second (m/sec)metres per second (rnfsec)3.2811.943feet per second (ft/sec)nautical miles per hour (knot)cubic metres per second (d/sec) 35.318 cublc feet per second (cfs)metres per hour {m/hr) 3.281 feet per second (ft/sec)kflowtres per hour (krn/hr) 0.621 miles per hour (mph)degrees Celsius (OC) 915% + 32 degrees Farenheft (OF)
CONTENTSPALTACE ........................................................................ iii!;i.jNVEiiSiOt.: FAC:TC\II:; ............................................................. i vFIGURFS ........................................................................ viiTAPhES ......................................................................... xACK?;OWL!:PCih?i:NIS ................................................................ xiChapter !. INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 11.1 Coastal Wetlands of the Great Lakes ................................ 11.7 rompartson of Coastal and Inland Wetlands ..........................c 11.3 Functlon and Valuo of Coastal Wetlands ............................. 41.4 Distrfbution of Westorn Lake Erie Coastal Marshes .................. 4Chdpter 2 . PHYSICAL FNVIRONMENT ...............................................1 '7?2.1 Gcology ............................................................ ?%2.2 Cllmate and Weather ................................................ 392.3 Hydrology .......................................................... 432.4 Water Quality ...................................................... 51Chapter 3 . BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................... 573.1 Ptlytopldnkton. Periphyton. and Zooplankton ......................... 573.2 Wetland Vegetation ................................................. 643.3 Invertebrates .................................................... 833.4 Flsh ............................................................... 933.5 Amphibfans and Reptfles ........................................... 993.6 Blrds .............................................................. 1043.7 Mammals ....................................................... 113Chaptor 4 . ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ............................................... 1204.1 Orlgfn and Existence of Coastal Marshes ............................ 1204.2 Biological Productivity ............................................ 1234.3 Community Processes ............................................. 1324.4 Coastal Marshes as Ftsh and Wildlffe Habitat ....................... 138Chapter 5 . WETLAND DISTURBANCE AND MARSH MANAGEMENT ........................... 1395.1 Wetland Disturbance ................................................ 1405.2 Wetland Ownership and Management .................................. . 1535.3 Prospects for the Future ........................................... 157REFERENCES ....................... ............................................ 159
Page 2 and 3: Cover, Aerial view of Uld Womn Gree
Page 5: PREFACEThis proti lc on the coastal
Page 9 and 10: Pap ai thc Great lakes drainage bas
Page 12 and 13: This report sl~oultl hc ci ttstl a'
Page 14 and 15: CONVERSlON FACTORSFOR METRIC (SI) U
Page 16 and 17: Dimensions of Western Lake Erie Coa
Page 18 and 19: Average monthly precipitation at fo
Page 20 and 21: TABLESNumber12345678910111213141516
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION1.1 COASTAL W
Page 24 and 25: Tabla 1. Cornparisor1 of ~oastai we
Page 26 and 27: Figure 2. Study droa in Vichlgan, O
Page 28 and 29: major wetland local l t fes. Reader
Page 30 and 31: Cedar Point marshes extend westward
Page 32 and 33: 0 WEST SISTER ISLANDFigure 8. Locat
Page 34 and 35: Figure 11. Heron and egret nests in
Page 36 and 37: Figure 13. East end of Sandusky Bay
Page 38 and 39: Figure 15. Big Island, an experir-i
Page 40 and 41: eds of floating-leaved species. In
Page 42 and 43: ?ark EnlrAncaSarlctuarv PondWest Cr
Page 44: -I he yortion of the Central Lowlan
Page 47 and 48: the northward plunging end of the F
Page 49 and 50: 'alJ3 ayP1 uJa$san ub steoqs pue 's
Page 51 and 52: GYPSUMPRESENTCAVESWDERGROUNDLAKE-P
Page 53 and 54: Figure 28. gap of promtnprit beach
Page 55 and 56: ?and surface had been depressed by
Page 57 and 58:
(Herdendorf and Braidech 1972). Thl
Page 60 and 61:
Redmond st a 1, 11971) mapped thema
Page 62:
05- low pressure systems from the G
Page 67 and 68:
indicate no regular, predictable cy
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 40. Dontinant surface and bo
Page 71 and 72:
of falling into the lake. The highe
Page 73 and 74:
epresents a retrieved STORET summar
Page 75 and 76:
Table 9.Mean dally solar radiation
Page 77 and 78:
Table 10. Annual deposition of airb
Page 79 and 80:
Table 11. Abundance of phaytoplankt
Page 81 and 82:
* Monthly Means. .Figure 43. Season
Page 83 and 84:
microcrustaceans (primarily cladoce
Page 85 and 86:
* Monthly Means'.*.Figure 45. Seaso
Page 87 and 88:
Typha angustifol ia (narrow-leaved
Page 89 and 90:
--- Rusiex vertic 1 1 lqtljs - j 5w
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 47. Emergent beds of America
Page 93 and 94:
Eigurs 49. Gravel beach un the sout
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considerable fluctuation in size of
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 5Q. Coastal landforms at Tou
Page 99 and 100:
especfally over the shallower areas
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 53.Aerial photograph of Old
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 55. Aquatic macrophytes in c
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 56. Benthic invertebrate com
Page 107 and 108:
Table 15. Benthic macroinvertebrate
Page 109 and 110:
Table 17. Invertebrates col lected
Page 111 and 112:
Table18. (concluded)P~pojatjon per
Page 113 and 114:
p-dTable 3'3. Wsstarn Lake Erie unl
Page 115 and 116:
marshes* apparent1 y making o~portu
Page 117 and 118:
Most of the fish fauna fnbabiting t
Page 119 and 120:
scfantfffraliy tntsrestlng blcl~glc
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 62. Water level control stru
Page 123 and 124:
own skln, The female" throat 1s afg
Page 125 and 126:
wooded cliffs to marshy shorelines;
Page 127 and 128:
Chio and East Sister, Middle Sister
Page 129 and 130:
found that preferred natural foods
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 68. Fal l rrligration corrid
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heron (1, and little blueheron (E.
Page 135 and 136:
When northwestern Ohio was firstset
Page 137 and 138:
one of the following helmfnths:Schf
Page 139 and 140:
Table 21. Habitat and den character
Page 141 and 142:
CHAPTER 4.ECOLOG1CAL PROCESSESThe e
Page 143 and 144:
Delta wetlands form a significantor
Page 145 and 146:
compounds, which then become source
Page 147 and 148:
Lutz (1960) workjng In Erie Marsh o
Page 149 and 150:
the Detroit River fn Aprll or May,
Page 151 and 152:
significantly 1 imited theofphytopl
Page 153 and 154:
Proclad& feeds on other chlronomlds
Page 155 and 156:
ycottonwoodbulrushes Chara cattail
Page 157 and 158:
the smallest variety of invertebrat
Page 159 and 160:
may strong1 y affect the avadl abil
Page 161 and 162:
1900, as coastal marshes were drain
Page 163 and 164:
Recent wetland losses, In the pasth
Page 165 and 166:
Water Level FluctuationsHiah water,
Page 167 and 168:
Shrubs 0 0.5 1 Mi.t 4Hardwoods0 0.5
Page 169 and 170:
plant. The combined impact of entra
Page 171 and 172:
d\LIGHT = 100-999 Tubificidae per m
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portlon of thejr life history (Van
Page 175 and 176:
(Ohio); Erie Marsh and Pointe Mouil
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 91. Interior region of Winou
Page 179 and 180:
WIthfn the last 50 years the marshe
Page 181 and 182:
Bednarik, K.E. 1975. Environmental
Page 183 and 184:
Dennfs, C.A. 1938. Aquatic gastropo
Page 185 and 186:
tieraendorf, C.E., and S.t. Herdend
Page 187 and 188:
iangj~lz, T.:!. 35a65. Foi-tage Ri$
Page 189 and 190:
Reutter, V.M., and 3.M- Reutter*Pw,
Page 191 and 192:
Sullivan, C.R, 1953. A phytoplankto
Page 193:
The Ecoloav of Coastal Marshes of W
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