WEPA Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia 2012

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In order to increase coverage of sewerage treatment over ashort period of time in Manila (eastern area), theauthorities focused on existing community septic tanks.Because community septic tanks have already collecteddomestic wastewater via waste pipes, the socialfoundations were already in place to collect treatment feesfor domestic wastewater in the community. Thus, thecurrent system could be smoothly upgraded fromcommunity septic tanks to sewage treatment plants withtreatment under aerobic conditions. Accordingly, theconstruction of sewage treatment plants gained speed inthe decade since 2000, and most have a capacity of lessthan 10,000 m 3 per day. As a result of this approach, thesewerage treatment ratio in the eastern area of Manilaincreased from less than 3% in 1997 to 23% in 2011.Utilization of existing infrastructureIn Manila, efforts are being actively made to utilize theunderground spaces of existing buildings and merge withexisting storm drains. The construction of storm drainsfor removal of rainwater is taking precedence inSoutheast Asia where floods are frequent. Many cases ofmerging sewer pipes with existing storm drains have beenconfirmed in Cambodia and Viet Nam.Application of treatment process without use of electricityIn China, the constructed wetland system is applied fordomestic wastewater treatment without the use ofelectricity. According to a notice from Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection in 2011, of 2,738 urbantreatment plants, 86 operating domestic treatment plantsapplied the constructed wetland system. In Chongqingcity, there are two domestic wastewater treatment plantsconstructed through a Japan-China cooperative projectin 2008. The plants used a constructed wetland systemafter the contact aeration process and activated sludgeprocess in order to reduce electricity consumption. Thesefacilities achieved 43-98% and 62-97% of BOD removalrates respectively, based on monthly data for waterquality monitoring conducted over a one-year periodfollowing construction.3.3. Community or private sector’sinvolvement in construction andoperation of sewerage treatment plantCommunity involvementIn many regions of Asia, due to social conditions such aslow household income levels and little public awareness,the necessary conditions to accept domestic wastewatertreatment facilities are not in place. As such, issues suchas the previously mentioned low connection rates andsewerage service fee collection rates have manifestedthemselves. In order to address these problems, Indonesiahas attempted to improve public awareness by garneringparticipation from local residents from the planningstages in regions where provision of domestic wastewatertreatment facilities are planned. A programme entitledSANIMAS has been carried out since 2006. Participationfrom residents is elicited from planning stages, and theselection of project sites and technology is conductedalong with local residents, in addition to the drafting of acommunity action plan. Engaging in construction andoperational management based on this plan is designedto facilitate the voluntary participation of residents indomestic wastewater management. Communitiesparticipating in the project have steadily increased.Domestic wastewater treatment facilities have beenconstructed in 395 locations in 22 provinces over thefour-year period from 2006 to 2009, and are beingoperated and managed by residents.Private sector involvementPrivate companies in Philippines and Malaysia carry outthe operation of sewage treatment plants to ensure theyare operating efficiently. In 1997, the MetropolitanWater Works and Sewerage System (MWSS) inPhilippines, with jurisdiction over waterworks andsewerage projects in the Manila metropolitan area,Photo 2.1.2. Constructed wetland in Chongqing cityPhoto 2.1.3. Case of Community Involvement intoConstruction of Domestic Small Scale WastewaterTreatment Plant in Indonesia (SANIMAS) implemented byMinistry of Public Works in cooperation with BORDA(Source : BORDA)40
<strong>WEPA</strong> <strong>Outlook</strong> on Water Environmental Management in Asia 2012Chapter 2.1 Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asiaentered a concession agreement with the privatecompanies of Manila Water and Maynilad WaterServices for the construction and management ofdomestic wastewater treatment in the eastern andwestern districts of the metropolitan area.In 1993, the Sewerage Services Act was enacted inMalaysia to give jurisdiction to the central governmentfor sewerage services which had hitherto been managedby the state governments. Concurrently, the privatecompany of Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) wasestablished to operate the sewerage projects, and in thatsame year, the government entered a consignmentcontract with IWK for the operation of sewage treatmentplants in the country. Thus, nearly all public sewagetreatment plants on the Malay Peninsula are operated byIWK. Furthermore, a private company called MajaariServices was established in 2009 in the state of Kelantanon the Malay Peninsula to conduct operations of sewagetreatment plants. At this time, the operation of sewagetreatment plants by private companies in Manila andMalaysia has moved forward smoothly.At the time of its establishment in 1993, the IndahWater Konsortium (IWK) was a self-sustaining privatecompany. However, the company was unable to collectan adequate amount of sewage treatment fees to run thecompany. Thus, seven years later in 2000, the companywas nationalized and operations are presently conductedwith funds from the Ministry of Finance. The 2009financial report of IWK shows that of the MYR 723million annual income, income from sewage treatmentfees was limited to approximately 60% at MYR 434million. Funding from the Ministry of Financeaccounted for approximately 35% at MYR 250 million.In this manner, for other regions of Asia as well,considerable potential may exist in the option to operatesewage treatment plants with the involvement of privatecompanies. However, there is potential for dilemmas toarise that cannot be dealt with by private companiesalone, particularly in the grey area between establishmentof appropriate sewage treatment fees in general andestablishment of sewage treatment fees that take intoaccount the economic level of residents. As is evident inthe case of Malaysia, guaranteeing that sufficientoperational costs are covered and securing funding froma public institution is indispensable to the sustainableoperation of sewage treatment plants.4. ConclusionAll <strong>WEPA</strong> partner countries made significant efforts toimprove conditions to achieve sanitation targets of theMillennium Development Goals (MDGs) and thereforetreatment of black water has been promoted in the region.However, the pollution load of grey water is alsoconsiderable and therefore it is necessary to promotetreatment of grey water in addition to black water.Sewerage treatment systems, an option to treat bothblack and grey water, are typically observed in other regionsof the world. However, coverage rates for seweragetreatment systems remain low in all <strong>WEPA</strong> countries withthe exception of the ROK, Japan, Malaysia and China. Inareas without sewerage connections, septic tank treatmentis a typical option. However, domestic wastewatertreatment by septic tank shows less BOD removal ratiothan sewerage treatment. Moreover, septic tanks are able toreceive only black water in some areas. Because the greywater is discharged into the environment without treatmentin these areas, the impact of grey water on the environmentis significant. In order to prevent water pollution caused bythe domestic sector, domestic wastewater including bothgrey water and black water should be treated by treatmentprocesses with high removal rates for pollution load inareas without access to sewerage treatment. However,because large-scale sewage treatment plants require majorinvestments of time and money for construction,approaches that take the socio-economic situation of Asiainto account should be adopted.<strong>WEPA</strong> countries have amassed a vast array of experiencesin domestic wastewater treatment in sustainable ways undersocio-economic constraints. Of these, the following threeapproaches that are prevalent in the actions taken by <strong>WEPA</strong>countries are unique, as well as useful. Firstly, <strong>WEPA</strong>countries focus on the treatment of grey water consideringits impact on the environment. In addition, it is particularlyworth noting that feasible policy options on domesticwastewater treatment have been selected in order toovercome the issues that have arisen from socio-economicconstraints. Moreover, <strong>WEPA</strong> countries, through theirexperiences, are able to highlight good practices incommunity or private sector involvement in theconstruction and operation of sewage treatment plants.There is no one single pathway to sustainable domesticwastewater treatment. Different options for constructionand operation of domestic wastewater treatment facilitiesshould be adopted in order to overcome the unique issuesfacing the diverse countries in this region.<strong>WEPA</strong> supports this manner of learning from thesetypes of experiences, sharing useful knowledge and has anew appreciation of the importance of discussingapplications to other areas.41
Page 5 and 6: WEPA Outlo
Page 13 and 14: Chapter1Outlook on
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Page 26 and 27: NepalState of water environmentThe
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Page 52 and 53: Cambodia1. Country InformationTable
Page 54 and 55: Lakes and reservoirsAccording to va
Page 56 and 57: Ambient water quality standardsAmbi
Page 58 and 59: China1. Country InformationTable 3.
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Page 70 and 71: Japan1. Country InformationTable 3.
Page 72 and 73: Conservation of WaterQuality in Pub
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GroundwaterGroundwater quality stat
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Ambient water quality standardsNati
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Myanmar1. Country InformationTable
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egulation of these matters. As well
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Nepal1. Country InformationTable 3.
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pollution, there is no one particul
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Table 3.12.2. Surface water quality
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Appendix
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References
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Ministry of the Environment, JapanW
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