Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V4.2 Programming Guide

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Describing the output from sorting or merging . . 217Coding the output procedure . . . . . . . . 218Example: coding the output procedure whenusing DFSORT . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Restrictions on input and output procedures . . . 219Defining sort and merge data sets . . . . . . 219Sorting variable-length records . . . . . . . 220Requesting the sort or merge . . . . . . . . 220Setting sort or merge criteria . . . . . . . 221Example: sorting with input and outputprocedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222Choosing alternate collating sequences . . . . 223Sorting on windowed date fields . . . . . . 223Preserving the original sequence of records withequal keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Determining whether the sort or merge wassuccessful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Stopping a sort or merge operation prematurely 225Improving sort performance with FASTSRT . . . 225FASTSRT requirements for JCL . . . . . . 226FASTSRT requirements for sort input andoutput files . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226QSAM requirements . . . . . . . . . 227VSAM requirements . . . . . . . . . 227Checking for sort errors with NOFASTSRT . . . 227Controlling sort behavior . . . . . . . . . 228Changing DFSORT defaults with controlstatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Default characteristics of the IGZSRTCD dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Allocating storage for sort or merge operations 230Allocating space for sort files . . . . . . . 231Using checkpoint/restart with DFSORT . . . . 231Sorting under CICS . . . . . . . . . . . 231CICS SORT application restrictions . . . . . 232Chapter 13. Handling errors . . . . . . . . 233Requesting dumps . . . . . . . . . . . 233Handling errors in joining and splitting strings . . 234Handling errors in arithmetic operations . . . . 234Example: checking for division by zero . . . . 235Handling errors in input and output operations 235Using the end-of-file condition (AT END) . . . 238Coding ERROR declaratives . . . . . . . 238Using file status keys. . . . . . . . . . 239Example: file status key . . . . . . . . . 240Using VSAM status codes (VSAM files only) 241Example: checking VSAM status codes . . . . 241Coding INVALID KEY phrases . . . . . . 243Example: FILE STATUS and INVALID KEY . . 243Handling errors when calling programs . . . . 244Writing routines for handling errors . . . . . . 2444 Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V4.2 Programming Guide
Chapter 1. Structuring your programCOBOL programs consist of four divisions: IDENTIFICATION DIVISION, ENVIRONMENTDIVISION, DATA DIVISION, and PROCEDURE DIVISION. Each division has a specificlogical function.To define a program, only the IDENTIFICATION DIVISION is required.To define a COBOL class or method, you need to define some divisions differentlythan you do for a program.Identifying a programRELATED TASKS“Identifying a program”“Describing the computing environment” on page 7“Describing the data” on page 13“Processing the data” on page 19“Defining a class” on page 564“Defining a class instance method” on page 569“Structuring OO applications” on page 603Use the IDENTIFICATION DIVISION to name a program and optionally provide otheridentifying information.You can use the optional AUTHOR, INSTALLATION, DATE-WRITTEN, and DATE-COMPILEDparagraphs for descriptive information about a program. The data you enter in theDATE-COMPILED paragraph is replaced with the latest compilation date.IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.Program-ID. Helloprog.Author. A. Programmer.Installation. Computing Laboratories.Date-Written. 07/30/2009.Date-Compiled. 08/30/2009.Use the PROGRAM-ID paragraph to name your program. The program-name that youassign is used in these ways:v Other programs use that name to call your program.vvThe name appears in the header on each page, except the first, of the programlisting that is generated when you compile the program.If you use the NAME compiler option, the name is placed on the NAMElinkage-editor or binder control statement to identify the object module that thecompilation creates.Tip: Do not use program-names that start with prefixes used by IBM products.If you use program-names that start with any of the following prefixes,your CALL statements might resolve to IBM library or compiler routinesrather than to your intended program:– AFB– AFH– CBC© Copyright IBM Corp. 1991, 2009 5
Page 1: Enterprise COBOL for z/OSProgrammin
Page 4: Note!Before using this information
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 9. Processing QSAM files .
Page 9 and 10: LINECOUNT . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: ||Handling encoding conflicts . . .
Page 13 and 14: |||||XML PARSE exceptions withXMLPA
Page 15 and 16: Tables1. FILE-CONTROL entries . . .
Page 17 and 18: PrefaceAbout this informationWelcom
Page 19 and 20: vThe ---> symbol indicates that the
Page 21 and 22: Summary of changesThis section list
Page 23 and 24: How to send your commentsYour feedb
Page 25 and 26: Part 1. Coding your programChapter
Page 27: Comparing national data andalphanum
Page 31 and 32: RELATED CONCEPTS“Nested programs
Page 33 and 34: Specifying the collating sequenceYo
Page 35 and 36: v ALLOCATE command under TSO.v Envi
Page 37 and 38: The AWO compiler option applies an
Page 39 and 40: Table 2. FILE SECTION entries (cont
Page 41 and 42: RELATED TASKS“Ending and reenteri
Page 43 and 44: A nested program can also access da
Page 45 and 46: “Scope terminators” on page 22
Page 47 and 48: IF ITEM = "A"DISPLAY "THE VALUE OF
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2. Using dataThis informati
Page 51 and 52: the DATA DIVISION as shown below. N
Page 53 and 54: For example:Move Spaces To Report-H
Page 55 and 56: ALPHABETIC-1 ANJUST before ANJUST a
Page 57 and 58: identical in each record that is pr
Page 59 and 60: RELATED TASKS“Assigning values to
Page 61 and 62: RELATED REFERENCES“DIAGTRUNC” o
Page 63 and 64: Displaying data on the system logic
Page 65 and 66: ...Compute Sqrt = 16 ** .5Compute z
Page 67 and 68: Table 4. Effect of RMODE and RENT c
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3. Working with numbers and
Page 71 and 72: Displaying numeric dataYou can defi
Page 73 and 74: vInternal floating point (USAGE COM
Page 75 and 76: A binary number with a PICTURE desc
Page 77 and 78: Table 6. Internal representation of
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When a USAGE COMP-2 data item is mo
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The numeric class test checks the c
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Arithmetic expressions can consist
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ARITH(EXTEND), COBOL floating-point
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General number handlingSuppose you
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Many statements in a program could
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Using currency signsadd report-matr
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Chapter 4. Handling tablesA table i
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Nesting tablesTo create a two-dimen
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vSubscriptingvvUse the data-name of
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Initialize the index-name by using
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“Examples: initializing data item
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RELATED TASKS“Assigning values to
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Creating variable-length tables (DE
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01 LOCATION-RECORD.05 LOC-CODE PIC
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Each dimension of the table has its
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eference all the items in the table
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Chapter 5. Selecting and repeating
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RELATED TASKS“Coding a choice of
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The following example shows that yo
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Class condition (Enterprise COBOL L
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01 Switches05 Transaction-EOF-Switc
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ElsePerform 400-Print-Transaction-E
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Chapter 6. Handling stringsCOBOL pr
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Because the POINTER field LINE-POS
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01 WORK-REC.05 M-UNITS PIC 9(6).05
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vvUse a SEARCH statement to locate
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If the leftmost character position
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Tallying and replacing data items (
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RELATED TASKS“Converting to upper
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RELATED REFERENCES“Conversions an
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“Processing table items using int
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RELATED TASKS“Performing arithmet
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Chapter 7. Processing data in an in
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Table 15. COBOL statements and nati
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Table 16. Intrinsic functions and n
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Defining national data itemsDefine
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The IF statement above evaluates as
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01 Nat-Group-1 GROUP-USAGE NATIONAL
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Table 17. National group items that
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You can likewise move the following
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Example: converting to and from nat
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RELATED REFERENCES“Storage of cha
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These operands are treated as if th
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An alphanumeric literal that contai
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Chapter 8. Processing filesReading
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vvIndexed (VSAM)Relative (VSAM)RELA
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two-character category alphanumeric
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Chapter 9. Processing QSAM filesQue
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In this information, QSAM logical r
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example, when you specify a MOVE st
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vYou have greater flexibility when
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vIf you omit the RECORD clause, the
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vOPEN I-OUsing a block size that ex
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Use the REVERSED option of the OPEN
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Specify the number of lines the pag
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Restriction: You cannot create a PD
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((Parameters for creating QSAM file
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RELATED TASKS“Processing existing
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A striped extended-format QSAM data
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There are two kinds of labels: stan
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Standard user labelsUser labels are
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Chapter 10. Processing VSAM filesVi
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The following table compares the ch
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numeric-edited, national decimal, o
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RELATED TASKS“Defining VSAM files
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Table 28. Definition of VSAM variab
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RELATED CONCEPTS“File position in
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In addition to extra overhead for p
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RELATED TASKS“Specifying access m
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Handling errors in VSAM filesIf you
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PASSWORD IS BASE-PASSALTERNATE RECO
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and the prime index). After you def
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In either case, dsname must be the
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Restrictions when using RLSWhen you
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Table 33. Methods for improving VSA
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Chapter 11. Processing line-sequent
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FILE SECTION.FDCOMMUTER-FILERECORD
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Characters in the file record are r
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Chapter 12. Sorting and merging fil
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2. Describe the sort file in an SD
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To transfer records to the sort pro
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PROCEDURE DIVISION.A-CONTROL SECTIO
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SORT Sort-Work-1ON ASCENDING KEY So
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10 WS-EXT-EMPLOYEE-NUM PIC X(6).10
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If you do not reference SORT-RETURN
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QSAM requirementsv QSAM files must
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Table 35. Methods for controlling s
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Allocating space for sort filesIf y
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Chapter 13. Handling errorsPut code
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vvvZero raised to the zero powerZer
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Set status key(if present)Applicabl
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the execution of the statements wit
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Using VSAM status codes (VSAM files
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OPEN INPUT VSAMFILE FS-CODE: 00STAR
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PROCEDURE-POINTER data items enable
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Part 2. Compiling and debugging you
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Chapter 14. Compiling under z/OSYou
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Additional details about invoking c
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IGYWCL PROC LNGPRFX='IGY.V4R2M0',SY
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*//* PARAMETER DEFAULT VALUE USAGE/
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*//* COMPILE, PRELINK, LINK EDIT, A
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*//* COMPILE, PRELINK, LOAD, AND RU
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Compiling under TSO//JOB1 JOB (1)//
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ALLOC F(SYSUT5) NEW SPACE(5,5) TRAC
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“Defining an associated-data file
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The following table shows the defin
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Defining the output data set (SYSPR
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RELATED TASKSLanguage Environment C
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You can use more than one PROCESS s
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To create separate load modules, pr
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If you specify the LIB option for t
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Correcting errors in your source pr
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message-textThe message text; for a
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Chapter 15. Compiling under z/OS UN
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2. The values of BUFSIZE, LIB, SQL,
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Example: using cob2 to compile and
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cob2 input and output filesYou can
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Chapter 16. Compiling, linking, and
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After you issue the cob2 and javac
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Running OO applications that start
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|||In limited circumstances, howeve
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|//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*//SYSTERM DD
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Chapter 17. Compiler optionsYou can
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system administrator.) To determine
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“Specifying compiler options in a
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v The maximum number of digits in t
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|BUFSIZEUse BUFSIZE to allocate an
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ccsid must be an integer that repre
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COMPILEUse the COMPILE option only
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Abbreviations are: NoneFor reentran
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DBCSUsing DBCS causes the compiler
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DLL option syntax►►NODLLDLL►
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vCOBOL programs that have EXEC SQL
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Error messages in the source listin
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LINE.COL CODEIGYDS8211FIPS MESSAGE
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LIBIf your program uses COPY, BASIS
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MAP option syntax►►NOMAPMAP►
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Any SEQUENCE compiler-option proces
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sequence. (In contrast, SEQUENCE ch
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vOBJECT output goes to the data set
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If OPTIMIZE is specified without an
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PGMNAME(COMPAT)||||With PGMNAME(COM
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QUOTE/APOST option syntax►►QUOT
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Link-edit considerations: If the ob
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Abbreviations are: S|NOSYou must sp
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SQLCCSIDUse the SQLCCSID compiler o
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Default is: NOTERMINALAbbreviations
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You can control the amount of debug
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vvvvvvvvGO TO statement without pro
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TRUNC example 1non-COBOL programs o
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WORD option syntax►►NOWORDWORD(
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“Example: XREF output: data-name
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ZWB option syntax►►ZWBNOZWB►
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Chapter 18. Compiler-directing stat
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If library-name is an environment v
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Chapter 19. DebuggingYou can choose
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RELATED CONCEPTS“Scope terminator
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vUSE FOR DEBUGGING declaratives, if
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Checking syntax only: To only check
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RELATED REFERENCES“Severity codes
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RELATED TASKS“Getting listings”
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Table 50. Using compiler options to
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(1) Message about options passed to
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(7) Hexadecimal displacement from t
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Table 51. Terms used in MAP output
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(2) Source line number where the pr
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0000DE 00000000 DC V(CEEBETBL) 4) A
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|Table 53. Signature information by
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Table 56. Signature information byt
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Table 57. Signature information byt
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DATA VALIDATION AND UPDATE PROGRAM
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(1) (2) (3)Defined Cross-reference
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DD DSN=USERID.COBOL.LIB2PDSE, 1DD D
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The verbs are listed in the order i
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Part 3. Targeting COBOL programs fo
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Chapter 20. Developing COBOL progra
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RELATED CONCEPTS“Integrated CICS
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same parameters also to any program
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Separating CICS suboptionsYou can p
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Table 60. Compiler options required
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If a condition, aid, or abend occur
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Chapter 21. Programming for a DB2 e
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The following two lines are therefo
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Using binary items in SQL statement
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CBL SQL("string2")CBL SQL("string3"
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For applications that use COBOL alp
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Coprocessor: With the DB2 coprocess
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Chapter 22. Developing COBOL progra
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For example, you can define a COBOL
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IMS database. The Java class librar
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Chapter 23. Running COBOL programs
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“Running OO applications under z/
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You can call the fork(), exec(), an
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Example: accessing main program par
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Part 4. Structuring complex applica
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Chapter 24. Using subprogramsMany a
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Table 64. Effects of termination st
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“DYNAM” on page 320CALL stateme
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subprogram that was first called by
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1. COBOLA is AMODE 31. COBOLA dynam
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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.PROGRAM-ID.
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The following example describes a n
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Making recursive callsAny item that
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RELATED TASKS“Deciding which type
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Chapter 25. Sharing dataWhen a run
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Table 65. Methods for passing data
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In a called program, you can test w
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String Y delimited by sizeX'00' del
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IF DEPT = DEPT-XTHEN ADD SALARY TO
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Specifying CALL . . . RETURNINGYou
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Copy efselect.Data Division.File Se
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Stop RunEnd-IfGoback.End Program ef
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Chapter 26. Creating a DLL or a DLL
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If a DLL load module includes some
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Prelinking certain DLLsYou must use
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DLL linkage refers to a call in a p
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descriptor of the target program. Y
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01 fp usage function-pointer.Proced
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Chapter 27. Preparing COBOL program
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RELATED TASKS“Choosing THREAD to
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vvvvvvAT ENDNOT AT ENDINVALID KEYNO
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Handling COBOL limitations with mul
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Part 5. Using XML and COBOL togethe
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Chapter 28. Processing XML inputYou
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Normally, parsing continues until t
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vIf the parse data item is alphanum
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Table 68. Special registers used by
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|||XML-CODEFor each XML event excep
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To determine the number of bytes in
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vvIf the format is reasonably regul
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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You parse an XML document a segment
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vIf XMLPARSE(COMPAT) is in effect:
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v- The ENCODING phrase (if used) of
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Parsing XML documents encoded in UT
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If the exception code is within a c
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exception. However, the parser does
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XML PARSE examplesRELATED TASKS“W
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***********************************
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Content characters: { }Start elemen
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Table 76. XML events and special re
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ContinueEnd-evaluate.End program PA
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chapter 29. Producing XML outputYou
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Alternatively, you can specify the
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XML generation continues until eith
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Example: generating XMLRELATED REFE
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88 element value 2.88 attribute val
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delimited by size into buffer with
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01 CDR-LIFE-BASE-VALUES-BOX.15 CDR-
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==CDR-LIFE-BASE-VALUE-LINE== by ==B
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Part 6. Developing object-oriented
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Chapter 30. Writing object-oriented
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The words in parentheses in the dia
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Table 78. Structure of class defini
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In the REPOSITORY paragraph, you mu
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the OBJECT paragraph defines. If yo
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Code the method-name as an alphanum
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You can specify STOP RUN in a metho
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Clients could invoke either init me
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01 outBalance pic S9(9) binary.Proc
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“Example: defining a client” on
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RELATED REFERENCESRETURNING phrase
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When you code an INVOKE statement u
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aString to a data item, anObj, that
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To create a new instance of class c
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There could be times, however, when
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In the example above, CheckingAccou
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CheckingAccount class (subclass of
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Identification division.Factory.Dat
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RELATED TASKS“Coding interoperabl
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Identification division.Object.Data
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End Factory.*Identification divisio
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“Defining a factory method” on
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Local-storage section.01 SAlen pic
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Chapter 31. Communicating with Java
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vThrowNewYou must make the thrown o
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Otherwise, an error occurs. These s
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Table 86. Interoperable data types
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Table 89. JNI array services (conti
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|mainframe. Access these services b
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Services for UTF-8: The Java Native
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Stop runEnd-ifInvoke PortableRemote
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Part 7. Specialized processingChapt
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Chapter 32. Interrupts and checkpoi
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Testing for a successful checkpoint
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To suppress both restart and writin
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“Example: requesting a deferred r
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vvThe RESTART parameter has been ad
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Chapter 33. Processing two-digit-ye
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vvNo special processing is done for
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To implement this century window, y
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On Size ErrorDisplay "Exp-Cust-Date
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moved to the corresponding expanded
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If there are date fields in your ap
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In many cases, particularly for lit
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You activate trigger and limit supp
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The special indicators that DFSORT
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To ensure appropriate calculations,
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Use more DATE FORMAT clauses instea
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vvvvvvAdd DATE FORMAT clauses to an
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Part 8. Improving performance and p
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Chapter 34. Tuning your programWhen
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Using symbolic constantsTo have the
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Using consistent data typesIn opera
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RELATED CONCEPTS“Optimization of
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Optimizing your codeWhen your progr
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1 SECTION 5.11. PERFORM 12STOP RUN.
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Table 93. Performance-related compi
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Table 93. Performance-related compi
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For better performance, access the
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Chapter 35. Simplifying codingYou c
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If you use the EXIT compiler option
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Table 95. Language Environment call
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Part 9. Appendixes© Copyright IBM
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Appendix A. Intermediate results an
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RELATED REFERENCESROUNDED phrase (E
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In extended mode (compilation using
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Function Inner-dmax Digit precision
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vvvSingle precision is used if all
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Appendix B. Complex OCCURS DEPENDIN
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The value of an ODO object can chan
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VARY-FIELD-1(1)VARY-FIELD-1(2)VARY-
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Appendix C. Converting double-byte
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Table 96. IGZCA2D return codesRetur
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RELATED REFERENCES“IGZCD2A return
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Appendix D. XML reference materialT
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XML PARSE exceptions with XMLPARSE(
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||||||Table 99. XML PARSE exception
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RELATED CONCEPTS“XML-CODE” on p
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||||Table 100. XML PARSE exceptions
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Appendix E. EXIT compiler option|||
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Using the user-exit work area“Pro
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|||||||Table 104. INEXIT parameters
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LIBEXIT parameters|||||||||||||||Th
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|||||||||||||Table 110. PRTEXIT par
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“Calling from exit modules” on
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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||||||Table 116. Actions possible i
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Appendix F. JNI.cpyThis listing sho
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02 CallByteMethodA function-pointer
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02 NewByteArray function-pointer.02
Page 771 and 772:
Appendix G. COBOL SYSADATA file con
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Table 117. SYSADATA record types (c
Page 775 and 776:
Common header section“Source reco
Page 777 and 778:
Table 119. SYSADATA job identificat
Page 779 and 780:
Table 122. SYSADATA options record
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|||||Table 122. SYSADATA options re
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Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Page 789 and 790:
Table 124. SYSADATA parse tree reco
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
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Page 799 and 800:
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Page 803 and 804:
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Table 125. SYSADATA token record (c
Page 807 and 808:
Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
Page 813 and 814:
Page 815 and 816:
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Table 126. SYSADATA source error re
Page 819 and 820:
Table 129. SYSADATA symbol record (
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Page 827 and 828:
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Library record: X’0060’The foll
Page 835 and 836:
Table 135. SYSADATA EVENTS PROCESSO
Page 837 and 838:
Table 139. SYSADATA EVENTS ERROR re
Page 839 and 840:
Appendix H. Using sample programsTh
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4. Work code5. Commuter name6. Home
Page 843 and 844:
*VOLUME(your-volume-serial) -FILE(V
Page 845 and 846:
%%+Enter%END+command to terminate I
Page 847 and 848:
RELATED TASKS“Preparing to run IG
Page 849 and 850:
Fields 8 and 9 occur one to eight t
Page 851 and 852:
Example: IGYTSALE sales and commiss
Page 853 and 854:
RELATED TASKS“Running IGYTSALE”
Page 855 and 856:
Language element or conceptFILE SEC
Page 857 and 858:
Language element or conceptVariable
Page 859 and 860:
NoticesThis information was develop
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Each copy or any portion of these s
Page 863 and 864:
GlossaryThe terms in this glossary
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involve the existence of an actualc
Page 867 and 868:
|* class identification entryAn ent
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* complex conditionA condition in w
Page 871 and 872:
not be reference-modified, subscrip
Page 873 and 874:
data that are bound to a program at
Page 875 and 876:
* external data itemA data item tha
Page 877 and 878:
* global nameA name that is declare
Page 879 and 880:
user. ISPF includes library utiliti
Page 881 and 882:
* level indicatorTwo alphabetic cha
Page 883 and 884:
NATIONAL and that contains a validc
Page 885 and 886:
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION01 TABLE-1.0
Page 887 and 888:
group of logically successive secti
Page 889 and 890:
Character Meaning> Greater than< Le
Page 891 and 892:
* sign conditionThe proposition (fo
Page 893 and 894:
can be determined) that an UPSI swi
Page 895 and 896:
as named in the Unicode Standard.wi
Page 897 and 898:
List of resourcesEnterprise COBOL f
Page 899 and 900:
IndexSpecial characters_BPX_SHAREAS
Page 901 and 902:
CALL statement (continued)BY CONTEN
Page 903 and 904:
columns in tables 69COMMON attribut
Page 905 and 906:
COPY statement (continued)descripti
Page 907 and 908:
DISPLAY (USAGE IS)encoding and stor
Page 909 and 910:
file availabilityQSAM files under z
Page 911 and 912:
initializing (continued)a tableall
Page 913 and 914:
level-88 itemconditional expression
Page 915 and 916:
national data (continued)converting
Page 917 and 918:
OPTFILE compiler option 335optimiza
Page 919 and 920:
QSAM files (continued)DATA DIVISION
Page 921 and 922:
sharing (continued)files (continued
Page 923 and 924:
table (continued)redefining a recor
Page 925 and 926:
XML document (continued)enhancingex
Page 927 and 928:
Readers’ Comments — We’d Like
Page 930:
Program Number: 5655-S71Printed in
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