Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V4.2 Programming Guide

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Table 2. FILE SECTION entries (continued)Clause To define NotesCODE-SET ASCII or EBCDIC files QSAM only.When an ASCII file is identified with theCODE-SET clause, the corresponding DDstatement might need to haveDCB=(OPTCD=Q. . .) or DCB=(RECFM=D. . .)coded if the file was not created using VSCOBOL II, COBOL for OS/390 ® &VM,orIBM Enterprise COBOL for z/OS.RECORDING MODEPhysical recorddescriptionQSAM onlyRELATED CONCEPTS“Labels for QSAM files” on page 174RELATED REFERENCESFile section (Enterprise COBOL Language Reference)Comparison of WORKING-STORAGE and LOCAL-STORAGEHow data items are allocated and initialized varies depending on whether theitems are in the WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION.WORKING-STORAGE for programs is allocated at the start of the run unit.Any data items that have VALUE clauses are initialized to the appropriate value atthat time. For the duration of the run unit, WORKING-STORAGE items persist in theirlast-used state. Exceptions are:v A program with INITIAL specified in the PROGRAM-ID paragraphIn this case, WORKING-STORAGE data items are reinitialized each time that theprogram is entered.v A subprogram that is dynamically called and then canceledIn this case, WORKING-STORAGE data items are reinitialized on the first reentry intothe program following the CANCEL.WORKING-STORAGE is deallocated at the termination of the run unit.See the related tasks for information about WORKING-STORAGE in COBOL classdefinitions.A separate copy of LOCAL-STORAGE data is allocated for each call of a program orinvocation of a method, and is freed on return from the program or method. If youspecify a VALUE clause for a LOCAL-STORAGE item, the item is initialized to that valueon each call or invocation. If a VALUE clause is not specified, the initial value of theitem is undefined.Threading: Each invocation of a program that runs simultaneously on multiplethreads shares access to a single copy of WORKING-STORAGE data. Each invocationhas a separate copy of LOCAL-STORAGE data.“Example: storage sections” on page 1716 Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V4.2 Programming Guide
RELATED TASKS“Ending and reentering main programs or subprograms” on page 448Chapter 27, “Preparing COBOL programs for multithreading,” on page 493“WORKING-STORAGE SECTION for defining class instance data” on page 568RELATED REFERENCESWorking-storage section (Enterprise COBOL Language Reference)Local-storage section (Enterprise COBOL Language Reference)Example: storage sectionsThe following is an example of a recursive program that uses bothWORKING-STORAGE and LOCAL-STORAGE.CBL pgmn(lu)********************************** Recursive Program - Factorials*********************************IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.Program-Id. factorial recursive.ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.DATA DIVISION.Working-Storage Section.01 numb pic 9(4) value 5.01 fact pic 9(8) value 0.Local-Storage Section.01 num pic 9(4).PROCEDURE DIVISION.move numb to num.if numb = 0move 1 to factelsesubtract 1 from numbcall 'factorial'multiply num by factend-if.display num '! = ' fact.goback.End Program factorial.The program produces the following output:0000! = 000000010001! = 000000010002! = 000000020003! = 000000060004! = 000000240005! = 00000120The following tables show the changing values of the data items in LOCAL-STORAGEand WORKING-STORAGE in the successive recursive calls of the program, and in theensuing gobacks. During the gobacks, fact progressively accumulates the value of5! (five factorial).Recursive callsValue for num inLOCAL-STORAGEValue for numb inWORKING-STORAGEValue for fact inWORKING-STORAGEMain 5 5 01 4 4 02 3 3 03 2 2 0Chapter 1. Structuring your program 17
Page 1: Enterprise COBOL for z/OSProgrammin
Page 4: Note!Before using this information
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 9. Processing QSAM files .
Page 9 and 10: LINECOUNT . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: ||Handling encoding conflicts . . .
Page 13 and 14: |||||XML PARSE exceptions withXMLPA
Page 15 and 16: Tables1. FILE-CONTROL entries . . .
Page 17 and 18: PrefaceAbout this informationWelcom
Page 19 and 20: vThe ---> symbol indicates that the
Page 21 and 22: Summary of changesThis section list
Page 23 and 24: How to send your commentsYour feedb
Page 25 and 26: Part 1. Coding your programChapter
Page 27 and 28: Comparing national data andalphanum
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1. Structuring your program
Page 31 and 32: RELATED CONCEPTS“Nested programs
Page 33 and 34: Specifying the collating sequenceYo
Page 35 and 36: v ALLOCATE command under TSO.v Envi
Page 37 and 38: The AWO compiler option applies an
Page 39: Table 2. FILE SECTION entries (cont
Page 43 and 44: A nested program can also access da
Page 45 and 46: “Scope terminators” on page 22
Page 47 and 48: IF ITEM = "A"DISPLAY "THE VALUE OF
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2. Using dataThis informati
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Page 53 and 54: For example:Move Spaces To Report-H
Page 55 and 56: ALPHABETIC-1 ANJUST before ANJUST a
Page 57 and 58: identical in each record that is pr
Page 59 and 60: RELATED TASKS“Assigning values to
Page 61 and 62: RELATED REFERENCES“DIAGTRUNC” o
Page 63 and 64: Displaying data on the system logic
Page 65 and 66: ...Compute Sqrt = 16 ** .5Compute z
Page 67 and 68: Table 4. Effect of RMODE and RENT c
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3. Working with numbers and
Page 71 and 72: Displaying numeric dataYou can defi
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Page 77 and 78: Table 6. Internal representation of
Page 79 and 80: When a USAGE COMP-2 data item is mo
Page 81 and 82: The numeric class test checks the c
Page 83 and 84: Arithmetic expressions can consist
Page 85 and 86: ARITH(EXTEND), COBOL floating-point
Page 87 and 88: General number handlingSuppose you
Page 89 and 90: Many statements in a program could
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Using currency signsadd report-matr
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Chapter 4. Handling tablesA table i
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Nesting tablesTo create a two-dimen
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vSubscriptingvvUse the data-name of
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Initialize the index-name by using
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“Examples: initializing data item
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RELATED TASKS“Assigning values to
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Creating variable-length tables (DE
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01 LOCATION-RECORD.05 LOC-CODE PIC
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Each dimension of the table has its
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eference all the items in the table
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Chapter 5. Selecting and repeating
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RELATED TASKS“Coding a choice of
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The following example shows that yo
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Class condition (Enterprise COBOL L
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01 Switches05 Transaction-EOF-Switc
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ElsePerform 400-Print-Transaction-E
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Chapter 6. Handling stringsCOBOL pr
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Because the POINTER field LINE-POS
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01 WORK-REC.05 M-UNITS PIC 9(6).05
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vvUse a SEARCH statement to locate
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If the leftmost character position
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Tallying and replacing data items (
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RELATED TASKS“Converting to upper
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RELATED REFERENCES“Conversions an
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“Processing table items using int
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RELATED TASKS“Performing arithmet
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Chapter 7. Processing data in an in
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Table 15. COBOL statements and nati
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Table 16. Intrinsic functions and n
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Defining national data itemsDefine
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The IF statement above evaluates as
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01 Nat-Group-1 GROUP-USAGE NATIONAL
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Table 17. National group items that
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You can likewise move the following
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Example: converting to and from nat
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RELATED REFERENCES“Storage of cha
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These operands are treated as if th
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An alphanumeric literal that contai
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Chapter 8. Processing filesReading
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vvIndexed (VSAM)Relative (VSAM)RELA
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two-character category alphanumeric
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Chapter 9. Processing QSAM filesQue
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In this information, QSAM logical r
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example, when you specify a MOVE st
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vYou have greater flexibility when
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vIf you omit the RECORD clause, the
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vOPEN I-OUsing a block size that ex
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Use the REVERSED option of the OPEN
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Specify the number of lines the pag
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Restriction: You cannot create a PD
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((Parameters for creating QSAM file
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RELATED TASKS“Processing existing
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A striped extended-format QSAM data
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There are two kinds of labels: stan
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Standard user labelsUser labels are
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Chapter 10. Processing VSAM filesVi
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The following table compares the ch
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numeric-edited, national decimal, o
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RELATED TASKS“Defining VSAM files
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Table 28. Definition of VSAM variab
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RELATED CONCEPTS“File position in
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In addition to extra overhead for p
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RELATED TASKS“Specifying access m
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Handling errors in VSAM filesIf you
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PASSWORD IS BASE-PASSALTERNATE RECO
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and the prime index). After you def
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In either case, dsname must be the
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Restrictions when using RLSWhen you
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Table 33. Methods for improving VSA
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Chapter 11. Processing line-sequent
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FILE SECTION.FDCOMMUTER-FILERECORD
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Characters in the file record are r
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Chapter 12. Sorting and merging fil
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2. Describe the sort file in an SD
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To transfer records to the sort pro
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PROCEDURE DIVISION.A-CONTROL SECTIO
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SORT Sort-Work-1ON ASCENDING KEY So
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10 WS-EXT-EMPLOYEE-NUM PIC X(6).10
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If you do not reference SORT-RETURN
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QSAM requirementsv QSAM files must
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Table 35. Methods for controlling s
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Allocating space for sort filesIf y
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Chapter 13. Handling errorsPut code
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vvvZero raised to the zero powerZer
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Set status key(if present)Applicabl
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the execution of the statements wit
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Using VSAM status codes (VSAM files
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OPEN INPUT VSAMFILE FS-CODE: 00STAR
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PROCEDURE-POINTER data items enable
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Part 2. Compiling and debugging you
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Chapter 14. Compiling under z/OSYou
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Additional details about invoking c
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IGYWCL PROC LNGPRFX='IGY.V4R2M0',SY
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*//* PARAMETER DEFAULT VALUE USAGE/
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*//* COMPILE, PRELINK, LINK EDIT, A
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*//* COMPILE, PRELINK, LOAD, AND RU
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Compiling under TSO//JOB1 JOB (1)//
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ALLOC F(SYSUT5) NEW SPACE(5,5) TRAC
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“Defining an associated-data file
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The following table shows the defin
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Defining the output data set (SYSPR
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RELATED TASKSLanguage Environment C
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You can use more than one PROCESS s
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To create separate load modules, pr
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If you specify the LIB option for t
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Correcting errors in your source pr
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message-textThe message text; for a
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Chapter 15. Compiling under z/OS UN
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2. The values of BUFSIZE, LIB, SQL,
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Example: using cob2 to compile and
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cob2 input and output filesYou can
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Chapter 16. Compiling, linking, and
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After you issue the cob2 and javac
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Running OO applications that start
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|||In limited circumstances, howeve
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|//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*//SYSTERM DD
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Chapter 17. Compiler optionsYou can
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system administrator.) To determine
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“Specifying compiler options in a
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v The maximum number of digits in t
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|BUFSIZEUse BUFSIZE to allocate an
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ccsid must be an integer that repre
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COMPILEUse the COMPILE option only
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Abbreviations are: NoneFor reentran
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DBCSUsing DBCS causes the compiler
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DLL option syntax►►NODLLDLL►
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vCOBOL programs that have EXEC SQL
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Error messages in the source listin
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LINE.COL CODEIGYDS8211FIPS MESSAGE
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LIBIf your program uses COPY, BASIS
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MAP option syntax►►NOMAPMAP►
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Any SEQUENCE compiler-option proces
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sequence. (In contrast, SEQUENCE ch
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vOBJECT output goes to the data set
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If OPTIMIZE is specified without an
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PGMNAME(COMPAT)||||With PGMNAME(COM
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QUOTE/APOST option syntax►►QUOT
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Link-edit considerations: If the ob
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Abbreviations are: S|NOSYou must sp
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SQLCCSIDUse the SQLCCSID compiler o
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Default is: NOTERMINALAbbreviations
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You can control the amount of debug
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vvvvvvvvGO TO statement without pro
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TRUNC example 1non-COBOL programs o
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WORD option syntax►►NOWORDWORD(
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“Example: XREF output: data-name
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ZWB option syntax►►ZWBNOZWB►
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Chapter 18. Compiler-directing stat
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If library-name is an environment v
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Chapter 19. DebuggingYou can choose
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RELATED CONCEPTS“Scope terminator
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vUSE FOR DEBUGGING declaratives, if
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Checking syntax only: To only check
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RELATED REFERENCES“Severity codes
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RELATED TASKS“Getting listings”
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Table 50. Using compiler options to
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(1) Message about options passed to
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(7) Hexadecimal displacement from t
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Table 51. Terms used in MAP output
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(2) Source line number where the pr
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0000DE 00000000 DC V(CEEBETBL) 4) A
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|Table 53. Signature information by
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Table 56. Signature information byt
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Table 57. Signature information byt
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DATA VALIDATION AND UPDATE PROGRAM
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(1) (2) (3)Defined Cross-reference
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DD DSN=USERID.COBOL.LIB2PDSE, 1DD D
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The verbs are listed in the order i
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Part 3. Targeting COBOL programs fo
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Chapter 20. Developing COBOL progra
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RELATED CONCEPTS“Integrated CICS
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same parameters also to any program
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Separating CICS suboptionsYou can p
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Table 60. Compiler options required
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If a condition, aid, or abend occur
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Chapter 21. Programming for a DB2 e
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The following two lines are therefo
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Using binary items in SQL statement
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CBL SQL("string2")CBL SQL("string3"
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For applications that use COBOL alp
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Coprocessor: With the DB2 coprocess
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Chapter 22. Developing COBOL progra
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For example, you can define a COBOL
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IMS database. The Java class librar
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Chapter 23. Running COBOL programs
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“Running OO applications under z/
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You can call the fork(), exec(), an
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Example: accessing main program par
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Part 4. Structuring complex applica
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Chapter 24. Using subprogramsMany a
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Table 64. Effects of termination st
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“DYNAM” on page 320CALL stateme
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subprogram that was first called by
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1. COBOLA is AMODE 31. COBOLA dynam
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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.PROGRAM-ID.
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The following example describes a n
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Making recursive callsAny item that
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RELATED TASKS“Deciding which type
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Chapter 25. Sharing dataWhen a run
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Table 65. Methods for passing data
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In a called program, you can test w
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String Y delimited by sizeX'00' del
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IF DEPT = DEPT-XTHEN ADD SALARY TO
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Specifying CALL . . . RETURNINGYou
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Copy efselect.Data Division.File Se
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Stop RunEnd-IfGoback.End Program ef
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Chapter 26. Creating a DLL or a DLL
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If a DLL load module includes some
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Prelinking certain DLLsYou must use
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DLL linkage refers to a call in a p
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descriptor of the target program. Y
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01 fp usage function-pointer.Proced
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Chapter 27. Preparing COBOL program
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RELATED TASKS“Choosing THREAD to
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vvvvvvAT ENDNOT AT ENDINVALID KEYNO
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Handling COBOL limitations with mul
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Part 5. Using XML and COBOL togethe
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Chapter 28. Processing XML inputYou
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Normally, parsing continues until t
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vIf the parse data item is alphanum
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Table 68. Special registers used by
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|||XML-CODEFor each XML event excep
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To determine the number of bytes in
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vvIf the format is reasonably regul
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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You parse an XML document a segment
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vIf XMLPARSE(COMPAT) is in effect:
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v- The ENCODING phrase (if used) of
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Parsing XML documents encoded in UT
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If the exception code is within a c
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exception. However, the parser does
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XML PARSE examplesRELATED TASKS“W
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***********************************
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Content characters: { }Start elemen
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Table 76. XML events and special re
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ContinueEnd-evaluate.End program PA
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chapter 29. Producing XML outputYou
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Alternatively, you can specify the
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XML generation continues until eith
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Example: generating XMLRELATED REFE
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88 element value 2.88 attribute val
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delimited by size into buffer with
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01 CDR-LIFE-BASE-VALUES-BOX.15 CDR-
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==CDR-LIFE-BASE-VALUE-LINE== by ==B
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Part 6. Developing object-oriented
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Chapter 30. Writing object-oriented
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The words in parentheses in the dia
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Table 78. Structure of class defini
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In the REPOSITORY paragraph, you mu
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the OBJECT paragraph defines. If yo
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Code the method-name as an alphanum
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You can specify STOP RUN in a metho
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Clients could invoke either init me
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01 outBalance pic S9(9) binary.Proc
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“Example: defining a client” on
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RELATED REFERENCESRETURNING phrase
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When you code an INVOKE statement u
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aString to a data item, anObj, that
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To create a new instance of class c
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There could be times, however, when
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In the example above, CheckingAccou
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CheckingAccount class (subclass of
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Identification division.Factory.Dat
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RELATED TASKS“Coding interoperabl
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Identification division.Object.Data
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End Factory.*Identification divisio
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“Defining a factory method” on
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Local-storage section.01 SAlen pic
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Chapter 31. Communicating with Java
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vThrowNewYou must make the thrown o
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Otherwise, an error occurs. These s
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Table 86. Interoperable data types
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Table 89. JNI array services (conti
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|mainframe. Access these services b
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Services for UTF-8: The Java Native
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Stop runEnd-ifInvoke PortableRemote
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Part 7. Specialized processingChapt
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Chapter 32. Interrupts and checkpoi
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Testing for a successful checkpoint
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To suppress both restart and writin
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“Example: requesting a deferred r
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vvThe RESTART parameter has been ad
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Chapter 33. Processing two-digit-ye
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vvNo special processing is done for
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To implement this century window, y
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On Size ErrorDisplay "Exp-Cust-Date
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moved to the corresponding expanded
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If there are date fields in your ap
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In many cases, particularly for lit
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You activate trigger and limit supp
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The special indicators that DFSORT
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To ensure appropriate calculations,
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Use more DATE FORMAT clauses instea
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vvvvvvAdd DATE FORMAT clauses to an
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Part 8. Improving performance and p
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Chapter 34. Tuning your programWhen
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Using symbolic constantsTo have the
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Using consistent data typesIn opera
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RELATED CONCEPTS“Optimization of
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Optimizing your codeWhen your progr
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1 SECTION 5.11. PERFORM 12STOP RUN.
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Table 93. Performance-related compi
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Table 93. Performance-related compi
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For better performance, access the
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Chapter 35. Simplifying codingYou c
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If you use the EXIT compiler option
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Table 95. Language Environment call
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Part 9. Appendixes© Copyright IBM
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Appendix A. Intermediate results an
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RELATED REFERENCESROUNDED phrase (E
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In extended mode (compilation using
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Function Inner-dmax Digit precision
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vvvSingle precision is used if all
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Appendix B. Complex OCCURS DEPENDIN
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The value of an ODO object can chan
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VARY-FIELD-1(1)VARY-FIELD-1(2)VARY-
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Appendix C. Converting double-byte
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Table 96. IGZCA2D return codesRetur
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RELATED REFERENCES“IGZCD2A return
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Appendix D. XML reference materialT
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XML PARSE exceptions with XMLPARSE(
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||||||Table 99. XML PARSE exception
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RELATED CONCEPTS“XML-CODE” on p
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||||Table 100. XML PARSE exceptions
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Appendix E. EXIT compiler option|||
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Using the user-exit work area“Pro
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|||||||Table 104. INEXIT parameters
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LIBEXIT parameters|||||||||||||||Th
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|||||||||||||Table 110. PRTEXIT par
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“Calling from exit modules” on
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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||||||Table 116. Actions possible i
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Appendix F. JNI.cpyThis listing sho
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02 CallByteMethodA function-pointer
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02 NewByteArray function-pointer.02
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Appendix G. COBOL SYSADATA file con
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Table 117. SYSADATA record types (c
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Common header section“Source reco
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Table 119. SYSADATA job identificat
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Table 122. SYSADATA options record
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|||||Table 122. SYSADATA options re
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Table 124. SYSADATA parse tree reco
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Table 125. SYSADATA token record (c
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Table 126. SYSADATA source error re
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Table 129. SYSADATA symbol record (
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Library record: X’0060’The foll
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Table 135. SYSADATA EVENTS PROCESSO
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Table 139. SYSADATA EVENTS ERROR re
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Appendix H. Using sample programsTh
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4. Work code5. Commuter name6. Home
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*VOLUME(your-volume-serial) -FILE(V
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%%+Enter%END+command to terminate I
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RELATED TASKS“Preparing to run IG
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Fields 8 and 9 occur one to eight t
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Example: IGYTSALE sales and commiss
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RELATED TASKS“Running IGYTSALE”
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Language element or conceptFILE SEC
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Language element or conceptVariable
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NoticesThis information was develop
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Each copy or any portion of these s
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GlossaryThe terms in this glossary
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involve the existence of an actualc
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|* class identification entryAn ent
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* complex conditionA condition in w
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not be reference-modified, subscrip
Page 873 and 874:
data that are bound to a program at
Page 875 and 876:
* external data itemA data item tha
Page 877 and 878:
* global nameA name that is declare
Page 879 and 880:
user. ISPF includes library utiliti
Page 881 and 882:
* level indicatorTwo alphabetic cha
Page 883 and 884:
NATIONAL and that contains a validc
Page 885 and 886:
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION01 TABLE-1.0
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group of logically successive secti
Page 889 and 890:
Character Meaning> Greater than< Le
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* sign conditionThe proposition (fo
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can be determined) that an UPSI swi
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as named in the Unicode Standard.wi
Page 897 and 898:
List of resourcesEnterprise COBOL f
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IndexSpecial characters_BPX_SHAREAS
Page 901 and 902:
CALL statement (continued)BY CONTEN
Page 903 and 904:
columns in tables 69COMMON attribut
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COPY statement (continued)descripti
Page 907 and 908:
DISPLAY (USAGE IS)encoding and stor
Page 909 and 910:
file availabilityQSAM files under z
Page 911 and 912:
initializing (continued)a tableall
Page 913 and 914:
level-88 itemconditional expression
Page 915 and 916:
national data (continued)converting
Page 917 and 918:
OPTFILE compiler option 335optimiza
Page 919 and 920:
QSAM files (continued)DATA DIVISION
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sharing (continued)files (continued
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table (continued)redefining a recor
Page 925 and 926:
XML document (continued)enhancingex
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Readers’ Comments — We’d Like
Page 930:
Program Number: 5655-S71Printed in
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Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V4.2 Programming Guide

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