KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD.Basic assumptions and information used to calculate the retirement and severance benefits were as follows:.............................................................................................................................. <strong>2008</strong> 2007 2006Discount rate............................................................................ mainly 2.5% mainly 2.5% mainly 2.5%Expected rate of return on plan assets(For the Company and consolidated domestic subsidiaries) ... 0.0 to 3.5% 0.0 to 3.5% 0.0 to 3.5%(For consolidated overseas subsidiaries) ............................... 7.75% 7.75% 7.75%Amortization period for prior service costs ............................... mainly 10 years 10 to 15 years 10 to 15 yearsAmortization period for actuarial gains and losses ................... mainly 10 years 10 to 15 years 10 to 15 yearsAmortization period for transition obligation ........................... mainly 10 years mainly 10 years mainly 10 years8. ContingentLiabilitiesContingent liabilities as of March 31, <strong>2008</strong> and 2007 were as follows:Thousands ofMillions of yenU.S. dollars<strong>2008</strong> 2007 <strong>2008</strong>As guarantor of indebtedness of employees, nonconsolidatedsubsidiaries, affiliates and others .............................................................. ¥38,393 ¥28,036 $383,1639. Net AssetsAs described in Note 2 (w), net assets comprises four subsections, which are owners’ equity, accumulated gains(losses) from valuation and translation adjustments, share subscription rights and minority interests.The Japanese Corporate Law (“the Law”) became effective on May 1, 2006, replacing the Japanese CommercialCode (“the Code”).The Law is generally applicable to events and transactions occurring after April 30, 2006 and for fiscal years endingafter that date. Under Japanese laws and regulations, the entire amount paid for new shares is required to bedesignated as common stock. However, a company may, by a resolution of the Board of Directors, designate anamount not exceeding one-half of the price of the new shares as additional paid-in capital, which is included incapital surplus.Under the Law, if a dividend distribution of surplus is made, the smaller of an amount equal to 10% of the dividendor the excess, if any, of 25% of common stock over the total of additional paid-in capital and legal earningsreserve must be set aside as additional paid-in-capital or legal earnings reserve. Legal earnings reserve is includedin retained earnings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.Under the Code, companies were required to set aside an amount equal to at least 10% of the aggregateamount of cash dividends and other cash appropriations as legal earnings reserve until the total of legal earningsreserve and additional paid-in capital equaled 25% of common stock.Under the Code, legal earnings reserve and additional paid-in capital could be used to eliminate or reducea deficit by a resolution of the shareholders’ meeting or could be capitalized by a resolution of the Board ofDirectors. Under the Law, both of these appropriations generally require a resolution of the shareholders’ meeting.Additional paid-in capital and legal earnings reserve may not be distributed as dividends. Under the Code, however,on condition that the total amount of legal earnings reserve and additional paid-in capital remained equal toor exceeded 25% of common stock, they were available for distribution by resolution of the shareholders’ meeting.Under the Law, all additional paid-in capital and all legal earnings reserve may be transferred to other capitalsurplus and retained earnings, respectively, which are potentially available for dividends.The maximum amount that the Company can distribute as dividends is calculated based on the non-consolidatedfinancial statements of the Company in accordance with Japanese laws and regulations.10. Research andDevelopmentExpensesResearch and development expenses, included in selling, general and administrative expenses, were as follows:Thousands ofMillions of yenU.S. dollars<strong>2008</strong> 2007 2006 <strong>2008</strong>Research and development expenses ..................................... ¥36,228 ¥33,819 ¥27,040 $361,556Through the year ended March 31, 2005, expenses to develop new models in the consumer product andmachinery business had not been presented as research and development expenses. However, as the proportion ofthe business in the Company grew, the Company decided to include such expenses in research and developmentexpenses commencing in the year ended March 31, 2006 to improve the usefulness and comparability of thefinancial statements.As a result of this change, research and development expenses were ¥14,417 million ($122,729 thousand) morethan what they would have been under the previous method. Applied retroactively for the year ended March 31,2005, research and development expenses would have been ¥26,460 million ($225,249 thousand) under the newrecording method.Through the year ended March 31, 2006, expenses to develop new models in the consumer product andmachinery business were included in cost of sales as production costs. However, as expenditures having researchand development characteristics such as the development of new techniques or adaptation of new materials46
ANNUAL REPORT <strong>2008</strong>increased, the Company decided to include the expenditures in selling and general administrative expenses fromthe year ended March 31, 2007 to improve the usefulness and comparability of financial statements. This changehas had little impact on net income. Moreover as a result of this change, cost of sales was ¥18,008 million lessand selling and general administrative expenses the same amount more than what they would have been withthe previous method.In addition, the amount of the expenses included in cost of sales in the year ended March 31, 2006 was¥14,417 million.11. Other Income(Expenses):Other, NetOther income (expenses): other, net in the consolidated statements of income comprised as follows:Thousands ofMillions of yenU.S. dollars<strong>2008</strong> 2007 2006 <strong>2008</strong>Gain on contribution of securities to the pension trust (a) ..... ¥ 1,375 ¥ — ¥ 12,901 $ 13,722Gain on sales of marketable securities and investmentsin securities ........................................................................ 465 884 4,380 4,640Gain on sales of investments in affiliates .............................. 292 — — 2,914Gain on sales of subsidiaries’ shares ..................................... — — 277 —Foreign exchange loss, net ................................................... (11,549) (13,391) (8,901) (115,260)Loss on impairment of fixed assets (b) .................................. (2,763) — (3,008) (27,574)Loss on damages suit (c) ....................................................... (2,245) (2,398) — (22,405)Loss on environmental measures (d) ..................................... (2,167) — — (21,626)Loss on sales of investments in affiliates ............................... (408) — — (4,071)Loss on breach of the Antimonopoly Act (e) ......................... — (1,387) (731) —Loss on the restructuring the commercial aircraftmanufacturing business (f) ................................................. — — (15,816) —Loss on cleaning of ground pollution (g) ............................... — — (1,054) —Loss on sales of subsidiaries’ shares ...................................... — — (155) —Other, net ............................................................................ (6,522) (7,433) (4,039) (65,090)Total .................................................................... ¥(23,522) ¥(23,725) ¥(16,146) $(234,750)(a) “Gain on contribution of securities to the pension trust” resulted from additional contributions of investmentsecurities to the pension trust.(b) Loss on impairment of fixed assetsBecause the profitability or market prices of some asset groups declined, the Company and its consolidateddomestic subsidiaries reduced the book value of such assets to the recoverable amounts.Assets are grouped mainly by units of business and significant assets for rent or those which are idle aretreated separately.Recoverable amounts were determined by net sales value, and net sales value was estimated by appraisal orproperty tax assessment.Asset groups for which the Company and its subsidiaries recognized impairment losses for the year endedMarch 31, 2006 were as follows:Function or status Location Type of assetAssets for golf links Tomakomai City, Hokkaido Golf course and buildings, etc.Idle assets Chuo-ku, Kobe City, etc. Land, etc.Impairment losses for the year ended March 31, 2006 consisted of the following:Thousands ofMillions of yen U.S. dollarsLand ........................................................................................................................... ¥ 618 $ 5,261Golf course ................................................................................................................. 1,086 9,245Buildings, etc. ............................................................................................................. 1,304 11,101................................................................................................................................... ¥3,008 $25,607Asset groups for which the Company and its subsidiaries recognized impairment losses for the year endedMarch 31, <strong>2008</strong> were as follows:Function or status Location Type of assetOperating property Sodegaura City, Chiba LandIdle assets Sodegaura City, Chiba Land, etc.Operating property Inami-cho, Kako-gun, Hyogo LandImpairment losses for the year ended March 31, <strong>2008</strong> consisted of the following:Thousands ofMillions of yen U.S. dollarsLand ........................................................................................................................... ¥2,277 $22,725Buildings, etc. ............................................................................................................. 486 4,850................................................................................................................................... ¥2,763 $27,57547
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