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Beta Dose Rates in rad/hr per mCiMeV 1 cm 10 cm 30 cm 60 cm 90 cm 1.0 m0.15 1,200 1.7 0 0 0 00.25 1,000 2.2 0.1 0 0 00.30 900 3.6 0.1 0 0 00.50 750 5.2 0.4 0.05 0.01 00.75 650 5.0 0.5 0.05 0.01 01.0 550 4.6 0.4 0.1 0 01.25 450 4.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.021.50 400 4.0 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.021.75 350 3.4 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.022.00 340 3.6 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.022.25 320 3.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.02Beta dose should be treated as a “shallow” dose and shouldnot be summed with “deep” doses. This chart should also beused to determine beta+ doses from positron emitters.Half-value Thickness vs Beta EnergyIsotope Emax (MeV) Half-Value Thickness mg / cm 2C-14 0.156 2Tc-99 0.292 7.5Cl-36 0.714 15Sr/Y-90 0.546 / 2.284 150U-238 Betas from short lived progeny0.191 / 2.281 130P-32 1.710 150Estimate the half-value thickness for a beta emitter.mg/cm 2 = 50 x E 2where E is Emax in MeV for the beta emitterThis equation tends to underestimate the half-valuethickness for low energy betas and overestimate thehalf-value thickness for high energy betas.Beta Dose Rates in rad/hr per mCiMeV 1 cm 10 cm 30 cm 60 cm 90 cm 1.0 m0.15 1,200 1.7 0 0 0 00.25 1,000 2.2 0.1 0 0 00.30 900 3.6 0.1 0 0 00.50 750 5.2 0.4 0.05 0.01 00.75 650 5.0 0.5 0.05 0.01 01.0 550 4.6 0.4 0.1 0 01.25 450 4.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.021.50 400 4.0 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.021.75 350 3.4 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.022.00 340 3.6 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.022.25 320 3.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.02Beta dose should be treated as a “shallow” dose and shouldnot be summed with “deep” doses. This chart should also beused to determine beta+ doses from positron emitters.Half-value Thickness vs Beta EnergyIsotope Emax (MeV) Half-Value Thickness mg / cm 2C-14 0.156 2Tc-99 0.292 7.5Cl-36 0.714 15Sr/Y-90 0.546 / 2.284 150U-238 Betas from short lived progeny0.191 / 2.281 130P-32 1.710 150Estimate the half-value thickness for a beta emitter.mg/cm 2 = 50 x E 2where E is Emax in MeV for the beta emitterThis equation tends to underestimate the half-valuethickness for low energy betas and overestimate thehalf-value thickness for high energy betas.Beta Dose Rates in rad/hr per mCiMeV 1 cm 10 cm 30 cm 60 cm 90 cm 1.0 m0.15 1,200 1.7 0 0 0 00.25 1,000 2.2 0.1 0 0 00.30 900 3.6 0.1 0 0 00.50 750 5.2 0.4 0.05 0.01 00.75 650 5.0 0.5 0.05 0.01 01.0 550 4.6 0.4 0.1 0 01.25 450 4.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.021.50 400 4.0 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.021.75 350 3.4 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.022.00 340 3.6 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.022.25 320 3.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.02Beta dose should be treated as a “shallow” dose and shouldnot be summed with “deep” doses. This chart should also beused to determine beta+ doses from positron emitters.Half-value Thickness vs Beta EnergyIsotope Emax (MeV) Half-Value Thickness mg / cm 2C-14 0.156 2Tc-99 0.292 7.5Cl-36 0.714 15Sr/Y-90 0.546 / 2.284 150U-238 Betas from short lived progeny0.191 / 2.281 130P-32 1.710 150Estimate the half-value thickness for a beta emitter.mg/cm 2 = 50 x E 2where E is Emax in MeV for the beta emitterThis equation tends to underestimate the half-valuethickness for low energy betas and overestimate thehalf-value thickness for high energy betas.Beta Dose Rates in rad/hr per mCiMeV 1 cm 10 cm 30 cm 60 cm 90 cm 1.0 m0.15 1,200 1.7 0 0 0 00.25 1,000 2.2 0.1 0 0 00.30 900 3.6 0.1 0 0 00.50 750 5.2 0.4 0.05 0.01 00.75 650 5.0 0.5 0.05 0.01 01.0 550 4.6 0.4 0.1 0 01.25 450 4.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.021.50 400 4.0 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.021.75 350 3.4 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.022.00 340 3.6 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.022.25 320 3.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.02Beta dose should be treated as a “shallow” dose and shouldnot be summed with “deep” doses. This chart should also beused to determine beta+ doses from positron emitters.Half-value Thickness vs Beta EnergyIsotope Emax (MeV) Half-Value Thickness mg / cm 2C-14 0.156 2Tc-99 0.292 7.5Cl-36 0.714 15Sr/Y-90 0.546 / 2.284 150U-238 Betas from short lived progeny0.191 / 2.281 130P-32 1.710 150Estimate the half-value thickness for a beta emitter.mg/cm 2 = 50 x E 2where E is Emax in MeV for the beta emitterThis equation tends to underestimate the half-valuethickness for low energy betas and overestimate thehalf-value thickness for high energy betas.
Positron Emitters Beta+ Energy and % AbundanceHalf-life MeV (%)C-11 20.3 m 0.960 (99.8%)N-13 9.97 m 1.199 (99.8%)O-15 122 s 1.732 (99.9%)F-18 1.83 h 0.634 (96.7%)Na-22 2.605 y 0.546 (89.8%)Al-26 7.3E5 y 3.210 (100%)V-48 15.98 d 0.697 (50.1%)Mn-52 5.591 d 2.633 (94.9%)Co-56 77.3 d 1.458 (19.0%)Ni-57 35.6 h 0.737 (7.0%), 0.865 (35.3%)Co-58 70.88 d 0.475 (14.9%)Cu-62 9.74 m 2.926 (97.2%)Zn-65 243.8 d 0.330 (1.4%)Ga-68 67.7 m 0.822 (1.2%), 1.899 (89.1%)As-74 17.8 d 0.945 (26.1%), 1.540 (3.0%)Rb-82 1.26 m 2.601 (13.1%), 3.378 (81.8%)Several of the positron emitters are useful in PET studies.That usefulness is somewhat offset by the cost of producingthe radionuclides and the added complexity of radiationprotection. For all of the positron emitters the energy of theBeta+ must be considered. Refer to the table of Beta DoseRates for estimates of beta+ radiation exposure. Also,consider the annihilation photons when the positron comesinto contact with a beta-, annihilating their masses andproducing two 511 KeV photons. These photons present anexternal radiation hazard. For the patient undergoing a PETscan the combination of the positron energy and the photonenergy must be considered.33Positron Emitters Beta+ Energy and % AbundanceHalf-life MeV (%)C-11 20.3 m 0.960 (99.8%)N-13 9.97 m 1.199 (99.8%)O-15 122 s 1.732 (99.9%)F-18 1.83 h 0.634 (96.7%)Na-22 2.605 y 0.546 (89.8%)Al-26 7.3E5 y 3.210 (100%)V-48 15.98 d 0.697 (50.1%)Mn-52 5.591 d 2.633 (94.9%)Co-56 77.3 d 1.458 (19.0%)Ni-57 35.6 h 0.737 (7.0%), 0.865 (35.3%)Co-58 70.88 d 0.475 (14.9%)Cu-62 9.74 m 2.926 (97.2%)Zn-65 243.8 d 0.330 (1.4%)Ga-68 67.7 m 0.822 (1.2%), 1.899 (89.1%)As-74 17.8 d 0.945 (26.1%), 1.540 (3.0%)Rb-82 1.26 m 2.601 (13.1%), 3.378 (81.8%)Several of the positron emitters are useful in PET studies.That usefulness is somewhat offset by the cost of producingthe radionuclides and the added complexity of radiationprotection. For all of the positron emitters the energy of theBeta+ must be considered. Refer to the table of Beta DoseRates for estimates of beta+ radiation exposure. Also,consider the annihilation photons when the positron comesinto contact with a beta-, annihilating their masses andproducing two 511 KeV photons. These photons present anexternal radiation hazard. For the patient undergoing a PETscan the combination of the positron energy and the photonenergy must be considered.33Positron Emitters Beta+ Energy and % AbundanceHalf-life MeV (%)C-11 20.3 m 0.960 (99.8%)N-13 9.97 m 1.199 (99.8%)O-15 122 s 1.732 (99.9%)F-18 1.83 h 0.634 (96.7%)Na-22 2.605 y 0.546 (89.8%)Al-26 7.3E5 y 3.210 (100%)V-48 15.98 d 0.697 (50.1%)Mn-52 5.591 d 2.633 (94.9%)Co-56 77.3 d 1.458 (19.0%)Ni-57 35.6 h 0.737 (7.0%), 0.865 (35.3%)Co-58 70.88 d 0.475 (14.9%)Cu-62 9.74 m 2.926 (97.2%)Zn-65 243.8 d 0.330 (1.4%)Ga-68 67.7 m 0.822 (1.2%), 1.899 (89.1%)As-74 17.8 d 0.945 (26.1%), 1.540 (3.0%)Rb-82 1.26 m 2.601 (13.1%), 3.378 (81.8%)Several of the positron emitters are useful in PET studies.That usefulness is somewhat offset by the cost of producingthe radionuclides and the added complexity of radiationprotection. For all of the positron emitters the energy of theBeta+ must be considered. Refer to the table of Beta DoseRates for estimates of beta+ radiation exposure. Also,consider the annihilation photons when the positron comesinto contact with a beta-, annihilating their masses andproducing two 511 KeV photons. These photons present anexternal radiation hazard. For the patient undergoing a PETscan the combination of the positron energy and the photonenergy must be considered.33Positron Emitters Beta+ Energy and % AbundanceHalf-life MeV (%)C-11 20.3 m 0.960 (99.8%)N-13 9.97 m 1.199 (99.8%)O-15 122 s 1.732 (99.9%)F-18 1.83 h 0.634 (96.7%)Na-22 2.605 y 0.546 (89.8%)Al-26 7.3E5 y 3.210 (100%)V-48 15.98 d 0.697 (50.1%)Mn-52 5.591 d 2.633 (94.9%)Co-56 77.3 d 1.458 (19.0%)Ni-57 35.6 h 0.737 (7.0%), 0.865 (35.3%)Co-58 70.88 d 0.475 (14.9%)Cu-62 9.74 m 2.926 (97.2%)Zn-65 243.8 d 0.330 (1.4%)Ga-68 67.7 m 0.822 (1.2%), 1.899 (89.1%)As-74 17.8 d 0.945 (26.1%), 1.540 (3.0%)Rb-82 1.26 m 2.601 (13.1%), 3.378 (81.8%)Several of the positron emitters are useful in PET studies.That usefulness is somewhat offset by the cost of producingthe radionuclides and the added complexity of radiationprotection. For all of the positron emitters the energy of theBeta+ must be considered. Refer to the table of Beta DoseRates for estimates of beta+ radiation exposure. Also,consider the annihilation photons when the positron comesinto contact with a beta-, annihilating their masses andproducing two 511 KeV photons. These photons present anexternal radiation hazard. For the patient undergoing a PETscan the combination of the positron energy and the photonenergy must be considered.33
Page 3: PhUSE 2012methods, Wang-Tsiatis and
Page 6: Inhalation TreatmentThere are sever
Page 12 and 13: Chemical FormThe chemical form of r
Page 14 and 15: 600 REM - < 800 REM (6 - 8 Sv)all o
Page 16 and 17: machine or with a more sophisticate
Page 18 and 19: Typical Effective Radiation Dosefro
Page 22 and 23: Iridium-192 (74 d): Supplied in wir
Page 24 and 25: Cobalt-57 (272 d): Used as a marker
Page 26 and 27: CONSUMER PRODUCTS CONTAININGRADIOAC
Page 28 and 29: survey instrument. Older camera len
Page 30 and 31: Radiological Assessment of Exemptio
Page 32 and 33: Coastal EngineeringMeasurement of e
Page 36 and 37: Ci / g = 3.578E5 / (T 1/2 in years
Page 38 and 39: Rem/hr / Ci Sv/hr / GBqHalf-Life Ci
Page 48 and 49: Energy & Yield of neutrons from the
Page 50 and 51: CHARACTERISTIC RADIATIONS OFCOMMONL
Page 52 and 53: 48Sc48Ti-â 482 (10.01), 657 (89.99
Page 54 and 55: 68Ge68Ga EC270.9d 67.7m Ga x-rays 1
Page 56 and 57: 129I129Xe-â 194 (100)1.57E7y S ã
Page 58 and 59: 192Ir192Pt-â 256 (5.65), 536 (41.4
Page 60 and 61: 249Bk249Cf-â 126 (100)320d 350.6d2
Page 62 and 63: Progeny kev and % abundanceProgenyk
Page 64 and 65: Progeny kev and % abundance222Rn is
Page 66 and 67: SI and US “Traditional” Units64
Page 68 and 69: CONVERSION OF UNITSCONVERSION OF UN
Page 70 and 71: Radiological1 rad = 100 ergs / g1 e
Page 72 and 73: Power1 joule/sec = 1E7 ergs/sec 1 e
Page 74 and 75: 7272UNITS AND TERMINOLOGY“Special
Page 76 and 77: EMERGENCY RESPONSEEMERGENCY RESPONS
Page 78 and 79: Major Injuries Occurring in Hazardo
Page 80 and 81: PUBLIC RADIATION DOSESAverage per c
Page 82 and 83: COMPARATIVE RISKS OF RADIATION EXPO
Page 84 and 85:
Government Agency Websiteswww.cdc.g
Page 86 and 87:
ANNEXTc-99m Heart Stress TestPatien
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