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Control of the hazelnut weevilCurculio nucum withentomopathogenic nematodesArne Peters 1 , Jean-PaulSarraquigne 2 , Bernard Blum 3 ,Stefan Kuske 4-nema GmbH, a.peters@e-nema.dessociation Nationale des Producteurs de Noisette (ANPN), France, jps.anpn@unicoqgrometrix, Switzerland, agrometrix.blum@balcab.chgroscope, Switzerland, stefan.kuske@faw.admin.ch

The problem• Losses in hazelnut plantations• Common treatment: insecticide againstadults (endosulfan and/or carbaryl toadults)• Alternative: Soil treatment to reduce weevilpopulation

Life cycle• Overwintering adults lay eggs in springaround 10th of June• Infested nuts fall from end of July to midAugust, larvae leave nuts• 2 weeks ahead in 2003• Larvae spend winter in soil and pupatenext spring and emerge in summer• Many larvae pupate only after 4-5 years

Percent infected / dead100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%Laboratory assessmentsandy-loaminfecteddead100 n/larvaN=248 days22°CSandS. feltiaeH. bacteriophoraS. feltiae 2. trialControl50 n/larvaS. carpocapsae

Lab-results with H. indica1210±1.96*Std. Err.±1.00*Std. Err.MeanDEAD larvae (10 treated)86420Soil from orchard-20 0.5 1 5nematode dose (Mill IJs/m²)

Field trials• LOCALISATION OF THE TRIAL :EARL DE PEYRAL (M. Patrick CHASSAC) 47290 BEAUGAS• ORCHARD CARACTERISTICS :- CORABEL variety, (12 years old)- 6 by 3 meters spacing ;- Clay soil, calcareous ;- Micro sprinkler system (water flow is 20 litres per hour)

Trial design• 3 nematodes strains, plus an untreated control• Evaluation over 4 years (1/4 of plots each year, until 2007)• 5 replications per modality (= strain x investigation year)• All together 80 containers38 cm in diameter,50 cm depth,46 litres in capacity• Completely randomised block design

First evaluation in 2003Number of living larvae18.0016.0014.0012.0010.008.006.004.002.000.00HIN PLUS CON TOPNematode strainErroneously treated with 2.2 million / m² !

Treated with 0.5 million / m² !Second treatment andevaluation in 200435.0030.00Living larvae25.0020.0015.0010.005.000.00HIN PLUS CON TOPTraitement

Vertical distribution of larvae (2003)2945402735±1.96*Std. Err.Min-Max±1.00*Std. Err.25%-75%MeanMedian valueDepth weighted by larvae found30252520231510215190S. feltiae H. bacteriophora H. indica ControlS. feltiae H. bacteriophora H. indica ComtrolTREATMENT

DepthVertical distribution of larvae 200356Histogram (PROF_03.STA 4v*231c)TIEFE y = 232 * 5 * normal (x, 23.86206, 8.83215)5248444036No of larvae322824201612840 45

Vertical distribution 200421.645±1.96*Std. Err.±1.00*Std. Err.Mean213520.4 2519.8 15Depth by larvaeMin-Max25%-75%Median value19.2518.6-5Control tem H. bacteriophora top S. feltiae plus H. hin indicaTREATMENT

Vertical distribution 2004Histogram (PROF_04.STA 7v*295c)y = 295 * 5 * normal (x, 20.01016, 8.168915)7570656055Number of larvae50454035302520151050 40depth

Conclusions• Best results with H. indica and H.bacteriophora• Larvae in soil deep and scattered• Solutions:– Application timing ?– Lure larvae with soil moisture ?– Apply nematodes via sprinkler or dripirrigation• Emergence significantly reduced• Long term control strategy

Beetle emergence in 2005total number of beetlesfound98765432100.0H. bacteriophora(n=15)beetles/plots expected mean beetles/plot0.10.5S. feltiae (n=15) H. indica (2004;n=6)Treatment0.7control (n=12)0.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.0Plots infested 2003treated 2003H. indica treated 2004Few beetles found:- heavy rain- emergence in 2006/2007