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Solutions for Coatings, Inks,Adhesives, Elastomersand SealantsNACURE ® & K-CURE ®Acid & Blocked Acid CatalystsK-KAT ®Non-tin Catalysts for UrethanesK-PURE ®Catalysts for EpoxiesK-FLEX ®Polyols and Reactive DiluentsNACORR ®Rust & Corrosion InhibitorsK-SPERSE ®DispersantsK-STAY ®Rheology ModifiersDEOLINK ® & DEOGRIP ®Specialty Silanes & AdditivesDISPARLON ®Thixotropes & SurfaceControl Additives

King Industries Coatings Additives DivisionTechnology OverviewSolutions ThroughChemistrySince 1932Since 1932, King Industries has been supplying specialty chemical products to a variety ofindustries that are performance driven with ever changing requirements. This is especially true forthe coatings, inks, adhesives and sealant markets, the audience for this product guide. While thebrochure covers our standard products, this overview has been designed to give you a summary ofour areas of technical expertise and to urge you to contact us if you feel we may be of assistance foryour specific product needs.CROSSLINKING CATALYSTSWith over four decades of experience in catalysis, King offers the industry’s broadest spectrum ofcatalysts including:Acid and blocked acid (latent) catalysts for amino thermoset systemsNon-tin, mercury-free catalysts for urethanesLatent and super acid catalysts for the cationic cure of epoxiesHydrophobic catalysts for the moisture cure of siloxane functional polymersPOLYOLS & REACTIVE DILUENTSKING FACILITIESUSAWorld HeadquartersKing Industries, Inc.Science RoadNorwalk, CT 06852Phone: 203-866-5551Fax: 203-866-1268E-mail: coatings@kingindustries.comEUROPETechnical Sales OfficeKing Industries International, Inc.Noordkade 642741 EZ WaddinxveenThe NetherlandsPhone: +31 182-631360Fax: +31 182-621002E-mail: mg@kingintl.nlASIA/PACIFICTechnical Service LabDr. Zhiqiang HeSynlico Tech (Zhongshan) Co., Ltd.106 Chuangye Building, Kang Le Ave.Torch Development Zone,Zhongshan, ChinaPhone: +760-88229866Fax: +760-88229896E-mail: alex.he@kingindustries.comUnique polyester polyols based upon low molecular weight, linear, saturated aliphatic structureswith pendent hydroxyl groupsNovel, low molecular weight diols with an all urethane backboneAcetoacetate functional reactive diluentsCORROSION INHIBITIONKing offers ferrous and non-ferrous protection for a wide variety of metals and systems based onseveral unique platforms:Sulfonate based rust and corrosion inhibitorsModified trialzole compounds and amino acid derivativesDISPERSANT TECHNOLOGYWhether organic or inorganic pigments/fillers, King offers a variety of dispersant technologiesincluding:Solvent free polymeric wetting and dispersing agents for solventless and epoxy systemsSulfonate based dispersants for non-aqueous, solvent-free and powder systemsOrganic wetting/dispersing agents for highly viscous systems such as ceramics, metal pastesand sand-filled epoxies.RHEOLOGY MODIFIERSUnique sulfonate based modifiers for non-aqueous systemsPolyamide based thixotropes for aqueous and non-aqueousHydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethane thickeners for waterborne systemsSURFACE CONTROL ADDITIVES & SILANESIn addition to King’s internally developed products, the Disparlon ® product line represents over 30years of a technology alliance with Kusumoto Chemical Ltd. of Japan. The Disparlon line offers abroad range of leveling, defoaming, anti-popping and anti-cratering additives for aqueous, solvent,solventless, UV and powder systems. Similarly, King represents D.O.G Deutsche Oelfabrik ofHamburg, Germany in North America for the technical sales of their products for coatings includingDEOLINK ® silanes and DEOGRIP ® soft feel/matting/anti-slip additives.© All materials copyrighted 2012, King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT, USA

SYSTEMSSB SolventborneWB WaterbornePUV UVPowderPRODUCTSPAGESB WBNACURE ® & K-CURE ®Acid & Blocked Acid Catalysts3SB WBPK-KAT ®Non-tin Catalysts for Urethanes14SB WB P UVK-FLEX ®Polyols & Reactive Diluents19SB WBUVK-PURE ® CATALYSTSCationic Cure of Epoxies27SB WB P UVNACORR ®Rust & Corrosion Inhibitors29SB P UVK-SPERSE ®Wetting & Dispersing Additives33SB WBK-STAY ®Rheology Modifiers36SB WBPDEOLINK ® & DEOGRIP ®Specialty Silanes & Additives39SB WB P UVDISPARLON ®Thixotropes & Surface Control Additives40Visit us at: www.kingindustries.comKing Industries, Inc is proud to be:ISO 9001, 14001 and 18001 Certified

NACURE ® & K-CURE ®Acid & Blocked Acid CatalystsNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSWhy Use Catalysts?Today’s need forhigh solids andwaterbornecoatings requiresgreater use of highreactivity, lowviscosity resinsand crosslinkers.Conversion ofthese systems intotough, chemicallyresistant, highperformance coatingsat reduced cure temperatures can be accomplishedwith the use of a catalyst.Acrylics, alkyds, epoxies and polyesters with reactivefunctional groups, such as hydroxyl carbamate, siloxaneor amide can be reacted with melamine, urea and benzoguanaminecrosslinkers. The proper use of catalystscan facilitate the crosslinking reaction resulting in thefollowing benefits:ECATEnergy RequiredWith CatalystShorter cure schedulesLower cure temperatures for thermoset highsolids and waterborne coatingsEnergy savingsEEnergyRequiredWithoutCatalystImproved hardness, gloss, humidity andcorrosion resistanceImproved mechanical propertiesKing Industries continues to develop catalysts to meetthe ever expanding needs of a rapidly changing market.Free Acid Or Latent Catalyst?While acid catalysts provide the fastest cure and lowercuring temperatures, blocked or latent catalysts aretypically chosen for systems requiring greater packagestability. In addition, troublesome catalyst-pigmentinteraction can be reduced or eliminated with the useof blocked catalysts.As can be seen in the table which follows, King’scatalyst line is based upon a variety of acids. Themiddle column denotes the free acid versions while thefar right column shows amine blocked or covalentlybonded derivatives for applications requiring extendedpackage stability.HO3SH 19C 9AcidTypeDNNDSADinonylnaphthaleneDisulfonic AcidCatalyst By Acid TypeC 9H 19SO3HDNNSADinonylnaphthaleneSulfonic AcidH 19C 9DDBSADodecylbenzeneSulfonic AcidSO3Hp-TSAp-TolueneSulfonic AcidCH3C 12H 25SO3HC 9H 19SO3HPhosphatesAAP/PAPAlkyl Acid PhosphatesPhenyl Acid PhosphatesOther & MixedAcidsAcidCatalystsBlockedCatalystsNACURE 155 NACURE 3327NACURE 3525NACURE X49-110NACURE 1051 NACURE 1323NACURE 1419NACURE 1492NACURE 1557NACURE 1953NACURE 5076 NACURE 5225NACURE 5414NACURE 5528NACURE 5925K-CURE 1040K-CURE 1040WNACURE 4000NACURE 4054NACURE XC-235NACURE 2107NACURE 2500NACURE 2501NACURE 2522NACURE 2530NACURE 2547NACURE 4167NACURE 4575K-CURE 129B NACURE 8924NACURE XC-194K

Product OfferingsThe chemical structure of the catalyst, as well as thequantity used, can have a profound impact on film propertiessuch as adhesion, corrosion resistance, flexibility andimpact resistance. These observations are apparent notonly among varying acid types but also among differentproducts within the same chemical family.The type of crosslinker used will also affect the choice ofcatalyst. High solids and waterborne coatings are typicallyformulated with monomeric crosslinkers such ashexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM) or mixed ethermelamine; reaction of these crosslinkers with hydroxy orcarbamate functional groups is best achieved with strongacid catalysts like DNNDSA or p-TSA.More reactive crosslinkers, which are more polymeric butcontain high levels of -NH groups, respond better to aweaker acid such as acid phosphates or low dosages ofamine blocked sulfonic acids.The table to the right, matches the type of crosslinkingagent and the acid catalyst most suitable for each class.Cure Time, Minutes3530252015105Crosslinking AgentFully alkylatedmonomeric M/F resins:Fully methylatedFully butylatedMixed ethersUrea formaldehyde resinsBenzoguanamine resinsGlycoluril resinsHighly alkylated, highimino M/F resinsPartially alkylatedpolymeric M/F resinsGeneral AcidCategoryStrong AcidspKaDNNDSA>DDBSA>DNNSA>Phosphates>CarboxylatesKing offers a broad selection of catalysts to satisfyalmost every possible curing parameter. Relativecure profiles for NACURE Blocked Catalysts areshown below.Relative Cure Profiles for NACURE Blocked Catalystsfor Amino Crosslinked SystemsN-2500N-8924N-2530N-2558N-2107N-2547N-3327N-5225 N-3525 N-5528X49-110 N-5925Cure Profiles - Blocked CatalystsN-4575N-5414N-1419N-4167N-1323 N-1953Coil conditions up to 220CNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSN-1323, N-1953, N-1419, N-1557085 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175Cure Temperature, o CPages 3 & 4

Catalyst Selection Chart by ApplicationNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSPRODUCT SELECTION: The application charts that follow can be used to arrive at good starting point product recommendationsbased upon King’ s decades of experience in catalysis. However, we strongly recommend given thecomplexity of the selection process and the subtle nuances of each individual product that you take advantage of ourTechnical Service Department who will be more than happy to assist you. They can be quickly reached either by email:coatings@kingindustries.com or phone: (203) 866-5551 for assistance.KEY TO CATALYST TYPE - (PAGE #)SolventborneNACURE1419Best OverallNACURE3525SolubilityNACURE1051CorrosionResistanceNACURE1323HighTemperaturesPrimersWaterborneNACURE155Best OverallNACURE3525 &X49-110PackageStabilityMetal SubstratesSolventborneNACURE5076*Best OverallNACURE5925*PackageStabilityNACURE155MoistureResistanceCanDNNDSA (7) DNNSA (8) DDBSA & OTHER (9) p-TSA (10)TopcoatsCoil, ApplianceGeneral IndustrialWaterborne Solventborne Waterborne Solventborne WaterborneNACURE2500Best OverallNACURE2558BlisterResistanceNACURE3525AdhesionNACURE1051Best OverallNACURE1323 & 1953High BakeSystemsNACURE1419CorrosionResistanceNACURE2500Best OverallNACUREX49-110PackageStabilityNACURE3525AdhesionNACURE2500Best OverallNACURE155MoistureResistanceNACUREX49-110PackageStabilityNACURE2547Best OverallNACURE2500Rapid CureNACUREX49-110 &3525AdhesionNACURE3525Adhesion &StabilityNACURE2107TexturedFinish* Complaint FDA 21 CFR, Sec. 175.300 (b) (3) xii & Xiii (a&b)

Catalyst Selection Chart by ApplicationSolventborneNACUREX49-110Best OverallNACURE3525Solubility &AdhesionPrimersWaterborneNACURE155Best OverallNACURE3525 &X49-110Solubility &AdhesionWood & Paper SubstratesAutomotiveTopcoats: Basecoats & ClearcoatsSolventborneNACURE5528 &5225Best OverallNACURE2500Rapid CureNACURE3525IntercoatAdhesionWaterborneNACURE2500Best OverallNACURE5225UV DurabilityNACURE2547StabilitySolventborne Waterborne Adhesives, SealantsK-CURE1040Best OverallK-CURE129BRapid CureNACURE2530PackageStabilityK-CURE1040WBest OverallK-CURE129BRapid CureNACURE8924PackageStabilitySolventborneNACURE155Best OverallK-CURE1040Rapid CureWaterborneNACURE155Best OverallNACURE3525AdhesionSolventborneNACURE155Best OverallK-CURE1040Rapid CureSolventbornePlasticsAdhesives, Sealants & InksNACURE155Best OverallNACURE1051MoistureResistanceInksWaterborneNACURE155Best OverallNACURE2500Rapid CureWaterborneNACURE155Best OverallNACURE3525AdhesionNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSNACURE155MoistureResistanceNACURE155MoistureResistanceK-CURE1040WRapid CureK-CURE1040WRapid CurePages 5 & 6

DNNDSA CatalystsNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSAdvantages of Dinonylnaphthalene Disulfonic Acid(DNNDSA) catalysts include:Excellent adhesion propertiesSuperior corrosion & moisture resistanceDetergent resistanceExcellent for solventborne and waterbornecoatingsADHESION TESTSA polyester/HMMM general industrial enamel catalyzedwith blocked DNNDSA catalyst NACURE X49-110demonstrates (in the chart below) its superior crosshatchadhesion performance compared to a blocked p-TSAcatalyst at a 150°C cure schedule. Enamels were appliedto iron phosphated and untreated aluminum panels.PropertyDNNDSA Acid CatalystsPRODUCTNACURE155DNNDSA Blocked CatalystsNACURE3327NACURE3525NACUREX49-110Acid TypeVolatileDNNDSAIsobutanolIsopropanol 25 6.5 - 7.5 7.40 N/A 107CDNNDSAIsobutanolIsopropanol 25 7.0 - 8.5 7.65 10 max 120CDNNDSAIsobutanolIsopropanolDNNDSAN X49-110%ActiveP-TSA(25%, Amine)Cure Schedule: 15 minutes @ 150°CPencil Hardness H-2H 2-3HAdhesion toPhosphated CRS96% 24%Acid #or pHlbs./gal.PropertyGardnerColorMinimumCure*DNNDSAIsobutanol 55 112-116 8.16 12 max. RT25 6.5 - 7.5 7.55 10 max 90CDNNDSANACURE 3525Cure Schedule: 15 minutes @ 150°CDDBSA(Blocked Cat.)Pencil Hardness H-2H H-2HPendulum Hardness 116 116Adhesion toUntreated Aluminum* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio), ** PMT - Peak Metal TemperatureThe adhesion advantages of DNNDSA are also evidentwhen compared to DDBSA. A significant improvementwas observed when crosshatch adhesion tests wereconducted on untreated aluminum panels90% 20%Attributes/UsesGeneral purpose catalyst. Excellentwater, detergent and salt sprayresistance.Better solubility than other amineblocked DSA catalysts.Better solubility than X49-110,slower curing. Good salt sprayresistance and adhesion.Best overall properties. Excellentwater and corrosion resistance,and adhesion.

DNNSA CatalystsResistance to Telegraphing0.32% p-TSA 0.9% DNNSAIn the photographs above, resistance to telegraphingof surface imperfections over oily substrates isdemonstrated. A skin cream containing oil wasapplied to the hand and imprinted onto the steel testpanel prior to coating with a high solids acrylicenamel. DNNSA catalysis improves wetting andreduces telegraphing of metal surface variations.PRODUCTNACURE1051*Acid TypeVolatile%ActiveAcid #or pHCatalysts based on Dinonylnaphthalene (Mono) SulfonicAcid (DNNSA) offer the following advantages:lbs./gal.Hydrophobic catalystExcellent corrosion resistanceOverbake resistanceExcellent resistance to telegraphingExcellent substrate wetting propertiesHelp reduce conductivity in coatingExcellent for primers and coil coatingapplicationsGardnerColorMinimum*CureDNNSA2-Butoxyethanol 50 60-64 8.16 N/A 125C* NACURE 1051 is an excellent catalyst for anodic acrylic electrocoating.NACURE1323NACURE1419NACURE1557DNNSAXylene 21 6.8 - 7.5 7.43 N/A 150CDNNSAXylene/MIBK 30 N/A 7.74 N/A 150CDNNSAButanol2-ButoxyethanolBoth DNNSAand DNNDSACatalystsoffer superiorcorrosionresistance overother acid typessuch as p-TSAas shown to theright. Photos of300 hours saltspray.25 6.5 - 7.5 7.56 N/A 150CBlocked p-TSABlocked DNNSADNNSA Acid CatalystAttributes/UsesBest water and corrosionresistance. Recommended for hightemperature applications on metal.DNNSA Blocked CatalystsHigh temperature applications.Excellent solubility in aromaticand aliphatic solvents.Electrostatic spray. High bakeapplications for water, detergentand salt spray resistance.Resolves solvent popping in thickfilms. Excellent humidity anddetergent resistance.NACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSNACURE1953DNNSAButanol2-Butoxyethanol25 6.5 - 6.9 7.48 N/A 150CHigh bake amino crosslinkedsystems such as coil coatingsand metal decorating.* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio)Pages 7 & 8

DDBSA Catalysts & Other Blocked Acid CatalystsNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSSome of the key benefits of using Dodecylbenzene SulfonicAcid (DDBSA) catalysts include:Broad solubilityHigh glossUV resistanceExcellent compatibility in high solids and waterbornecoatingsExcellent for automotive basecoatsand topcoatsAdditionally, select DDBSA catalysts comply with FDA 21CFR, Sec. 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a&b) and EC Directive10/2011 as shown below.NACURE XC-194K and NACURE 8924 are newer blockedacid catalysts designed for specific performance criteria.NACURE XC-194K is for primers containing anti-corrosivepigments and NACURE 8924 is for fast cure and stability inwaterborne formulations.DDBSA Acid CatalystPRODUCTNACURE5076NACURE5225NACURE5414NACURE5528NACURE5925Acid TypeVolatile%ActiveAcid #or pHlbs./gal.GardnerColorMinimumCure*DDBSAIsopropanol 70 130-140 8.27 4 RTDDBSA Blocked Acid CatalystsDDBSAIsopropanol 25 6.0 - 7.0 7.40 2 120CDDBSAXylene 25 N/A 8.30 4 130CDDBSAIsopropanol 25 7.0 - 8.0 7.50 2 120CDDBSAIsopropanol 25 7.0 - 7.5 7.50 2 120COther Blocked Acid CatalystsNACUREXC-194KNACURE8924OTHERHydrocarbonsEster SolventsCORROSION RESISTANCENACURE XC-194KCoil Primer500 Hours SaltFog ExposureCure Schedule:25 mins. @ 325°CPMT @ 235°C20 12-15 6.70 10 max 140CPMT**OTHERWater 25 8.5 9.1 1 RTControl: Loss of coatingin scribe area and #6-7medium blisters on70-80% of the surface.NACURE XC-194K:No loss of coating inscribe area after 500hours salt spray.Attributes/UsesComplies with FDA 21 CFR,Sec. 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a&b)and EC Directive 10/2011.Best solubility in high solidsenamels. Good solubility inaliphatic solvents.Excellent electrostatic spray (nonaqueous).Good intercoat adhesion.Blister resistant.Broad solubility.Excellent color stability.Complies with FDA 21 CFR, Sec.175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a&b)Amino crosslinked primers containingbasic or ion exchange typeanticorrosive pigmentsBalance of rapid cure/stability inwaterborne formulations.* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio), **PMT - Peak Metal Temperature

p-TSA/Mixed Acid CatalystsPendulum, cycles160140120100806040200p-TSA and Mixed Acid CatalystsPRODUCTK-CURE1040K-CURE1040WK-CURE129BAcid TypeVolatile%ActiveAcid #or pHlbs./gal.Catalysts based on para-Toluene Sulfonic Acid(p-TSA) or alkane sulfonic acid blends offer thefollowing benefits:GardnerColorFastest cure responseLow temperature cureExcellent UV resistanceExcellent glossFor solventborne and waterbornecoatingsMinimumCure*p-TSAIsopropanol 40 130-140 8.25 1 RTp-TSAWater 40 130-140 9.40 2 RTMixed AcidsMethanol/n-Butanol 50 200-210 8.90 1 RTp-TSA and Mixed Acid - Blocked CatalystsNACURE2107NACURE2500NACURE2501NACURE2530NACURE2547NACURE2558200°F 225°F 250°FDDBSAp-TSAIsopropanol 25 8.0 - 9.0 7.57 1 90Cp-TSAIsopropanol 26 6.0 - 7.0 8.15 1 80CTSAMethanolIsopropanolp-TSAMethanolIsopropanolp-TSA25 6.0 - 7.2 8.01 1 80C25 5.7 - 6.5 7.90 1 80Cp-TSAWater 25 8.6 9.18 1 90°CP-TSAEthylene Glycol 25 4.0 9.60 1 90°CThe graph to the left demonstrates the low temperaturecure capabilities of a blocked p-TSAcatalyst as measured by pendulum hardness.The coating is a high solids polyester/HMMMclearcoat formulation that was baked at threedifferent temperatures for 15 minutes. Superiorhardness develops at 200-225° F bakes whenthe p-TSA catalyst is used.Attributes/UsesHighest gloss. Fast cure. Excellentweathering and exteriordurability.As above, non-flammable forwaterborne applications.Fastest cure.Wood and paper coatings.Good metal mark resistance.Fast cure.Low temperature cure.Excellent stability.Slightly higher resistivity than2500. Better ketone solubility.Low temperature cure.Low tendency to yellow orwrinkle.Easy incorporation into aqueoussystemsEffective in controlling wrinkling,popping & blistering in HS systemsNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTS* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio)Pages 9 & 10

Phosphate CatalystsNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSWeak acid catalysts based on phosphate chemistries arerecommended for:Partially alkylated, high imino and polymericmelamine crosslinkersHybrids and carboxy-epoxy coatingsSiloxane crosslinkingThey offer:Excellent gloss and chemical resistanceExcellent adhesion propertiesThe graph to the right compares the adhesion advantagethat NACURE 4000 shows in comparison to two commercialphosphate catalysts when used to catalyze an acrylic/polymeric melamine clearcoat.Phosphate Acid CatalystPRODUCTNACURE4000NACURE4054NACUREXC-235Acid TypeVolatileAlkyl AcidPhosphateAlkyl AcidPhosphateAcidPhosphate%ActivePhosphate Blocked CatalystsNACURE4167NACURE4167WNACURE4575Acid PhosphateIsopropanolIsobutanolAcid PhosphateWaterIsopropanolAcid PhosphateMethanolButanolAcid #or pHlbs./gal.% AdhesionGardnerColor120100MinimumCure*100 650 11.8 1 80°C50 155-165 7.59 1 110°C75 300 9.25 1 110°C25 6.8 - 7.5 7.16 2 80C25 6.5 - 7.5 8.20 2 90C25 7.0 - 8.0 8.30 2 100C80604020% Adhesion to Aluminum & Steel0Phos. A Phos.B N-4000AluminumSteelAttributes/UsesBroad solubility and excellentadhesion, Good packagestability.Excellent adhesion.Siloxane Crosslinking.Recommended with high iminoand partially alkylated melaminetype crosslinkersBlocked phosphate for highNH/polymeric melamines. Siloxanecrosslinking.Aqueous systems using highNH/polymeric melamines.High gloss. Superb storagestability with polymeric aminoresins.* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio)

Formulating Information - Use LevelsIn general, the time and temperature conditions of cure will determine the correct catalyst for the application. Strongacids with typical pKa strengths of approximately 0.5-0.7 should give equivalent rates of cure at equal molar concentrationsof the acid group. Blocked catalysts will demand higher temperatures for full activation, and the pKa of theblocking agent attached to the acid will also influence the rate of reactivity.The two charts which follow provide general information on typical catalyst use levels by acid type based on a 30 minutecure schedule for a typical binder resin/HMMM ratio of 75/25. The percentage of catalyst shown is as supplied based ontotal resin solids. A ladder study of catalyst levels should be conducted to optimize the formulation.Do not over catalyze. Using too much catalyst can be a costly mistake and one that can cause film properties to suffersignificantly.Catalyst Use Level, % by WeightCatalyst Use Level, % by Weight2.752.52.2521.751.51.2510.750.50.2506.565.554.543.532.521.510.5Acid Catalysts - Typical Use LevelsN-1051 (DNNSA)N-155 (DNNDSA) K-1040 (pTSA) N-5076 (DDBSA)80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210Cure Temperature, °CBlocked Catalysts - Typical Use LevelsBlocked DNNSABlocked DNNDSA or DDBSABlocked pTSA060 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210Cure Temperature, °CNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSPages 11 & 12

Formulating Information - IncorporationNACURE ® & K-CURE ® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTSMethods of IncorporationAs with any component in a coating, the level, method and order of addition may mean the difference between formulationsuccess or failure. When incorporating acid and blocked acid catalysts the following factors should be considered:Method of mixingSolvents presentPigments presentpH sensitivity of resinsTemperature at time of additionStability/pot life requirementsIt is generally good practice in high solids coatings to pre-dilute a catalyst with butanol or isopropanol before adding itto the paint. Stirring during the addition can help avoid pigment shock and the generation of “hot spots” - althoughwith amine neutralized or blocked catalysts, these problems are rare.In some cases, blocked catalysts can even be added to the pigment grind for uniform dispersion and improvedsolubility. The decomposition or reactivity temperature of the catalyst, though, should be safely above the grindtemperature.King Industries’ products are typically supplied in a common solvent such as alcohol that will allow simplepost-addition after milling of pigments and letdown with resins and solvents.Systems that are viscous, or those sensitive to pH differences induced by an acid component. Such systemsoften require further pre-dilution with alcohol. Blend the catalyst with an alcohol such as n-butanol or isoproponal at1:1 ratio. Extremely sensitive systems may require the use of a blocked acid catalyst with a neutral or basic pH value.Mixed solvent systems with some products that are less soluble than others. In these cases, incorporate thecatalyst in the more compatible resins and solvents before adding less soluble components.Waterborne systems that can suffer from rapid pH changes. Waterborne systems are generally formulated to afinal pH range of 8-9. Use of a blocked catalyst in such systems will prevent the rapid pH changes that can upset thebalance of resin solubility and cause a flocculated or gelled formulation.Formulations that include a pigment with high oil absorption characteristics. Hydrophilic catalysts such asp-TSA are not recommended in such cases. A more hydrophobic blocked catalyst such as DNNSA is recommended.The chart below shows the relative hydrophobicity of different catalyst types.Hydrophilicp-TSA > DDBSA > DNNDSA > DNNSAHydrophobic

K-KAT ® Non-Tin, Mercury-Free Urethane CatalystsK-KAT catalysts additionally offer a number ofperformance advantages, including:K-KAT ® catalysts are metal compounds that are designedto accelerate the reaction of polyols with isocyanates.These catalysts are more environmentally acceptable thancatalysts that contain tin or mercury.K-KAT catalysts are used in a wide range of urethaneapplications including coatings, elastomers and inprepolymer synthesis.WaterborneK-KAT XK-614Add to polyol sideEfficient/SelectiveK-KAT 6212Add to NCO sideSelective2K PolyurethaneSolventborneK-KAT XK-635Highly EfficientNon-yellowingK-KAT XC-B221Good HydrolyticStabilityTin alternative (Coatings)Selectivity in the presence of moisture,less gassingImproved pot life/cure time relationshipMercury-like cure profile in elastomersLess toxic than tin and mercury catalystsCatalysis of secondary hydroxyl groupsCold temperature cure responseK-KAT Catalyst Selection Chart - CoatingsSolventlessK-KAT XK-635Good GlossK-KAT XK-614Good HydrolyticStability1K Blocked NCOSolventborneK-KAT XK-635With MEKOBlocked NCOK-KAT XK-639DMP BlockedNCOWaterborneK-KAT XK-635EfficientK-KAT XK-639Good HydrolyticStabilityK-KAT ® URETHANE CATALYSTSK-KAT 4205SelectiveFast tack free timeK-KAT 5218Long pot lifewith 2,4-PDPrepolymer SynthesisK-KAT XC-B221EfficientNon-persistentK-KAT 6212Add to NCO sideSelectivePages 13 & 14

K-KAT Catalyst Selection Chart - ElastomersMercury Alternative (Elastomers)Aromatic NCO(Cure Profile - Closest to Hg)Aliphatic NCO(Cure Profile - Closest to Hg)K-KAT XK-618Best CompatibilityK-KAT XK-604Best Selectivity(less gassing)K-KAT ® URETHANE CATALYSTSK-KAT XK-617K-KAT XK-604Best Selectivity(less gassing)K-KAT Catalysts for CoatingsK-KAT Metal Use Levels(% on resin solids)K-KAT XK-617AttributesXC-B221 Bi carboxylate 0.03-2.0 Similar to DBTDL - effective in 2K and blocked isocyanate coatings.Specially designed for European formulations.348 Bi carboxylate 0.03-1.0 Similar to DBTDL - effective in 2K and blocked isocyanate coatings.5218 Al Chelate 1.0-2.0 Excellent 2K urethane pot life when used with 2,4-pentanedione. Addpentanedione to polyol component before K-KAT 5218 addition.XK-614 Metal Complex 0.05-1.0 Most versatile. Effective in 2K waterborne and blocked isocyanatesystems. Also effective in urethane elastomers. Add to polyol.XK-635 Metal Complex 0.1-1.0 Very effective in solventborne and solventless 2K urethanes and 1Kblocked isocyanate systems. Good with MEKO Blocked NCO.XK-639 Metal Complex 0.5 - 1.5 Effective alternative to tin catalysts for DMP Blocked NCO.4205 Zr chelate 1.0-2.0 Good pot life, recommended for 2K coatings. Selective catalysis (lessgassing)6212 Zr chelate 0.3-2.0 Selective coating/elastomer catalysis (less gassing). Good elastomergel profile. Add to NCOK-KAT Catalysts for ElastomersXK-604 Mixed carboxylate 0.1-1.0 Very good gel profile in ambient cure 2K urethane elastomer systemsXK-617 Mixed carboxylate 0.1-1.0 Excellent gel profile in ambient cured 2K urethane elastomer systemsSlightly less selective than XK-604XK-618 Mixed carboxylate 0.1-1.0 Best gel profile in ambient cured 2K urethane elastomer systems Lessselective than XK-617

K-KAT Performance In CoatingsK-KAT bismuth carboxylates are recommended for twocomponent urethane systems offering:Bismuth Carboxylates & ComplexesK-KAT XC-B221 & K-KAT 348Properties comparable to tin catalystsExcellent exterior durabilityNon-yellowing characteristicsExcellent gloss retentionCatalysis of secondary OH groupsBismuth carboxylate catalysts work best in dehydratedsystems.Both provide a cure profile similar to DBTDL in 2K andblocked NCO systems without the environmentalconcerns.Zirconium ChelatesK-KAT 4205 and 6212K-KAT 4205 and 6212 are zirconium chelates used in2K urethane coatings. Advantages include:Fast cure, selective catalysis (less gassing)Effectiveness in extreme conditions such ascold or humidityExcellent exterior durabilityGood pot lifeK-KAT 4205 is a zirconium catalyst that can be added tothe polyol side. It is recommended for solventborne 2Kcoatings.K-KAT 6212 must be added to the isocyanate component.It is recommended for 2K waterborne systems,2K high solids coatings and RIM applications whereplural component and in-line mixing systems are used.Aluminum ChelateK-KAT 5218K-KAT 5218 can be used in both baked and ambientcured 2K urethane systems offering:Optimum synergy with pot life extenders suchas 2,4 - PentanedioneExcellent exterior durabilityThe graph below demonstrates the potential improvementin the relationship between dry time and pot life whenK-KAT 5218 is used with 2,4-Pentanedione. The graphshows dry times and double viscosity times of a 2K polyester/HDItrimer catalyzed with K-KAT 5218 and DBTDL,both with and without 1.8% 2,4-Pentanedione. While potlife extension of the DBTDL system was evident, theincrease was much more significant in the K-KAT 5218system.HoursMetal ComplexesK-KAT XK-614, K-KAT XK-635 & K-KAT XK-639K-KAT XK-614 is a zinc complex catalyst for urethanecoatings. Advantages include:Dry Time/Pot Life - K-KAT 5218/DBTDLPolyester/HDI Trimer, Effect of 2,4-PD on Pot Life76543210DBTDL DBTDL/1.8%PD K-KAT 5218 K-KAT 5218/1.8%PDSurface Dry2X ViscosityExcellent hydrolytic stabilityBetter pot life in 2K WB urethanes than DBTDLSelective catalysis of the polyol/isocyanatereaction in the presence of moistureExcellent film propertiesK-KAT XK-614 has demonstrated excellent hydrolyticstability and an increased tendency to selectivelyaccelerate the polyol/isocyanate reaction in thepresence of moisture. These two characteristics makeK-KAT XK-614 suitable for 2K waterborne urethanecoating systems.A good indicator of pot life, or workable time, of a 2Kwaterborne urethane paint is gloss of cured films castwith aged paint. After the two components are combined,the aging process begins in the pot as polyol andwater compete for free isocyanate groups. Gloss offilms cast with aged paint is reduced as more waterreacts with isocyanate in the pot.K-KAT ® URETHANE CATALYSTSPages 15 & 16

K-KAT Performance In CoatingsK-KAT ® URETHANE CATALYSTSThe graph below demonstrates superior selectivity ofK-KAT XK-614 in a white 2K waterborne urethanesystem. The graph plots gloss of films cast immediatelyafter mixing and films cast on hour intervals after mixing.K-KAT XK-635 is very effective for solventborne andsolventless 2K urethanes as well as blocked NCOsolventborne, waterborne and solventless coatings. It isan environmentally friendly alternative to DBDTL offering:60° GlossGLOSS STUDY - K-KAT XK-614/DBTDL2K WB Acrylic/Modified NCO90807060504030201000 1 2 3 4 5Metal ComplexK-KAT XK-635Paint Age - HoursGood pot life in 2K systemsSimilar cureExcellent gloss retentionGood hydrolytic stabilityNon-yellowingXK- 614DBTDLNo CatalystK-KAT XK-635 Performance in 2K Urethanes10110099989796959493150°C140°C130°CGLOSS K-KAT XK-635/DBTDL2K SB Acrylic/NCO, Air Dry20° Gloss, % 60° Gloss, %DBTDLK-KAT XK-635K-KAT XK-635 & K-KAT XK-639 Performancein Blocked NCO SystemsK-KAT XK-635 & K-KAT XK-639 have proven to be effectivein blocked isocyanate systems offering equivalentor improved cure over DBTDL. As shown below, K-KATXK-635 over a range of cure temperatures offered performanceas good or superior to DBTDL as measured byMEK resistance in a 1K Acrylic/MEKO Blocked NCO.Catalysts were used at 0.5% level on total resin solidswith a 20 minute bake schedule. The bottom graphshows similar results were achieved with K-KAT XK-639in a 1K Acrylic/DMP Blocked NCO system.2X MEK Rubs - K-KAT XK-635/DBTDL1K Acrylic/MEKO Blocked NCO, 20 Minute BakeAs shown in the next two graphs, K-KAT XK-635 displayedbetter tack-free times and gloss than DBTDLwhen tested in an air dry 2K urethane.120°C0 20 40 60 80 100TACK-FREE TIME - K-KAT XK-635/DBTDL2K SB Acrylic/NCO, Air DrySurface dry,hoursSet to touch,hoursHours0 1 2 3 4 5 6DBTDLK-KAT XK-6352X MEK Rubs120100806040200no catalyst DBTDL XK-6352X MEK Rubs - K-KAT XK-639/DBTDL1K Acrylic/DMP Blocked NCO, 20 Minute Bake140°C 150°Cno catalyst DBTDL XK-639

K-KAT Performance In ElastomersMercury Catalyst AlternativesK-KAT XK-604, K-KAT XK-617 & K-KAT XK-618K-KAT XK-604, K-KAT XK-617 and K-KAT XK-618 areorganometallic complexes that are environmentally acceptablealternatives to toxic mercury catalysts. Advantagesinclude:Viscosity (Pa.s)Excellent gel profile in elastomeric systemsContains no mercury, tin or leadEfficiencyCost advantageThe graphs below depict gel profiles of a polyether triolcrosslinked with an MDI prepolymer catalyzed with K-KATXK-618 and the triol crosslinked with an aliphatic HDItrimer catalyzed with K-KAT XK-604. Both gel profiles arecomparable to the mercury catalyzed profiles.Moisture content of 2K urethane elastomers should beminimized to avoid gassing. However, some degree ofmoisture being present is often inevitable. Of the three,K-KAT XK-604 would be recommended if gassing is aconcern.5000450040003500300025002000150 0100050001400012000GEL PROFILE STUDY - K-KAT XK-618Polyether Triol/MDI PrepolymerK-KAT XK-618Mercury Catalyst0 10 20 30 40Time (min.)GEL PROFILE STUDY - K-KAT XK-604Polyether Triol/Aliphatic HDI TrimerThere is a potential cost advantage with K-KATXK-604, K-KAT XK-617 and K-KAT XK-618 comparedto commercially available mercury catalysts. The catalystlevels used in the gel profile study are illustrated inthe graph below. These catalyst levels provided similargel times. Along with lower dose requirements, theK-KAT catalysts have a lower price compared to commercialmercury catalysts.GEL PROFILE STUDY - Catalyst ConcentrationPolyether Triol/MDI Prepolymer% Catalyst0.60.50.40.30.20.10Hg Catalyst XK-604 XK-617 XK-618Urethane elastomer formulations are often modified withlow molecular weight chain extending diols to enhancecertain properties. A commonly used low molecularweight diol is 1,4-butanediol. Compatibility of metalcarboxylate catalysts in 1,4-butanediol is limited. Asdemonstrated in the image below, K-KAT XK-618 ismuch more compatible with 1,4-butanediol compared toa bismuth carboxylate catalyst. K-KAT XK-618 can beused in non-foam applications provided a very low moisturecontent is maintained.K-KAT XK-618CatalystCompatibilityLMW DiolsK-KAT ® URETHANE CATALYSTSViscosity (Pa.s)100008000600040002000K-KAT XK-604Mercury Catalyst00 10 20 30 40 50Time (min.)Pages 17 & 18

K-FLEX ® Polyester Polyols,Urethane Diols and Specialty ModifiersK-FLEX ® describes three distinct product lines of specialtypolyols and resin modifiers consisting of the followingchemistries:K-FLEX POLYESTER POLYOLS are based upon lowmolecular weight linear, saturated, aliphatic structureswith primary hydroxyl groups. They are used in bothcoatings and elastomers.K-FLEX URETHANE DIOLS are novel, hydroxyl functional,water soluble low molecular weight diols with anall-urethane backbone.K-FLEX SPECIALTY PRODUCTS include two 100%active, acetoacetate functional reactive diluents. K-FLEXXM-B301 and 7301 are particularly effective in epoxy/polyamide primers and systems crosslinked with aminoresins or polyisocyanates.K-FLEX ® RESIN MODIFIERSPRODUCT SELECTION CHARTSSolvent BasedK-FLEX XM-366Flow & LevelingK-FLEX 188PlasticsAdhesionK-FLEX 7301CorrosionResistancePrimerWaterborneK-FLEXUD-350WFlow & LevelingAdhesion,Hardness andCo-solventReplacementK-FLEX 188Improved flexibility& salt sprayMelamine/Urea Crosslinked SystemsSolvent BasedK-FLEX 188HardnessFlexibilityK-FLEX XM-366Lower VOCK-FLEX XM-332Lowest VOCBasecoatWaterborneK-FLEXUD-350WFlow & LevelingHardnessCo-SolventReplacementK-FLEX A308More HydrophobicBetter FlexibilityTopcoat/ClearcoatSolvent BasedK-FLEX 188Best ExteriorDurabilityHardness &FlexibilityK-FLEX XM-366Flexibility/HardnessK-FLEX A308Best Mar/ScratchResistanceWaterborneK-FLEXUD-350WCo-SolventReplacementHigher GlossK-FLEX 188Improvedflexibility & saltspraySOLVENTBASED2K Epoxy, PrimersandAdhesivesK-FLEX XM-B301MostHydrophobicK-FLEX 7301Lighter ColorLower ViscositySolvent BasedK-FLEX 188Exterior DurabilityBalance Hardnessand FlexibilityK-FLEX XM-359ClearcoatsK-FLEX XM-366Softer - Lower VOCGood BalanceHardness/Flexibility2K UrethanesSolventless Waterborne Cast Elastomers(2K Polyurethane)K-FLEX XM-366Good BalanceHardness/FlexibilityK-FLEX XM-332SofterLowest VOCK-FLEX 188Most HydrophobicBest HydrolyticStabilityK-FLEX A308EasierIncorporationK-FLEX XM-337Highest Tg/HardnessK-FLEX 188Good ResiliencyHardness/FlexibilityK-FLEX A308Lowest Tg/SoftestK-FLEX XM-332Lowest VOC

K-FLEX ® Polyester Polyols HOCH 2 R CH 2 OOC—/W\—COOCH 2 —R—CH 2 OHSolubility & Compliant CoatingsUse in CoatingsK-FLEX 100% active polyester polyols are used primarilyas modifiers for acrylic, alkyd, epoxy and polyester formulationswith melamine or polyisocyanate crosslinkers.Typical modification levels are 5 to 15% on total resinsolids.The low molecular weight and narrow molecular weightdistribution of K-FLEX polyesters allow the formulation ofhigher solids coatings. Primary hydroxyl groups providehigh reactivity for lower temperature cure. K-FLEXpolyester polyols are used to:Increase film flexibilityImprove resistance propertiesReduce VOC’s - increase solidsAchieve higher crosslink densityImprove cure adhesion including plasticsPRODUCT Hydroxyl #On SolidsK-FLEX188K-FLEXA308Viscosity25C (cPs)Tg230 10,000 -32˚C260 1,500 -59˚CMost K-FLEX polyesters have a narrow molecular weightdistribution (MWD). As a result, they have excellent compatibilitywith a wide range of resins and excellent solubilityacross a broad range of solvents and solubility parametersincluding some of the more difficult solvents likePC - propylene carbonate, DMC - dimethyl carbonate,acetone, TBA - t-butyl acetate and p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride(OXSOL ® 100*). Additionally,as shown in the photo,K-FLEX polyesters can beused to compatibilize otherresins into these solvents.The narrow MWD also providesfor an efficient reductionin viscosity with a lowlevel of solvent to achieveVOC compliance. The K-FLEX polyesters tend to be solublein most solvents, but not in aliphatic hydrocarbons or inwater. Ketones tend to be very efficient solvents for themand one can achieve a spray viscosity at about 80% solidsin MIBK.Attributes/UsesImproves flexibility, salt spray and humidity resistance while maintaininghardness. Highest reactivity. Excellent adhesion to manysubstrates including plastics. Highly recommended for 2Kurethane applications.Similar to 188 but the low viscosity combined with the higherhydroxyl number gives good hardness and adhesion while allowinglower VOC levels. Best mar/scratch resistance.K-FLEX ® POLYESTER POLYOLSK-FLEXXM-366270 2,000 -45°CNewest polyester polyol offering excellent flexibility, gloss andhardness.K-FLEX148235 3,750 -42˚CImproves flexibility and adhesion. Recommended for primers.Good flow and leveling. Excellent intercoat adhesion properties.K-FLEXA307140 5,400 -50˚CFlexibility modifier for acrylic/isocyanate and acrylic/melaminesystems. The low hydroxyl number minimizes the crosslinkerdemand.K-FLEXXM-332265 400 -68°CLowest viscosity for lowest VOC. Softest films.K-FLEXXM-337220 70,000 -20°COffers high hardness and high modulus in 2K urethanes.K-FLEXXM-359230 9,800 -32°COptically clear systems. Designed to provide long pot life in 2Kurethanes and to prevent yellowing caused by benzotriazole typeUV absorbers.Pages 19 & 20* OXSOL ® is registered trademark of Makhteshim Agan Group.

Use & Performance In CoatingsUse In Light Stable Cast ElastomersK-FLEX ® POLYESTER POLYOLSCoatings: Isocyanate Crosslinked SystemsK-FLEX polyester polyols are effective modifiers for most2-component polyurethane systems. Performance advantagesinclude lower VOC, improved adhesion, increasedflexibility and elongation, higher tensile strength, humidityresistance and abrasion resistance.For example, the table below details the VOC reduction andimprovement of mechanical properties of a high solids 2Kacrylic polyurethane system, modified with 16% K-FLEX188 (King Formulation API-5).PerformanceControl2K Acrylic/ PU16 % K-FLEX 188ModificationVOC, lbs/gal. 3.28 3.02TensileStrength (psi)2,900 3,300% Elongation 22.7% 51.8%Taber AbrasionResistanceAdhesion Studies119(mg loss)Florida Exposure - Exterior Durability87(mg loss)As shown below, an acrylic clearcoat over a white basecoat was modified with K-FLEX 188 at 16% TRS and subjectedto three years of Florida Exposure resulting in minimalchange in gloss where the control showed a steadyand significant reduction in gloss over time.3 Years Florida Exposure (5° South)Acrylic Clearcoat (Paraloid AU-946*/Desmodur ® N 3300**)20° Gloss89878583817977750 6 12 18 24 30 36K-FLEX 188Months in Florida* Dow Chemical Company, **Bayer Material ScienceAcrylic ControlK-FLEX polyester polyols have demonstrated excellentadhesion to many substrates including many plastics.K-FLEX 188, A307 and A308 were found to have excellentadhesion to Xenoy ® *, ABS, RIM, RRIM, SMC, PVC andpolycarbonate using both an HMMM crosslinker and HDIisocyanurate crosslinker.* Xenoy ® is a registered trademark of SABIC Innovative PlasticsK-FLEX polyester polyols have proven to be effectivein light stable cast elastomers where a combination ofoptical clarity and mechanicalproperties are sought. In additionto the mechanical propertiesshown in the table that follows,K-FLEX XM-359 offers excellentoptical clarity and transparency asshown in the photo to the left.K-FLEX XM-359Mechanical Properties - 1/4” Casting*K-FLEX/HDI Biuret (1:04:1.00 ratio)MechanicalPropertiesK-FLEXXM-337K-FLEXXM-359K-FLEXXM-332Tensile Strength*, psi(ASTM D 412)3,821 3,723 250Modulus*, psi(ASTM D 412)141,232 4,600 812Strain at max*, (%)(ASTM D 412)79 146 36Shore A**(ASTM D 2240)95+ 95+ 70Shore D**(ASTM D 2240)80 67 27* 1/4” Thick Casting, ** 5/8” Thick CastingFormulating With K-FLEX ModifiersK-FLEX polyesters and urethane diols can be added tothe grind or letdown with no special incorporation techniques.To formulate a high solids pigment grind theaddition of at least 5% of a high solids acrylic resin isrecommended in combination with a K-SPERSEdispersant.Isocyanate RatiosThe high hydroxyl number of K-FLEX products necessitatea careful calculation of the isocyanate ratio toassure complete crosslinking of the polyol hydroxylgroups. A NCO:OH ratio of 1.04:1.00 to 1.10:1.00 istypical. K-FLEX A307 has the lowest isocyanatedemand.Melamine RatioDue to the high hydroxyl number of K-FLEX modifiers(with the exception of A307), a ratio of K-FLEX / HMMMof 60 / 40 is normally recommended. This provides a1 / 1 equivalent of hydroxyl group to methylol group,assuming an equivalent weight of 160 g/eq for HMMM.Properties may be adjusted for higher hardness with alower K-FLEX / HMMM ratio or improved flexibility witha higher K-FLEX / HMMM ratio. K-FLEX A307 has alower crossliner demand and therefore does not requirethe higher levels of HMMM. Adjustments in melaminelevels should be made based on equivalent weights forother types of melamines (high imino, polymeric, etc…).

K-FLEX ® Urethane DiolsOHO OCN NCOOOHAdvantages In Waterborne CoatingsK-FLEX Urethane diols are low molecular weight (MW)diols with an aliphatic urethane backbone and a narrowMW distribution. They allow the formulation of highersolids, lower VOC waterborne (WB) coatings. They havebeen developed to help achieve VOC compliance with theadded benefit of improved film performance. Their lowmolecular weight provides a higher crosslink densityyielding harder films with greater exterior durability. Theurethane diols are useful in various industrial systems,such as:Amino crosslinked systems2-component polyurethanesBlocked IsocyanatesPrepolymer synthesisThe K-FLEX UD aliphatic urethane backbone providesexcellent hydrolytic stability. It also allows the incorporationof aliphatic urethane functionality without the use ofisocyanates.K-FLEX urethane diols are soluble in water and mostpolar organic solvents, in the absence of surfactants,neutralizing amines and co-solvents. They are notsoluble in more hydrophobic solvents like aliphatichydrocarbons or aromatics. However, varying levels ofhydrophobic solvents can be tolerated depending on thesolubility parameters of the other solvents present.Replace volatile co-solvents with anon-volatile reactive diolLower VOC (higher solids)Higher film build without an increase in viscosityImproved flow and levelingMore continuous film/higher glossImproved resistance propertiesHigher hardnessImproved wet adhesionImproved stain resistanceAnti-skinning thermoset dipLowering VOC’s In Waterborne SystemsK-FLEX UD-350W was used to replace 2-butoxyethanolco-solvent in a Joncryl 540 / HMMM white baking enamelat 5%, 10% and 15%. This co-solvent replacementresulted in significant VOC reductions, as can be seenbelow. (King Formulation UDW-12)VOC (lbs/gal)1. 81. 61. 41. 210.80.60.40.200 5 10 15% K-FLEX UD-350W M odification on TRSK-FLEX ® URETHANE DIOLSPRODUCT Composition On SolidsHydroxyl AcidNumber NumberViscosity25C (cPs)Attributes/UsesK-FLEXUD-350W88% ActiveUrethane DiolIn Water350 < 1 4,000Water soluble in absence of surfactants,amines and co-solvent. Higher solids, improvedflow, gloss, hardness and resistanceproperties. Also available as UD-320W.K-FLEXUD-32082% Active UrethaneDiol in PropyleneGlycol Mono-Methylether Acetate350

Performance In CoatingsWaterborne SystemsImproved Flow/Leveling & Higher GlossThe water solubility of the urethane diol provides improvedwetting over various substrates, as well as, improved flowand leveling. The end result is higher gloss waterbornecoatings, as can be seen below.HMMM Baking Enamels, Gloss ImprovementGloss 60º/20º, % Reflectance% K-FLEX UD-320W On TRSSolventborne & Solventless SystemsAdvantages In Solventborne andSolventless SystemsHigher solids (lower VOC)Higher hardnessImproved resistance to humidity, QUV andexterior exposureImproved resistance to solvents and chemicalsGreater viscosity stabilityK-FLEX ® URETHANE DIOLSSystem 0% 10% 15%Joncryl 540Acrylic Emulsion(King Formulation UDW-12)Kelsol 3961-B2G-75Chain Stopped Alkyd(King Formulation UDW-15)Acrysol WS-68Water Reducible Acrylic(King Formulation UDW-4)84/15 92/29 93/7391/65 94/76 —90/67 89/69 89/74Joncryl 540 - BASF Resins, Kelsol 3961-B2G-75 - Reichhold, Inc.Acrysol WS-68 - Dow ChemicalImproved Resistance PropertiesThe urethane backbone of the urethane diols providesexcellent hydrolytic stability for long term storage in waterborneformulations. This excellent hydrolytic stability alsoprovides improvements in the humidity, salt spray andboiling water resistance of fully crosslinked films. Theresults shown demonstrate these improvements for twowaterborne polyester/HMMM baking enamels.HMMM Crosslinked Baking Enamels Resistance Properties11% K-FLEX Modification On Total Resin SolidsSystemHumidityResistance(350 hrs)60º Gloss*Salt Spray(350 hrs)Blister/mmcreep**BoilingWaterResistance(1 hour)BlisterPerformance In Solventborne SystemsEven with low level K-FLEX UD-320 modification, adecrease of VOC is possible while boostingperformance of the overall formulationLow level modification of melamine crosslinked systemsresulted in harder films with improved QUV resistanceand exterior durability. Modification of 2-componentacrylic and polyester polyurethanes provided harder andmore flexible films with improved exterior durability.3 Years Florida Exposure (5° South)5% K-FLEX UD-320-100 Modification - Polyester Clearcoat Over White Basecoat20° Gloss95 190 185 180 175 170 165 10 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 27 30 36Months in FloridaPolymacWR 72-7203Water ReduciblePolyester(King FormulationUDW-16)Control 5 4D/2 8DUD-350W 59 4F/1 10K-FLEX UD-320-100ControlKelsol 301-W-39Water ReduciblePolyester(King FormulationUDW-17)Control 79 4D/10 6DUD-350W 82 4D/3 10* ASTM D 2247, ** ASTM B 177, D=Dense, F=Few, M=Medium,Blisters: 10 = no attack.Polymac 72-7203 - Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Kelsol 301-W-39 - Reichhold Inc.

K-FLEX ® Reactive DiluentsKey features include:K-FLEX XM-B301 and 7301 are low viscosity,acetoacetate functional reactive diluents with excellentcompatibility with a wide range of resins. They can beused in solvent based and solventless systems.Reduced induction time & faster cureExcellent adhesionImproved salt fog wet adhesionImproved humidity resistanceVOC and viscosity reductionElimination of solvent popping and pinholesFaster low temperature cure epoxy/amineThey are primarily recommended for use in 2-componentepoxy coatings and adhesives based on epoxy/polyamineand epoxy/polyamide hardened systems.PRODUCTK-FLEXXM-B301K-FLEX7301Composition100% ActiveReactive Diluent100% ActiveReactive DiluentK-FLEX XM-B301 PerformanceEquivalentWeight(Active Hydrogen)Viscosity25C (cPs)190 1,100 Most hydrophobic125K-FLEX XM-B301 was used to modify an epoxy polyamideformulation (King Formulation EAP-1). The studymonitored the effect on induction time, cure and potlife,as well as film properties. A summary can be found in thetables which follow.% Modificationon Total Resin SolidsK-FLEX XM-B301 Effect On CureEpoxy/Polyamide ModificationControl0% 3% 6%Induction Time (mins) to goodappearance 90 40 40Time to Double Viscosity (hrs) 5 3 2*Surface Dry Time (hours) 9.8 7.2 4.2Effect On Film PropertiesKnoop Hardness 22.6 15.0 17.9Impact Strength (in./ lbs)Forward/reverse 40/5 50/10 50/20Salt Fog (mm creep)Cold Rolled Steel, 350 Hrs.Galvanized, 672 Hrs.1310* Pot life could be extended with the use of ketones.12483Attributes/Uses150 Lower viscosity and lighter color.Solventless 2K Epoxy AdhesiveXM-B301 has demonstrated the following advantages ina solventless 2K epoxy adhesive formulation (KingFormulation EAP-4).Control With 10%XM-B301Improved lap shear strength to metallic andnon-metallic substratesFaster bond strength developmentLap Shear Strength, psi - 2.5% ModificationSubstrate Control + 2.5% K-FLEX B-301Cast Iron 816 1739Polished Steel 1593 1974Copper 1073 1662ABS 350 892Styrene 434 695Bond Strength Development, psiSalt Fog& Wet AdhesionA Solventless Epoxy/AmineSystem - shows improvedsalt spray fog protectionfrom a 10% K-FLEXXM-B301 modification. Inaddition to improved salt spray, humidity resistance andwet adhesion, the K-FLEX XM-B301 modificationallowed for a faster low temperature (5°C) cure. (KingFormulation EAP-2)4 hours 939 139724 hours 943 1375K-FLEX ® REACTIVE DILUENTSPages 23 & 24

APPLICATION - QUICK REFERENCE CHARTSYSTEM KEY (Font Color)Solvent Based 100% Solids Waterborne Powder UVAPPLICATIONS (A-I)Adhesives Aerospace Appliances AutomotivePrimersNACURE ® & K-CURE ® CATALYSTS1040, 1551040W, 155, 35251051, 1323, 1953X49-110, 3525X49-110, 3525155, 3525, X49-110K-PURE ® CATALYSTSCXC-1615,1612,1614,1612 &1614 CXC-1615, CXC-1612K-KAT ® CATALYSTSXC-B221, XK-604XK-614, 62125218, XC-B221,XK-614, 6212XK-635, XK-639XK-635, XK-639XK-635, 6212XK-614, 6212K-FLEX ® POLYESTER POLYOLS148, A307, XM-366188, A308188, A307, XM-366188, A308,188, A307, XM-332188, A308188, A307, XM-366188, A308K-FLEX ® URETHANE DIOLS & SPECIALTIES7301, XM-B301, UD-350W,XM-B3017301, XM-B301 320, 320-100350W320320W, 350WK-STAY ® RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS 730, 740 501, 511, 555 501, 730K-SPERSE ® DISPERSANTS A503, A504, 5100 152, A503, 6501 152, A503NACORR ® CORROSION INHIBITORSDISPARLON ® THIXOTROPES6100, 6200, 6300, 6100, 620063006900-20X, PFA-2311151, 1552, 1352, 165264021552, 11511352, 1652AQ-600, AQ-607, AQH-800DISPARLON ® DEFOAMERS UVX-188, 189,190 OX-60, OX-70 1970, LAP -10 AQ-501, AQ-7533DISPARLON ® DISPERSIANTSDA-325, KS-873 KS-873 KS-873DISPARLON ® LEVELING AGENTSLCN-400, L-1980, L-1984 LCN 400, L-1984 LHP-91, LHP-95, NSH-8430HFAQ-7120,APPLICATIONS (I-Z)InksMaintenanceMarineMetal DecoratingPaperNACURE ® & K-CURE ® CATALYSTS155, 1051155, 3525, 1040W1040, 155, 3525 X49-110, 155, 1040155, 3525, 1040WK-PURE ® CATALYSTSCXC-1615, CXC-1612CXC-1615CXC-1615, CXC-1612CXC-1615K-KAT ® CATALYSTSXC-B221, XK-614XK-614, 62125218, 4205, XK-635XK-614, 6212XK-635, XK-639XK-635, XK-639K-FLEX ®POLYESTER POLYOLS188, A307, XM-337,188, A308188, XM-366, XM-337188, XM-366188, A307, XM-366188, A308188, A308, XM-366188, A308K-FLEX ® URETHANE DIOLS & SPECIALTIES320-100350W7301, XM-B301 320350W320, 320-100350WK-STAY ® RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS 501, 511, 555, 730 730K-SPERSE ® DISPERSANTS 131, 152, A504 152, A503 152, A503, 6501 A504NACORR ® CORROSION INHIBITORS1151, 1552, 1352, 1652 1151,1552, 1352, 16526402DISPARLON ® THIXOTROPES6900-20X,AQ-607, AQ-610, AQH-800F-9030, 6300, 6500, 6650AQ-607, AQ-6106900-20X, PFA-231DISPARLON ® DEFOAMERSOX-60, OX-70LAP-10, LAP-20UVX-188,189,190DISPARLON ® DISPERSANTSAQ-320, AQ-330, AQ-340,AQ-380DA-325DISPARLON ® LEVELING AGENTSLS-430, AQ-7120 L-1983, L-1984 LCN-400, L-1984PL 545, UVX 35,36

While not all inclusive, this quick reference chart has been designed to offer starting point product choices by application,solvent based systems (font-black), solventless (font-green), waterborne (font-blue), powder (font-brown) and UV (fontpurple).Please refer to each product section for additional choices, systems and selection criteria.AutomotiveBasecoat/TopcoatCan Coil (PCM) E-Coat Elastomers/Foam General Industrial5225, 5528, 2500, 35252500, 5225, 25475076, 5925, 155, 35252500, 2558, 35251323, 1419, 1953, 2107,XC-194K, 2500, X49-110, 35251051, NACORR 1552Acrylic Anodic2500, 155, X49-1102547, 2500, X49-110, 3525CXC-1615, CXC-1612CXC-1615,CXC-1612, CXC-1615XK-635, XC-B221XK-614, 6212XK-635XK-614XK-635, XK-639XK-635, XK-639XK-604, XK-618XK-635, 5218, XC-B221XK-614, 6212XM-359, A308, XM-366188, A308188, A307, XM-366188, A308188, A307, XM-337188, A308188, XM-332, XM-337148,188, A308188, A308, XM-332188, A308188, XM-366, XM-337188, A308320320W, 350W320,350W320350W320350W501, 511, 555 501, 511, 555, 730A503, A504 152, A503 A504 152, A503, 5100, 65011352, 1552 1352, 1552 1151, 1552, 1352, 165264026900-20X, PFA-231, NS-5500AQ-600, AQ-607, AQH-8006100, 6200 6900-20X, PFA-231, AQ-600,AQ-607, AQH-800, 6100, 6200OX-60, OX-750HF, OX-883HF LAP -10 OX-60, OX-70 OX-60,OX-70, LCN-400UVX188,189,190DA-325, AQ-320, AQ-330,AQ-340, AQ-380LHP-91, LHP-95, AQ-7120PL-545LCN 400, L-1984DA-325, KS-873, AQ-340, AQ-380LCN-400, L & LAP Series,AQ-7120, PL 545Prepolymers Refinish Resin Synthesis Sealants Stain/Varnishes Wood155, 1040155, 1040W1040, 1551040W, 1552500, 5225, 40002547, 155, 8924CXC-1612, CXC-1614CXC-1612, CXC-17566212, XC-B2216212, XK-6144205, 5218, XK-635XK-614, 62126212, XC-B2216212, XK-614XC-B221, XK-604XC-B221, XK-604XK-614, 6212188, A308, XM-332188, A308188, A307, XM-366188, XM-366188, A308, XM-366 A307, A308, A307, A308 188, XM-366, XM-337188, A308320-100320-100XM-B301, 7301 320-100 A307, A308 320, 320-100320W, 350W501, 511, 555A503, A504 152, A5031151, 15521352, 16526900-20X, PFA-231, NS-5500AQH-8006500, 6200, 63006100A671-EZ, NS-5500, 670-20MAQ-607, AQ-610, AQH-800A671-EZ, NS-5500, 670-20MAQ-607, AQ-610, AQH-800OX-60,OX-70, LCN-400UVX188,189,1901958 1958, LAP-10, LAP-20, LAP-30LHP 90, 95UVX 35,36UVX 35,36 LHP Series, L-1984UVX 35,36

K-PURE ® Catalysts for Epoxy SystemsK-PURE ® CATALYSTS FOR EPOXY SYSTEMSK-PURE CXC Catalysts for epoxy/hydroxyl and anhydridesystems are most commonly used in solvent lesssystems.K-PURE CXC-1612 and CXC-1614These catalysts are based on super acids, hexafluoroantimonateor triflic acid and can be used in conjunction withcycloaliphatic epoxies, glycidyl ester and glycidyl etherresins.Polymerization of the epoxy resin occurs via a cationicmechanism, thus allowing co-polymerization with hydroxyl,lactone, oxetane or vinyl functional groups.PerformanceCycloaliphatic DiepoxideDSC Ramp - 5°C per minuteHeat Flow, W/g43.532.521.510.5CXC-1612 CXC-1614 CXC-16150-0.50 50 100 150 200TemperatureEffect of CXC-1612 Concentrationon Glass Transition TemperatureBADGE (Bisphenol-A diglycidylether) Cure: 1 HourGlass Transition, °C2001801601401201008060402000 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2Temperature:CXC-1612 Concentration, %100°C 120°C 177°COne component, high solids or solvent less systems forhigh speed or low temperature applications can beobtained using this technology.The unique blocking group under goes a chemicalre-arrangement upon activation, that eliminates anyvolatile components to be generated during cure.Additional OfferingsKing offers additional catalysts for epoxy systems under itsK-PURE ® tradename. Found on King’s web site, this familyof catalysts developed for the electronics industry includesnon-antimony catalysts with higher activation temperaturesand higher purity.BADGE/MHHPA Case StudyCast parts with BDMA, CXC-1756 and 2,4-EMI cured:1 hr ,100ºC (demold) + 1 hr, 120ºC + 3 hrs, 180ºCCast parts with CXC-1765 cured:1 hr ,120ºC (demold) + 1 hr, 140ºC + 3 hrs, 180ºCCatalyst/CurativeBDMAK-PURECXC-1756K-PURECXC-17652,4-EMI% by Weight 2 1 3 0.5Shore D 80 82 80 80DSC Onset Point, 96°C 119°C 134°C 122°CStability Daysat 25°C2 5 10 3Tg, °C Mechanical 140.5 147.8 139.1 155.8Flexural TestingModulus, PSI 327,00 323,000 372,000 242,000Strength, PSI 14,500 12,000 15,000 12,000Water Immersion47 Daysweight gainColor Comparison1/4” CastingsCast inAluminum Mold1.6 1.6 2.1 1.50.5% CXC-1765 0.5% EMIMore K-PURE ® product information can be obtained by contacting King Industries Specialty Markets Group

Catalyst Selection for Epoxy SystemsAcidAnhydrideEpoxy orHydroxylK-PURE ® CXC-1765Cure 130°C

NACORR ® Rust & Corrosion InhibitorsMechanismNACORR ® RUST & CORROSION INHIBITORSIntroductionKing Industries’ NACORR ® Rust & Corrosion Inhibitorsprovide formulators the means to impart corrosion resistanceto aqueous, non-aqueous and powder systems.NACORR can be used as the primary corrosion inhibitoror in combination with environmentally friendly anticorrosivepigments. They are compatible with a wide varietyof resins used in primers and direct to metal topcoatsfor a multitude of industrial applications. Benefits include:Improved corrosion protection in clearcoats andhighly pigmented systemsLiquid materials make for easier incorporationSynergy with anti-corrosive pigments to replacechromates and other environmentallyunacceptable anti-corrosive pigmentsImproved pigment dispersion and gloss whenadded to the pigment grind (for solventbornecoatings)Enhanced cure rates of amino crosslinkedsystems, especially with NACORR 1552 (zinc salt)NACORR's are metal or amine salts of a hydrophobicsulfonic acid. They are available in different solvents toaccommodate the broad range of coating technologiescurrently used. Standard solvents are Mineral Spirits or2-Butoxyethanol.NACORR Selection Chart by SystemWATERBORNEThe NACORR molecules have a polar metal sulfonategroup and a long hydrophobic tail. The NACORR productsprevent corrosion by two distinct mechanismsincluding: Polar metal sulfonate is attracted to the metal substratewhere it helps to electrically passivate any potentialanodic sites The hydrophobic tail is oriented outward away fromthe metal substrate, excluding water from any potentialanodic sites. This eliminates the electrolyte, one of the 4required elements for corrosion (anode, cathode, conductorand electrolyte)Hydrophobic Barrier LayerCreated by NACORRMetal SubstrateSOLVENTBORNEAnodePOWDERCoatingNACORR 1352General PurposeAlkyd & UrethaneNACORR 1151Best CorrosionPerformanceNACORR 6402Urethane PolyesterCementitious productsNACORR 4426EmulsionsNACORR 1652Improved CompatibilityWith WaterNACORR 1754Metal-freeNACORR 1652Synergy With HeavyMetal FreePigmentsNACORR 1552Best Synergy WithZinc AnticorrosivePigments

PRODUCT Sulfonate Solvent %ActiveAttributes/UsesNACORR1151NACORR1352Barium Mineral Spirits 50 Best compatibility in solvent based systems. Best for low pHsystemsCalcium 2-Butoxyethanol 50 Excellent in waterborne applications.NACORR1552*NACORR1652NACORR1754NACORR4426NACORR6402Zinc 2-Butoxyethanol 50 Excellent adhesion. Excellent for solvent based primers. Catalyticin amino systems.Magnesium 2-Butoxyethanol 50 Hardest films in thermoset coatings.AmineSodium2-Butoxyethanoln-Butyl AlcoholComplexPolymer/Water35 Excellent compatibility on water based systems. Effective onsteel, galvanized steel and aluminum.NAExcellent in water based emulsion systems. Effective on steel,galvanized steel and aluminum.Calcium N/A 50 Free flowing powder for easy incorporation. Silica carrier, especiallydesigned for powder coatings.* NACORR 1552 is an excellent catalyst and corrosion inhibitor for anodic acrylic electrocoating.NACORR liquid organic corrosion inhibitors provideimproved corrosion resistance alone in coatings formulations.They allow the formulation of anticorrosivesystems without anticorrosive pigments as may berequired for high gloss direct to metal topcoats andclearcoats.Performance - Waterborne SystemsControl NACORR 1151 NACORR 1352 NACORR 1652NACORR PerformanceThis formulation is indicative of the level of performancethat can be achieved in the salt fog exposure testusing 3% (on total formulation weight) NACORR 6402in a hybrid polyester/urethane powder system. (KingFormulation CI-301)500 HoursSalt Fog Exposure(ASTM B 117-90)Cold RolledSteelPerformance - Powder SystemsControl + 3% NACORR 6402NACORR ® RUST & CORROSION INHIBITORSIn the above air dry alkyd water reducible systems, anoticeable improvement in salt spray resistance overiron phosphated steel was shown with the addition of2% NACORR liquid corrosion inhibitors.Pages 29 & 30

NACORR Synergy With Anti-corrosive PigmentsTo achieve the level of corrosion resistance found withchromates and other environmentally unacceptable anticorrosivepigments, the NACORR products are oftenused synergistically with more environmentally friendlyanti-corrosive pigments.Please find below a table of King Industries, Inc. formulationsdemonstrating synergy with a wide variety of commonlyused anti-corrosive pigments, including; borates,phosphosilicates and phosphates.NACORR ® RUST & CORROSION INHIBITORSFORMULATION System Type Synergy With NACORRCI-101 WB Acrylic Primer Halox ® SZP-391 (strontium zinc phosphosilicate) 1351 & 1651CI-102 WB Acrylic Primer Halox ® SW-111 (strontium phosphosilicate) 1651 & 1652CI-103 WB Acrylic Primer Boroguard ® ZB (zinc borate) 1351 & 1651CI-104 WB Acrylic Primer Busan ® 11M-1 (barium metaborate) 1351 & 1651CI-106 WB Acrylic Primer Nalzin ® 2 (zinc hydroxy phosphate) 1754CI-107 WB Acrylic Primer Wacor ® ZBP-M (borate modified zinc phosphate) 1651CI-108 WR Alkyd Topcoat Nalzin ® 2 (zinc hydroxy phosphate) 1352 & 1754CI-109 WR Alkyd Primer Novinox ® PZ-02 (zinc phosphate) 1552CI-110 WR Epoxy Ester Primer Heucophos ® ZPA (zinc aluminum phosphate hydrate) 1754CI-112WB PolyurethanePrimerHeucophos ® ZZMP (zinc molybdenum phosphate hydrate) 1352 & 1552CI-113 WR Alkyd Primer Halox ® SW-111 (strontium phosphosilicate) 1151 & 1651CI-120 WB Acrylic Primer Heucophos ® ZBZ (basic zinc phosphate silicate hydrate) 1352, 1552 & 1652CI-121 WB Acrylic Primer Heucophos ® ZPZ (basic zinc phosphate hydrate) 1352, 1552 & 1652CI-201HS Chain StoppedAlkydWacor ® ZBP-M (borate modified zinc phosphate) 1352, 1652CI-206 Polyester/HMMM Coil Shieldex ® AC-3 (calcium ion exchanged silica gel) 1551 & 1754CI-207 Polyester OEM Primer Halox ® SZP-391 (strontium zinc phosphosilicate) 1351Performance - Synergy With Anti-corrosive Pigments In Waterborne SystemsKing Formulation CI-102 demonstrates the synergisticeffect of NACORR 1652 with a strontium phosphosilicatein a waterborne air dry acrylic primer. Please note theimproved corrosion resistance of the anti-corrosive pigmentcompared to the control. The use of NACORR1652 in synergy with the anti-corrosive pigment provideda significant improvement in the corrosion resistance.WB Acrylic Primer - 500 Hours Salt SpryStrontium Phosphosilicate & NACORR 1652ControlStrontiumPhosphosilicateStrontium Phosphosilicate& 2% NACORR 1652

Performance - Synergy With Anti-Corrosive Pigments In Solvent Based SystemsThe photos to the right demonstrate the improvementin wet adhesion of the salt spray panels whenNACORR 1352 is combined with the anti-corrosivepigment in a solvent based chain stopped TOFA air dryalkyd primer. The NACORR liquid organic corrosioninhibitor was added at a 2% level as supplied on totalformulation weight.Synergy - Air Dry Alkyd PrimerNACORR 1352 and Calcium/Zinc Phospho-molybdateUse Levels & IncorporationGenerally, addition levels of 1-3% based on total weight of the paint are effective in enhancing corrosion protection. Dueto the polarity of the metal sulfonate, highly pigmented systems or pigments with high surface areas may require higherlevels of NACORR. This is due to the affinity of NACORR for the pigment surface. If active pigments are reduced oreliminated, they should be replaced with inert pigments to maintain solids and critical pigment volume concentrations.The NACORR products are based on a variety of different metal salts. The NACORR metal salts appear to be verysystem specific. Some work better than others, depending on the resin system, type of anti-corrosive pigment, andother formulation components. It is best to evaluate several of the NACORR products in your formulation to find the bestperforming product. Once a product is selected, it can be optimized by conducting a ladder study to determine a uselevel that best meets your performance needs.SYSTEMSolvent BasedWater ReducibleWith Water In Mill BaseNo Water In Mill BaseEmulsions, Colloids & DispersionsNo Co-solventsWith Co-solventsIncorporation MethodCan be post added with mild agitation or added to mill base.If possible, remove water from base and add it to the letdown. Otherwise post-add under high agitation.Add 0.5 -1.0% to mill base by premixing the NACORR, solvent and resin prior to pigment. Add balance toletdown prior to any water additionPost-add under high agitation during letdown prior to any water additionPremix with coalescing solvent prior to addition. A typical ratio of 1:1 is recommended. Next add mixtureunder high agitation prior to any water addition.With Co-solvents & Amines Premix with coalescent and amine. Add under high agitation prior to any water. A typical starting ratio forpremix: 50% Nacorr, 45% coalescent and 5% amine by weight.ControlKing Formulation (CI-201)+ Calcium/ZincPhospho-molybdate+ NACORR 1352NACORR ® RUST & CORROSION INHIBITORSPowderDry blend with the premix at 1% to 3% based on total weight.Pages 31 & 32

K-SPERSE ® Dispersants for Non-Aqueous SystemsK-SPERSE Powder Dispersants – These monomericdispersants supplied in powder form were developed fordispersing pigments into powder coatings and othersolventless systems. Advantages include:K-SPERSE ® DISPERSANTSK-SPERSE additives are highly effective amine freedispersing agents for organic and inorganic pigmentsused in non-aqueous and solvent-free coatings and inks.They can be categorized into three distinct groups:K-SPERSE Liquid Monomeric Dispersants – Theseliquid products were designed as cost effective dispersantsin a wide variety of formulations. They can beutilized with a broad range of resins including acrylics,alkyds, bitumen, epoxies, polyesters and polyurethanes.K-SPERSE 152 can be used with commercial polymericdispersants that require the use of a synergist.Advantages include: Widest range of solubility (alcohols to aliphatichydrocarbons) Low dosage – highest pigment loading Highly efficient dispersing TiO 2 Better color development and gloss Fast dispersion time Hydrophobic - Not moisture sensitiveK-SPERSE Selection ChartORGANIC PIGMENTSEase of use – free flowing powderImproved hiding power at low film thicknessLow costK-SPERSE Polymeric Dispersants – These liquidpolymeric dispersants were developed as dispersants for“hard-to-disperse” organic and carbon black pigmentsused in solventborne and solvent free liquid formulations.Best jettness with carbon blackSimplicity of use - no need for synergistNo effect on cure of amino resins orisocyanates – amine freeORGANIC & INORGANIC PIGMENTSand FILLERSPOLYMERICDISPERSANTSMONOMERIC DISPERSANTSSolventborne SystemsSolventless SystemsK-SPERSE 5100Epoxies and PolyestersK-SPERSE A503General PurposePolyesters and AcrylicsK-SPERSE 152General PurposeK-SPERSE 6501General PurposeK-SPERSE A504Solventless SystemsK-SPERSE 131Zinc-free,No catalytic effect

PRODUCTComposition%Activelbs./gal.Attributes/UsesMonomeric DispersantsK-SPERSE131Calcium SulfonateMineral Spirits 50 7.7Use in formulas containing driers/accelerators includingalkyds, urethanes and epoxiesK-SPERSE152Zinc Sulfonate2-Butoxyethanol50 8.3General purpose. Can be used at 1/3 to 1/2 the level oftypical commercial dispersants. Synergist for competitivepolymeric dispersants.K-SPERSE152/MSZinc SulfonateMineral Spirits 50 7.9Mineral spirits version of K-Sperse 152.Powder DispersantsK-SPERSE6501Zinc SulfonatePrecipitated Silica 55 N/AFree flowing powder developed specifically for powder andsolvent-free systems.Polymeric DispersantsK-SPERSEA503K-SPERSEA504K-SPERSE5100High EfficiencyPolymeric DispersantButyl Acetate 40 7.9PolymericDispersant 100 8.5Polymeric Wetting& Dispersing Agent 100 9.4K Sperse monomeric products are designed for use innon aqueous systems. These easy to use liquid productsare effective at 50 to 75% lower loading than otherdispersants. They are particularly efficient at dispersingTiO2 and iron oxides.The table below shows the typical K-Sperse 152 uselevels compared to other dispersants based on themanufacturers’ recommendations.General purpose for use in solvent based coatings, inksand pigment concentrates.For use in 100% solids formulations including coatings,inks, pigment concentrates and plasticsSolvent-free dispersant for epoxy and polyester systems.Better Color DevelopmentK-SPERE PerformanceHigher color strength can be obtained with the use ofK-Sperse 132 & 152. Black dispersions were preparedusing K-Sperse 152, a polymeric dispersant and anamphoteric dispersant to tint a white base to determinethe color strength developed by each after milling for 8hours in a steel ball mill.K-SPERSE ® DISPERSANTSComparison: Weight % on PigmentPigmentK-Sperse152OtherDispersants*Phthalo Blue 3.5% 10 - 33%TransparentIron Oxide5% 7 - 30%Iron Oxide 1.5% 2.5%Chromopthal Red 8% 12-15%Titanium Dioxide 0.6% 1.2%Carbon BlackFurnace Black 7 - 35% 100%Channel Black 7% 17 - 100%* Hyperdispersant, Polymeric and AmphotericK-SPERSE 152 Polymeric Disp. B Amphoteric Disp. AK-Sperse 152 – Synergist and Catalytic EffectsK-Sperse 152 is very effective as a synergist with polymericdispersants to optimize carbon black and red shade phtaloblue dispersions.Formulators should be aware of a possible catalytic effectwith K-Sperse 152. The zinc in K-Sperse 152 maycomplex with the driers and accelerators used in airoxidized paints. K-Sperse 152 can also contribute to thecure response in thermoset HMMM systems. K-Sperse131/132 should be used in place of K-Sperse 152 to avoidthese catalytic effects.Pages 33 & 34

K-SPERSE Powder ProductsK-Sperse 6501 Powder ProductK-SPERSE 6501 demonstrates similar performance tothe liquid monomerics and should be added at thepre-mix stage of production typically at 1 to 10% assupplied on total pigment weight.K-SPERSE Polymeric PerformanceK-Sperse Polymeric Dispersants PerformanceThe accompanying photograph shows a comparison ofcolor development after 4 hours of mixing. A Quinacridonered pigment dispersion was added to a white tint base inorder to compare the color development between thevarious dispersants.K-SPERSE ® DISPERSANTSK-SPERSE Polymeric DispersantsK-Sperse Polymeric DispersantsK -Sperse A503 and A504 are acid functional (aminefree) dispersants that do not require a synergist assome commercial polymeric dispersants do. K- SperseA503 is a good general purpose dispersant for organicpigments, and was designed to provide optimumjettness of carbon blacks and simplicity of use.K -Sperse A504 was designed for solventless systems.Advantages include:Best jettness with carbon blackIncreased potlife in 2K urethanesSmall effect on melamine cure ratesExcellent flood float resistanceK-Sperse 5100K-SPERSE 5100 is a solvent free dispersing agent forsolventborne and solvent free systems. It is particularlyeffective in 100% solids epoxy systems. This lowmolecular weight polymer contains hydroxyl andcarboxyl functionality and is recommended for bothorganic and inorganic pigments/fillers. It can be used asthe sole dispersing resin or as a modifier for resins withpoor wetting characteristics.The graph below demonstrates the effectiveness ofK-SPERSE 5100 to disperse white and black pigmentsin a 100% solids, epoxy resin.The pigment to binder ratio was: White: 1:1, Black: 7:1.K-Sperse levels were at 5% on pigment for the TiO 2 and50% for the black.Disp.A-1K-SPA503Disp.BExcellent Flood/Float ResistanceFast ColorDevelopmentThe test results asevidenced in the photographto the left show thatK-SPERSE A503 (center)provides faster colordevelopment.When tested in a gray melamine baking system,K-SPERSE A503 provided excellent flood/float resistancewhen compared to three competitive dispersants.Gray Melamine Baking SystemDisp. A-1K-SPERSEA503Disp. A-2Disp. B100001000Control K-5100Viscosity, cPs100101TiO2 (R960) TiO2 (R900) Lamp Black

K-STAY ® Rheology ModifiersThe 700 Series - based on Hydrophobically ModifiedEthoxylated Urethane Associative Thickeners (HEUR) forwaterborne systems, offeringK-STAY rheology modifiers are available for bothsolvent-borne and waterborne coatings. Specifically:The K-STAY 500 Series - based on unique sulfonatetechnology for non-aqueous pigmented systems, offering:Excellent sag controlZero VOC’sEase of incorporationPseudoplastic profileLiquid and 100% solid free flowing powderproductsExcellent anti-sag and pigment suspensionHigh efficiency - low use levelsHigh glossEase of use - pourable liquidsEffectiveness in a wide range of resin systemsProduct Selection ChartSolvent Based SystemsK-STAY 555General PurposeK-STAY 501Most VersatileK-STAY 511Low Dosage with TiO2, highgloss in urethanesPRODUCT Composition %ActiveTreatLevelsBoth series offer shear thinning capabilities for spray, dip,roller or brush application.Liquid ProductK-STAY 730Liquid HEURPaint, Caulk andSealantsWaterborne SystemsAttributes/UsesPowder ProductK-STAY 740Powder HEURPaint, Caulk andSealantsK-STAY ® RHEOLOGY MODIFIERSFor Solvent-borne SystemsK-STAY501Overbased CalciumSulfonateLight Aromatic Naphtha50 1 - 5%For solvent-borne systems, including polyester/melamine, acrylic/melamine, alkyd/melamine,2K urethanes and epoxiesK-STAY511K-STAY555SulfonateLight Aromatic NaphthaOverbased CalciumSulfonate/LightAromatic Naphtha - MS50 1 - 5% Ultra high efficiency in TiO2 containing paints.Excellent gloss in urethane formulations.57 1 - 5% General purpose anti-sag and anti-settling forsolvent-borne systems. Economical, efficient andeasy to use.K-STAY730K-STAY740HEUR* ThickenerWaterAssociative Thickeners For Waterborne Systems50 0.5 - 4% High shear thinning, used to increase low andmedium shear viscosity. Well suited for high filmbuild, spray applied applications.HEUR Thickener 100 0.2 - 1% Supplied as solid free flowing powder. Shearthinning, provides increase to low and medium shearrate viscosities. Easy to handle.Pages 35 & 36* HEUR - Hydrophobically Modified Ethoxylated Urethane Thickener

K-STAY 500 Seriesfor Pigmented Solventborne SystemsThe K-STAY 500 Series are used in pigmented solventbornecoatings based on a variety of resin systemsincluding acrylics, alkyds, epoxies, polyester andurethanes.Unlike some rheologymodifiers, the K-STAY500 Series products arepourable liquids forease of use in theproduction process.As demonstrated in the performance examples thatfollow, specific products within the 500 Series impart:Excellent gloss retentionExcellent intercoat adhesionImproved thermal sag resistanceK-STAY ® RHEOLOGY MODIFIERSK-STAY 501 PerformanceK-STAY 501 was evaluatedagainst other common rheologymodifiers in a polyestermelamine bake coating at theirrecommended use levels .TheK-STAY 501 modified coatinghad the best gloss and bestsag resistance. Performanceis shown in the table to theright.K-STAY 511 PerformanceSag ResistancePerformance CriteriaK-STAY501OrganoClayOxidizedPolyethyleneFumedSilicaUse level, % 1 1 2 1Sag, 350°C 6 mil 3 mil 1.5 mil 1.5 mil60° Gloss 93 44 88 47Brookfield Viscosity6 rpm, cPsBrookfield Viscosity60 rpm, cPsShear Thinning Index -STI 6/60The photo on the left shows, the sagresistance achieved with the additionof 0.5% K-STAY 511 in a 2K Urethane.As shown to the right, the addition didnot adversely impact gloss as someother types of rheology modifiers areknown to do.1800 440 360 940530 250 270 3703.4 1.8 1.3 2.5Gloss RetentionControl 0.5% K-STAY 511Control K-STAY 511

K-STAY 555 PerformanceAs shown in the photos to the left,K-STAY 555 at a 2% dosage levelprovided effective sag control at a10 mils film thickness of a 2KAcrylic/Urethane white marinetopcoat over a heavy duty, marine2K gray epoxy primer.Gray Primer1st Topcoat20° Gloss 90.460° Gloss 96.3Without K-STAY 555 With 2% K-STAY 555The graph below illustrates the rheological profiles of theK-STAY 700 Series for waterborne systems. The bottombrown line represents the control formulation.As shown, adding a low to medium shear thickener(K-STAY 740) provides some shear thinning and issuitable for coatings applications i.e. roll, brush or dip.Adding a high shear thinning modifier (K-STAY 730)provides excellent spray properties.ViscosityK-STAY 700 SeriesRheology ProfilesK-STAY 730 - for spray applicationsK-STAY 740 - for roll, dip,flow and brush applicationsThe photo to the right, shows after2 coats of the white topcoat, 100%crosshatch adhesion was maintained.Additionally, good glosswas retained.K-STAY 730K-STAY 700 Seriesfor Waterborne SystemsK-STAY 730 is a zero VOC, Hydrophobically modifiedurethane thickener with pseudoplastic characteristics.It is ideally suited for high film build, spray appliedformulations.K-STAY 740K-STAY 740 is 100% solids free flowing powder. Itcomplies with FDA 21 CFR 175.105 (indirect contact suchas adhesives for food packaging) and 175.300 for directcontact coatings. It is ideal for use in paints, caulks andsealants.Incorporation2nd Topcoat20° Gloss 83.760° Gloss 95.5K-STAY 730 can be added in grind or let-down wherepredilution with water will ease incorporation.K-STAY 740 can be added directly to the pigment grind. Ifpost-added, it is recommended to prepare a pourable gelprior to addition.K-STAY ® RHEOLOGY MODIFIERSControlShear RatePages 37 & 38

DEOLINK ® Silanes & DEOGRIP ® AdditivesDEOLINK ® SILANES & DEOGRIP ADDITIVESIntroduction to D.O.GKing is proud to represent D.O.G - Deutsche Oelfabrik ofHamburg, Germany in North America for the technicalsales of their products for coatings including DEOLINKsilanes and DEOGRIP additives for anti-slip and soft-feelcoatings.DEOLINK SilanesDeolink ® Silanes form a covalent bond or molecularbridge between the organic polymer and the inorganicsubstrate. Adhesion between the coating and the substrateis particularly strong displaying a wide variety of improvementson the physical properties of your coating.The product listings below are merely representative andnot all inclusive of D.O.G performance products, Kinghas to offer.Please visit our web site, www.kingindustries.comor contact your King representative for additionalproducts and information.Specific Advantages: Increased adhesion Improved scratch resistance Increased abrasion resistance Permanent chemical bond of the filler tothe polymer Reduced filler agglomerates Non Yellowing100% ACTIVE - LIQUID SILANES 50% ACTIVE - DRY PELLETIZED SILANESAminoTE-100Ethoxy Silane3-AminopropyltriethoxysilaneLIQUID SILANEPRODUCTSEpoxyTM-100Methoxy Silane[3-(2,3-Epoxypropoxy)propyl]trimethoxysilaneDeolink AminoTE-100Deolink AminoTM-100Epoxy TEEthoxy SilaneWax CarrierDeolink EpoxyTE-100Amino TEEthoxy SilaneWax CarrierDeolink EpoxyTM-1001K PUSolvent / Water 2K PUSolvent / Water PURDispersion Epoxy ResinWaterborne Epoxy ResinSolvent Epoxy ResinBaking Enamel PowderCoatingsDeolink MXBlocked Mercapto SilaneWax CarrierPRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS BY SYSTEM TYPE: Excellent GoodDry SilanesAs AboveDEOGRIP Micro S - Matting /Anti-slip/skid AdditiveDEOLINK Micro S is a matting and antislip agent forsolvent based systems that can be used to create asoft-touch feel while providing a good grip.Based on a radically modified castor oil, DEOGRIPMicro S is typically used at 5 to 15% range to obtain theaforementioned effects.

DISPARLON ® Additivesfor Surface Control and ThixotropyThe Disparlon trade name is applied to a series offunctional additives used in paint, ink, adhesive andsealant markets worldwide. Major product types include,thixotropes, dispersants and surface control agents.Originally designed for solvent systems, the Disparlon linehas expanded in recent years to include high performanceadditives used in aqueous, powder and uv systems.IntroductionDisparlon thixotropes offer today’s formulators a widechoice of unique products for conventional, high solidsand aqueous coatings, as well as specialty additives forinks, adhesives, gel-coats, sealants and caulks. Theirprimary advantages over other types of thixotropes(organo-clay, castor wax or fumed silica) are:Superior shear thinningNon-seedingMaximum anti-sagging/anti-settlingExcellent stability on agingSuperior performance in high gloss systemsDisparlon anti-sag and anti-settling agents can becharacterized into two functional types:NON-PIGMENT DEPENDENT - These types ofthixotropes, which include polyamide powders andDisparlon additives are manufactured by KusumotoChemicals Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan. Through a technologypartnership spanning over three decades, King Industries,Inc. serves as exclusive sales, technical service andmarketing arm in North and South America.DISPARLON ® Thixotropespastes function by forming a three dimensional network.Since these thixotropes are non-associative by nature,they do not require the presence of pigments or fillers tofunction. These thixotropes can be used in pigmented orclear systems.PIGMENT DEPENDENT - These products are dependenton the type and level of pigment in the formulation, sincethey adsorb onto pigment surfaces to provide thickeningefficiency.Also included in the pigment dependent type are“Hybrids”, polyamide waxes that are coated with pigmentdependent polyethylene waxes. These “Hybrids” offerexcellent pigment suspension plus sag control..DISPARLON ® ADDITIVESTypes Of ThixotropesNON-PIGMENT DEPENDENT TYPEMagnification of Disparlon 6900-20Xunder an electron microscope, illustrativeof polyamide based thixotropes.PIGMENT DEPENDENT TYPEMagnification of Disparlon 4200-10 under anelectron microscope showing oxidized polyolefinparticles that will absorb on the surfaceof pigments and other thixotropes.“HYBRID” PIGMENT DEPENDENTMagnification of Disparlon NS-30under an electron microscope showingpolyamide coated with oxidizedpolyolefin.Pages 39 & 40DISPARLON® is a registered trademark of Kusumoto Chemicals Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

Disparlon Powder Polyamide ThixotropesPowder thixotropes (100% active) require heat and/orhydrogen bonding to activate. By heating these thixotropesto the appropriate temperature in the formulation usinggood agitation, the polyamide will swell and disperse(activate), and provide very efficient thickening.Hydrogen bonding from materials such as aminefunctional and hydroxyl functional solvents and resins willhelp lower the activation temperature. Products areavailable for coatings, sealants and adhesives.Powder Thixotropes Selection ChartDISPARLON ® THIXOTROPESSealants & AdhesivesLower activation temperaturesDISPARLON 6100Activation Temperature: 30°C to 60°CLowest activation temperatureMMA, adhesives and sealantsDISPARLON 6200Activation Temperature: 40°C to 60°CLow activation temperatureSealants and adhesivesPRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids %FormDISPARLON6100*DISPARLON6200*DISPARLON6300DISPARLON6500DISPARLON 6500Activation Temperature:60°C to 65°C in solvent or monomer90° to 110°C in resinsFor use in coatings and sealantsPolyamide _ 100%PowderPolyamide _ 100%PowderPolyamide _ 100%PowderPolyamide _ 100%PowderAdditive LevelBy Total WeightCoatingsExcellent recoatabilityDISPARLON 6600Activation Temperature: 60°C to 70°CHigh efficiency, maintenance coatingsDISPARLON 6300Activation Temperature: 40°C to 60°CLowest activation temperatureFor use in coatings and adhesives DISPARLON 6650Activation Temperature: 60°C to 70° CCost effective, maintenance coatingsDISPARLON 6700Activation Temperature: 60°C to 70°CHigh solids and 100% solids epoxyAttributes/Uses0.5 - 3.0% Sag/Slump control. Lowest activationtemperature. Designed specifically for MMA,adhesives and sealants.0.5 - 3.0% Sag/Slump control. Low activationtemperature. Designed specifically foradhesives and sealants.0.5 - 2.0% Ideal for use in formulations where a lowactivation temperature is needed such as100% solids epoxy coatings and adhesives.0.5 - 2.0% Sag control. Most versatile. General purposecoatings and sealants.DISPARLON6600DISPARLON6650DISPARLON6700Polyamide _ 100%PowderPolyamide _ 100%PowderPolyamide - 100%Powder0.5 - 2.0% Sag control with improved recoatability forcoatings, such as epoxy primers.0.5 - 2.0% Cost effective sag control with improvedrecoatability for coatings, such asepoxy primers.0.5 - 2.0% Sag control in heavy-duty paints. Particularlyeffective in 100% solids epoxies and epoxycoatings containing polar solvents.* DISPARLON 6100 and 6200 are not available in the EU.Powder Thixotropes IncorporationThe polyamide powder thixotropes need to be activated(swelled and dispersed) in the system. Add the powder tothe pigment grind portion of the formulation. Whilegrinding the pigments, allow the temperature of the grindto rise to the temperatures shown in the selection chartabove. Once at the “activation temperature” continue togrind for 15 minutes to get full activation of the polyamide.After activating the polyamide, it is generally best to mixslowly during the first 20ºC of cool down. The slow mixingduring cool down will give the system the most uniformand reproducible rheology.Please note, these materials will activate at lowertemperatures than shown in the chart when in thepresence of alcohols or amines, due to increasedhydrogen bonding.

Disparlon Preactivated Polyamide ThixotropesThe preactivated polyamide thixotropes are ready to use.They do not require heat for activation, and can be addeddirectly to the formulation. These materials can be usedin clear as well as pigmented systems, and offer goodanti-sag and anti-settling properties. The preactivatedpolyamides are commonly used in coatings such as aerosolpaints, clear coats, architectural stains, auto refinish,industrial and maintenance coatings. They can also beused to orient metallic pigments and flattening pigmentsin oil modified urethanes.DISPARLON 6900-20XGeneral Purpose10 micron particle size - Best in films

Performance ComparisonAdditive Type:A: BlankB: EVA Copolymer Wax (10% Xylene)C: DISPARLON 4200-10D: DISPARLON 6900-20XE: DISPARLON 6900-20X/4200-10 (NS-5500)F: Organo Clay (1)G: Organo Clay (2)H: Organo Clay (3)I: Fumed SilicaDISPARLON ® THIXOTROPESA B C D E F G H IDisparlon Pigment Dependent ThixotropesThis type of thixotrope imparts rheology by setting up anetwork structure with pigments, fillers, and even particleswelling thixotropes. These thixotropes are designed forPigment Dependent Thixotropes SelectionOxidized PolyolefinAnti-settling AgentDISPARLON 4200-20Use in epoxies, acrylics and urethanesDISPARLON 4200-10Use in epoxies, acrylics and urethanesLiquid: can be post-addedFormulation:Acrylic melamine metallic base coat. 2 weeks afteradjusting viscosity to 15 sec., #4 FORD Cuppigmented systems only and help control flood/float,prevent settling and provide good sag resistanceproperties.Hybrid ThixotropesPolyamide/PolyolefinAnti-setting and Anti-saggingDISPARLON NS-30Maintenance coatings, zinc rich primers,and 2K epoxies (amide side)DISPARLON NS-5500Metallic flip/flop improvementExcellent pigment suspensionDISPARLON F-9050Solvent freeExcellent pigment suspensionPRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids %FormAdditive LevelBy Total WeightAttributes/UsesDISPARLON4200-10OxidizedPolyethyleneXylene 10%Liquid1.0 - 5.0% All non-aqueous pigmented systems.Anti-Settling Agent. Complies with FDA 21CFRSection 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a) & (b)DISPARLON4200-20OxidizedPolyethyleneXylene 20%Paste0.3 - 1.0% All non-aqueous pigmented systems Anti-SettlingAgent. Complies with FDA 21 CFR Section 175.300(b) (3) xii & xiii (a) & (b)DISPARLONNS-30Hybrid of OxidizedPolyethylenewith PolyamideXylene 15%Paste1.0 - 5.0% For polyamide side of 2K epoxy maintenancecoatings. Not recommended for high gloss coatings.Anti-sag & settle.DISPARLONNS-5500Hybrid ofOxidizedPolyethylenewith PolyamideAromatic 100Alcohols7.5%Liquid2.0 - 5.0% Easy to use fluid paste for improved flip/flop withmetallics and orientation and anti-settling of flatteningsilica and inorganic pigments. Post-add.DISPARLONF-9050Hybrid of OxidizedPolyethylenewith PolyamideLowVolatilityDiluent20%Paste1.0 - 5.0% Solvent free anti-sag and anti-settling agent.Pigment Dependent Thixotropes IncorporationFor best results these thixotropes should be added to thegrind portion of the formulation and attain a temperature of50⁰C.DISPARLON 4200-10 and NS-5500 can be added to theletdown or post added.

Disparlon Thixotropes for Aqueous SystemsThe DISPARLON AQ Series of anti-settling and pigmentorientation agents are recommended for use in waterbornecoatings, inks, varnishes and stains. They are extremelyshear thinning which allows for easy applicationby spray, dip, brush or roller, while maintaining excellentanti-settling in the container. The AQ Series is designedto suspend dense materials such as metallic, pearlescentand iron oxide pigments, while maintaining low “in can”viscosity and good sag resistance.Thixotropes for Aqueous Systems SelectionWater Reducible SystemsPRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids % Additive Level Attributes/UsesDISPARLONAQ-600DISPARLONAQ-607DISPARLON AQ-600Water reducible systemsDISPARLON AQ-870Liquid version of AQ-600Excellent Anti-Settling**Blank AQH-800 ASE Type Urethane** All samples tested at application viscosity:FC #4 - 27 sec. (25℃)PolyamidePolyamideDISPARLON AQH-800General purpose - Very shear thinningEasy to use as post addExcellent Sag Control**Blank AQH-800 ASE Type UrethaneWater7% Propylene GlycolMono Methyl EtherWater5% Propylene Glycol20%Gel17%Gel75 µ100 µ150 µ200 µ250 µEmulsions and DispersionsDISPARLON AQ-607/AQX-60Dispersions and emulsionsVery EfficientDISPARLON AQ-610/AQX-61Emulsions and dispersionsAQ Series PerformanceExcellent Pigment OrientationBlank1.0 - 3.0% Water reducible systems.2% AQ-6001.0 - 3.0% Dispersions and emulsions.Best compatibility. Excellent efficiency.DISPARLON ® THIXOTROPESDISPARLONAQ-610PolyamideWater4% Propylene GlycolMono Butyl Ether17%Gel1.0 - 3.0% Dispersions and emulsions.DSPARLONAQ-870PolyamideWater8% 2-ethylhexanolN, N, trimethylethanolamine15%Liquid1.0 - 3.0% Water reducible systems.Liquid version of AQ-600.DSPARLONAQH-800PolyamideHybridWater8% Propylene GlycolMono Methyl Ether10%Liquid1.0 - 3.0% General purpose anti-settle and antisag.Post addable. Easiest to use.Recommended for all waterborneDISPARLONAQX-60DISPARLONAQX-61Polyamide Water 15%GelPolyamide Water 15%Gel1.0 - 3.0% Co-solvent free version of AQ-6071.0 - 3.0% Co-solvent free version of AQ-610.AQ Series Thixotropes IncorporationDisparlon AQ-600, 607, 610, AQX-60, AQX-61 should be prediluted before addition: Mix AQ with water (4 parts water/1 part AQ), at low to medium shear for 20 minutes, and add to the batchwith good mixing. Water should be preneutralized and mix without vortexing to the blade. Disparlon AQH-800 & AQ-870 should be post added.Pages 43 & 44

Disparlon Surface Tension ModifiersA comparison of defoaming, leveling, anti-cratering andanti-popping additives as arranged by polarity is shownbelow. The products are acrylic and vinyl based and giveexcellent recoatability. The OX series are designed torelease air from the coating.The L Series and LCN-400 are leveling agents.The LHP series eliminate cratering due to surface contaminationby lowering the surface tension of the coating.The LAP series eliminate popping in high solids and coilcoatings.DISPARLON ® SURFACE TENSION MODIFIERSSurface Tension Modifiers for Solventborne Systems Selection Chart1958Long OilAlkydsLess PolarPRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids%FormDISPARLON1958DISPARLON1970OX-70EpoxiesMODIFIER’S FUNCTIONDefoamingLevelingOX-60Acrylics &PolyestersOX-750HFAcrylics &PolyestersOX-883HFAcrylics &PolyestersVinyl Polymer Mineral Spirits 20%LiquidAcrylic PolymerL-1983EpoxiesAnti-poppingAnti-crateringXyleneMineral SpiritsL-1982Epoxy PhenolicCan CoatingsLAP-10High Solids Ctgs.General PurposeDefoamers for Solventborne Systems40%LiquidLCN-400GeneralPurposeL-1984PolyestersAcrylicsLAP-20High Solids Ctgs.LHP-90Wetting & LevelingPrimers & TopcoatsLHP-91Best surface wettingTopcoatsAdditive LevelBy Total Weight1970High SolidsPolyesterCoil CoatingsNSH-8430HFBest surface wettingTopcoatsL-1980PolyestersMore PolarLAP-30High Solids Ctgs.LHP-95Wetting & LevelingPrimers & TopcoatsLHP-96Best surface wettingTopcoatsAttributes/Uses0.2 - 1.0% For use with long oil alkyds.L-1985-50AcetoneAlcohol Ctg.0.2 - 0.8% Baking enamels: automotive, coil.Lower Surface TensionDISPARLONOX-60Acrylic Polymer Xylene 50%Liquid0.2 - 1.0% Ambient cure and Bake Finishes.Acrylic and polyester coatings.Excellent in urethane coatings.DISPARLONOX-70Acrylic PolymerTolueneMineral Spirits30%Liquid0.2 - 1.0% Epoxy coatings. Ambient cure.DISPARLONOX-750 HFDISPARLONOX-883 HFAcrylic Polymer Solvent Naptha 10%LiquidAcrylic Polymer Solvent Naptha 30%Liquid0.5 - 1.5% Acrylic and polyester coatings.Bake coatings. Automotive. HAPSfree.0.2 - 1.5% Acrylic and polyester coatings.Bake coatings. Automotive. HAPSfree.

Anti-popping Agents for Solventborne SystemsPRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids %FormAdditive LevelBy Total WeightAttributes/UsesDISPARLONLAP-10Acrylic PolymerNaphthan-Butyl Acetate20%Liquid0.3-2.0% All high solids systems.Select based on coating polarity.Coil coatings.DISPARLONLAP-20DISPARLONLAP-30DISPARLONL-1980DISPARLONL-1982DISPARLONL-1983DISPARLONL-1984DISPARLONLCN-400DISPARLONL-1985-50DISPARLONLHP-90DISPARLONLHP-91DISPARLONLHP-95Acrylic Polymer n-Butyl Acetate 20%LiquidAcrylic Polymer n-Butyl Acetate 20%LiquidAcrylic Polymer _ 100%LiquidAcrylic Polymer-100%LiquidAcrylic Polymer _ 100%LiquidAcrylic Polymer _ 100%LiquidAcrylic Polymern-butylacetate50%LiquidAcrylic Polymer Toluene 50%LiquidVinyl PolymerVinyl PolymerSilicone ModifiedNaphthaEthyl acetateN-Butyl alcoholNaphthaEthyl acetateN-Butyl alcohol50%Liquid50%LiquidAcrylic Polymer Naphtha 50%Liquid0.3 - 2.0% All high solids systems.Select based on coating polarity.Intermediate polarity coatings.0.3 - 2.0% All high solids systems.Select based on coating polarity.High polarity coatings.Leveling Agents for Solventborne Systems0.1 - 0.5% Polyesters, can, coil.Complies with FDA 21 CFR*0.1 - 0.5% Epoxy phenolic can coatings.0.1 - 0.5% Epoxy coatings.Complies FDA 21 CFR*0.1 - 0.5% Most versatile. Acrylic & polyesterbased coatings. Automotivecoatings.Complies FDA 21 CFR*0.1 - 1.0% General purpose, cost effective,easy to use.0.1– 1.0% Coatings containing very polarsolvents such as, ethanol,methanol, or acetone.Anti-cratering Agents for Solventborne Systems1.0 - 2.0% Excellent substrate wetting andleveling. Eliminates surface defects.Silicone free. Auto refinishand industrial coatings.1.0 - 2.0% Silicone modified version ofDisparlon LHP-90.1.0 - 2.0% Excellent substrate wetting andleveling. Eliminates surface defects.Silicone free. Auto refinishand industrial coatings.DISPARLON ® SURFACE TENSION MODIFIERSDISPARLONLHP-96Acrylic PolymerSilicone ModifiedNaphtha 50%Liquid1.0 - 2.0% Silicone modified version ofDisparlon LHP-95.DISPARLONNSH-8430 HFAcrylic SiliconeCopolymerSolvent naphtha,butyl acetate10%Liquid0.5 - 2.0% Silicone acrylic copolymer. Excellentwetting and leveling with goodrecoatability. Primers and topcoats.Bake systems.PL Series Surface Tension Modifiers for Solventless - Powder SystemsPages 45 & 46DISPARLONPL-545Vinyl PolymerCastor Oil Derivative100%Powder0.5 - 3.0% General purpose leveling.Complies FDA 21 CFR** FDA 21 CFR Section 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a & b)

Surface Tension Modifiers for Aqueous Systems Selection ChartLess PolarMore PolarDISPARLON ® UVX ADDITIVES FOR UV SYSTEMSAQ Series Surface Tension Modifiers for Aqueous SystemsDISPARLONAQ-7120DISPARLONLS-430DISPARLONAQ-501DISPARLONAQ-7533The Disparlon dispersing agents are formulated foreffectiveness depending upon the pigment type and thesystem’s polarity, to:PRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids %FormAnti-flood & Anti-floatDisparlon AQ-7533Defoaming & Anti-poppingSilicone acryliccopolymerPolyethermodified siliconeVinyl PolymerSurfactantsVinyl PolymerSurfactants2-EthylhexylAlcoholPropylene glycolmonmethyletherPetroleumNaphthaHydrocarbon,2-ethylhexyl alcoholImprove color strength and glossPrevent flocculationReduce grinding timeReduce-eliminate flood & float problemsDisparlon AQ-501Anti-poppingFUNCTION KEY: Defoaming Anti-popping Wetting & Leveling30%Liquid50%Liquid85%Liquid30%LiquidDisparlon Dispersants & Anti-flood/Anti-float AdditivesWhile all products are well suited in eliminating floatingproblems, each has specific strengths in terms of othercharacteristics such as the prevention of flooding andBernard cell formation, as well as imparting superiorpigment wetting and stabilization of the pigmentdispersion. Dispersants should be added to the vehiclebefore pigment addition; KS-273N and KS-873N can bepost added.Additive LevelBy Total WeightDisparlon AQ-7120Wetting & LevelingExcellent RecoatabilityDisparlon LS-430Strong Wetting & LevelingAnti-crateringPRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids% Additive Level Attributes/Uses0.5 - 1.5% Excellent wetting and leveling withexcellent recoatability.0.03-1.0% Strong wetting, leveling and anticratering.0.3 - 1.0% Anti-popping agent for waterbornebake systems.1.0-3.0% Universal defoamer and anti-poppingagent for all types of waterbornecoatings.Attributes/UsesLower Surface TensionDISPARLONKS-273NAmine Salt ofPolyester with AcrylicPolymerXylene 45%Liquid0.2 - 1.0% Mixed organic and inorganicpigments. Preventsflocculation and flood/float.DISPARLONKS-873NDispersantsAnionic Surfactant Xylene 45%Liquid0.2 - 1.0% Mixed organic and inorganicpigments. Preventsflocculation and flood/float.% Pigment WeightDISPARLONDA-325Amine Salt ofPolyesterPhosphate Ester- 100%Liquid1-20% (InorganicPigments/Fillers)30-100% (OrganicPigments/Carbon Black)Solvent-free. Dispersing oforganic pigments.DISPARLONDA-375Polyether Phosphate - 100%Liquid1-20% (InorganicPigments/Fillers)30-100% (OrganicPigments/Carbon Black)Solvent-free. Dispersing oforganic pigments.

AQ Series Dispersants for Aqueous SystemsThe DISPARLON AQ series of dispersants for waterbornesystems were designed for two distinct types of pigments.DISPARLON AQ-320 and AQ-330 are recommended forpearlescent and metallic pigments while DISPARLONAQ-340 and AQ-380 were designed for dispersing carbonblack and other organic pigments.PRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids %DISPARLON Silicone Acrylic 2-Ethylhexyl 30%AQ-7120PolymersAlcohol FormLiquidDISPARLONDISPARLONAQ-320AQ-501DISPARLONAQ-330 AQ-7533DISPARLONAQ-340DISPARLONAQ-380Metallic & Pearlescent PigmentsContaining Co-solventsDISPARLON AQ-320PolyetherVinyl PolymerPhosphateSurfactantsPolyetherPhosphateAmine Salt ofPolyetherPhosphateAcrylicPolymerDispersion of AluminumPaste - WB Basecoat(Containing co-solvent)Without Co-solventsDISPARLON AQ-330- 100%Petroleum 85%Naphtha LiquidLiquid- 100%LiquidWater,Propylene glycolmonomethyletherPropylene glycolmonomethylether30%Liquid30%LiquidDispersion of PearlescentPaste - WB BasecoatAdditive LevelAttributes/Uses0.5 - 1.5% Excellent wetting and leveling withBy Total Weightexcellent recoatability.1-20% (Inorganic Pearlescent and metallic pigment0.3 - 1.0% Anti-popping agent for water reduciblePigments), 30 to 100% dispersions made with cosolventand emulsion bake systems.(Organic Pigments) such as butylglycol.1-20% (InorganicPigments), 30 to 100%(Organic Pigments)3-30% (InorganicPigments), 40 to 130%(Organic Pigments)3-30% (InorganicPigments), 40 to 100%(Carbon Black & OrganicPigments)AQ Dispersants Selection ChartCarbon Black & Other PigmentsDISPARLON AQ-380General PurposeDISPARLON AQ-340Pearlescent and metallic pigmentdispersions made withoutcosolvent.Specifically designed to dispersecarbon black and organic pigmentsin waterborne formulations.Specifically designed to dispersecarbon black and organic pigmentsin waterborne formulations.AQ Dispersants PerformanceWB Acrylic/HMMM Coating20° Gloss - Control: 53.8, With AQ-380: 91.4DISPARLON ® ANTI-FLOOD & ANTI-FLOAT AGENTSControlWith1.5% AQ-330ControlWith1.5% AQ-320Control With 16% AQ-380 Pages 47 & 48

Disparlon UVX Series Additives for UV SystemsA comparison of solvent free defoaming, leveling, andwetting additives as arranged by polarity is shown below.The UVX series are designed specifically for use inUV formulations. The products are based on acrylic,vinyl and silicone acrylic polymers and give excellentrecoatability.DISPARLON ® UVX ADDITIVES FOR UV SYSTEMSSurface Tension Modifiers for UV Systems Selection ChartLess PolarUVX-190EpoxiesDefoaming In wet urethane acrylate clearcoatOnset(0 Minutes)ElapsedTime(90 Minutes)PRODUCT Composition Solids%FormDEFOAMERSDISPARLONUVX-188DISPARLONUVX-189DISPARLONUVX-190UVX-189GeneralPurposeUVX-188AcrylicsVinyl Polymer 100%LiquidVinyl Polymer 100%LiquidVinyl Polymer 100%LiquidL-1983EpoxiesLowest surface tensionAcrylic Silicone CopolymerKEY: MODIFIER FUNCTION Defoaming Leveling WettingUVX PerformanceControl UVX-189 Comp.Additive LevelBy Total WeightUVX-272General PurposeUVX-36AcrylicsAttributes/Uses0.5 - 1.0% For use in cationic epoxy based UV systems.0.5 - 1.0% General purpose. For use in cationic epoxy and acrylicbased UV systems.0.5 - 1.0% For use in acrylic based UV systems.More PolarUVX-35HighestPolarityWetting ComparisonUrethane Acrylate Clearcoat - 50µ on Polypropylene FilmBLANK UVX-272 FluorocarbonLEVELING ADDITIVESDISPARLONL-1983DISPARLONUVX-35DISPARLONUVX-36Acrylic Polymer 100%LiquidVinyl Polymer 100%LiquidVinyl Polymer 100%Liquid0.5 - 1.0% For use in epoxy based UV systems. Complies withFDA 21 CFR Section 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a & b)0.5 - 1.0% For use in highly polar UV systems.0.5 - 1.0% For use in acrylic UV systems.WETTING ADDITIVESDISPARLONUVX-272Acrylic SiliconePolymer1000%Liquid0.5 - 1.0% General purpose, fluorocarbon replacement. For use incationic epoxy and acrylic UV systems.

King Global NetworkKing Industries is headquartered in Norwalk, CT, USA and maintains technical sales offices inWaddinxveen, The Netherlands and Zhongshan, China. A network of technical sales representatives anddistributors serve King customers in virtually every industrialized country of the world.In addition to coatings additives, King manufacturers and markets specialty products for the lubricantindustry, electronics industry, rubber industry, inks, sealants and adhesives. For additional information onKing products or our global network of technical sales representatives, please contact our primary officesas shown below.WORLD HEADQUARTERSKing Industries, Inc.1 Science Rd.Norwalk, CT 06852Phone: 203-866-5551Fax: 203-866-1268Email: coatings@kingindustries.comCOATINGS TECHNICAL SUPORTASIA-PACIFIC OFFICESynlico Tech (Zhongshan) Co., Ltd.106 Chuangye Building, Kang Le Ave.Torch Development Zone,Zhongshan, ChinaPhone: 86 760 88229866Fax: 86 760 88229896Email: alex.he@kingindustries.comEUROPEAN OFFICEKing Industries, InternationalNoordkade 642741 EZ WaddinxveenThe NetherlandsPhone: 31 182 631360Fax: 31 182 621002Email: mg@kingintl.nlWith decades of experience, King’s technical service and research scientists are ready to assist you in thedevelopment of your specific requirements for your particular formulations. From answering a quick questionto collaborative development projects under secrecy agreements, we view intensive technical supportof our products as the foundation of our business. Please contact as shown above if we can assist you.Additional Information - Visit us at: www.kingindustries.comDetailed product data sheets for each product and performance reports are available by contacting theKing offices as shown above or emailing; coatings@kingindustries.com.TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE & CONTACT INFORMATIONWARRANTY OF INFORMATIONThe conditions of your use and application of our products, technical assistance and information (whether verbal, written or by way of product evaluations),including any suggested formulations and recommendations, are beyond our control. Therefore, it is imperative that you test our products, technicalassistance and information to determine to your own satisfaction whether they are suitable for your intended uses and applications. Such testing has notnecessarily been done by King Industries, Inc. (“King”). The facts, recommendations and suggestions herein stated are believed to be reliable; however, noguaranty or warranty of their accuracy is made. EXCEPT AS STATED, THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OFMERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS OR OTHERWISE. KING SHALL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OREXEMPLARY DAMAGES. Any statement inconsistent herewith is not authorized and shall not bind King. Nothing herein shall be construed as arecommendation to use any product(s) in conflict with patents covering any material or its use. No license is implied or granted under the claims of anypatent. Sales or use of all products are pursuant to Standard Terms and Conditions stated in King sales documents.Pages 49 & 50Pages 37 & 38CGB-112012