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16User Guide for Thresholds and Classificationssources themselves. They cover many more chemicals than does the product range of any company.They require expertise in searching numerous systems and interpreting information.QSAR and SAR models are sometimes freely and sometimes commercially available. In theory, theymay be applied to any untested chemical, but domain applicability is a potential problem. Specialisedexpertise is needed to run models and interpret results.The internet has search engines that identify electronic versions of a diverse range of data sources. Inaddition, the websites of various expert organisations and regulatory bodies contain useful information.Much ‗grey‘ (that is, not formally published) literature is available via this route.Individual chapters in this user guide contain links to electronic data sources. These links were current at thetime of publication.1.3.7. Acceptable test methodologiesAcceptable test methods for assessing each hazardous property are identified in the relevant hazardousproperty chapters.ReferencesERMA New Zealand 2001. Manufactured Articles, Information Sheet No. 11, May. ERMA New Zealand,Wellington. http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/resources/hs-pubs.html#otheris Retrieved 14 November 2007.Klimisch, HJ, Andreae, E, Tillman, U 1997. A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimentaland ecotoxicological data. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 25: 1–5.United Nations 2007a. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), 2ndrevised edition. United Nations, Geneva.United Nations 2007b. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations, 15threvised edition. United Nations, Geneva.January 2012 EPA0109
17User Guide for Thresholds and Classifications2. Substances with Explosive Properties – Class 12.1. IntroductionThe term ‗explosive‘ is defined in section 2 of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996(HSNO Act) as meaning:capable of sudden expansion owing to a release of internal energy, and includes the capability togenerate:(a) Deflagration(b) Pyrotechnic effects.It is useful to also recall that the HSNO Act provides a broad definition of ‗substance‘, which, in the case ofexplosive substances, includes ‗any manufactured article containing, incorporating, or including anyhazardous substance with explosive properties‘.The criteria for deeming a substance explosive are derived from the recommendations of the United NationsSub-Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UNSCETDG). They cover how easily asubstance explodes, and the type of explosive force generated when it is set off, for example, a blast,projectile movement, or pyrotechnic (fireworks-like) effect.The details of the threshold tests and classification levels can be found in the United NationsRecommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations (United Nations, 1999b) (UNModel Regulations) and its companion volume Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous GoodsManual of Tests and Criteria (United Nations, 1999a) (UN Manual of Tests and Criteria). These versions ofthe documents are referred to in the Hazardous Substances (Minimum Degrees of Hazard) Regulations2001 and Hazardous Substances (Classification) Regulations 2001. Equivalent material can be found in themore recent versions of these documents.The threshold limits adopted under the HSNO Act will maintain the present levels of intervention forexplosive hazards used by the Chief Inspector of Explosives under the Explosives Act 1957. This ensuresthat all fireworks, emergency flares, and other pyrotechnic devices as well as explosive powders, explosivearticles (for example, detonators), and blasting explosives are captured. The new limits, however, adopt theinternationally accepted performance criteria for explosive effects used by the UN, formalising the shift fromthe current mix of general chemical types, specific product formulations, and broad use descriptions underthe Explosives Act. Substances that have minor explosive characteristics may fall outside the explosivethreshold, but will usually be checked for their flammability or capacity to oxidise.It is important to note that otherwise inert materials with a fine particle size distribution, that possess solely adust explosibility hazard when dispersed at above a minimum concentration in air, are excluded from theHSNO Act definition of an explosive substance. These substances will not pass the threshold tests forexplosiveness described below.January 2012 EPA0109
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