6 Mulhall, op. cit., Post <strong>Of</strong>fice.7 Mulhall, ibid.8 P. A. Khromov, EkonomicheskoeRazvilie Rossii v XlX-XX VekakhNOTES(1950), Table 19, p. 482-3. But theamount of sales increased much faster,cf. also J. Blum, Lord and Peasant inRussia, p. 287.9 R. E. Cameron, op. cit., p. 347.10 Quoted in S. Giedion, MechanisationTakes Command (1948), p. 15a.11 R. E. Cameron, op. cit., p. 115 ff.12 R. E. Cameron, op. cit., p. 347;W. Hoffmann, The Growth of IndustrialEconomies (1958), p. 71.13 W. Hoffmann, op. cit., p. 48;Mulhall, op. cit., p. 377.14 J. Purs, The Industrial <strong>Revolution</strong> inthe Czech Lands (Historica, II (i960),pp. 199-200).1 F. Engels, Condition of the WorkingClass in England, Chapter XII.2 M. Capefigue, Histoires des GrandesOperations Financiires, IV (i860), p.255-3 M. Capefigue, loc. cit.,pp. 254,248-9.4 A. Beauvilliers, UArt da Cuisinier,(Paris 1814).5 H. See, Histoire Economique de laFrance, II, p. 216.6 A. Briggs, Middle Class Consciousnessin English Politics 1780-1846,Past and Present, 9, April 1956, p. 68.7 Donald Read, Press and People 1790-1850 (1961), p. 26.8 S. Smiles, Life of George Stephenson(1881 ed.), p. 183.9 Charles Dickens, Hard Times.10 Leon Faucher, Etudes sur I'Angleterre,I (1842), p. 322.11 M. J. Lambert-Dansette, Ojielguesfamilies du patronat textile de Lille-Armentiires (Lille 1954), p. 659.15 R. E. Cameron, op. cit., p. 347;Mulhall, op. cit., p. 377.16 H. Kisch, The Textile Industries inSilesia and the Rhineland, Journalof Economic History, XIX, DecemberCHAPTER IO: CAREER OFCN TO TALENT327«959-17 O. Fischel and M. V. Boehn, DieMode, 1818-1843 (Munich 1924),p. 136.18 R. E. Cameron, op. cit., pp. 79, 85.i g The locus classicus of this discussionis G. Lefebvre, La revolution francaiseet les paysans (1932), reprinted inEtudes sur la resolution francaise (1954).20 G. Mori, Osservazioni sul liberoscambismodei moderati nel Risorgimento,Riv. Stork, del Socialismo, III,i960, p. 8.21 C. Issawi, Egypt since 1800, Journalof Economic History. March 1961,XXI, p. I.12 Oppermann, Geschichte d. KSnigreichsHannover, quoted in T. Klein, <strong>1848</strong>,Der Vorkampf (1914), p. 71.13 G. Schilfert, Sieg u. Niederlage d.demokratischen Wahlrechts in d. deutschen<strong>Revolution</strong> <strong>1848</strong>-9 (1952), pp. 404-5.14 Mulhall, op. cit. p. 259.15 W. R. Sharp, The French Civil Service(New York 1931), pp. 15-16.16 The Census of Great Britain in 1851(London, Longman, Brown, Greenand Longmans 1854), p. 57.17 R. Portal, La naissance d'une bourgeoisieindustrielle en Russie dansla premiere moitie du XIX siecle.Bulletin de la Sociitl d'Histoire Moderne,Douzieme s&ie, II, 1959.18 Vienna, Verwaltungsarchiv, Polizeihofstelle,H 136/1834.19 A. Girault et L. Milliot, Principesde Colonisation et de Legislation Coloniale(1938), p. 359-
NOTES20 Louis Chevalier, Classes Laborieuses et 21 D. Simon, Master and Servant in J.Classes Dangereuses (Paris 1958) III, Saville ed., Democracy and the Labourpt. 2 discusses the use of the term Movement (1954).'barbarians', both by those hostile 22 P. Jaccard, Histoire Sociale du Travailand by those friendly to the labouring (i960), p. 248.poor in the 1840s.23 P. Jaccard, Op. cit., p. 249.i The weaver Hauffe, born 1807,quoted in Alexander Schneer, UeberCHAPTER Il: THE LABOURING POORdie Moth der Leinen-Arbeiter in Schle-UsUn . . . (Berlin 1844), p. 16.a The theologian P. D. MicheleAugusti, Delia liberlA ed eguaglianzadegli uomini rull'ordine naturale e civile(>79o)i quoted in A. Cherubini,Dottrine e Metodi Assistenziali daliy8g al <strong>1848</strong> (Milan 1958), p. 17.3 E. J. Hobsbawni, The MachineBreakers, Past and Present, I, 1952.4 'About some Lancashire Lads' inThe Leisure Hour (1881). I owe thisreference to Mr A. Jenkin.5 'die Schnapspest im ersten Dritteldes Jahrhunderts', Handwoerterbuchd Staatswissenschaften (Seconded.) art.'Trunksucht'.6 L. Chevalier, Classes Laborieuses etClasses Dangereuses, passim.7 J. B. Russell, Public Health Administrationin Glasgow (1903), p. 3.8 Chevalier op. cit. pp. 233-4.9 E. Neuss, Entstehung u. Entwicklung d.Klasse d. besitzlosen LihnarbeiUr inHalle (Berlin 1958), p. 283.10 J. Kuczynski, Geschichte der Ldge derArbeiter (Berlin i960), Vol. 9, p.264 ff; Vol. 8 (i960), p. 109 ff.11 R. J. Rath, The Habsburgs and theGreat Depression in Lombardo-Venetia 1814-18. Journal 0/ ModernHistory, XIII, p. 311.12 M. C. Muehlemann, Les prix desvivres et Ie mouvement de la populationdans Ie canton de Berne 1782-3281881. IV Congris International d'Hygiene(1883).13 F. J. Neumann, Zur Lehre von dLohngesetzen, Jb.f.Nat.Oek. 3d ser.IV 1892, p. 374 ff.14 R. Scheer, Entwicklung d AnnabergerPosamentierindustrie im ig. Jahrhundert.(Leipzig 1909), pp. 27-8, 33.15 N. McCord, TAe Anti-Corn LawLeague (1958), p. 127.16 'Par contre, il est sur que la situationalimentaire, a Paris, s'est deterioreepeu a peu avec Ie XIX siecle, sansdoute jusqu'au voisinage des annees50 ou 60.' R. Philippe in Annates 16,3, 1961, 567, For analogous calculationsfor London, cf. E. J. <strong>Hobsbawm</strong>,The British Standard ofLiving, Economic History Review, X,i, 1957. The total per capita meatconsumption of France appears tohave remained virtually unchangedfrom 1812 to 1840 {Congris Internationaled'Hygiene Paris 1878 (1880),vol. I, p. 432).17 S. Pollard, A History of Labour inSheffield (i960), pp. 62-3.18 H. Ashworth in Journal Stat. Soc.V (1842), p. 74; E. Labrousse, ed.Aspects de la Crise . . . 1846-51 (1956),p. 107.19 Statistical Committee appointed by theAnti-Corn Law Conference . . . March184s (n.d.), p. 45.19a R. K. Webb in English HistoricalReview, LXV (1950), p. 333 ff.
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The Age ofRevolutioni789-1848ERIC H
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CONTENTSPREFACEINTRODUCTIONIXIPART
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PREFACETHIS book traces the transfo
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INTRODUCTIONWORDS are witnesses whi
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INTRODUCTIONideology of an individu
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Part IDEVELOPMENTS
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONavailable, all
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONfrom Veracruz
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONThese provinci
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONSouth America
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONthough these o
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONThe food of Eu
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONfor an early i
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THE AOE OF REVOLUTIONideology, thou
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONremain uncompl
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONIf the sud
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONtheory of
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONThese cons
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONraw materi
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONsurprising
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONnarrowing
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONworks (com
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONof 1825 an
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONdemoralize
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CHAPTER 3THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONAn En
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONfirst Hindu re
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONIt was therefo
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONone of the ear
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONharvest (i.e.
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONof 1793', if i
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONof the urban p
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONfound. In the
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONFor such men,
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONdecisive. More
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONof periodic co
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CHAPTER 4WARIn a time of innovation
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WARby such intellectual support, an
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WARthose of France. These fall into
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WARrevolutionary tactic for the ant
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WARFrance, especially to a victorio
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WARagain at Friedland (1807), remai
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WARacres, happened to have no super
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WARany single major belligerent in
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WARthey had been transformed into c
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CHAPTER 5PEACEThe existing concert
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PEACEof the 'concert of Europe'. (B
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PEACEgood breeding-stock for the ro
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PEACEshowed much readiness to do so
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PEACEFrance overthrew its regime an
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CHAPTER 6REVOLUTIONSLiberty, that n
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REVOLUTIONStionary situation might
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REVOLUTIONSway, all of them reflect
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REVOLUTIONSin Britain it was inhibi
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REVOLUTIONSnecessary. The Bourbons
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REVOLUTIONSestablished forces intro
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REVOLUTIONSpolitical passivity, the
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REVOLUTIONSIberian countries, notab
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REVOLUTIONSA common fate and a comm
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NATIONALISMits primary concern with
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NATIONALISMmass of, say, Russians,
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NATIONALISMIIOutside the zone of th
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NATIONALISMand the language and hig
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NATIONALISMpolitically decisive Lat
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CHAPTER 8LAND/ am your lord and my
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LANDlords themselves into capitalis
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LANDfreely. Only thus would they mi
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LANDthere was no real hardship exce
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LANDthem, notably in Catholic count
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LANDland; the creation of a rural c
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LANDmore obviously the case where i
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LANDMalthus's and Ricardo's doctrin
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LANDand the world market, its econo
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LANDpauperizing 'Speenhamland Syste
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TOWARDS AN INDUSTRIAL WORLDevents o
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TOWARDS AN INDUSTRIAL WORLDDanube.
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TOWARDS AN INDUSTRIAL WORLD—the r
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THE CAREER OPEN TO TALENTGeorge Ste
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THE CAREER OPEN TO TALENTcation. Th
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THE LABOURING POORin Britain betwee
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CHAPTER 12IDEOLOGY: RELIGIONGive me
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IDEOLOGY: RELIGIONcommon man. Its h
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IDEOLOGY: RELIGIONof the periods of
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IDEOLOGY:SECULARreason, and were de
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IDEOLOGY: SECULARism and stimulated
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IDEOLOGY: SECULARthere flow, as fro
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IDEOLOGY: SECULARSo far the new soc
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IDEOLOGY: SECULARmerely attacking i
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IDEOLOGY: SECULARserious intellectu
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IDEOLOGY: SECULARadvance, combined
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IDEOLOGY: SECULARall readers are pa
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CHAPTER 14THE ARTSThere is always a
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THE ARTSarts and genres. Literature
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THEARTSbefore as a popular rather t
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THE ARTSthe standard approach of ni
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THE ARTSone. Architects and enginee
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THE ARTSteenth century science and
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THE ARTSof the Church of England fa
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THE ARTSof the past, and as the fre
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THE ARTSDaumier's lithograph of the
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THE ARTSnational aristocratic cultu
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- Page 337 and 338: BIBLIOGRAPHYBOTH the subject and th
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- Page 347 and 348: INDEXCaucasus, Caucasian, 108, 139,
- Page 349 and 350: INDEXEncyclopaedia of Domestic and
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