African Women's Report 2009 - United Nations Economic ...

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Decision-makingin the public arenatends to mirror thesituation at Africanhousehold level.socio-economic imperative. The promotion of gender balance and equality in thegovernance and development processes and the promotion of gender equality inpublic and private institutions as the AGDI investigates, underpin the objectives andprinciples of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (2007)(Articles. 2 (11) and 3 (6)).In discussing participation in formal arenas, cognisance is also to be taken of thecomplexities associated with decision-making at the household/family level, wheregender relations is best observed. It is at this level that issues of disposal of familyincome (discussed in Chapter 6); number and timing of children; use of familyplanning methods, and related family matters are discussed. It is also to be pointedout that decision-making in the public arena tends to mirror the situation at Africanhousehold level. 1Overview of the GSI of the political blockThe GSI of the political block measures gender participation at both public andprivate levels. In the public sector, the emphasis is on membership in Parliament,Cabinet, higher levels of the judiciary, local councils, and higher positions of thecivil service (including government institutions, regional governors and ambassadorialposts). In the latter category, the focus of attention is on senior positionswithin political parties, trade unions, employers associations, professional syndicates,NGOs and CBOs.It will be seen that the GSI and AWPS scores for this block are the lowest in comparisonto that of the social and economic blocks previously discussed. The outcomesindicate that African women lag far behind men in the arena of political power. Thehigh number of blanks appearing in most of the tables in this chapter also underscoresthe limited investments in data collection in political participation.The results of the field trials demonstrate the need for African leaders to invest morein women’s participation, to meet the goal of gender equality and women’s empowerment.1 The dynamics of decision-making at household level and how they are influenced by gender relationsis a matter to be researched into separately.168African Women’s Report 2009 Measuring Gender Inequalities in Africa
The GSI: Public sector participationThe results under this heading are shown in Tables 7.1, 7.2, Figure 7.1 and discussedsubsequently under the sub-headings (legislative, executive, judiciary, local, and civilservice participation).Table 7.1Power and decision-making in the public sector component valuesShare of total(in %)Members ofParliamentCabinet MinistersHigher CourtsJudgesMembers ofLocal CouncilsHigher positions inCivil ServiceSexBeninBurkina FasoCameroonEgyptEthiopiaGhanaMadagascarMozambiqueSouth AfricaTanzaniaTunisiaUgandaF 10.8 15.3 13.9 1.8 28.5 8.7 10.3 37.2 33.0 30.5 22.7 33.2M 89.2 84.7 86.1 98.2 71.5 91.3 89.7 62.8 67.0 69.5 77.3 66.8F 9.1 11.1 10.1 9.1 13.0 21.1 19.0 25.9 42.8 25.5 13.6 20.0M 90.9 88.9 89.9 90.9 87.0 78.9 81.0 74.1 57.2 74.5 86.4 80.0F 25.5 22.6 22.6 0.4 14.5 20.1 52.9 30.2 16.7 35.2 29.0 15.3M 74.5 77.4 77.4 99.6 85.5 79.9 47.1 69.8 83.3 64.8 71.0 84.7F 3.2 20.9 15.8 1.8 20.7 10.1 4.1 28.5 29.1 20.6 27.4 41.7M 96.8 79.1 84.2 98.2 79.3 89.9 95.9 71.5 70.9 79.4 72.6 58.3F 11.1 5.7 17.1 25.3 21.1 12.8 2.4 16.7 19.3 25.5 21.5M 88.9 94.3 82.9 74.7 78.9 87.2 97.6 83.3 80.7 74.5 78.5Sources: UNECA computations from country reports (see Appendix 1)Table 7.2The GSI in Power and Decision-making in the Public sectorBeninBurkina FasoCameroonEgyptEthiopiaGhanaMadagascarMozambiqueSouth AfricaTanzaniaTunisiaUgandaAverageMembers of Parliament 0.122 0.181 0.161 0.018 0.399 0.095 0.115 0.592 0.493 0.438 0.294 0.497 0.284Cabinet Ministers 0.100 0.125 0.113 0.100 0.149 0.267 0.235 0.350 0.748 0.343 0.157 0.250 0.245Higher Courts Judges 0.342 0.292 0.292 0.004 0.170 0.252 1.122 0.432 0.200 0.543 0.408 0.180 0.353Members of LocalCouncils0.033 0.264 0.187 0.018 0.261 0.112 0.043 0.398 0.411 0.259 0.377 0.716 0.257Higher positions inCivil Service0.125 0.060 0.206 0.339 0.267 0.147 0.024 - 0.200 0.238 0.342 0.274 0.202Public sector Index 0.144 0.184 0.192 0.096 0.249 0.175 0.308 0.443 0.410 0.365 0.316 0.384 0.272Sources: Based on Table 7.1African Women’s Agency and Decision Making169
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Economic Commission for AfricaAfric
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Table of ContentsList of AcronymsFo
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8 Perspectives, Conclusions and Way
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6.5 Experiences from South Africa a
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5.4 HIV prevalence among young peop
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List of AcronymsACGSACRWCADFAfDBAGD
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UNAIDSUNDPUNECAUNESCOUNFPAUNICEFUNS
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Evidence pointing to the negative i
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This edition of the AWR is technica
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Wieringa is the Director of the Int
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The Centre appreciates the professi
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Design and piloting of the AGDIThe
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The AGDI’s socialblock investigat
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ensure that contraception is fully
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Demonstratecommitment throughthe el
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• Run these initiatives in tandem
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• Provide all institutions, which
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These compellinginstruments andinit
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ties where they are shown to exist;
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emphasize the inter-linkages betwee
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The role ofNational AdvisoryPanels
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The extent towhich women areeffecti
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Table 1.1Gender Status Index with b
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Table 1.2Correlation between women
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The AfricanWomen’s Protocoltheref
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ECONOMICRatificationReportingLawPol
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Example:Scoring of ratification of
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The AGDI is MDGsensitive, affording
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ownership of rural/urban plots, hou
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“Promoting the role of women in s
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Commitment to Women’sRights2Intro
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Figure 2.1Picture view of composite
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Box 2.1CEDAW Committee’s response
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given to women’s rights in nation
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is the elimination of discriminatio
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parities between the enactment and
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Table 2.6CEDAW Article 16 implement
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Table 2.7African Women’s Protocol
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Figure 2.2Prevalence of FGM/C in th
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following recommendations to Africa
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Commitment to AddressingViolence Ag
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mation dissemination, justice deliv
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Box 3.1Examples of country BPfA pri
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“Based on the [Protocol] and Adde
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tive monitoring. Civil Society Orga
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not given full meaning due to the l
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sexual harassment. Despite this gov
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ized anti-trafficking police agency
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under the Children’s Act of 1998
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account, African Governments and pa
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Overview of the education GSI resul
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EnrolmentThe enrolment subcomponent
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strates that such a situation signa
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part of both sexes, however, there
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Box 4.5Reversing adult illiteracy-
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Adopting a moregeneral approach,Tun
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HRE hasattracted limitedattention c
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education is delegated to the natio
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The promotion of Human Rights Educa
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• Strengthening the health sector
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Figure 5.1Overall Health GSI4.03.5C
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Table 5.2Child health sub-component
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Complementarydata on somecountries
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Box 5.3The importance of time-use s
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Table 5.6Composite table of the hea
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Countries are alsomaking progress i
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STIs and actions through strategies
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Box 5.7How some countries are addre
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Box 5.9Some insights into maternal
Page 144 and 145: munity health), which render diffic
Page 146 and 147: In Ethiopia, the contraceptive prev
Page 148 and 149: Most countriesreport of extensivein
Page 150 and 151: • Integrate HIV/AIDS concerns int
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.1The GSI of the economic bl
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Page 156 and 157: Table 6.3GSI on time use for Benin,
Page 158 and 159: through income from informal sector
Page 160 and 161: Box 6.3Case study of some aspects o
Page 162 and 163: Access to resourcesThis is explaine
Page 164 and 165: Table 6.7The GSI on levels of gende
Page 166 and 167: Figure 6.7Composite scores on econo
Page 168 and 169: It defines equal remuneration for w
Page 170 and 171: ILO Convention 111 on Discriminatio
Page 172 and 173: Lack of ratificationsnot withstandi
Page 174 and 175: place/enterprise agreements, and wo
Page 176 and 177: the World Bank and the Internationa
Page 178 and 179: Box 6.8United Republic of Tanzania
Page 180 and 181: Currently, thegovernment isalso see
Page 182 and 183: Grassroots farmerinterest groups,su
Page 184 and 185: The Beijing +5outcomes alsostress t
Page 186 and 187: Box 6.10Mozambique’s support to w
Page 188 and 189: Scores on financialand humanresourc
Page 190 and 191: Some countries such as Ghana and So
Page 192 and 193: policies, laws, pilot schemes invol
Page 196 and 197: Figure 7.1The public sector compone
Page 198 and 199: Higher court appointmentsCountry in
Page 200 and 201: Table 7.5Decision-making GSI in Civ
Page 202 and 203: Overview of the AWPS of the politic
Page 204 and 205: tion addresses the impact of war on
Page 206 and 207: at inculcating a culture of peace i
Page 208 and 209: Box 7.4The experience of Ghana’s
Page 210 and 211: work’. Madagascar has started pay
Page 212 and 213: Mozambique,South Africa,Tanzania an
Page 214 and 215: cal party, executive, ministerial,
Page 216 and 217: the gender disparity in basic human
Page 218 and 219: Women may notnecessarily bebetter o
Page 220 and 221: Figure 8.1Comparison of indices for
Page 222 and 223: Lack of co-operation/capacity of go
Page 224 and 225: Recommended actions to improve the
Page 226 and 227: Tremendous progress has been made i
Page 229 and 230: ReferencesTechnical and Research Pu
Page 231 and 232: Puechgirbal, N. 2004. Involving Wom
Page 233 and 234: World Health Organisation WHO. 2008
Page 235 and 236: Websiteshttp://www.mcc.gov/countrie
Page 237 and 238: Egypt:1.2.3.4.5.Primary enrolment:
Page 239 and 240: 4.Primary school completed: UN Offi
Page 241 and 242: 2.3.4.Wages in civil service and in
Page 243 and 244: Appendix Two: Graphs on the Child H
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BeninBurkina FasoCameroonEgyptEthio
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BeninBurkina FasoCameroonEgyptEthio
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Table A.3Overall AWPS ScoresBeninBu
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Appendix Four: The General Status o
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ate of incidence that they will not
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government Plans of Action, such as
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Scoring:0 - no research needs ident
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Appendix Six: Case Studies of Reser
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The African Women’s Report (2009)
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